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forgotten quite 

JUl former scenes of dear delist, 

Connubial loTe -parental joy _ 
"No H ymp athiPR Hke tkese "his soul employ, 

But all ia dark ■within. 

Fenrose 



FKONTISPIKCE TO thp: ORIGINAL EDITION 




THE 



OATOMY or MELANCHOLY, 

WHAT IT IS, 

WITH 

ALL THE KINDS. CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PROGNOSTICS, AND SEVERAL CURES OF IT 

IN THREE PARTITIONS. 

WITH THEIR SEVERAL 



SECTIONS, MEMBERS, AND SUBSECTIONS, PHILOSOPHICALLY, MEDICALLY, 
HISTORICALLY OPENED AND CUT UP- 



BY DEMOCHITUS JUNIOR. 

WITH 

A. SATIRICAL PREFACE, CONDUCING TO THE FOLLOWING DISCOURSE 



^$i|ttr^tliii^m 



CORRECTED, AND ENRICHED BY TRANSLATIONS OF THE NUMEROUS CLASSICAL EXTRACTS, 

By DEMOCRITUS MINOR. 

TO WHICH IS PREFIXED AN ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. 



Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit utile dulci. 

He that joins instruction with delight, 
Profit with pleasure, carries all the votes. 



PHILADELPHIA: 
E. CLAXTON & COMPANY, 

930 Market Street. 
1883. 



■^■^ 






HONORATISSIMO DOMINO, > 

NGN MINVS VIRTUTE Sul, QUAM GENKRIS SPLENDORS 
ILLVSTRISSIMO, 

GEORGIO BERKLEIO, 

MILIT7 DE BALNEO, BAHONI DE BERKLEY, MOUBREY, SEGRAVE, 

D. DE BRUSE, 

DOMINO SUO MULTIS NOMINIBUS OBSERVANDO, 

HANC SUHM 

MELANCHOLIA ANATOMEN, 

JAM SEXTO REVISAM, D. D. 

DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR. 



riv) 
ADVERTISEMENT 

TO THE LAST LONDON EDITION. 



The work now restored to public notice has had an extraordinary fate. At the 
time of its original publication it obtained a great celebrity, which continued more 
than half a century. During that period few books were more read, or more de- 
servedly applauded. It was th" delight of the learned, the solace of the indolent, 
and the refuge of the uninformed. It passed through at least eight editions, by which 
the bookseller, as Wood records, got an estate ; and, notwithstanding the objection 
sometimes opposed against it, of a quaint style, and too great an accumulation of 
authorities, the fascination of its wit, fancy, and sterling sense, have borne down all 
censures, and extorted praise from the first writers in the Englisli language. The 
grave Johnson has praised it in the warmest terms, and the ludicrous Sterne has 
interwoven many parts of it into his own popular performance. Milton did not dis- 
dain to build two of his finest poems on it ; and a host of inferior writers have em 
bellished their works with beauties not their own, culled from a performance which 
they had not the justice even to mention. Change of times, ana the frivolity of 
fashion, suspended, in some degree, that fame which had lasted near a century ; and 
the succeeding generation afiected indifference towards an author, who at length was 
only looked into by the plunderers of literature, the poachers in obscure volumes. 
The plagiaiisms of Tristram Shandy, so successfully brought to light by Dr. Fer- 
RiAR, at length drew the attention of the public towards a writer, who, though then 
little knowii, might, without impeachment of modesty, lay claim to every mark of 
respect; and inquiry proved, beyond a doubt, that the rails of justice had been little 
attended to by others, as well as the facetious Yorick. Wood observed, more thar, 
a century ago, that several authors had unmercifully stolen matter from Burton 
without any acknowledgment. The time, however, at ien«jth arrived, when ihe 
merits of the Jinatomy of Melancholy were to receive their due praise. The book 
was again sought for and read, and again it became an applauded performance. Its 
excellencies once more stood confessed, in the increased price which every copy 
offered for sale produced ; and the increased demand pointed out the necessity of a 
new edition. This is now presented to the public in a manner not disgraceful to 
the memory of the author ; and the publisher relies with confidence, that so valuable 
a lepository of amusement and information will continue to hold the rank to which 
it has been restored, firmly supported by its own merit, and safe from the influence 
and blight of any future caprices of fashion. To open its valuable mysteries to 
those who have not had the advantage of a classical education, translations of the 
countless quotations from ancient writers which occur in the work, are now for the 
first time given, and obsolete orthography is in all instances modernized. 



(V) 




ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. 



JloBERT Burton was the son of Ralph Burton, of an ancient and genteel 
Umily at Lindley, in Leicestershire, and was born there on the 8th of Februarv 
1576.* He received the first rudiments of learning at the free school of Sutton 
Coldfield, in Warwickshire,t from whence he was, at the age of seventeen, in the 
.ong vacation, l/>93, sent to Brazen Nose College, in the condition of a com- 
moner, where he made considerable progress in logic and philosophy. In I )9t) 
ne was elected student of Christ Church, and, for form's sake, was put under the 
ttiition of Dr. John Bancroft, afterwards Bishop of Oxford. In 1614 he wafl 
admitted to the reading of the Sentences, and on the 29th of November, 1616, 
had the vicarage of St. Thomas, in the west suburb of Oxford, conferred on him 
by the dean and canons of Christ Church, which, with the rectory of Segrave, ir 
Leicestershire, given to him in the year 1636, by George, Lord Berkeley, he kept 
to use the words of the Oxford antiquary, with much ado to his dying day. 1I< 
seems to have been first beneficed at Walsby, in Lincolnshire, through the muni 
ficence of his noble patroness, Frances, Countess Dowager of Exeter, but resigned 
the same, as he tells us, for some special reasons. At his vicarage he is remarked 
to have always given the sacrament in wafers. Wood's character of him is, that 
' he was an exact mathematician, a curious calculator of nativities, a general read 
scholar, a thorough-paced philologist, and one that understood the surveying of 
lands well. As he was by many accounted a severe student, a devourer of authors, 
a melancholy and humorous person ; so by others, who knew him well, a person 
of great honesty, plain dealing and charity. I have heard some of the ancients of 
Christ Church often say, that his company was very merry, facete, and juvenile; 

* His elder brother was William Burton, the Leicestershire antiquary, born 24th August, I.'iT.'J, eilucated at 
Sutton Coldfield, admitted commoner, or jrentleman commoner, of Brazen Nose College, f59] ; at the Innft 
Temple, 20lh May, 1593; B. A. 2-2d June, 1594 ; and afterwards a barrister and. reporter in the Court of Cotninoii 
Pleas. "But his natural genius," says Wood, "leading him to the studies of heraldry, genealogies, and anti- 
quities, he became excellent in those obscure and intricate matters; and look upon him as a gentleman, was 
accounted, by all that knew him, to be the best of his time for those studies, as may appear by his ' Oescription 
of Leicestershire.'" His weak constitution not permitting him to follow business, he retired into the country. 
and his greatest work, " The Description of Leicestershire," was published in folio, 1622. He died at FaUle. 
»fler suffering much in the civil war, 6th April, 1645, and was buried in the parish church belonging th^■reto. 
called Hanbury. 

1 Th'.s is Wood's account. His will says, Nuneaton; but a passage in this work fsee fol. 304 \ mention* 
Sutton ')o -I.ield : piobablv he may have been at both schools. 

A /w 



vi Account of the Author 

and no man in his lime did surpass him for his ready and dexterous interlarding 
his common discourses among them with verses from the poets, or sentences from 
classic auth')rs; which being then ail the fashion in the University, made Ins 
compai; y the more acceptable." He appears to have been a universal reader of 
all kinds of books, and availed himself of his multifarious studies in a very extra- 
ordinary manner. From the information of Hearne, we learn that John Rouse, 
the Bodleian librarian, furnished him with choice books for the prosecution of his 
work. The subject of his labour and amusement, seems to have been adopted 
from the infirmities of his own habit and constitution. Mr. Granger says, " He 
composed this book with a view of relieving his own melancholy, but increased it' 
to such a degree, that nothing could make him laugh, but going to the bridge-foot 
and hearing the ribaldry of the bargemen, which rarely failed to throw him into a 
violent fit of laughter. Before he was overcome with this horrid disorder, he, ir 
the intervals of his vapours, was esteemed one of the most facetious companions ir 
the University." 

His residence was chiefly at Oxford ; where, in his chamber in Christ Churcl 
College, he departed this life, at or very near the time which he had some years 
before foretold, from the calculation of his own nativity, and which, says Wood, 
" being exact, several of the students did not forbear to whisper among themselves, 
that rather than there should be a mistake in the calculation, he sent up his soul 
to heaven through a slip about his neck." Whether this suggestion is founded m 
truth, we have no other evidence than an obscure hint in the epitaph hei'eafter 
inserted, which was written by the author himself, a short time before his death. 
His body, with due solemnity, was buried near that of Dr. Robert Weston, m the 
north aisle which joins next to the choir of the cathedral of Christ Church, on the 
27th of January 1639-40. Over his grave was soon after erected a comely monu- 
nrient, on the upper pillar of the said aisle, with his bust, painted to the life. On 
the right hand is the following calculation of his nativity : 




1 



discount of the Author. ^^i 

and under the bust, this inscription of his own composition : — 

Paucis notus, paucioribus ignotus, 

Hie jacet Democritus junior 

Cui vitatn dodit et mortem 
Melancholia 
Ob. 8 Id. Jan. A. C. mdcxxxix. 

*rms- — Azure on a bend O. between three dogs' heads O. a crescent G. 

A few months before his death, he made his will, of which the following is a 
copy: 

Extracted from the Registry of the Prerogative Court of Canterbuht. 

In nomine Dei Amen. August 15th One thousand six hundred thirty nine because there be so 
many casualties to which our life is subject besides quarrelling and contention which happen to 
our Successors after our Death by reason of unsettled Estates I Robert Burton Student of Christ- 
church Oxon. though my means be but small have thought good by this my last Will and Testa- 
ment to dispose of that little which I have and being at this present I thank God in perfect health 
of Bodie and Mind and if this Testament be not so formal according to the nice and strict terms 
T)f Law and other Circumstances peradventure required of which I am ignorant I desire howsoever 
this my Will may be accepted and stand good according to my true Intent and meaning First I 
bequeath Animam Deo Corpus Terrae whensoever it shall please God to call me I give my Land 
in Higham which my good Father Ralphe Burton of Lindly in the County of Leicester Esquire 
gave me by Deed of Gift and. that which I have annexed to that Farm by purchase since, now 
leased for thirty eight pounds per Ann. to mine Elder Brother William Burton of Lindly Esquire 
during his life and after him to his Reirs I make my said Brother William likewise mine Executor 
as well as paying such Annuities and Legacies out of my Lands and Goods as are hereafter 
specified I give to my nephew Cassibilan Burton twenty pounds Annuity per Ann. out of my 
Land in Higham during his life to be paid at two equall payments at our Lady Day in Lent and 
Michaelmas or if he be not paid within fourteen Days after the said Feasts to distrain on any part 
of the Ground or on any of my Lands of Inheritance Item I give to my Sister Katherine Jackson 
during her life eight pounds per Ann. Annuity to be paid at the two Feasts equally as above said 
or else to distrain on the Ground if she be not paid after fourteen days at Lindly as the other some 
is out of the said Land Item I give to my Servant John Upton the Annuity of Forty Shillings out 
of my said Farme during his life (if till then my Servant) to be paid on Michaelmas day in Lind- 
ley each year or else after fourteen days to distrain Now for my goods I thus dispose them First I 
give an Cth pounds to Christ Church in Oxford where I have so long lived to buy five pounds 
Lands per Ann. to be Yearly bestowed on Books for the Library Item I give an hundredth pound 
to the University Library of Oxford to be bestowed to purchase five piound Land per Ann. to be 
paid out Yearly on Books as Mrs. Brooks formerly gave an hundred pounds to buy Land to the 
same purpose and the Rent to the same use I give to my Brother George Burton twenty pounds 
and my watch I give to my Brother Ralph Burton five pounds Item I give to the Parish of Sea. 
grave in Leicestershire where I am now Rector ten pounds to be given to a certain Feoffees to the 
perpetual good of the said Parish Oxon* Item I give to my Niece Eugenia Burton One hundredth 
pounds Item I give to my Nephew Richard Burton now Prisoner in London an hundredth pound 
to redeem him Item I give to the Poor of Higham Forty Shillings where my Land is to the poor 
of Nuneaton where I was once a Grammar Scholar three pound to my Cousin Purfey of Wadlake 
[Wadley] my Cousin Purfey of Calcott my Cousin Hales of Coventry my Nephew Bradshaw of 
Orton twenty shillings a piece for a small remembrance to Mr. Whitehall Rector of Cherkby rnyne 
own Chamber Fellow twenty shillings I desire my Brother George and my^Cosen Purfey of Cal- 
cott to be the Overseers of this part of my Will I give moreover five pounds to make a small 
Monument for my Mother where she is buried in London to my Brother Jackson forty shillings to 
mv Servant John Upton forty shillings besides his former Annuity if he be my Servant till I die 
ifhe be till then my Servantf—ROBERT BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Peppe» 
Witness. 

• So in the Register tSo in the Register. 



viii „lccount of the Author. 

An Apjiendix v.i this my Will if I die in Oxford or whilst I am of Christ Chu "h tmi 
with good Mr. f aynes August the Fifteenth 1639. 

I give to Mr. Doctor Fell Dean of Christ Church Forty Shillings to the Eight Cauoi t t sf^Wy 
Shillings a piece as a small remembrance to the poor of St. Thomas Parish 'J'wenly Shii.«ngi t<! 
Brasenose Library five pounds to Mr. Rowse of Oriell Colledge twenty Shillings to Mr. Heywooii 
xxs, to Dr. Metcalfe xxf: to Mr. Sherley xxs. If I have any Books the University Library hath 
not, let them take them If I have any Books our own Library halh not, let them take them I give 
to Mrs. Fell all my English Books of Husbandry one excepted to 

her Daughter Mrs. Katberiiie Fell my Six Pieces of Silver Plate and six Silver spoons to Mrs. lies 
my Gerards Herbail To Mrs. Morris my Country Farme Translated out of French 4. and all my 
English Physick Books to Mr. Whistler the Recorder of Oxford I give twenty shillings to all my 
fellow Students Mrs of Arts a Book in fol. or two a piece as Master Morris Treasurer or Mr. Dean 
shall appoint whom I request to be the Overseer of this Appendix and give him for his pains Atlas 
Geografer and Ortelius 'J'heatrum Mond' I give to John Fell the Dean's Son Student my Mathe- 
matical Instruments except my two Crosse Staves which I give to my Lord of Donnol if he be 
then of the House To 'I'homas lies Doctor lies his Son Student Saluntch on Paurrhelia and 
Lucian's Works in 4 Tomes If any books be left let my Executors dispose of them with all such 
Books as are written with my own hands and half my Melancholy Copy for Crips hath the other 
half To Mr. Jones Chaplin and Chanter my Surveying Books and Instruments To the Servants 
of the House Forty Shillings ROB. BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Pepper Witness 
— This Will was shewed to me by the Testator and acknowledged by him some few days before 
his death to be his last Will Ita Testor John Morris S Th D. Prebendari' Eccl Chri' Oxon 
Feb. 3, 1639. 

Probatum fuit Testamentum suprascriptum, &c. 11° 1640 Juramento Willmi Burton Fris' 
et Executoris cui &c. de bene et fideliter administrand. &c. coram Mag'ris Nalhanacle 
Stephens Rectore Eccl. de Drayton, et Edwardo Farmer, Clericis, vigore conimis. 
sionis, &c. * 



The only work our author executed was that now reprinted, which probably 
was the principal employment of his life. Dr. Ferriar says, it was originally 
published in the year 1617; but this is evidently a mistake;* the first edition was 
that printed in 4to, 1621, a copy of which is at present in the collection of John 
Nichols, Esq., the indefatigable illustrator of the Histoiy of Leicrstershire ; to 
whom, and to Isaac Reed, Esq., of Staple Inn, this account is greatly indebted 
for its accuracy. The other impressions of it were in 1624, 1628, 1632, l*'3s', 
1651-2, 1660, and 1676, which last, in the titlepage, is called the eighth editu n. 

The copy from which the present is re-printed, is that of 1651-2: at the con- 
clusion of which is the following address : 

"TO THE READER. 

" BE pleased to know (Courteous Reader) that since the last Impression of this Book, the 
ingenuous Author of it is deceased, leaving a Copy of it exactly corrected, with several consider- 
able Additions by his own hand ; this Copy he committed to my care and custody, with directions 
to have those Additions inserted in the next Edition ; which in order to his command, and the 
Publicke Good, is faithfully performed in this last Impression." 

H. C. (;". e. HEN. CRIFFS.) 

•Originating, perhaps, in a note, p. 448, 6th edit. (p. 455 of the present), in which a book is quoted a? having 
oeen " printed at Paris I'B24, seven years after Burton's first edition." As, however, the editions after that of 
1621, are regularly marked in succession to the eighth, printed in 1676, there seems very little reason n dr)uhi 
that, in the note ahnve alluded to, either 1624 has been a misprint for 1628, or seven yewrs for thrtt yeaii ''"be 
lumcrous typographical errata in other parts of the work strongly aid this latter supposition. 



Account of the Author. \x 

The following testimonies of various authors will serve to show the estimation 
ill which this work has been held : — 

"The Anatomy of Mklancholt, wherein the author hath piled up variety of much exceller 
learning. Scarce any booli of philology in our land hath, in so short a time, passed so many 
editions." — Fuller^ s Worthies, fol. 16. 

" 'Tis a book so full of variety of reading, that gentlemen who have lost their time, and are put 
to a push for invention, may furnish themselves with matter for common or scholastical discourse 
and writing." — Wood's Atheiias Oxoiiiensis, vol. i. p. 028. 2d edit. 

"If you never saw Butitox upox Melancholt, printed 167(5, I pray look into it, and read 
the ninth page of his Preface, • Democritus to the Reader.' There is something there which 
touches the point we are upon ; but I mention the author to you, as the pleasantest, the most 
learned, and the most full of sterling sense. The wits of Queen Anne's reign, and the beginning 
of George the First, were not a little beholden to him." — Archbishop Herring's Letters, 12mo 
1777. p. 149. 

•'Bdhtox's Anatomy of Melancholy, he (Dr. Johnson) said, was the only book that ever 
took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise." — Bosivell's Life of Johnson, vol. i. 
p. 580. 8vo. edit. 

« Buhton's Anatomy of Melancholy is a valuable book," said Dr. Johnson. " It is, pe-- 
haps, overloaded with quotation. But there is great spirit and great power in what Burton says 
when he writes from his own mind." — Ibid, vol, ii. p. 325. 

"It will be no detraction from the powers of Milton's original genius and invention, to remark, 
that he seems to have borrowed the subject of L' Allegro and // Penserosn, together with sonje 
particular thoughts, expressions, and rhymes, more especially the idea of a contrast between thefee 
two dispositions, from a forgotten poem prefixed to the first edition of Burton's Anatomy of 
Melancholy, entitled, 'The Author's Abstract of Melancholy; or, A Dialogue between Pleasure 
and Pain.' Here pain is melancholy. It was written, as I conjecture, about the year 1600. I 
will make no apology for abstracting and citing as much of this poem as will be sufficient to 
prove, to a discerning reader, how far it had taken possession of Milton's mind. The measure 
will appear to be the same ; and that our author was at least an attentive reader of Burton's bo ik, 
may be already concluded from the traces of resemblance which I have incidentally noticed in 
passing through the L' Allegro and II Penseroso." — After extracting the lines, Mr. Warton adds, 
" as to the very elaborate work to which these visionary verses are no unsuitable introduction, the 
writer's variety of learning, his quotations from scarce and curious books, his pedantry sparkling 
with rude wit and shapeless elegance, miscellaneous matter, intermixture of agreeable tnles and 
illustiations, and, perhaps, above all, the singularities of his feelings, clothed in an uncommon 
quaintness of style, have contributed to render it, even to modern readers, a valuable I'ipository of 
amusement and information." — Warto7i's Milton, 2d edit. p. 94. 

" The Anatomy or Melancholy is a book whicti has been univprsany read ai d admired. 
This work is, for the most part, what the autnor hin.self styles it, 'a cento; L.-j. it is a verv 
ingenious onr , His quotations, which abound in every page, are pertinent ; cut if h« had made 
more use of his invention and less of his commonplace-book, his work would pe;haps have been 
more valuable than it is. He is generally free from the affected language and ridicuiou metaphors 
which disgrace most of the books of his time." — Granger's Biographical History. 

"Burton's Anatomy or Melancholy, a book once the favourite of the learned and the 
witty, and a source of surreptitious learning, though written on a regular plan, cons)?*-, chiefly 
af quotations: the author has honestly termed it a cento. He collects, under every divih\n, the 
^p^nions of a multitude of writers, without regard to chronological order, and has too oIjh the 
modesty to decline the interposition of his own sentiments. Indeed the bulk of his m xfe/ials 
generally overwhelms him. In the course of his folio he has contrived to treat a great va-i'^ty 
of topics, that seem very loosely connected with the general subject: and, like Bayle, when lie 
starts a favourite train of quotations, he does not scruple to let the digression outrun the princ'pfl 
question. Thus, from the doctrines of religion to military discipline, from inland navigation to 
the morality of dancing-schools, every thing is discussed and determined." — Ferriar's Illustraiicnt 
of Sterne, p. 58. 
2 



X Account of the Author. 

' The archness which Bdhtox displays occasionally, and his indulgence of playful digression* 
from the most serious discussions, often give his style an air of familiar conversation, notwith- 
standing the labonous collections which supply his text. He was capable of writing excelleni 
poetry, but he seems to have cultivated this talent loo little. The English verses prefixed to his 
book, which possess beautiful imagery, and great sweetness of versification, have been frequently 
published. His Latin elegiac verses addressed to his book, shew a very agreeable turn for 
raillery." — Ibid. p. 58. 

" When the force of the subject opens his own vein of prose, we" discover valuable sense and 
brilliant expression. Such is his account of the first feelings of melancholy persons, written, 
probably, from his own experience." [See p. 1.54, of the present edition.] — Ibid. p. 60. 

"During a pedantic age, like that in which BanTorr's production appeared, it must have been 
emrnently serviceable to writers of many descriptions. Hence the unlearned might furnish them- 
eelves with ajipropriate scraps of Greek and Latin, whilst men of letters would find their emiuiries 
shortened, by knowing where they might look for what both ancients and moderns had advaneco 
on the subject of human passions. I confess my inability to point out any other English authoi 
who has so largely dealt in apt and original quotation." — Mnmiscript note of the lute Geurgt 
Sieevene, E}'/., in his copy of The Amtomy of Melancholt. 



(xU 



])EMOCRITUS JUNIOR AD LIBRUM SUUM. 



Vade libur, qualis, non ausim dicere, fcelix, 

Te nisi ioeiicem fecerit Alma dies. 
Vade tamen quocunque lubet, quascunque per 
oras, 

Et Genium Domini fac imitere tui. 
\ blandas inter Charites, mystamque saluta 

Musarum quemvis, si tibi lector erit. 
Rura colas, urbem, subeasve palatia regum, 

Submisse, placide, te sine dente geras. 
Nobilis, aut si quis te forte inspexerit heros, 

Da te morigerum, perlegat usque lubet. 
Est quod Nobilitas, est quod desideret heros, 

Gratior haec forsan charta placere potest. 
Si quis morosus Cato, tetricusque Senator, 

Hunc etiam librum forte videre velit, 
Sive magistratus, turn te reverenter habeto ; 

Sed nuUus; muscas non capiunt Aquilae. 
Non vacat his tempus fugitivum impendere 
nugis. 

Nee tales cupio ; par mihi lector erit. 
Si matrona gravis casu diverterit istuc, 

Illustris domina, aut te Comitissa legal : 
Est quod displiceat, placeat quod forsitan illis, 

Ingerere his noli te modo, pande tamen. 
At si virgo tuas dignabitur inclyta chartas 

Tangere, sive schedis haereat ilia tuis: 
Da modo te facilem, et qusedam folia esse me- 
mento 

Conveniant oculis quae magis apta suis. 
Si generosa ancilla tuos aut alma puella 

Visura est ludos, annue, pande lubena. 
Die utinam nunc ipse mens* (nam diligit istas) 

In praesens esset conspiciendus herus. 
Ignotus notusve mihi de gente togata 

Sive aget in ludis, pulpita sive colet, 
Sive in Lycoeo, et nugas evolverit istas. 

Si quasdam mendas viderit inspiciens, 
Da veniam Authori, dices ; nam plurima vellet 

Expungi, quae jam displicuisse sciat. 
Sive Melancholicus quisquam, seu blandus 
Amator, 

Aulicus aut Civis, seu bene comptus Eques 
Hue appellat, age et tuto te crede legenti, 

Multa istic forsan non male nata leget. 
Quod fugiat, caveat, quodque amplexabitur, 
ista 

Pagina fortassis promere multa potest. 
At si quis Medicus coram te sistet, amice 

Fac circumspecte, et te sine labe geras: 



Inveniot namque ipse meis quoque plunmi 
scriptis, 

Non leve subsidium quae sibi forsan erunt. 
Si quis Causidicus chartas impingat in istas, 

Nil mihi vobiscum, pessima turba vale ; 
Sit nisi vir bonus, et juris sine fraude peritus, 

Turn legat, et forsan doctior inde siet. 
Si quis cordatus, facilis, lectorque benignus 

Hue oculos vertat, quae velit ipse legat ; 
Candidus ignoscet, metuas nil, pande libenter, 

OfJ'ensus mendis non erit iile tuis, 
Laudabit nonnuUa. Venit si Rhetor ineptus, 

Limata et tersa, et qui benn cocta petit, 
Claude citus librum ; nulla hie nisi ferrea verba, 

Ofi'endent stomachum quae minus apta suum. 
At si quis non eximius de plebe poeta, 

Annue ; namque istic plurima licta leget. 
Nos sumus e numero, nuUus mihi spirat Apollo, 

Grandiloquus Vates quilibet esse nequit. 
Si Criticus Lector, tumidus Censorque molestus, 

Zoilus et Momus, si rabiosa cohors : 
Ringe, freme, et noli turn pandere, turba ma- 
lignis 

Si occurrat sannis invidiosa suis : 
Fac fugias ; si nulla tibi sit copia eundi, 

Contemnes, tacite scommata quaeque feres. 
Frendeat, allatret, vacuas gannitibus auras . 

Impleat, haud cures ; his placuisse nefas. 
Verum age si forsan divertat purior hospes, 

Cuique sales, ludi, displiceantque joci, 
Objiciatque tibi sordes, lascivaque : dices, 

Lasciva est Domino et Musa jocosa tuo. 
Nee lasciva tamen, si pensitet omne ; sed esto ; 

Sit lasciva licet pagina, vita proba est. 
Barbarus, indoctiisque rudis spectator in istam 

Si messem intrudat, fuste fugabis eum, 
Fungum pelle procul (jubeo) nam quid mihi 
fungo ? 

Conveniunt stomacho non minus ista suo. 
Sed nee pelle tamen ; laeto omnes accipe vultn, 

Quos, quas, vel quales, inde vel unde viros. 
Gratus erit quicunque venit, gratissimus hospeii 

Quisquis erit, facilis difficilisque mihi. 
Nam si culparit, quaedam culpasse juvabit, 

Culpando faciet me meliora sequi. 
Sed si laudarit, neque laudibus efferar ullis, 

Sit satis hisce mails opposuisse bonum. 
Haec sunt quae nostro placuit mandare libello, 

Et quce dimittens dicere jussit Hems. 



* Hsc comics dicta ci^ve ne malA capias. 



(xii) 



DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR TO HIS BOOK. 



PARAPHRASTIC METRICAL TRANSLATION. 



»o forth my book mio the open day ; 

Happy, if made so by its garish eye. 
D'er earth's wide surface taiic thy vagrant way, 

To imitate thy master's genius try. 
The Graces three, the Muses nine salute, 

Should those who love them try to con thy lore. 
The country, city seek, grand thrones to boot, 

With gentle courtesy humbly bow before. 
Should nobles gallant, soldiers frank and brave 

Seek thy acquaintance, hail their first advance : 
From twitch of care thy pleasant vein may save, 

May laughter cause or wisdom give perchance. 
Some surly Cato, Senator austere. 

Haply may wish to peep into thy book: 
Seem very nothing — tremble and revere : 

No forceful eagles, butterflies e'er look. 
rhey love not thee : of them then little seek, 

And wish for readers triflers like thyself. 
Of ludeful matron watchful catch the beck. 

Or gorgeous countess full of pride and pelf. 
They may say " pish !" and frown, and yet read 
jn : 

Cry odd, and silly, coarse, and yet amusing, 
uld dainty damsels seek thy page to con, 

Sp-ead thy best stores: to them be ne'er re- 
• fusing : 
Say, fair one, master loves thee dear as life ; 

Would he were here to gaze on thy sweet look. 
Should known or unknown student, freed from 
strife 

Of logic and the schools, explore my book : 
Cry mercy critic, and thy book withhold: 

Be some few errors pardon' d though observ'd : 
An humble auth.or to implore makes bold. 

Thy kind indulgence, even undeserv'd. 
Should melancholy wight or pensive lover. 

Courtier, snug cit, or carpet knight so trim 
Our blossoms cull, he'll find himself in clover. 

Gain sense from precept, laughter from our 
whim. 
Should learned leech with solemn air unfold 

Thy leaves, beware, be civil, and be wise: 
Thy volume many precepts sage may hold. 

His well fraught head may find no trifling prize. 
'Should crafty lawyer trespass on our ground. 

Caitiffs avaunt ! disturbing tribe away ! 
L'^nless (white crow) an honest one be found ; 

He'll better, wiser go for what we say. 
''hould some ripe scholar, gentle and benign, 

With candour, care, and judgment thee peruse: 



Thy faults to kind oblivion he'll consign ; 

Nor to thy merit will his praise refuse. 
Thou may'st be searched for polish' d words and 
verse 

By flippant spouter, emptiest of praters : 
Tell him to seek them in some mawkish verse : 

My periods all are rough as nutmeg graters. 
The doggerel poet, wishing thee to read. 

Reject not ; let him glean thy jests and stories. 
His brother I, of lowly sembling breed : 

Apollo grants to few Parnassian glories. 
Menac'd by critic with sour furrowed brow, 

Momus or Troilus or Scotch reviewer: 
Ruffle your heckle, grin and growl and vow : 

Ill-natured foes you thus will find the fewer. 
When foul-mouth'd senseless railers cry thee 
down. 

Reply not : fly, and show the rogues thy stern : 
They are not worthy even of a frown : 

Good taste or breeding they can ne'^er learn; 
Or let them clamour, turn a callous ear. 

As though in dread of some harsh donkey's 
bray. 
If chid by censor, friendly though severe. 

To such explain and turn thee not away. 
Thy vein, says he perchance, is all too free ; 

Thy smutty language suits not learned pen : 
Reply, Good Sir, throughout, the context see ; 

Thought chastens thought ; so prithee judge 
again. 
Besides, although my master's pen may wander 

Through devious paths, by which it ought not 
stray. 
His life is pure, beyond the breath of slander : 

So pardon grant ; 'tis merely but his way. 
Some rugged ruffian makes a hideous rout — 

Brandish thy cudgel, threaten him to baste ; 
The filthy fungus far from thee cast out ; 

Such noxious banquets never suit my taste. 
Yet, calm and cautious moderate thy ire, 

Be ever courteous should the case allow — 
Sweet malt is ever made by gentle fire : 

Warm to thy friends, give all a civil bow. 
Even censure sometimes teaches to improve, 

Slight frosts have often cured too rank a crop, 
So, candid blame my spleen shall never move. 

For skilful gard'ners wayward branches lop. 
Go then, my book, and bear my words in mind 
Guides safe at once, and pleasant thein you'll 
find. 



Ixiii) 



THE ARGUMENT OF THE FRONTISPIECE. 



Ten distinct Squares here seen apart, 
Are joined in one by Cutter's art. 



Old Democritus under a tree, 
Sits on a stone with booii on knee; 
About him hang there many features, 
Of Cats, Dogs and such like creatures, 
Of which he makes anatomy. 
The seat of black choler to see. 
Over his head appears the sky. 
And Saturn Lord of melancholy. 



To the left a landscape of Jealousy, 
Presents itself unto thine eye. 
A Kingfisher, a Swan, an Hern, 
Two fighting-cocks you may discern, 
Two roaring Bulls each other hie, 
To assault concerning venery. 
Symbols are these ; I say no more, 
Conceive the rest by that's afore. 



The next of solitariness, 

A portraiture doth well express. 

By sleeping dog, cat : Buck and Doe, 

Hares, Conies in the desert go : 

Bats, Owls the shady bowers over. 

In melancholy darkness hover. 

Mark well : If 't be not as 't should be, 

Blame the bad Cutter, and not me. 



I'th' under column there doth stand 

Inamorato with folded hand; 

Down hangs his head, terse and polite, 

Some ditty sure he doth indite. 

His lute and books about him lie, 

As symptoms of his vanity. 

If this do not enough disclose. 

To paint him, take thyself by th' nose. 



Hypocondriacus leans on his arm. 
Wind in his side doth him much harm, 
And troubles him full sore, God knows. 
Much ^ain h? hath and many woes. 
About him pots and glasses lie. 
Newly brought from's Apothecary. 
This Saturn's aspects signify. 
You see them portray'd in the sky. 



Beneath them kneeling on his knee 
A superstitious man you see : 
He fasts, prays, on his Idol fixt. 
Tormented hope and fear betwixt : 
For Hell perhaps he takes more pain, 
Than thou dost Heaven hself to gain 
Alas poor soul, I pity thee. 
What stars incline thee so to be ? 



But see the madman rage downright 
With furious looks, a ghastly sight. 
Naked in chains bound doth he lie. 
And roars amain he knows not why ' 
Observe him ; for as in a glass. 
Thine angry portraiture it was. 
His picture keeps still in thy presence; 
'Twixt him and thee, there's no differencs 

VlII, IX. 

Borage and Hellebor fill two scenes, ^^,; 
Sovereign plants to purge the veins 
Of melancholy, and cheer the heart. 
Of those black fumes which make it smart 
To clear the brain of misty fogs. 
Which dull our senses, and Soul clogs. 
The best medicine that e'er God made 
For this malady, if well assay'd. 



Now last of all to fill a place. 
Presented is the Author's iace ( 
And in that habit which he wears. 
His image to the world appears. 
His mind no art can well express. 
That by his writings you may guess. 
It was not pride, nor yet vain glory, 
(Though others do it commonly) 
Made him do this : if you must know 
The Printer would needs have it so. 
Then do not frown or scoff at it, 
Deride not, or detract a whit. 
For surely as thou dost by him, 
He will do the same again. 
Then look upon't, behold and see, 
As thou lik'st it, so it likes thee. 
And I for it will stand in view. 
Thine to command. Reader, adieu. 



(xiv) 



THE AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT OF MELANCHOLY, A.«xo>i;«. 



CWhen I go musing all alone 
Thinking of divers things fore-known. 
When I build castles in the air, 
Void of sorrow and void of fear, 
Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet, 
Methinks the time runs very fleet. 
All my joys to this are folly. 
Naught so sweet as melancholy. 
When I lie waking all alone. 
Recounting what I have ill done, 
My thoughts on me then tyrannise, 
Fear and sorrow me surprise, 
Whether I tarry still or go, 
Methinks the time moves very slow. 
All my griefs to this are jolly. 
Naught so mad as melancholy. 
When to myself I act and smile. 
With pleasing thoughts the time beguile. 
By a brook side or wood so green, 
Unheard, unsought for, or unseen, 
A thousand pleasures do me bless. 
And crown my soul with happiness. 
All my joys besides are folly, 
None so sweet as melancholy. 
When I lie, sit, or walk alone, 
I sigh, I grieve, making great mone. 
In a dark grove, or irksome den, 
With discontents and. Furies then, 
A thousand miseries at once 
Mine heavy heart and soul ensonce. 
All my griefs to this are jolly, 
None so sour as melancholy. 
Methinks I hear, methinks I see, 
Sweet music, wondrous melody, 
Tqiwns, palaces, and cities fine; 
Here now, then there ; the world is mine. 
Rare beauties, gallant ladies shine, 
Whate'er is lovely or divine. 
All other joys to this are folly. 
None so sweet as melancholy. 
Methinks I hear, methinks I see 
Ghosts, goblins, fiends ; my phantasy 
Presents a thousand ugly shapes, 
[leadless bears, black men, and apes. 
Doleful outcries, and fearful sights, 
My sad and dismal soul aflrights. 
All my griefs to this are jolly. 
None 30 damn'd as melancholy. 



Methinks I court, methinks I kiss, 
Methinks I now embrace my mistress. 

blessed days, O sweet content. 
In Paradise my time is spent. 

Such thoughts may still my fancy move; 
So may I ever be in love. 
All my joys to this are folly. 
Naught so sweet as melancholy. 
When I recount love's many frights. 
My sighs and tears, my waking nights, 
My jealous fits ; O mine hard fate 

1 now repent, but 'tis too late. 
No torment is so bad as love. 
So bitter to my soul can prove. 

All my griefs to this are jolly, 
Naught so harsh as melancholy. 
Friends and companions get you gone. 
'Tis my desire to be alone ; 
Ne'er well but when my thoughts and 1 
Do domineer in privacy. 
No Gem, no treasure like to this, 
'Tis my delight, my crown, my bliss. 
All my joys to this are folly. 
Naught so sweet as melancholy. 
'Tis my sole plague to be alone, 
I am a beast, a monster grown, 
I will no light nor company, 
I find it now my misery. 
The scene is turn'd, my joys are gone. 
Fear, discontent, and sorrows come. 
All my griefs to this are jolly. 
Naught so fierce as melancholy. 
I'll not change life with any king, 
I ravisht am: can the world bring 
More joy, than still to laugh and smile, 
In pleasant toys time to beguile ? 
Do not, O do not trouble me. 
So sweet content I feel and see. 
All my joys to this are folly. 
None so divine as melancholy. 
I'll change my state with any wretch, 
Thou canst from gaol or dunghill fetch • 
My pain's past cure, another hell, 
I may not in this torment dwell ! 
Now desperate I hate my life, 
^end me a halter or a knife ; 
All my griefs to this are jolly. 
Naught so damn'd as melancholy. 



(IS) 

DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR 

TO THE READER. 



(^ ENTLE reader. I presume thou wilt be very inquisitive to know what antic or 
1 personate actor this is, that so insolently intrudes upon this common theatre, to 
the world's view, arrogating another man's name; whence he is, why he doth it, and 
what he hath to say; altliough, as 'he said, Primum si noluero, non rcspondebo^ quis 
coact.unis est? I am a free man born, and may choose whether I will tell; who can 
compel me? If I be urged, 1 will as readily reply as that Egyptian in ^Plutarch, when 
a curious fellow would needs know what he had in his basket, Quum vides velatam, 
quid inquiris in rem abscondlfam? It was therefore covered, because he should not 
know what was in it. Seek not after that which is hid; if the contents please thee, 
^and be for thy use, suppose the Man in the Moon, or whom thou wilt to be the 
Author;" 1 would not willingly be known. Yet in some sort to give thee satisfac- 
tion, which is more than I need, 1 will show a reason, both of tliis usurped name, 
title, and subject. And first of the name of Democritus; lest any man, by reason of 
it, should be deceived, expecting a pasquil, a satire, some ridiculous treatise (as I 
myself should have done), some prodigious tenet, or paradox of the earth's motion, 
of infinite worlds, in infinito vacuo, ex fortuita atomorum collisione, in an infinite 
waste, so caused by an accidental collision of motes in the sun, all which Democritus 
held, Epicurus and their master Lucippus of old maintained, and are lately revived 
by Copernicus, Brunus, and some others. Besides, it hath been always an ordinary 
custom, as ^Gellius observes, "for later writers and impostors, to broach many absurd 
and insolent fictions, under the name of so noble a philosopher as Democritus, to 
get themselves credit, and by that means the more to be respected," as artificers 
usually do, JYovo qui marmori ascrihunt Praxatilem suo. 'Tis not so with me. 

* Non liic Centaurus, non Gorgonas, Harpyasque I No Centaurs here, or Gorgons look to find, 
Inveniea, hominem pagina no.stra sapit. | My subject is of man and human kind. 

Thou thyself art the subject of my discourse. 

" Quicquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, I Whate'er men do, vows, fears, in ire, in sport, 
Gaudia, discursus, nostri farrago libelli. | Joys, wand'rings, are the sum of my report. 

My intent is no otherwise to use his name, than Mercurius Gallobelgicus, Mercu- 
rius Britannicus, use the name of Mercury, 'Democritus Christianus, &c.; although 
there be some other circumstances for which I have masked myself under this vizard, 
and some peculiar respect which I cannot so well express, until I have set down a 
brief character of this our Democritus, what he was, with an Epitome of his life. 

\pemocritus, as he is described by * Hippocrates and ^Laertius, was a little wearish 
old man, very melancholy by nature, averse from company in his latter days,'" and 
much given to solitariness, a famous philosopher in his ;age, ^^co(zvus with Socrates, 
wholly addicted to his studies at the last, and to a private life : wrote many excellent 
works, a great divine, according to the divinity of those times, an expert physician, 
a politician, an excellent mathematician, as '^Diacosmus and the rest of his works 
do witness. He was much delighted with the studies of husbandry, saith '* Columella, 
and often I find him cited by '^ Constantinus and others treating of that subject. He 
knew the natures, differences of all beasts, plants, fishes, birds ; and, as some say, 
could '" understand the tunes and voices of them. In a word, he was omnifariam 
doctus, a general scholar, a great student ; and to the intent he might better contem- 

! Seneca in ludo in mortem Claudii Ciesaris. 8 iijp. Epist. Dameget. 9 Laert. lib 9. '" Hor- 

' L'b. de Curiositate. s Mod6 hsc tibi usui sint, tulo sibi celtulam seligens, ibique seipsnm includens, 

quemvis auotorem fingito. Wecker. ^ Lib. 10, c. vixit solitarius. " Floruit Olympiade HO; 700 annis 

12 Multa a male feriatis in Democriti nomine com- poslTroiam. " Diacos. quod cunctisoperibus facil* 
aienta data, nobilitatis, acictoriiaiisque ejus perfugio j excellit. La«!rt. " Col. lib. 1. c 1. '^ Const, lib. 

iitcntibus. 6 Martialis, lib. 10, epigr. 14. e Juv. de agric. passim. '» Volucrnm voces el lingual 

*M. 1 ' Auth. Pet. Besseo edit. Colonie, U'6. | intelligere se dicit Abderitans Ep. Hip 



16 Democruus to the Reader. 

f>late, '" I find it related by some, that he put out liis eyes, and was in his old ag** 
voluntarily blind, yet saw more than all Greece besides, and "writ of every subject, 
.Vt/u7 in tota opificio naturce., de quo mm scripsit.^^ A man of an excellent wit, pro- 
found conceit^ and to attain knowledge tlie better in his younger years, he travelled 
to Egypt and '"Atiiens, to confer with learned men, -""admired of some, despised of 
others." After a wandering life, he settled at Abdera, a town in Thrace, and was 
sent for thither to be their law-maker, Recorder, or town-clerk, as some will ; or as 
others, he was there bred and born. Howsoever it was, there he lived at last in a 
garden in the suburbs, wholly betaking liimself to his studies and a private life, 
iti' saving that sometimes he would walk down to the haven, ^^and laugh heartily at 
\such variety of ridiculous objects, which there he saw." Such a one was Democritus. 
But in the mean tiiue, how doth tliis concern me, or upon what reference do I 
usurp liis habit } I confess, indeed, that to compare myself unto him for aught 1 
have yet said, were botli impudency and arrogancy. I do not presume to make any 
parallel, Antistaf mihi milllhus trccentis., ^parvus sum, nuUiis sum, altum nee spiro, 
nee spero. Yet thus much I will say of myself, and tliat I hope without all suspi- 
cion of pride, or self-conceit, I have lived a silent, sedentary, solitary, private life,' 
mihi et musis in the University, as long almost as Xenocrates in Athens, ad senecfam 
fere to learn wisdom as he did, penned up most part in my study. For I have been 
brought up a student in the most liourisliing college of Europe,'^^ augustisshno collegio, 
and can brag with ^^Jovius, almost, in ed luce domicilii Vacicani, tofius orbis cele- 
herrimi, per 37 annos multa opportunaque didici;'''' for thirty years I have continued 
(having the use of as good ^^ libraries as ever he had) a scholar, and would be there- 
fore lotli, either by living as a drone, to be an unprofitable or unworthy member of 
so learned and noble a society, or to write that which should be any way dishonour- 
able to such a royal and ample foundation. Something I have done, though by my 
profession a divine, yet turbine rapfus ingenii, as '^'he said, out of a running wit, an 
unconstant, unsettled mind, I had a great desire (not able tp attain to a superficial 
skill in any) to have some smattering in all, to be aliquis in omnibus, nullus in sin- 
guUs,'^'^ which ^^ Plato commends, out of him ^''Lipsius approves and furthers, "as fit 
to be imprinted in all curious wits, not to be a slave of one science, or dwell alto- 
gether in one subject, as most do, but to rove abroad, centum puer artium, to have 
an oar in every man's boat, to "' taste of every dish, and sip of every cup," which, 
saith ^^ Montaigne, was well performed by Aristotle, and his learned countryman 
Adrian Turnebus. This roving humour (though not with like success) I have ever 
had, and like a ranging spaniel, that barks at every bird he sees, leaving his game, I 
have followed all, saving that which I should, and may justly complain, and truly, 
qui uhique est, nusqucan est,^^ whicli ^'Gesner did in modesty, that I have read many 
books, but to little purpose, for want of good method •, I have confusedly tumbled 
over divers authors in our libraries, with small profit, for want of art, order, memory, 
judgment. I never travelled but in map or card, in which my unconfined thoughts 
have freely expatiated, as having ever been especially delighted with the study of 
Cosmography. *^ Saturn was lord of my geniture, culminating, &c,, and Mars prin- 
cipal signifioator of manners, in partile conjunction with my ascendant; both fortunate 
in their houses, &c. I am not poor, I am not rich ; nihil est, nihil deest, I have 
little, I want nothing : all my treasure is in Minerva's tower. Greater preferment as I 
could never get, so am I not in debt for it, I have a competence [laus Deo) from my 
noble and munificent patrons, though 1 live still a collegiate student, as Democritus 
in his garden, and lea-d a monastic life, ipse mihi theatrum, sequestered from those tu- 
mults and troubles of the world, Et tanquam in specula positus, f^as he said) in some 

'« Sabelliciisexempl, lih. 10. Oculis se privavit, ut me- Hist. '^Keeper of our college library, lately re- 
ilii.. coiuemplationi operam daret, siiblinii vir ingeiiio, vived by Ollio Nicolson, Esquire. *' Scaliger. 
profundae cogitationis, &c. " Natiiralia, moralia, ^ Somebody in everything, nobody in each thing, 
mathematica, liberales disciplinas, artiunique om- 29 in Theat. so phil. Stoic, li. diff. 8. Dogma cu- 
niiim periliam callebat. '" Nolhini; in nature's pidis et curiosis ingenii.s imprimendum, ut sit talis qui 
p;iwer to contrive of which he has not written, nulli rei servial, ant exacte ununi aliquid elaboret, alia 
>' Veni Athcnas, et nemo me novit. '^'> Idem con- nepliaens, ul artifices, &c. si Delibare gralum de 
temptui et aiimi.'-ationi habitus. '" T^olebal ad qnocnnque cibo, et pittisare de quocunque dolio ju- 
portam amhulare. et inde, &(;. Hip, Fp Dameg. cundnm. ' Fssays, lib. 3. ■'•< lie thai ia 
• I'eruptuori.su pulmonem agitare soleb:it Democritiis. everywhere is nowhere. '< Priefat. hililioihef. 
J» V. Sal. 7. - Nofi sum diL-nus praistare matePa. =* Amtx) fortes et forlunati. Mars idem magisterii do- 
Mi rl '■'< Christ Church ill (J vford. - I'refat. minus Juztu primani Leoviiii reguiam. <" Hensiu* 



Democrifus to the Header. 17 

high place above you all, like Stoicus Sapiens, omnia scecula., prccterita presentidquc 
vidciis, uno velut intuitu., I hear and see what is done abroad, how others ^'run, ride, 
turmoil, and macerate themselves in court and country, far from those wrangling 
lawsuits, aulcB vanitatem., fori ambitionem., ridere mecum. soleo : I laugh at all, ''^onlj 
secure, lest my suit go amiss, my ships perish, corn and cattle miscarry, trade decay, 
I have no wife nor cliildren good or bad to provide for. (A mere spectator of other 
men's fortunes and adventures, and how they act their parts, which methinks are 
diversely presented unto me, as from a common theatre or scene. I hear new news 
e\'ery day, and those ordinary rumours of war, plagues, fires, inundations, thefts, 
murders, massacres, meteors, comets, speclrums, prodigies, apparitions, of towns 
taken, cities besieged in France, Germany, Turkey, Persia, Poland, &.c., daily musters 
and preparations, and such like, which these tempestuous times atlbrd, battles fought, 
«»o many men slain, raonomachies. shipwrecks, piracies and sea-fights ; peace, leagues, 
(Stratagems, and fresh alarms. A vast confusion of vows, wishes, actions, edicts, 
oetitions, lawsuits, pleas, laws, proclamations, complaints, grievances are daily 
brouglit to our ears. New books every day, pamphlets, currantoes, stories, whole 
catalogues of volumes of all sorts, new paradoxes, opinions, schisms, heresies, con- 
troversies in philosophy, religion, &c. Now come tidings of weddings, maskings, 
mummeries, entertainments, jubilees, embassies, tilts and tournaments, ^trophies, 
triumphs, revels, sports, plays : then again, as in a new shifted scene, treasons, 
cheating tricks, robberies, enormous villanies in all kinds, funerals, burials, deaths 
of princes, new discoveries, expeditions, now comical, then tragical matters. To-day 
we hear of new lords and officers created, to-morrow of some great men deposed, 
and then again of fresh honours conferred ; one is let loose, another imprisoned ; 
jne purchaseth, another breaketh : he thrives, his neighbour turns bankrupt ; now 
plenty, then again dearth and famine ; one runs, another rides, wrangles, laughs, 
weeps, &.C. Thus I daily hear, and such like, both private and public news, amidst 
the gallantry and misery of the world ; jollity, pride, perplexities and cares, simplicity 
and villany ; subtlety, knavery, candour and integrity, mutually mixed and offering 
tliemselves ; I lub on privus privatus ; as I have still lived, so I now continue, statu 
quo priusy left to a solitary life, and mine own domestic discontents : saving that 
sometimes, ne quid vientiarj as Diogenes went into the city, and Democritus to the 
haven to see fashions, I did for my recreation now and then walk abroad, look into 
the world, and could not choose but make some little observation, nan tarn sagax 
observator., ac simplex recitaior^^ not as they did, to scoff or laugh at all, but with a 
mixed passion. 

■"o Bilem saspd, jociim vestri mov^re tumnltus. 
Ye wretched mimics, ujioso fond heats have been. 
How oft! the objects of my luirtli and spleen. 

I did somethne laugh and scoff with Lucian, and satirically tax with Menippus, 
lament with Heraclitus, sometimes again I was ^^petulanti splene chachinno, and then 
Mgain, ^^urere bilis jecur, I was much moved to see that abuse which I could not 
mend. In which passion howsoever I may sympathize with him or them, 'tis for 
losuch respect 1 shroud myself under his name; but either in an unknown habit i» 
assume a little more liberty and freedom of speech, or if you will needs know, for 
that reason and only respect which Hippocrates relates at large in his Epistle to 
Damegetus, w^herein he doth express, how coming to visit him one day, he found 
j^ Democritus in his garden at Abdera, in the suburbs, ''hmder a shady bower, '"with 
•la book on his knees, busy at his study, sometimes writing, sometimes walking. 
The subject of his book was melancholy and madness; about him lay the carf'ases 
of many several beasts, newly by iiim cut up and anatomised ; not that he did con- 
temn God's creatures, as he told Hippocrates, but to find out tlie seat of this atra 
^iUs^ or melancholy, whence it proceeds, and how it was engendered in men's bodies, 
to the intent he might better cure it in himself, and by his wiitings and observation 

s'Calideamhientes, policilelitigantes, aut misere ex- i " flor. lib. 1, sat. 9. <= Secundum mcenia locus erat 
cidenies, voces, .stiepitum conieiilionef=,&c. ^^ Cyp. i frondnsis populis opacus, vitibusque sponle natis, 
ad Jonat. Unice seciiriis, ne excidani in foro, aiit in j tenuis? prope aqua defluebal, placide murmurans, ubi 
man Indico bonis eli-a, de dote lilis. patrimonio filii sedile et donius Uemocriti conspiciebatiir. ■»•• Ipse 

nor. sum siilicilu.s. aj Noi so sagacious an ob- composite considebat, siipe. fienua volumen haben«, 

'^'^ on''^ '''nip'c a narrate, ■'■' Hor. Ep. lib. 1. et utrinqiie alia patentia parata, dissectaque animaiis 

'«.,20. *' Per. Alaughter witha >otulantspleen. ' cumulatini mrata, quorum viscera rimabatur. 

3 b2 



18 Democrifus to the ReaaeT. 

* teach others how to prevent and avoid it. Which good intent of his, Hippocidiea 
highly commended : Democritus Junior is therefore bold to imitate, and because ht 
left it imperfect, and it is now lost, quasi mcccnturiator Democrili, to revive again, 
prosecute, and fnush in this treatise. 

You have had a reason of the name. If the title and inscription offend your 
gravity, were it a sufficient justification to accuse others, I could produce many sober 
treatises, even sermons themselves, which in their fronts carry more fantastical 
names. (Howsoever, it is a kind of policy in these days, to prefix a fantastical title 
lo a book which is to be sold ; for, as larks come down to a day-net, many vain 
readers will tarry and stand gazing like silly passengers at an antic picture in a 
painter's shop, that will not look at a judicious piece. And, indeed, as ''^Scaliger 
observes, " nothing more invites a reader than an argument unlocked for, unthought 
of, and sells better than a scurrile pamphlet," twn maxime cum novitas excUat *' pa- 
latum. " Many men," saith Gellius, ^ are very conceited in their inscriptions," 
" and able (as ''*' Pliny quotes out of Seneca) to make him loiter by the way that went 
in haste to fetch a midwife for his daughter, now ready to lie down." For my part. 
I have honourable ^^ precedents for this which I have done : I will cite one for all. 
Anthony Zara, Pap. Epis., his Anatomy of Wit, in four sections, members, subsec- 
tions, &c., to be read in our libraries. 

If any man except against the matter or manner of treating of this my subject, and 
will demand a reason of it, I can allege more than one ; I Avrite of melanclioly, by 
being busy to avoid melancholy. There is no greater cause of melancholy than 
idleness, "no better cure than business," as ^"Rhasis holds : and howbeit, stultus labor 
est ineptiarum, to be busy in toys is to small purpose, yet hear that divine Seneca, 
aliud agcre quum luhil., better do to no end, than nothing. I wrote therefore, and 
busied myself in tliis playing labour, o/iosa^ ; diligenlld ut vitarem torporem fer'umdi 
with Vectius in Macrobius, atq ; otium in utile verterem negotium. 

SI Simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitiB, 
Lectorem deloctando simiil alque iiionendo. 
Poets would profit or delight mankin-i. 

And with the pleasing have th' insvructive joined. v 

Profit and pleasure, then, to mix with art, 
T' inform the judgment, nor offend the heart, 
Shall gain all votes. 

To this end I write, like them, saith Lucian, that "recite to trees, and declaim to 
pillars for want of auditors : " as " Paulus .^Egineta ingenuously confesseth, " not that 
anything was unknown or omitted, but to exercise myself," which course if some 
took, I think it would be good for their bodies, and much better for their souls ; oi 
peradventure as others do, for fame, to show myself ( Scire tuum nihil es/, nisi te 
scire hoc sciat alter). I might be of Thucydides' opinion, ^^"to know a thing and 
not to express it, is all one as if he knew it not." When I first took this task in 
hand, et quod ait ^ille^ impellente genio negotium susccpi, this I aimed at; ^'"vel ul 
lenirem animum scribendo^ to ease my mind by writing ; for I had gravidum cor, 
foelum caput.) a kind of imposthume in my head, which I was very desirous to be 
unladen of, and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this. Besides, I might not 
well refrain, for ubi dolor., ibi digitus, one must needs scratch where it itches. I was 
not a little offended with this malady, shall I say my mistress "melancholy," my 
.^geria, or my malus genius ? and for that cause, as he that is stung with a scorpion, 
I would expel clavum clavo, ^^ comfort one sorrow with another, idleness with idle- 
ness, ut ex viperd Theriacum, make an antidote out of that which was the prime 
cause of my disease. Or as he did, of whom "Felix Plater speaks, that thought he 
had some of Aristophanes' frogs in his belly, still crying Breec, ckex, coax, coax, 
oop, oop, and for that cause studied physic seven years, and travelled over most part 



*> Cum mundus extra se sit, et mente captus sit, et 1 Antimony, &c. ^ocont. 1. 4. c. 9. Non est 

nesciat se languere, ut medelani adhibeat. *'^ Sea- cura m«lior qn&m labor. s' Hor. De Arte Poset. 

liger, Ep. ad I'atisonem. Nihil magis lectorem invitat ^a jV(,n quod di- novo quid addere, aut 4 veteribus prae- 
quam in opinatumargumentum, neque vendibilior merx lermissum, sed propri=e exercitationiscausa. "' Qui 
est quirn petulans liber. " Lib. xx. c. 11. Miras ! novit, neque id quod senlit exprlmil, perirde est ac si 

(equuntur inseriptionum festivilates. "i" PrEefat. [ ne?citet. '< Jovius Pripf. Hist. '-Erasmus. 

Nat Ilist. Patri obstetriceni parturicnii filijeaocersenti j ^ )tiumotio dolorem dolore sum pvlatus. ^' Ob- 

noram injicere possiint. ** Anatomy of Popery, sei vat. 1. 1. 

Inatomy uf immorlality, Angelus salas. Anatomy of 



Democritus to the Reader. 



19 



oi Europe to ease himself. To do myself good I turned over such physicians as 
our libraries would afford, or my ^^ private friends iaspart, and have taken this jtains. 
And why not ? Cardan professeth he wrote his book, '^De Consolatione" after Jiis 
son's death, to comfort himself; so did Tally write of the same subject with like 
intent after his daughter's departure, if it be his at least, or some impostor's put out 
in his name, which Lipsius probably suspects. Concerning myself, 1 can peradven- 
ture atlirm with Marius in Sallust, ^^^ that which others hear or read of, I felt and 
practised myself; they get their knowledge by books, I mine by melancholising." 
Experto crede Roberto. Something I can speak out of experience, cerumnabilis expe- 
rientia me docuit ; and with her in the poet, ^°Haud ignara inali miseris succurrete 
disco; I would help others out of a fellow-feeling ; and, as that virtuous lady did 
of o).', "" being a leper herself, bestow all her portion to build an hospital for lepers," 
/I wdl spend my time and knowledge, which are my greatest fortunes, for the common 
^good of all. 

Yea, but you will infer that this is ^"^ actum agere, an unnecessary work, cramben 
bis coctam apponnere., the same again and again in other words. To what purpose i 
"^^ Nothing is omitted that may well be said," so thought Lucian in the like theme. 
How many excellent physicians have written just volumes and elaborate tracts of 
this subject? No news here; that which I have is stolen from others, "i>ici/^Me 
mild mea pagina fur es. If that severe doom of ^''Synesius be true, " it is a greater 
offence to steal dead men's labours, than their clothes," what shall become of most 
writers ? I liold up my hand at the bar among others, and am guilty of felony in 
this kind, ha.bes conjifenlcm reum., I am content to be pressed with the rest. 'Tis 
most true, tenet insanabile multos scribendi cacoetJies, and ®®" 'there is no end of 
writing of books," as the Wise-man found of old. in this ^' scribbling age, especially 
wherein *^" the number of books is without number, (^as a worthy man saith,) presses 
be oppressed," and out of an itching humour that every man hath to show himself, 
"'desirous of fame and honour (^scribimus indocti doctique — • — ) he will write no 
matter what, and scrape together it boots not whence. '""Bewitched with this 
desire of fame, etiam mediis in morbis, to the disparagement of their health, and 
scarce able to hold a pen, they must say something, "'"and get themselves a name," 
saith Scaliger, " though it be to the downfall and ruin of many others." To be 
counted writers, scriptorcs ut salutentur., to be thought and held Polumathes and 
Polyhistors, apud imperitum vulgus ob ventosce nomen artis^ to get a paper-kingdom : 
mdla spe quoistus sed aviplu famcB., in this precipitate, ambitious age, nunc ut est 
scBculiun, inter immaturam eruditioncm., ambitiosum et prceceps ('tis ''^ Scaliger's cen- 
sure) ; and they that are scarce auditors, vix auditores, must be masters and teachefs 
before they be capable and fit hearers. They will rush into all learning, togatam 
armatam.) divine, human authors, rake over all indexes and pamphlets for notes, as 
our merchants do strange havens for traffic, write great tomes, Cum non sint re verc 
doctiores, sed loquaciores., whereas they are not thereby better scholars, but greater 
praters. They commonly pretend public good, but as "Gesner observes, 'tis pride 
and vanity that eggs them on ; no news or aught worthy of note, but the same in 
other terms. JYe feriarentur fortasse typographi., vel idea scribendum est aliquid ut 
se vixisse testentur. As apothecaries we make new mixtures every day, pour out 
of one vessel into another ; and as those old Romans robbed all the cities of the 
world, to set out their bad-sited Rome, we skim off tlie cream of other men's wits, 
oick the choice flowers of their tilled gardens to set out our own sterile plots. 
^astrant alios ut li.bros suos per se graciles alieno adipe sujfarciant (so "Jovius 
iuveighs.) They lard their lean books with the fat of others' works. Ineruditi 
fures, &c. A fault that every writer finds, as I do now, and yet faulty themselves, 



»8 M. Joh. Rous, our Protobib. Oxon. M. Hopper, M. 
Guthridge, &c. ^a Qu^e illi audire et legere solent, 

«oruin partim vidi egomet, alia gessi, quae illi literis, 
ego militando didici, nunc vos existiinale facta an 
dicta pluris sint. '^I'Dido Virg. "Taught by that 

Power that pities me, I learn to pity them." •" Cam- 
den, Ipsa elephantiasi correpta elephantiasis hospicium 
construxit. "'-Iliada post Hoinerum. «3 Nihil 

pretermissum quod k quovis dici possit. 64 Mar- 

tialis. 65 Magis inipium mortuorum lucubrationes, 

qblUEi vcnes fura> « EccI ult. <' Libroi 



Eunuchi gignunt, steriles pariunt. '* D. King 

priefat. lect. Jonas, the late right reverend Lord It. 
of London. m Homines famelici gloriR ad osten- 

tationem eriiditionis undique congerunt. Buchananus. 
™ Effacinati etiam laudis amore, &c. Justus Baronius. 
''> Ex ruinisaliena* exist imationis sibigradum adfamam 
struunt. « Exercit.288. " Omnessibifamam 

quserunt et quovis modo in orbem spargi contendunt, 
uc novs alicujus rei habeantur auctores. PrKf. bibli. 
oth. 1* Praefat. hist. 



20 Democritus to the Reader. 

"^ Trium Uterarum homines, dX\ thieves; they pilfer out of old writers to stuff up their 
new comments, scrape Emiius dung-hills, and out of '^Democritus' pit, as I hare 
Jone. By which means it comes to pass, "'•' that not only libraries and shops are 
lull of our putrid papers, but every close-stool and jakes, Scribunt carmina qua 
legunt cacantes ; they serve to put under pies, to "*lap spice in, and keep roast-meaf 
from burning. "With us in France." saith '" Scaliger, " every man hath liberty t' 
write, but few ability. ^"Heretofore learning was graced by judicious scholars, but 
now noble sciences are vilified by base and illiterate scribblers," that either write 
for vain-glory, need, to get money, or as Parasites to flatter and collogue with some 
great men, they put out ^' hurras, quisquUUisque ineptiasque. ^^ Amongst so many 
thousand authors you shall scarce find one, by reading of whom you shall be an} 
whit better, but rather much worse, quibus inficllur potius, qudm perJicUur, b)' which 
he is rather infected than any way perfected. 

-Qui talia legit, 



Quid diilicit tandem, quid scit nisi soinnia, nugasi 

So that oftentimes it falls out (which Callimachus taxed of old) a great book is a 
great mischief. ^'^ Cardan finds fault with Frenclimen and Germans, for their scrib- 
bling to no purpose, no7i inquit ah edendo detcrreo, modo novum aliquid inveniant, 
he doth not bar them to write, so that it be some new invention of their own ; but 
we weave the same web still, twist the same rope again and again ; or if it be a new 
invention, 'tis but some bauble or toy which idle fellows write, for as idle fellows to 
read, and who so cannot invent ? *^" He must have a barren wit, that in this scrib- 
bling age can forge nothing. *^ Princes show their armies, rich men vaunt their build- 
ings, soldiers their manhood, and scholars vent their toys ;" they must read, they 
must hear whether they will or no. 

w Et quodcunque semel cliartis iUeverit, omnes 1 ^^^, ^^^^ j^ ^^jj ^„j ^^^j^ g,, „g„ ^^^j ,^ 
Gestiet a furno redeiinteg scire lacuque, o,j ^^j^g^ ^^j children as they come and go. 

Et pueros et anus | 

" What a company of poets hath this year brought out," as Pliny complains to 
Sossius Sinesius. ^'^"•This April every day some or other have recited." What a 
catalogue of new books all this year, all this age (I say), have our Frankfort Marts, 
our domestic Marts brouglit out ? Twice a year, ^^" Proferunt se noim ingenia et 
ostentant, we stretch our wits out, and set them to sale, magno conatu nihil agimiis. 
So that which ^"Gesner "much desires, if a speedy reformation be not had, by some 
Prince's Edicts and grave Supervisors, to restrain this liberty, it will run on in infi- 
nitum. Quis tarn avidus llbrorum helluo, who can read them ? As already, we 
.shall have a vast Chaos and confusion of books, we are *' oppressed with them, ^'oui 
eyes ache with reading, our fingers with turning. For my part I am one of the 
number, nos numerus sumus, (we are mere cyphers) : I do not deny it, I have only 
this of Macrobius to say for myself, Omne mewn, nihil meum, 'tis all mine, and none 
mine. As a good housewife out of divers fleeces weaves one piece of cloth, a bee 
gathers wax and honey out of many flowers, and makes a new bundle of all, Flori- 
feris ut apes in saltibus omnia libant, I have laboriously ®^ collected this Cento out of 
divers writers, and that sine injuria, I have wronged no authors, but given every 
man his own ; which ^^Hierom so much commends in Nepotian ; he stole not whole 
verses, pages, tracts, as some do now-a-days, concealing their authors' names, but 
still said this was Cyprian's, that Lactantius, that Hilarius, so said Minutius Felix, 
so Victorinus, thus far Arnobiiift : I cite and quote mine authors (which, howsoever 
some illiterate scribblers account pedantical, as a cloak of ignorance, and opposite 



'spiautus. '6 E Democriti puteo. "Non ' mense Aprili nullus fere dies quo non aliquis recitavit. 

lam refertE hibliother.iE quani cloaca;. '" Et quic- , !"• Idem. >» Principibus et docloribus deliberandum 

quid cariis aniicitur ineptis. ^'Epist. ad I'etas. i relinquo, ut arguantur auctoruni furta et milies repe- 

in regno Francia; omnibus scribendi dalur libertas, ! lita tollantur, et temere scribendi libido coerceatur, 
paucis facultas. >*Olim literie ob homines m aliter in infinitum prngressura. si Onerabuntur 

precio, nunc sordent ob homines. *" Ans. pac. I ingenia, nemo legendissufficit. 92 Librisobruimur, 

"tnte, tot niille volumina vix unus a cujus lectione oculi legondo, inanus volilando dolent. Fam. Strad9 
^luis melior evadat, irnmo potius non pejnr. " Palin- Momo. Lucretius. "< Quicquid ubiqiie bene dictum 

genius. What does ai;y one, who reads such works, ' facio nit-uni, et illud nunc nieis ad compendium, nunc 
learn or know but dreams and trifling things. "-i Lib. I ad fidem et auctoriiatem alienis e.ipriino verbi.s, omnee 
5. de Sap. ^s Sterile oporlel esse ingenium quod | auctores meos clientes esse ofbitror, &c. Sarisburi- 

in hoc scripturientum pruritus, &c. "e Cardan, l ensis ad Polycral. prol. »< In Epitaph. Nep. i''..a' 

prip ad Consol. <^ Hor. lib. 1, sat. 4. an Epist. I Cyp. hoc Lact. illud Hilar. e§t, ita Victorii\«s, in !.unt 

lib. 1. Magnum poetarum proventum annus hie attulit, j modum loquutua est Arnobius, &c 



Democnt'is to the Reader. 21 

i'o their affeLied fine style, I must and will use) sumpsi,^ non suripui, and what Varro, 
lib. 6. de re rust, speaks of bees, minime malcjicce. nullius opus veUicantes faciunl 
deter ms^ I can say of myself, Whom have I injured ? The matter is theirs raos* 
part, and yet mine, apparel unde sumptum sit (which Seneca approves), aliud tamen 
qunm unde sumptum sit apparet, which nature doth with the aliment of our bodies 
incorporate, digest, assimilate, I do toncoquere quod kausi., dispose of what I take. 
I make them pay tribute, to set out this my Maceronicon, the method only is mine 
own, I must usurp that of ''^ Weckcr e Tcr. nihil dicium quod non dicturi prius, 
methodus sola artijicem ostendit.^ we can say nothing but what hath been said, the 
composition and method is ours only, and shows a scholar. Oribasius, iEsius, Avi- 
cenna, have all out of Galen, but to their own method, diverso stilo, non divtrsa fide. 
Our poets steal from Homer ; he spews, saith iElian, they lick it up. Pivines use 
Austin's words verbatim still, and our story-dressers do as much \ he that comes last 
is commonly best, 

donee quid grandius setas 

Postera sorsque ferat inelior. 98 

Though there were many giants of old in Physic and Philosophy, yet I say with 
^'Didacus Stella, " A dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than 
a giant himself;" I may likely add, alter, and see farther tlian my predecessors ; and 
it is no greater prejudice for me to indite after others, than for iElianus Montaltus, 
that famous physician, to write de morhis capitis after Jason Pratensis, Heurnius, 
Hildesheim, Slc, many horses to run in a race, one logician, one rhetorician, after 
another. Oppose then what thou wilt, 

Allatres licet usque nos et usque 
Be gaunitibus iiiiprobis lacessas. 

I solve it thus. And for those other faults of barbarism, ^ Doric dialect, extempora- 
nean style, tautologies, apish imitation, a rhapsody of rags gathered together from 
several dung-hills, excrements of authors, toys and fopperies confusedly tumbled out, 
without art, invention, judgment, wit, learning, harsh, raw, rude, fantastical, absurd, 
insolent, indiscreet, ill-composed, indigested, vain, scurrile, idle, dull, and dry ; 1 
confess all ('tis_ partly affected), thou canst not think worse of me than I do of 
myself. 'Tis not worth the reading, 1 yield it, I desire thee not to lose time in 
perusing so vain a subject, I should be perad venture loth myself to read him or thee 
so writing; 'tis not opercz pretium. All 1 say is this, that J have ^^ precedents for it, 
which Isocrates calls perfugium iis qui peccant, others as absurd, vain, idle, illiterate, 
&.C. jVonnulli alii idem Jecerunt ; others have done as much, it may be more, and 
perhaps thou thyself, JVoviimis et qui ie, Slc. We have all our faults ; scimus, et 
hanc, veniam, &c.; '""thou censurest me, so have 1 done others, and may do thee, 
Cedimus inque vicem, &c., 'tis lex talionis, quid pro quo. Go now, censure, criti- 
cise, scofl^ and rail. 

» Nasutus ris usque licer, sis denique nasus: I ^ert thou all scoffs and flouts, a very Momus, 
Aon poles in nugas dicere plura iiieas, .^-^^.^^ .^g ourselves, thou canst not say worse of us. 

Ipse ego quiin dixi, &.c. | ' 

Thus, as when women scold, have I cried whore first, and in some men's censures 
I am afraid I have overshot myself, Laudare se vani, vituperare stulii, as J do not 
arrogate, 1 will not derogate. Primus vestrum non sum., nee imus, I am none of the 
best, 1 am none of the meanest of you. As I am an inch, or so many feet, so many 
parasangs, after him or him, I may be'peradventure an ace before thee. Be it there- 
fore as it is, well or ill, I have essayed, put myself upon the stage ; I must abide the 
censure, I may not escape it. It is most true, stylus virum arguU,, our style bewrays 
us, and as ^hunters find their game by the trace, so is a man's genius descried by 
his works, Multb melius ex sermone quam lineamentisy de moribus hominum judi- 
'•amus; it was old Cato's rule. I have laid myself open (I know it) in this treatise, 

•ned mine inside outward : I shall be censured, I doubt not ; for, to say truth with 
v/asmus, nihil morosius hominum judiciis, there is nought so peevish as men's judg- 

85 Prffif. ad Syntax, med. si" Until a later age and I apes. Lipsius adversus dialogist. 'supoabsurdo 

• happier lot produce something more truly grand. I dato niille sequunlur. >»'> Non duhito multos lec- 

»'In Luc. 10. toin. 2. Tigmei Gigantuni huniens ' tores hie fore stultos. ' Martial, 13, 2. '.i lit 

iniposili plusqiiani ipsi Gigantes vident. "" Nee j venatores feram ft vestigio impresso, virum Bcriptiuu- 

aranearum textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gignuntur, culi Lips, 
nee noster idjo vilior, quia ex alienis libamus ut ' 



22 Democriius to the Reader. 

nieuts ; ye' this is some comfort, ut palata, sic judicia., our censures are as varlou# 
as OU7 palates. 

» n ... J. .■ J . I Three Biiests 1 have, (lissRntine at my feast, 

• Ires mihi convivre prope dissenlire videntur, Oonnirin,, on^i, i« „,-,ii»-„ i>io ..Li„ J' "= i 

n . 1.1- 1 . o I Kentiirins each lo ^ratiiy nis tasle 

Poscenles vario muUum diversa palato, &c. | ^Vjih different food. 

(Our writings are as so many dishes, our readers guests, our books like beauty, 
hat which one admires another rejects ; so are we approved as men's fancies are 
mclined. Pro captu Iccl.oris habent sua fata libellL Tliat which is most pleasing 
to one is amaracum sui, most harsh to another. Quot homines, tot sentenlice, so 
many men, so many minds : that which thou condemnest he commends. "* Qiwa 
petis, id sane est invisum acidumque duohus. He respects matter, thou art wholly 
for words ; he loves a loose and free style, thou art all for neat composition, strong 
lines, hyperboles, allegories ; he desires a fine frontispiece, enticing pictures, such as 
^ Hieron. Natali the Jesuit hath cut to the Dominicals, to draw on the reader's atten- 
tion, which thou rejectest; that which one admires, another explodes as most absurd 
and ridiculous. If it be not pointblank to his humour, his method, his conceit, ^ si 
quid forsan omissum, quod is animo conceperit, si quce diclio, &c. If aught be omit- 
ted, or added, which he likes, or dislikes, thou art mancipium paucce lectionis, an 
idiot, an ass, nullus es, or plagiarius, a trifler, a trivant, thou art an idle fellow ; or 
else it is a thing of mere industry, a collection without wit or invention, a very toy. 
' Facilia sic putant omnes qucB jam facta, ncc de salebris cogitant, ubi via strata ; so 
men are valued, their labours vilified by fellows of no worth themselves, as things 
of nought, who could not have done as much. Unusquisque abundat sensu suo, 
every man abounds in his own sense ; and whilst each particular party is so affected, 
how should one please all .-' 

SQuiddemI quidnondemi Reiiuis tu quod jubet ille. 

What courses must I chuse 1 

What noti What both would order you refuse. 

How shall I hope to express myself to each man's humour and ® conceit, or to give 
satisfaction to all : Some understand too little, some too much, qui similiter in 
legendos libros, atque in salutandos homines irruunt, non cogitantes quales, sed quibus 
vestibus induti sint, as '"Austin observes, not regarding what, but who write, " orexin 
habet auctores celebritas, not valuing the metal, but stamp that is upon it, Cantharum 
aspiciunt, non quid in eo. If he be not rich, in great place, polite and brave, a great 
doctor, or full fraught with grand titles, though never so well qualified, he is a dunce ; 
but, as '^Baronius hath it of Cardinal Carafla's works, he is a mere hog that rejects 
any man for his poverty. Some are too partial, as friends to overween, others come 
with a prejudice to carp, vilify, detract, and scoff; (qui de me forsan, quicquid est, 
omni contemptu conlemptius judicant) some as bees for honey, some as spiders to 
gather poison. What shall I do in this case .'' As a Dutch host, if you come to an 
inn in Germany, and dislike your fare, diet, lodging, &c., replies in a surly tone, 
"" aliud tibi quceras diver sorium,'''' if you like not this, get you to another inn : 1 
resolve, if you like not my writing, go read something else. I do not much esteem 
thy censure, take thy course, it is not as thou wilt, nor as I will, but when we have 
both done, that of '^ Plinius Secundus to Trajan will prove true, " Every man's v/itty 
labour takes not, except the matter, subject, occasion, and some commending favour 
ite happen to it." If I be taxed, exploded by thee and some such, I shall haply be 
approved and commended by others, and so have been (Expertus loquor), and may 
truly say with '^ Jovius in like case, (absit verho jactantia) herown quorundam, pon 
tificum, et virorum nobiUum familiar itatcm et amicitiam, gratasque graHas, et multO' 
rum '^ bene laudatorum laudcs sum hide promerilus, as I have been honoured by 
some worthy men, so have I been vilified by others, and shall be. At the first pub 
lishing of this book, (which "Probus of Persius satires), editum librum continuo 
mirari homines, atque avide deripere coeperunt, I may in some sort apply to this m^ 
vii vrk. The first, second, and third edition were suddoily gone, eagerly read, an 
as I have said, not so much approved by some, as scornfully rejectetl by otheiy 

" Hor. < Hor. ' Antwerp, fol. 1607. 6 Mu- I dotem ex amplitudine redituum sordide deineCitur 
retus. ' Lipj-ius. *■ Hor. " Fieri non po- '3 Erasni. dial. »< Episi lib. 6. Cujusque iiige ■ 

test, ut quod quist,ue cogitat, dicat unus. Murelus. niiim non statiin emergi*. risi niateriie fauior, occasio, 
■'•Lib. 1. de ord., cap. 11. " Erasmus. '-An- conimendatorque contingat. 'o Prsf. hist. '^i.au. 

Dal. Tom. 3. ad annum 360. Est porcus ille qui socer- | dari it laudato laua e»t. •'' Vii. Peraii. 



Democritus to the Reader. 23 

5b< it was Democritus his fortune, Idem admirationi et " irridoni habitus. 'Twas 
3f>rtcca's fate, that superintendent of wit, learning, judgment, '® ad stuporem doctus, 
the best of Greek and Latin writers, in Plutarch's opinion ; that renowned correc- 
toi of vice," as ^°Fabius terms him, "and painfu' omniscious philosopher, that writ 
so excellently and admirably well," could not please all parties, or escape censure. 
Ht»w is he vilified by ^' Caligula, Agellius, Fabius, and Lispsius himself, his chief 
ptupugner ? In eo pleraque pernitiosa, saith the same Fabius, many childish tracts 
anti sentences he hath, ser7no illahoratus^ too negligent often and remiss, as Agellius 
observes, oratio vulgaris et protrita, dicaces et ineptce, sent entice., eruditio pleheia, 
an homely shallow writer as he is. In partibus spinas etfastidia habet, saith ^^Lip- 
sius ; and, as in all his other works, so especially in his epistles, alicB in argufiis et 
ineptiis occupontur., intricaUis alicubi^ et parum compositus., sine copid rerum hoc 
fecit., he jumbles up many things together immethodically, after the Stoics' fashion, 
parum ordinavit., multa accumulavit.., kc. If Seneca be thus lashed, and many famous 
men that I could name, what shall I expect ? How shall 1 that am vix umbra tanti 
philosophi., hope to please ? " No man so absolute (^ Erasmus holds) to satisfy all, 
except antiquity, prescription, &c., set a bar." But as I have proved in Seneca, this 
will not always take place, how shall I evade } 'Tis the common doom of all writers, 
I must (I say) abide it; I seek not applause; ''"* jYon ego ventosce. venor sujfragia 
pleb'is : again, non sum adeo informis., I would not be ^ vilified. 

26 laudatus abiinde, 

Non fastiilitus si libi, lector, ero. 

I fear good mtn's censures, and to their favourable acceptance 1 submit my labours, 

2' et linguas mancipiorum 

Conteiniio. 

As the barking of a dog, I securely contemn those malicious and scurnle obloquies, 
flouts, calumnies of railers and detractors ; I scorn the rest. What therefore I have 
said, pro tenuitate meci,, I have ■'aid. 

One or two things yet I was u*^sirous to have amended if I could, concerning the 
nmnner of handling this my subject, for which I must apologise, deprecari., and 
upon better advice give the friendly resder notice : it was not mine intent to prosti- 
tute my muse in English, or to divulge recreta Minerva:, but to have exposed this 
more contract in Latin, if I could have gr>t it printed. Any scurrile pamphlet is 
welcome, to our mei<cenary stationers in English ; they print all, 

cuduiitque lihellos 

In quorum foliis vix siiiiia nuda cacaret ; 

But in Latin they will not deal ; which is one of the reasons ^ Nicholas Car, in his 
oration of the paucity of English writers, gives, that so many flourishing wits are 
smothered in oblivion, lie dead and buried in this our nation. Another main fault 
is, that I have not revised the copy, and amended the style, v/hich now flows remissly, 
as it was first conceived ; but my leisure would not permit ; Feci nee quod polui, nee 
quod volui, I confess it is neither as I would, nor as it should be. 

^^Ctlni relego scripsisse pudet, quia pluriina cerno I When I peruse ibis tract which I have writ, 

Me quoque quee fuerant judice digna lini. | I am abash' d, and much I hold unfit. 

Et quod gravissimum., in the matter itself, many tilings I disallow at this present, 
which when I writ, ^"JVon eadem est cBtas., non mens ; I would willingly retract much, 
&.C., but 'tis too late, I can only crave pardon now for what is amiss. 

I might indeed, (had I wisely done) observed that precept of the poet, nonum- 

que prematur in annum., and have taken more care : or, as Alexander the physician 
would have done by lapis lazuli, fifty times washed before it be used, I should have 
revised, corrected and amended this tract ; but I had not (as I said) that happy leisure, 
no amanuenses or assistants. Pancrates in ^' Lucian, wanting a servant as he went 
from Memphis to Coptus in Egypt, took a door bar, and after some superstitious 

'* Minuit prsesentia famara. is Lipsius .ludic. de lurpe frigide laudari ac insectanter vituperari. Pha- 

Seneca. -"Lib. 10. Plurimnm studii, multam vorinus A. Gel. lib. 19, cap. 2. -"^ Ovid, trist. 11 

rerum cognitionem, omnem studiorum niateriam, &c. eleg. 6. ^Tjuven. sat. 5. ''"Aut srtis inscii 



multa in eo probanda, multa admiranda. '■" Suet 

Arena sine calce. '-'•' Introduct. ad Sen. 23 ju- 

die. de Sen. Vix aliquis tam absoliitus, ut alteri per 

omnia satisfaciat, nisi longa lemporis prsescriptio, se- 

mota judicandi libertate, religione quadam animos ' aquam liauriret, urnam pararet, ice. 

eccupaijl. "Hor. Ep. 1, lib. 19. s^^aue , 



aut qusestui magis quam Uteris student, hab. Cantab 
et Lond. Excus 1976. '■'aOvid. de pout. Eleg. 1.6 

^oHor. sixoni. 3. Philopseud. accepto pessjlo 

quum carmen quoddam dixisset, effeci: u*. a«i.hul»re' 



21 Democritus to the Render. 

words pronounced ;^Eucrates the relator was then present) made it stand up like n 
serving-man, fetch Ivini water, turn the spit, serve in supper, and what work he would 
besides ; and when lie iiud done that service he desired, turned his man to a stick 
again. I have no such skill to make new men at my pleasure, or means to hire 
them ; no whistle to call like the master of a ship, and bid them run, &c. I have 
no such authority, no such benefactors, as that noble "■'Ambrosius was to Origen, 
allowing him six or seven amanuenses to write out his dictates ; I must for that cause 
do my business myself, and was therefore enforced, as a bear doth her whelps, to 
bring forth this confused lump ; I had not time to lick it into f'^rm, as she doth her 
young ones, but even so to publish it, as it was first wiitten qutsquid in buccam, oe- 
nit, in an extemporean style, as ^^I do commonly all other exercises, effudi quicquid 
diclavit genius 7neus, out of a confused company of notes, and writ with as small 
deliberation as I do ordinarily speak, without all afiectation of big words, fustian 
phrases, jingling terms, tropes, strong lines, that like *' Acesta's arrows caught fire as 
they llew, strains of wit, brave heats, elogies, hyperbolical exornations, elegancies. 
&c., which many so much affect. I am ^^ aqua, potor, drink no wine at all, which 
so much improves our modern wits, a loose, plain, rude writer, jicum, voco ficum et 
ligonem Ugonem, and as free, as loose, idem calavio quod in menle, ^ I call a spade a 
spade, animis hcec scribo, nan auribus, I respect matter not words ; remembering that 
of Cardan, verba propter res, non res propter verba : and seeking with Seneca, quid 
scribam^nonqucmadihodum, xdiihex what than how to write : for as Philo thinks,^' " He 
that is conversant about matter, neglect* words, and those that excel in this art of 
speaking, have no profound learning, 

^ Verba iijlent plialeris, at nullus verbti inedullaa 
Iiilus Inibcru 

Besides, it was the observation of that wise Seneca, ''^" when you see a fellow careful 
about his words, and neat in his speech, know this for a certainty, that man's mind 
is busied about toys, there's no solidity in him. JS'on est ornanienluvi virile concin- 
nitas: as he said of a nightingale, vox es, prceterea nihil, &.c. I am therefore in this 
point a professed disciple of ■*" ApoUonius a scholar of Socrates, I neglect phrases, 
and labour wholly to inform my reader's understanding, not to please his ear ; 'tis 
not my study or intent to compose neatly, which an orator requires, but to express 
mjself readily and plainly as it happens. So that as a river runs sometimes precipi- 
tate and swift, then dull and slow ; now direct, then per ambages ; now deep, then 
shallow •, now muddy, then clear ; now broad, then narrow ; doth my style flow : 
now serious, then light •, now comical, then satirical ; now more elaborate, then 
remiss, as the present subject required, or as at that time I was affected. And if 
thou vouchsafe to read this treatise, it shall seem no otherwise to thee, than the 
'way to an ordinary traveller, sometimes fair, sometimes foul; here champaign, there 
inclosed ; barren in one place, better soil in another : by woods, groves, hills, dales, 
plains, &c. 1 shall lead thee per ardua mo7ilium, et lubrica vallium, et roscida 
cespitum, et '^' glebosa camporunu through variety of objects, that which thou shah 
like and surely dislike. 

For the matter itself or method, if if be faulty, consider I pray you that of Colu- 
mella, JYihil perfeclum, aut a singtilari consummatum industrid, no man can observe 
all, much is defective no doubt, may be justly taxed, altered, and avoided in Galen, 
Aristotle, those great masters. Boni vcnatoris (''^one holds) plures /eras capere, non 
omnes ; he is a good huntsman can catch some, not all : I have done my endeavour. 
Besides, I dwell not in this study, JWm hie sulcos ducimus, non hoc puhere desudamus. 
I am but a smatterer, I confess, a stranger, ''^here and there I pull a flower; I do 
easily grant,, if a rigid censurer should criticise on this which I have writ, he should 
not find three sole faults, as Scaliger in Terence, but three hundred. So many as 

»- Eiisphins, ecdes. hist. lib. 6. 3:i Stans pede in Epist. lib. 1. 21. <" Philostratiis, lib. 8. vlt. Apoi 

lino, as he iiiaile verses. ^'i Virg. ^-'ISon eadein Ne^'li^'ebat oraloriam facullatein, et peiiiliis asperiia- 



ft siiiiitiio expecles, miniinnqiie poeta. "' .Siyliis 

nic iiiilliis, pi>Eier parrhesiam 3' Qui rebus se 

exercet, verba tieuliait, et qui callet arteui dicetuli, 
iiullam disciplinam hahet recopiiitam. :* I'alin- 

geuius. Words may he resplendent with ornament, 



liatur ejus professores, quod liti^juani duiitaxal, non 
autem mentem redderent erudiliorem. •" llic enim, 
quod Seneca de I'nnio, bos herbam, ciconia larisam, 
canis leporem, virgo flurem legal. <-' Pel. Nanniu.i 
not. in Hor. '•' Non bic colonus domicilium habeo, 



l)ul they contain no marrow within. "Cnjuscun- 1 sed lopiarii in tnorem, hinc inde floreir vellico, ui ca 

que orationem vides politani e* sollicilam, sciio ani- ' niB Niluni lambeni. 
mum in |iu«ilis occupatuni, in ecriptis nil sulidiim. I 



Dcmocntus to the Reader. 25 

he hath done in Cardan's subleties, as many notable errors as *" Gul Laurenibergius. a 
late professor of Rostocke, discovers in that anatomy of Laurentius, or Barocius the 
Venetian in Sacro boscus. And although this be a sixth edition, in which I should 
have been more accurate, corrected a[l those former escapes, yet it was magni lahoris 
xpus^i so difficu.lt and tedious, that as carpenter* do find out of experience, 'tis much 
better build a new sometimes, than repair an old house ; I could as soon write as 
much more, as alter ihat which is written. If aught therefore be amiss (as 1 grant 
mere is), I require a friendly admonition, no bitter invective, ^^Slnt musis socii Chariie^^ 
turia omnis ubesfOy otherwise, as in ordinary controversies, yimem co«/en/<07ifcs necta- 
mus., sed cut bono? We may contend, and likely m.isuse each othei, but to what 
purpose ? We are both scholars, say, 

40 Arcades amho I Both youns Arcadians, b »th alike inspir'd 

Et Cantare pares, el respondere parati. | To sing and answer as the song requlr'd. 

If we ^o wrangle, what shall M^e get by it ? Trouble and wronsf ourselves, make 
sport to others. If I be convict of an error, I will yield, I will amend. Si quid 
bonis moribus., si quid veritati dissent ancum., in sacris vel humanis Uteris a vie dictum 
sit, id nee dictum esto. In the mean time I require a favourable censure of all faults 
omitted, harsh compositions, pleonasms of words, tautological repetitions (though 
Seneca bear me out, nunquam nimis dicitur. quod nunquam satis dicitur) perturbations 
of tenses, numbers, printers' faults, &c. My translations are sometimes ratlier para- 
phrases than interpretations, non ad vcrbuvi, but as an author, I use more liberty, 
and that's only taken which was to my purpose. Quotations are often inserted in 
the text, which makes the style more harsh, or in the margin as it happened. Greek 
authors, Plato, Plutarch, Athenaeus, &c., I have cited out of their interpreters, because 
the original was not so ready. I have mingled sacra propha.nis, but I hope not pro- 
pliancd, and in repetition of authors' names, ranked thein per accidcns, not according 
to chronology ; sometimes Neotericks before Ancients, as my memory suggested. 
Some things are here altered, expunged in this sixth edition, others amended, much 
added, because many good ''^authors in all kinds are come to my hands since, and 
'tis no prejudice, no such indecorum, or oversight. 

^* Nunquam ita quicquam bene subductd ratione ad vitam fuil, 
Quin res, <Ttas, usus, sonipor aliquid appnrlenl novi, 
Aliquid mniieant, ut ill;i qua scire !e credas, nescias, 
Et qua tibi putdris prima, in exercendo ul repudias. 
N^'er was ought yet at first contriv'd so fit, 
But use, age, or something would alter it; 
Advise Ihee better, and, upon peruse. 
Make thee not say, and what thou tak'st refuse 

But I am now resolved never to put this treatise out again, JVe quid nimis, I will not 
hereafter add, alter, or retract ; I have done. The last and greatest exception is, that 
I, being a divine, have meddled with physic, 

*^ Taniurnne est ah re tuk otii tibi, 
Aliena ut cures, eaque nihil quae ad te attinent. 

Which Menedemus objected to Chremes ; have I so much leisure, or little business 
of mine own, as to look after other men's matters which concern me not ? What 
have I to do with physic } Quod medicorum est promittant medici. The ^"Lacede- 
monians were once in counsel about state-matters, a debauched fellow spake excellent 
well, and to the purpose, his speech was generally approved : a grave senator steps 
up, and by all means would have it repealed, though good, because dehonestabafur 
fjessimo auctore, it had no better an author; let some good man relate the same, and 
then it should pass. This counsel was embraced, factum est, and it was registered 
forthwith, Et sic bona sententia mansit, mains auctor mutatus est. Thou say(3st as 
much of me, stomachosus as thou art, and grantest, peradventure, this which I have 
written in physic, not to be amiss, had another done it, a professed physician, or so, 
but why should 1 meddle with this tract .'' Hear me speak. There be many othei 
subjects, I do easily grant, both in humanity and divinity, fit to be treated of, of 
ivhich had I written ad ostentationem only, to show myself, I should have rather 
chosen, and in which I have been more conversant, I could have more willingly 

« Hupra bis mille notabiles errores Laurentii de- I Adelph. ^^Heaul. Act 1. seen. I. 'o Gelliut 

■ onstravi, &.C. ■'^ Thilo de Con. ■"> Virg. lib. 18, cap. 3. 

' Frainhesa'ius, Sennertus, Ferandus, &.C <* Ter. I 



«6 



Democntns to the Reader. 



iuxuriaied, and better satisfied myself and others ; but that at this tinv* I was fatally 
driven upon this rock of melancholy, and carried away by this by-stream, which, as a 
rillet, is deducted from the main channel of my studies, in which I have pleased and 
busied myself at idle hours, as a subject most necessary and commodious. Not that 
I prefer it before divinity, which I do acknowledge to be the queen of professions, 
and to which all the rest are as handmaids, but that in divinity 1 saw no such great 
need. For had I written positively, there be so many books in that kind, so many 
commentators, treatises, pamphlets, expositions, sermons, that whole teams of oxen 
cannot draw them ; and had I been as forward and ambitious as some others, I might 
have haply printed a sermoi\ at Paul's Cross, a sermon in St. Marie's Oxon, a sermon 
in Christ-Church, or a sermon before the right honourable, right reverend, a sermon 
before the riglit worshipful, a sermon in Latin, in English, a sermon with a name, 
a sermon witliout, a sermon, a sermon, &c. But I have been ever as desitous u. 
suppress my labours in this kind, as others have been to press and publish theirs 
To have written in controversy had been to cut off an hydra's head, ^'Zis litem 
generate one begets another, so many (kiplications, triplications, and swarms of ques- 
tions. In sacro hello hoc quod still mucrone agifur., that having once begun, I should 
never make an end. One had much better, as ^^ Alexander, tlie sixth pope, long since 
observed, provoke a great prince than a begging friar, a Jesuit, or a semhiary priest, 
I will add, for incxpugnabile genus hoc hominum., they are an irrefragable society, 
they must and will have the last word ; and that with such eagerness, impudence, 
abominable lying, falsifying, and bitterness in their questions they proceed, that as 
he *' said, /urome coicus^ an rapit vis acrior^ an culpa., responsum date ? Blind fury, 
or error, or rashness, or what it is that eggs them, 1 know not, I am sure many times, 
which *^ Austin perceived long since, tempestate content ionis., sercnitas charitatis 
ohnubilatur, with this tempest of contention, the serenity of charity is overclouded, 
and there be too many spirits conjured up already in th.is kind in all sciences, and 
more than we can tell how to lay, which do so furiously rage, and keep such a 
racket, that as '^^Fabius said, '^ It had been much better for some of them to have 
been born dumb, and altogether illiterate, than so far to dote to their own destruction. 



tr 



At melius fiierat non scribere, namque tacere^ 
Tuliini semper erit, 

_ is a general fault, so Severinus the Dane complains "in physic, "unhappy men as 
we are, we spend our days in unprofitable questions and disputations," intricate 
subtleties, de lani caprina about moonshine in the water, " leaving in the mean time 
those chiefest treasures of nature untouched, wherein the best medicines for all 
manner of diseases are to be found, and do not only neglect them ourselves, but 
hinder, condemn, forbid, and scoff at others, that are willing to inquire after them. 
These motives at this present have induced me to make choice of this medicinal 
subject. 

If any physician in the mean time shall infer, JV*e sutor ultra crepidam., and find 
himself grieved that I have intruded into his profession, I will tell him in brief, I do 
not otherwise by them, than tliey do by us. If it be for their advantage, I know 
many of their sect which have taken orders, in hope of a benefice, 'tis a common 
transition, and why may not a melancholy divine, tliat can get nothing but by 
simony, profess physic ? Drusianus an Italian (Crusianus, but corruptly, Trithemius 
calls him) ■'^^" because he was not fortunate in his practice, forsook his profession, 
and writ afterwards in divinity." Marcilius Ficinus was scmel et si7nul ; a priest 
and a physician at once, and ^^T. Linacer in his old age took orders. The Jesuits, 
profess both at this time, divers of them permissu superiorum, chirurgeons, panders, 
bawds, and midwives, &.c. (Many poor country-vicars, for want of other means, are 
driven to their shifts; to turn mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, and if our 



SI nt inrte catena qusedam fit. quae hseredes etiam 
•igat. Car<lan. Ileiisius. ''■■' Malle se bellum cum 

mairiio priucipe L'erere, qiiam cum unn ex fratriiin 
mendicaniium ordine. ''^ Hor. epod. lib. od. 7. 

M Epist. 86, ad Casulam presb. ^ Lib. 12, cap. 1. 

Mutos nasci, et nmni scienlia egere satius fuis!-et, 
]U&in sic in propriam perniciem iiisanire. ^ But 

.t would be better not to write, for silence is the safer 
vouran '' InfpliY mnrtalitas inutilihus aucstion- 



ibus ac disceptationibiis vitam traducimuB, naturte 
principes thesauros, in qiiilius gravissinicE morboniiu 
mediciniB collocalK sunt, interim intactos relinquimus. 
Nee Ipsi solum relinquimus, sed et alios proliibem'je, 
impedimus, condeninanius, ludibriisque alficiniiu. 
^ Quod in praxi niinime fortnnaius esset. medirinara 
relimiit,et ordinibus initiatus in Tlieologia postinoduro 
scripsit. Gesner Bibliotbeca. ''' P. Jovius. 



Democritus to the Reader- 



27 



gre«idy patrons hold us to such hard conditions, as commonly they do, they -wil 
ma^e most of us work at some trade, as Paul did, at last turn laskers- malt 
steis, costermongers, graziers, sell ale as some have done, or worse. Howsoevei 
in undertaking this task, I hope 1 shall commit no great prror or indecorum, if all be 
considered aright, I can vindicate myself with Georgius Braunus, and Hieronymus 
Hemingius, those two learned divines ; who (to borrow a line or two of mine ^° elder 
brother) drawn by a " natural love, the one of pictures and maps, prospectives and 
corographical delights, writ that ample theatre of cities ; the other to the study ot 
genealogies, penned thcatrum genealogicumP Or else 1 can excuse my studies with 
*'Lessius the Jesuit in like case. It is a disease of the soul on which I am to treat 
and as much appertaining to a divine as to a physician, and who knows not whai 
an agreement there is betwixt these two professions i A good divine either is ox 
ought to be a good physician, a spiritual physician at least, as our Saviour calls 
himself, and was indeed, Mat. iv. 23 ; Luke, v. 18 ; Luke, vii. 8. They differ but in 
object, the one of the body, the other of the soul, and use divers medicines to cure; 
one amends animam per corpus^ the other corjms per animam, as ^''our Regius Pro- 
fessor of physic well informed us in a learned lecture of his not long since. One 
helps the vices and passions of the soul, anger, lust, desperation, pride, presumption, 
&c. by applying that spiritual physic ; as the other uses proper remedies in bodily 
diseases. Now this being a common infirmity of body and soul, and such a one 
that hath as much need of spiritual as a corporal cure, I could not find a fitter task 
to busy myself about, a more apposite theme, so necessary, so commodious, and 
generally concerning all sorts of men, that should so' equally participate of both, and 
require a whole physician. A divine in this compound mixed malady can do little 
alone, a physician in some kinds of melancholy much less, both make an absolute 



s^Alterius sic altera poscit opem. 



-when in friendship joined 



I A mutual succour in eEith other find. 

And 'tis proper to them both, and I hope not unbeseeming me, who am by my pro- 
fession a divine, and by mine inclination a physician. I had Jupiter in my sixth 
house ; I say with " Beroaldus, non sum medicus, nee medicincp prorsus expers., in 
the theory of physic I have taken some pains, not witli an intent to practice, ^but to 
satisfy myself, which was a cause likewise of the first undertaking of this subject. 

If these reasons do not satisfy thee, good reader, as Alexander Munificus that 
bountiful prelate, sometimes bishop of Lincoln, when he had built six castles, ad 
invidiam operis eluendam, saith ^'Mr. Camden, to take away the envy of his work 
(which very words Nubrigensis hath of Roger the rich bishop of Salisbury, who in 
king Stephen's time built Shirburn castle, and that of Devises), to divert the scandal 
or imputation, which might be thence inferred, built so many religious houses. If 
this my discourse be over-medicinal, or savour too much of humanity, I promise 
thee that I will hereafter make thee amends in some treatise of divinity. But this I 
hope shall suffice, when you have more fully considered of the matter of this my 
subject, rem suhslratam, melancholy, madness, and of the reasons following, which 
were my chief motives : the generality of the disease, the necessity of the cure, and 
the commodity or common good that will arise to all men by the knowledge of it, 
as shall at large appear in the ensuing preface. And I doubt not but that in the ciid 
you will say with me, that to anatomise this humour aright, through all the members 
of this our Microcosmus, is as great a task, as to reconcile those chronological errors 
in the Assyrian monarchy, find out the quadrature of a circle, the creeks and sounds 
of the north-east, or north-west passages, and all out as good a discovery as tliat 
hungry *** Spaniard's of Terra Australis Incognita, as great trouble as to perfect the 
motion of Mars and Mercury, which so crucifies our astronomers, or to rectify the 
Gregorian Kalender. I am so affected for my part, and hope as ^' Theopnrastus did 



•^n M. W. Burton, preface to his description of Leices- 
tershire, printed at London by W. Jaggard, for J. 
White, 1C22. "i In Hygiasticon, neqne enim hsec 

Iractatio aliena videri debet 4 theologo, &c. agitur de 
morbo aninie. <« D. Clayton in comitiis, anno 

1621. raHor. »' Lib. de pestil. 66 ]„ Newark 
'n Nottinghamshire. Cum duo edificasset castella, ad 
olUodam structionis invidiam, et expiandam niacu- 



1am, duo instituit coenobia, et collegis religiosis imple- 
vit. '* Ferdinando de Quir. anno 1612. Anister- 

dami impress. '" Prtefat. ad Characteres : Spero 

enim (O Policies) libros nostros melioresinde futuros, 
quod istiusniodi memoriae mandata reliquerimus, es 
preceptis et 'jxemplis nostris ad vitam accomniodatia, 
nt se iiide ci rrigant. 



28 htinocritus to the Reader. 

by his characters, " That ou r posterity, O friend Policies, sliall be the better for thi» 
which we have written, by correcting and rectifying what is amiss in themselves by 
our examples, and applying our precepts and cautions to their own use." And as that 
great captain Zisca would have a drum made of his slvin when he was dead, because he 
thought the very noise of it would put his enemies to flight, 1 doubt not but that these 
following lines, when they shall be recited, or hereafter read, will drive away melan- 
choly (though 1 be gone) as much as Zisca-s drum could terrify his foes. Yet one 
caution let me give by the way to my present, or my future reader, who is actually 
melancholy, that he read not the ''* symptoms or prognostics in this following tract, 
lest by applying that which he reads to himself, aggravating, appropriating things 
generally spoken, to his own person (as melancholy men for the most part do) he 
trouble or hurt himself, and get in conclusion more harm than good. I advise them 
therefore warily to peruse that tract, Lapides loquitur (so said ^® Agrippa de occ. Phil.) 
et caveant leclorcs ne cerebrum iis excutiat. The rest I doubt not they may securely 
read, and to their benefit. But I am over-tedious, I proceed. 

(jOf the necessity and generality of this which I have said, if any man doubt, I shall 
desire him to make a brief survey of the w^rld, as ™ Cyprian adviseth Donat, "sup- 
posing himself to be transported to the top of some high mountain, and thence to be- 
hold the tumults and chances of tliis wavering workl, he cannot chuse but either 
laugh at, or pity it." S. Ilierom out of a strong imagination, being in the wilder- 
ness, conceived with himself, that he then saw them dancing in Rome ; and if thou 
shalt either conceive, or climb to see, thou shalt soon perceive that all the world is 
mad, that it is melancholy, dotes ; that it is (which Epichthonius Cosmopolites ex- 
pressed not many years since in a map) made like a fool's head (with that motto. Ca- 
put helleboro dignuin) a crazed head, cavea stultorum.i a fool's paradise, or as Apol- 
lonius, a common prison of gulls, cheaters, flatterers, &c. and needs to be reformed. 
Strabo in the ninth book of his geography, compares Greece to the picture of a man, 
which comparison of his, Nic. Gerbelius in his exposition of Sophianus' map, ap- 
proves ; the breast lies open from those Acroceraunian hills in Epirus, to tlie Sunian 
promontory in Attica ; Pagae and Magaera are the two shoulders ; that Isthmus ot 
Corinth the neck ; and Peloponnesus the head. If this allusion hold, 'tis sure a 
mad head ; Morea may be Moria ; and to speak what I think, the inhabitants of 
modern Greece swerve as much from reason and true religion at this day, as that 
Morea doth from the picture of a man. Examine the rest in like sort, and you shall 
find ihat kingdoms and provinces are melancholy, cities and families, all creatures, 
vegetal, sensible, and rational, that all sorts, sects, ages, conditions, are out of tune, 
as in Cebes' table, omnes errorem blbuiit, before they come into the world, they are 
intoxicated by error's cup, from the highest to the lowest have need of physic, and 
those particular actions in "'Seneca, where father and son prove one another mad, 
may be general ; Porcius Latro shall plead against us all. For indeed who is not a 
fool, melancholy, mad ? — " Qui nil luoUtur incpte, who is not brain-sick } Folly, 
melancholy, madness, are but one disease, Delirium is a common name to all. Alex- 
ander, Gordonius, Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, Guianerius, Montaltus, conlbund them 
as differing secundum magis et niiiius ; so doth David, Psal. xxxvii. 5. " J said 
unto the fools, deal not so madly," and 'twas an old Stoical paradox, omnes stultos 
iTisanire, "^all fools are mad, tliough some madder than others. And who is not a 
fool, who is free from melancholy ? Who is not touched more or less in habit or 
disposition ? If in disposition, " ill dispositions beget habits, if they persevere," saith 
"^Plutarch, habits either are, or turn to diseases. 'Tis the same which Tally main- 
tains in the second of his Tusculans, ojnnium insipicntum animi in morbo sunt, et per- 
turbatorumi, fools are sick, and all that are troubled in mind : for what is sickness, 
but as '"Gregory Tholosanus defines it, "A dissolution or perturbation of the bodily 
league, which health combines :" and who is not sick, or ill-disposed ? in whom doth 

6' Part 1. sect. 3. "sPrasf. lectori. 'o Ep. 2. Satyra 3. Damasippus Stoicus probat omnes sluitos 

I. 2. ad Oonatuiii. Paulisper te crcde suhduci in ardui insanire. "Tom. 2. sympos. lib. 5. c. 6. Aniiir 

monlis verticem ctlsiotem, speciilare iride reriim ja- affectiones, si diutius inhaereaiit, pravos geiierant lia- 

centium faries, et oculis in diversa porrectis, fliictii- hitiis. "> Lib. '28, cap. 1. Synt. art. mir. Morbus 

amis miindi turbines intuere, jam siiniil ant ridebis niliil est aliud quam dissolntio qusdam ac perlurbalio 

«ut misereberis, &c. " Controv. 1. 2. cont. 7. et fccderis in corpore existenlis, sicul et sanitag est coa- 

. 6. cont. 7.iHoratius. "Idem, Hor. 1. 2. I seutientis bene corporis consummatio qusdaio. 



A 



Dtmocriliis to tha Reader. 29 

not passion, anger, envy, disconlont, fear and soitow reign ? Who labours not cf this 
disease ? Give me but a littlo leave, and you shall see by what testimonies, con- 
fessions, arguments, I will evince it, that most men are mad, that they had as much 
need to go a pilgrimage to the Anticyree (as in ""Strabo's time they did) as in our 
days they run to Compostella, our Lady of Sichem, or Lauretta, to seek for help ; 
that it is like to be as prosperous a voyage as that of Guiana, and that there is much 
more need of hellebore than of tobacco. 

That men are so misaflected, melancholy, mad, giddy-headed, hear the testimou} 
of Solomon, Eccl. ii. 12. " And I turned to behold wisdom, madness and folly,' 
&c. And ver. 23 : " All his days are sorrow, his travel grief, and his heart taketb 
no rest in the night." So that take melancholy in what sense you will, properlj 
or improperly, in disposition or habit, for pleasure or for pain, dotage, discontent, 
fear, sorrow, madness, for part, or all, truly, or metaphorically, 'tis all one. Laugh- 
ter itself is madness according to Solomon, and as St. Paul nath it, " Worldly sorrow 
brings death." " The hearts of the sons of men are evil, and madness is in theii 
hearts while they live," Eccl. ix. 3. " Wise men themselves are no better." Eccl. i. 
18. " In the multitude of wisdom is much grief, and he that increaseth wisdom 
increaseth sorrow," chap. ii. 17. He hated life itself, nothing pleased him : he hated 
his labour, all, as '' he concludes, is " sorrow, grief, vanity, vexation of spirit." Ana 
though he were the wisest man in the world, sanctuarium sapientice^ and had wisdom 
in abundance, he will not vindicate himself, or justify his own actions. " Surely J 
am more foolish than any man, and have not the understanding of a man in me," 
Prov. XXX. 2. Be they Solomon's words, or the words of Agur, the son of Jakeh, 
they are canonical. David, a man after God's own heart, confesseth as much of 
himself, Psal. xxxvii. 2 1 , 22. " So foolish was I and ignorant, I was even as a beast be- 
fore thee." And condemns all for fools, Psal. xciii. ; xxxii. 9 ; xlix. 20. He com- 
pares them to "beasts, horses, and mules, in which there is no imderstanding." The 
apostle Paul accuseth himself in like sort, 2 Cor. ix. 21. "I would you would suifer 
a little my foolishness, I speak foolishly." '•' The whole head is sick," saith Esay, 
*' and the heart is heavy," cap. i. 5. And makes lighter of them than of oxen and 
asses, " the ox knows his owner," &c. : read Deut. xxxii. 6 ; Jer. iv. ; Amos, iii. 1 ; 
Ephes. v. 6. " Be not mad, be not deceived, foolish Galatians, who hath bewitched 
you r" How often are they branded with this epithet of madness and folly } No 
word so frequent amongst the fathers of the Church and divines ; you may see what 
an opinion they had of the world, and how they valued men's actions. 
J I know that we think far otlierwise, and hold them most part wise men that are 
in authority, princes, magistrates, '^ rich men, they are wise men born, all politicians 
and statesmen must needs be so, for who dare speak against them .? And on the 
other, so corrupt is our judgment, we esteem wise and honest men fools. Which 
Democritus well signified in an epistle of his to Hippocrates : "^ the " Abderites 
account virtue madness," and so do most men living. Shall I tell you the reason of 
it .'' ''"' Fortune and Virtue, Wisdom and Folly, their seconds, upon a time contended 
in the Olympics ; every man thought that Fortune and Folly would have the worst, 
and pitied their cases •, but it fell out otherwise. Fortune was blind and cared not 
where she stroke, nor whom, without laws, Audahatarum instar., &c. Folly, rash 
and inconsiderate, esteemed as little what she said or did. Virtue and Wisdom gave 
•*' place, were hissed out, and exploded by the common people ; Folly and Fortune 
admired, and so are all their followers ever since : knaves and fools commonly fare 
and deserve best in worldlings' eyes and opinions. Many good men have no better 
fate in their ages : Achish, 1 Sam. xxi. 1 4, held David for a madman. ^^ Elisha and 
the rest were no otherwise esteemed. David was derided of the common people, 
Ps. ix. 7, " I am become a monster to many." And generally we are accounted fools 
for Christ, I Cor. xiv. " We fools thought his life madness, and his end without 
honour," Wisd. v. 4. , Christ and his Apostles were censured in like sort, John x. ; 



"« I.ib. 9. Geogr. Phires olim gentes navigabant illuc 
siiriitatis causa. ■" Ecclei. i. 24. '^ Jure hsBredi- 
t.ario papere jubentur. Euphnrmio Satyr. '"Apud 
•juiig virtus, insania et furor esse dicitur. "o Cal- 

eagiiinua Apol. omnes mirabaiitur, putantes illisain iri 



c 2 



stultitiain. Sed praeter expectationem res evemt, Au- 
dax stultitia in earn irruit, &c. ilia cedit irrisa, et 
plures hinc habet sectatores stultitia. <" Noii est 

respondendum stulto secundum stultitiam. >« 

Reg. 7. 



30 



Democritus to tlic Reader. 



Maik lii. ; Acts xxvi. And so were all Christians in *' Pliny's ixme^fuerunt el alu 
sinulis dementicp^ &c. And called not long after, " Fes«n/<2 scclatores^ eversores homi' 
num., polluti nouatorcs^ fanatici., canes., malcfici^ vewfici^ Galilce.i homunciones^ &.c. 
Tis an ordinary thing with us, to account honest, devout, orthodox, divine, religious, 
plain-dealing men, idiots, asses, that cannot, or will not lie and dissemble, shift, flatter, 
accommodare se ad eum locum uhi natl sunt^ make good bargains, supplant, thrive, 
palronis inservire ; solennes ascendcndi modos apprchcndere., leges, mores, consuetu- 
dincs recte ohservare, candide laudare, forliter defcndere, sententias amplecti, duhi- 
tare de nuUus, credere omnia, accipere omnia, nihil reprehendere, cceleraque quce 
promotionem ferimt et securitatcm, qua: sine amhage foilicem, rcddunt hominem, et 
vere sapientem apud nos ; that cannot temporise as other men do, **^ hand and take 
bribes, &c. but fear God, and make a conscience of their doings. But the Holy 
Ghost that knows better how to judge, he calls them fools. " The fool hath said 
in his heart," Psal. liii. \f " And their ways utter their folly," Psal. xlix. 14. " ** For 
what can be more mad, than for a little worldly pleasure to procure unto ihemselves 
eternal punishment .''" As Gregory and others inculcate imto us. 
/-J Yea even all those great philosophers the world hath ever had in admiration, whose 
works we do so much esteem, that gave precepts of wisdom to others, inventors of 
Arts and Sciences, Socrates the wisest man of his time by the Oracle of Apollo, 
whom his two scholars, "Plato and ''^Xenophon, so much extol and magnify with 
those honourable titles, " best and wisest of all mortal men, the happiest, and 
most just ;" and as *^ Alcibiades incomparably commends him ; Achilles was a 
worthy man, but Bracides and others were as worthy as himself; Antenor and Nes- 
tor were as good as Pericles, and so of the rest ; but none present, before, or after 
Socrates, nemo veteritm ncque eorum qui nunc sunt, were ever such, will match, or 
come near him. Those seven wise men of Greece, those Britain Druids, Indian 
Brachmanni, J^thiopian Gymnosophist, Magi of the Persians, ApoUonius, of whom 
Philostratus, Aon doctus, sed natus sapiens, wise from his cradle, Eoicurus so much 
admired by his scholar Lucretius : 

(im genus humanum ingenio superavit, et omnea 
Perslrinxit Stellas exortus ut a;tlierius sol. 

Or that so much renowned Empedocles, 

8" Ut vix luimana videatur stirpe creatus. 

All those of v.'hom we read such ^' hyperbolical eulogiums, as of Arigtotle, that he 
was wisdom itself in the abstract, ®'a miracle of nature, breathing libraries, as Euna- 
pius of Longinus, lights of nature, giants for wit, quintessence of wit, divine spirits, 
eagles in the clouds, fallen from heaven, gods, spirits, lamps of the world, dictators, 
.Yulla ferant talem sccla futura viriim : monarchs, miracles, superintendents of wit 
and learning, oceanus, phcenix, atlas, monstrum, portentum hominis, orbis universi 
mnsoium, ullimus humana, nalurie «onatus, natures maritus, 

tiieril6 ciii (Inctior orliis 

Subinissis defert fascihtis iiiiperium. 

As /Elian writ of Protagoras and Gorgias, we may say of them all, tanfiim a sapierdibns 
abfuerunt, quantum a viris pueri, they were children in respect, infants, not eagles, 
but kites ; novices, illiterate, Eunuchi sapientice. And although they were the 
wisest, and most admired in their age, as he censured '\lexander, 1 do them, there 
were 10,000 in his army as worthy captains (had they been in place of command) as 
valiant as himself ; there were myriads of men wiser in those days, and yet all short 
of what they ought to be. ^^Lactantius, in his book of wisdom, proves them to be 
dizards, fools, asses, madmen, so full of absurd and ridiculous tenets, and brain-sick 
positions, that to his thinking never any old woman or sick person doted worse. 
'■' Democritus took all from Leucippus, and left, saith he, " the inheritance of his folly 



Whose wU excell'd the wits of men as far. 
As the sun rising doih obscure a star, 



S3 Lib. 10. ep. 97. 8^ Aug. ep. 178. ss Qujg 

lllsi mentis innps, &c. *"' Quid insanius qiiani pro 

Oiomentanea fcelioitate teternis te mancipare siippliciis'! 
"" In fine Phwdonis. Hie finis fuit aniici nostri 6 En- 
crates, nostro quidem judicio omnium quos experti 
eumus optimi et apprime sapif..iiis!<imi, et justissimi. 
*s Xonop. I. 4. (le dictis Socralis ad finem. talis fuit 
Socrates quo.n omnium optimum et fdicissimuiu sta- 
iuam. «9 Lib. 25. I'latonis Convivio. * Lu- 

'^tius. *■ Anaxaguras olim mens dictus ab anti- 



quis. 92 Regula nafurie, natursE miraculum, ijea 

erudilio dEPmoiiiuin hominis, sol scientiarum. mare, 
sophia, antistes literarum et sapientiiE, ut Scioppiug 
oli... ..e Seal, et Heinsius. Aquila In nubihus, In.pe- 
riitor liieratorum, columen iitenerum, aliyssus erudi- 
tionis, ocellus Europa-, Scaliper. "^ Lib. 3. de sap 

c. IT. et 20. omnes Philosophi. aut stulti, aut insaai; 
nulla anus nullus n-ger ineptiiis deliravit. '* De- 

mocritus & Leucippo doctus, ha^reditatem 8t«lt<ti«i 
reliquil Epic. 



Democritus to the Reader. 3 k 

to Epicurus," ^^insanicnti dum sapientia>.i &c. The like he holds ot Plato, Aristippus, 
And the rest, making no difference '*" betwixt them and beasts, saving that they could 
speak." ^'Theodoret in his tract, De cur. grec. a feet, manifestly evinces as much 
of Socrates, whom though that Oracle of Apollo confirmed to be the wisest man 
then living, and saved him from plague, whom 2000 years have admired, of v, honi 
some will as soon speak evil as of Christ, yet re vera, he was an illiterate idiot, aa 
'* Aristophanes calls him, irriscor et ambitiosus^ as his master Aristotle terms him, 
scurra Alticus^ as Zeno, an ^* enemy to all arts and sciences, as Athaeneus, to philoso- 
phers and travellers, an opiniative ass, a caviller, a kind of pedant ; for his manners, 
as Theod. Cyrensis describes him, a ^^ sodomite, an atheist, (so convict by Anytus) 
iracundus et ebrius^ dicax, &c. a pot-companion, by '"Plato's own confession, a 
sturdy drinker ; and that of all others he was most sottish, a very madman in his 
actions and opinions. Pythagoras was part philosopher, part magician, or part witch. 
If you desire to hear more of Apollonius, a great wise man, sometime paralleled by 
Julian the apostate to Christ, I refer you to that learned tract of Eusebius against 
Hierocles, and for them all to Lucian's Piscator^ Icaromenippus^ JYecyomantia : their 
actions, opinions in general were so prodigious, absurd, ridiculous, Avhich they 
broached and maintained, their books and elaborate treatises were full of dotage, 
which TuUy ad Atticum long since observed, deliranl plerumq , scriptores in llhris 
suis^ their lives being opposite to their words, they commended poverty to others, 
and were most covetous themselves, extolled love and peace, and yet persecuted one 
another with virulent hate and malice. They could give precepts for verse and 
prose, but not a man of them (as ' Seneca tells them home) could moderate his affec- 
tions. Their music did show us Jlebiles viodos., Stc. how to rise and fall, but they 
could not so contain themselves as in adversity not to make a lamentable tone. 
They will measure ground by geometry, set down limits, divide and subdivide, but 
cannot yet prescribe quantum hom'mi satis., or keep within compass of reason ana 
discretion. They can square circles, but understand not the state of their own souls, 
describe right lines and crooked, &.c. but know not what is right in this life, quid in 
vita rectum sit., ignorant ; so t, at as he said, JVescio an Jlnticyram ratio illis destinet 
omncm. I think all the Anticyrai will not restore them to their wits, ^ if these men 
now, that held ^Xenodotus heart. Crates liver, Epictetus lanthorn, were so sottish, 
and had no more brains than so many beetles, what shall we think of the com- 
monalty ? Vi hat of the rest .'' X 

Qf ea, but you will infer, that is true of heathens, if they be conferred with Chris- 
tians, 1 Cor. iii. 19. "The wisdom of this world is foolishness with God, earthly 
and devilish," as James calls it, iii. 15. " They were vain in their imaginations, and 
their foolish heart was full of darkness," Rom. i. 21, 22. "When they professed 
themselves wise, became fools." Their witty works are admired here on earth, 
whilst their souls are tonnented in hell fire, hi some sense, Christiani Crassiani., 
Christians are Crassians, and if compared to that wisdom, no better than fools. Qtds 
est sapiens? Solus Deus., ''Pythagoras replies, "God is only wise," Rom. xvi. Paul 
determines " only good," as Austin well contends, " and no man living can be 
justified in his sight." ''• God looked down from heaven upon the children ot 
men, to see if any did understand," Psalm liii. 2, 3, but all are corrupt, err. Rom. 
iii. 12, "None doeth good, no, not one." Job aggravates this, iv. 18, "Behold he 
found no stedfastness in his servants, and laid folly upon his angels," 19. "How 
much more on them that dwell in houses of clay .-'" In this sense we are all fools, 
and the ° Scripture alone is arx Minervce, we and our writings are shallow and 
imperfect. But I do not so mean ; even in our ordinary dealings we are no bette: 
than fools. "All our actions," as ^ Pliny told Trajan, " upbraid us of folly," oui 
whole course oi" life is but matter of laughter : we are not soberly wise , and the 
world itself, which ought at least to be wise by reason of his antiquity, as 'Hugo de 



* Hor. car. lib. 1. od. 34. 1. epicur. 9" Nihil 

interest inter hos et bestias nisi quod loquantur. de 
ba. 1. 2ti. c. 8. 9' Cap de virt. 9" Neb. et 

Ranis. sfJ Omnium disciplinarum ignarus. "i» Pul- 
throruni adolescenttim uiusd freqnentur gymnasium, 
abibnt &c. i Seneca. Seis rotunda metiri, sod 



tati csBcutire non possunt. 3 Cor Xenodoti et 

jecur Cratetis. ■• Lib. de nat. boni. 5 Hie 

profundissimsE Sopliiie fodins. c Panegyr. 7ra- 

jano omnes actiones exprobrare Btultitiam videntiir 
' Ser. 4 in domi Pal. Mundus qui ob antiqiiitatcm de- 
beret e.s3e sapiens, semper stultizat, et nullis flacellit 



Qon tuum aniiDum. ' Ab uberibus sapientia lac- • aiieratur, sed ut puer vult rosis f.t floribus coronari 



32 JJemocntus to the Render. 

Prato Fiorido will have it, semper stuUizaU is every day more foolish than other 
the more it is whipped, the worse it is, and as a child will still be crowned witl 
roses and flowers." We are apish in it, asini bipcdcs^ and every place is full inver- 
sormn Apuleiornm., of metamorphosed ;«ul two-legged asses, inver sorum Silenorum^ 
childish, pueri inslar himuli^ trevmla palris dormientis in ulna. Jovianus Pon- 
tanus, Antonio Dial, briiags in some laughing at an old man, that by reason 
of his age was a little fond, but as he admonisheth there, JVe v\ireris mi hospes 
tie hoc scne, marvel not at him only, for iota hcec civitas delirium, a\\ our town dotes 
in like sort, ^we are a company of fools. Ask not with him in the poet, ^ Larva 
hunc intempericB insania:que agitant senem ? What madness ghosts this old man. 
but what madness ghosts us all ? For we are ad unum omnes, all mad, seinel insani- 
vimus omnes, not once, but alway so, et semel, ct simul, et semper, ever and altogether 
AS bad as he; and not senex bis pucr, delira arvus., but say it of us all, scinper pueri, 
young and old, all dote, as Lactantius proves out of Seneca ; and no difference betwixt 
us and children, saving that, majora ludimus, et grandioribus pupis, they play with 
babies of clouts and such toys, we sport with greater baubles. We cannot accuse 
or condemn one another, being faulty ourselves, deliramenta loqueris, you talk idly, 
or as '"Mitio upbraided Demea, insanis, auferte, for we are as mad our ownselves, 
and it is hard to say which is the worst. Nay, 'tis universally so, 'Ti/am regit 
fortuna, nan sapicntia. 

When '^Socrates had taken great pains to find out a wise man, and to that purpose 
had consulted with philosophers, poets, artificers, he concludes all men were fools ; 
and though it procured him both anger and much envy, yet in all companies he 
would openly profess it. When '^Supputius in Pontanus had travelled all over 
Europe to confer with a wise man, he returned at last without his errand, and could 
find none. "Cardan concurs with him, "Few there are (for auglit 1 can perceive) 
well in their wits." So doth '^Tully, " 1 see everything to be done foolishly and 
unadvisedly." 

nie sinislrorsuin, hie dextrorsum, iinus utrique I One reels to this, another to that wall, 
Errnr, sed variis illudit partihvis omnes. | 'Tis the same error lliat deludes tlieiii all. 

'^Thp.y dote all, but not alike, Maw'a yap Ttdrjiv u^ota, not in the same kind, " One is 
covetous, a .^econd lascivious, ^ third ambitious, a fourth envious, &.c." as Dama- 
sippus t'he Stoic hath well illustrated in the poet, 

n Uesipiunt omnes Kque ac tu. I And Ihey who call you fool, with equal claim 

I May plead an ample title to the name. 

'Tis an inbred malady in every one of us, there is seminarium slultitice, a seminary 
of folly, " which if it be stirred up, or get a-head, will run in infinittim, and infinitely 
varies, as we ourselves are severally addicted," saith '* Balthazar Castillo : and cannot 
so easily be rooted out, it takes such fast hold, as Tully holds, altce radices stuUili,T,, 
'^so we are bred, and so we continue. Some say there be two main defects of wit, 
error and ignorance, to which all others are reduced ; by ignorance we know not 
things necessary, by error we know them falsely. Ignorance is a privation, error a 
positive act. From ignorance comes vice, from error heresy, &c. But make how 
many kinds you will, divide and subdivide, few men arc free, or that do not impinge 
on some one kind or other. ^° Sic plerumque agifat stultos inscitia, as he that 
.examines his own and other men's actions shall find. 

_^1' Charon in Lucian, as he wittily feigns, Avas conducted by Mercury to such a 
place, where he might see all the world at once ; after he had sufficiently viewed, 
and looked about. Mercury would needs know of him what he had observed : He 
told him that he saw a vast multitude and a promiscuous, their habitations like 
•nolehills, the men as emmets, " he could discern cities like so many hives of bees, 
wherein every bee had a sting, and they did nought else but sting one another, some 
domineering like hornets bigger than the rest, some like filching wasps, others as 



" Insanum te omnes pueri, clamantqiie puelliB. Hor. alius alio morho laboret, hie libidinis, ille avaritiee, 
'Plautus Aubular. '» Adelph. act. 5. seen. 8. ambitionis, invidis. " Hor. 1. 2. sat. 3. '« Lib. 

•'Tally Tusc. 5. fortune, not wisdom, governs our l.deaiilico Est in unoquoq ; nostrum seminarium 
lives. '2 Plato Apologia Socratis. '^ Ant. aliqiiod stultitiao, quod si quaiidoexcitetur, in infinitum 

Dial. " Lib. 3. de sap. paiici ut video sanJE mentis fa<:ile exere.scit. '^ Priiiiaqiie lux vitae prima 

sunt. 16 stulte et incaiite omni-a agi video, j jiiroris erat. ^c Tibullns, siiilii pr;plereunt dies, 

'* Insania non omnibus eadem, Erasm. chil. 3. cent. ' their wits are a wool-gathering. So fools comnioniv 
10. nemo mortalium qui non aliqua in re desipit, licet dote. ^i Dial, conteniplantes, Tom. 2 



Democritus to the Reader. 33 

drones." sOver their heads were hoverhig- a confused company of perturbations, 
hope, fear, anger, avarice, ignorance, &c., and a multitude of diseases hanging, which 
they still pulled on their pates. ' Some were brawling, some lighting, riding, running, 
ftnllicite amhicntes, cnllide lUiganies^ for toys and triiles, and such momentary things, 

(Their towns and provinces mere factions, rich against pltor, poor against rich, nobles 
against artificers, they against nobles, and so the rest, hi conclusion, he condemned 
them all for madmen, fools, idiots, asses, O sfuUi, qiiccnam licRC est amentia ? O 
fools, O madmen, he exclaims, insana stiidia, insani laborcs, &c. Mad endeavours, 
mad actions, mad, mad, mad, ^^O scclum insijnens ct infacctnm^ a giddy-headed age. 

JHeraclitus the philosopher, out of a serious meditation of men's lives, fell a weeping, 
and with continual tears bewailed their misery, madness, and folly. Democritus on 
the oilier side, burst out a laughing, their whole life seemed to him so ridiculous, and 
he was so far carried with this ironical passion, that the citiso^.o of /vouera luon. him 
to be mad, and sent therefore ambassadors to Hippocrates, the pnysician, that he would 
exercise his skill upon him. But the story is set down at large by Hippocrates, in 
his epistle to Damogetus, which because it is not impertinent to this discourse, 1 will 
insert verbatim almost as it is delivered by Hippocrates himself, with all the circum- 
stances belonging unto it. 

(when Hippocrates was now come to Abdera, the people of the city came flocking 
about him, some weeping, some intreating of him, that he would do his best. After 
some little repast, he went to see Democritus, the people' following him, whom he 
found (as before) in his garden in the suburbs all alone, ^^" sitting upon a stone under 
a plane tree, without hose or shoes, with a book on his knees, cutting up several 
beasts, and busy at his study." The multitude stood gazi4ig round about to see the 
congress. Hippocrates, after a little pause, saluted him by his name, whom he 
resaluted, ashamed almost that he could not call him likewise by his, or that he had 
forgot it. Hippocrates demanded of him what he was doing : he told him that he 
was ^■'" busy in cutting up several beasts, to find out the cause of madness and 
melancholy." Hippocrates commended his work, admiring his happiness and leisure. 

(And why, quoth Democritus, have not you that leisure f) Because, replied Hip- 
pocrates, domestic affairs hinder, necessary to be done ^or ourselves, neighbours, 
friends ; expenses, diseases, frailties and mortalities which happen ; wife, children, 
servants, and such business which deprive us of our time.'^'i^At this speech Demo- 
critus profusely laughed (his friends and the people standing by, weeping in the 
mean time, and lamenting his madness). ^Hippocrates asked the reason why he 
laughed. He told him, at the vanities and the fopperies of the time, to see men so 
empty of all virtuous actions, to hunt so far after gold, having no end of ambition ; 
to take such infinite pains for a little glory, and to be favoured of men •, to make 
such deep mines into the earth for gold, and many times to find nothing, with loss 
of their lives and fortunes. > Some to love dogs, others horses, some to desire to be 
obeyed in many provinces,^^ and yet themselves will know no obediencel ^^ome 
to love their wives dearly at first, and after a while to forsake and hate tliem ; 
begetting children, with much care and cost for their education, yet when they grow 
to man's estate, ^'^ to despise, neglect, and leave them naked to the world's mercy^ 
^'Do not these behaviours express their intolerable folly ? When men live in peace, 
they covet war, detesting quietness, ^^ deposing kings, and advancing others in their 
stead, murdering some men to beget children of their wives?) How many strange 
humours are in men ! When they are poor and needy, they seek riches, and when 
they have them, they do not enjoy them, but hide them under ground, or else 
wastefuUy spend them. O wise Hippocrates, I laugh at such things being done, but 
much more when no good comes of them, and when they are done to so ill purpose. 

^here is no truth or justice found amongst them, for they daily plead one against 
another, ''"the son against the father and the mother, brother against brother, kindred 

w CatullMs. 23 Suh ramosa platano sedentem, bilisq ; natdram disquirens. m Aust. 1. 1. in Gen. 

solum, dis:alceatum. super lapidein, valde pallidum Juiiienti & servi tiii obsequium ripide postulas, et tn 

BC maciler.tuni, prumissa barba, librum super geiiihus nullum priEslas aliis, ner, ipsi Deo. -»> C xorn« 

babeiilem. -* I)e furore, mania melancholia srribo, ducunt, mox foras ejiciunt. 2' Pueros amant. mox 

ut sciam quo pacto in hnniinibus giirnatur, fiat, crescat, fistidiunt. -'" Qi'id hoc ab insania deesi ■• » R«- 

citmulelur, minuatur ; hsec inquit animalia quae vides ges eligunt, depon jut. :™ Contra parentes, fratmn, 

oropierea seco, non Dei opera perosus, sed fellis cives, perpetuo rixantur. et initnintias agunt. 



34 Dtmocritus to the Reader. 

and friends of the same quality ; and all this for riches, whereof after death they 
cannot '»e possessors. j And yet notwithstanding they Avill defame and kill onV 
another, commit all unlawful actions, contemning God and men, friends and countrv 
/They make great account of many senseless things, esteeming them as a great pa) i 
of tlieir treasure, statues, pictures, and such like movables, dear bouglit, and so cun- 
ningly wrought, as nothing but speech wanteth in them, ^'and yet they hate li'/ing 
persons speaking to theni^ Others affect difficult things ; if they dwell on finn 
land they will remove to an island, and thence to land again, being no way constant 
to their desires, i They conunend courage and strength in wars, and let tliemselves 
be conquered by lust and avarice ; tliey are, in brief, as disordered in their minds, as 
Tlicrsites was in his body, j And now, methinks, O most worthy Hippocrates, you 
should not reprehend my laughing, perceiving so many fooleries in men"; \^^ for no 
man will mock his own folly, but that which he seeth in a second, and so they 
justly mock one another.) The drunkard calls him a glutton whom he knows to be 
sober.) Many men love the sea, others husbandry ; briefly, they cannot agree in 
their own trades and professions, much loss in their lives and actions. 

When Hippocrates heard these words so readily uttered, without premeditation, 
to declare the world's vanity, full of ridiculous contrariety, lie made answer, That 
necessity compelled men to many such actions, and divers wills ensuing from divine 
permission, that we might not be idle, being nothing is so odious to them as sloth 
and negligence. Besides, men cannot foresee future events, m this uncertainty ol 
human aflairs ; they would not so marry, if they could foretel the causes of "their 
dislike and separation ; or parents, if they knew the hour of their children's death. 
so tenderly provide for thein ; or an husbandman- sow, if he thought there would be 
no increase ; or a merchant adventure to sea, if he foresaw shipwreck ; or be a magis- 
trate, if presently to be deposed. Alas, worthy Democritus, every man hopes the 
best, and to that end he doth it, and therefore no such cause, or ridiculous occasion 
of laucrhter. 

(Democritus hearing this poor excuse, laughed again aloud, perceiving he wholly 
mistook him, and did not well understand what he had said concerning perturbations 
and tranquillity of the mind. Insomuch, that if men would govern their actions by 
discretion and providence, they would not declare themselves fools as now they do. 
and he should have no cause of laughter; but (quoth he) they swell in this life as 
if they were immortal, and demigods, for want of understanding. It were enough to 
make them wise, if they would hut consider the mutability of this world, and ho«' 
it wheels about,- nothing being- firm and sure. He that is now above, to-morrow is 
beneath ; he that sate on this side to-day, to-morrow is hurled on tlie other : and 
not considering these matters, they fall into many inconveniences and troubles, 
coveting things of no profit, and thirsting after them, tumbling headlong into many 
■calamities.': \So that if men would attempt no more than what they can bear, they 
should lead contented lives, and learning to know themselves, would limit their 
ambition, ^''they would perceive then that nature hath enough without seeking such 
superfluities, and unprofitable things, which bring nothing with them but grief 
and molestation.^ As a fat body is more subject to diseases, so are rich men to 
absurdities and fooleries, to many casualties and cross inconveniences. Tliere are 
many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and there- 
fore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing 
dangers manifest?! These are things (O more than mad, quoth he) that give me 
matter of laughter, by suffering the pains of your impieties, as your avarice, envy, 
malice, enormous villanies, mutinies, unsatiable desires, conspiracies, and othei 
inciiL-able vices ; besides your ^'dissimulation and hypocrisy, bearing deadly hatred 
one to the other, and yet shadowing it with a good face, flying out into all filthy 
lusts, and transgressions of all laws, both of nature and civility. Many things which 
they have left off, after a while, they fall to again, husbandry, navigation ; and leave 

" Idola inanimata amant, aiiimata odio habent, sic I et finire laborem incipias, partis quod avebas, iiterc 
pnnlificii. 3J Credo equidem vivos ducent ft mar- Ilr.r. ■'•'' Astiitam vapido serv.it sub pectoie viilpern 

more viiltus. s 8iiain stiiltitiam perspicit nemo, I Et cum vulpo positus pariter viilpinarifi Cretisae 

»ed alter allerum deridet. 3' I)etii(|ue sil finis que- I diiui cum Crete. 

Mndi, cuiiique habere plus, paupurieiii meluus miuua, | 



Vemocntus to the Reader. 35 

again, nr kle and inconstant as they are." When liiey are young, they wonld be old _ 
and old, young. ^*^Pnnces commend a private life ; private men itch after honour ; 
a magistrate commends a quiet life; a quiet man \vould be in his oflice, and obeyed 
as he is : and what is the cause of all this, but that they know not themselves ? 
Some delight to destroy, ^~ one to build, another to spoil one country to enrich 
another and himself ^'*In all these things they are like children, in whom is no 
judgment or counsel and resemble beasts, saving that beasts are better than they, as 
being contented with nature. - ^^ When shall you see a lion hide gold in the ground, or a 
bull conrend for better pasture ? When a boar is thirsty, he drinks what will sei-ve 
him, and no more ; and when his belly is full, ceaseth to eat : but men are immoderate 
in both, as in lust — they covet carnal copulation at set times •, men always, ruinating 
thereby the health of their bodies^ And doth it not deserve laughter to see an amor- 
ous fool torment himself for a wench ; weep, howl for a mis-shapen slut, a dowdy 
sometimes, that might have his choice of the finest beauties ? Is there any remedy 
for this in physic h I do anatomise and cut up these poor beasts, ''"to see these dis- 
tempers, vanities, and follies, yet such proof were better made on man's body, if my 
kind nature would endure it : '''(who from the hour of his birth is most miserable 
weak, and sickly \ when he sucks he is guided by others, when he is grown great 
practisetli unhappiness ''^and is sturdy, and when old, a child again, and repenteth 
him of his life past. '■ And here being interrupted by one that brouglit books, he fell 
to it again, that all were mad, careless, stupid. To prove my former speeches, look 
into courts, or private houses. ' "'Judges give judgment according to their own 
advantage, doing manifest wrong to poor innocents to please others. Notaries altei 
sentences, and for monty lose their deeds. Some make false monies ; others coun- 
terfeit false weights. Some abuse their parents, yea corrupt their own sisters ; others 
make long libels and pasquils, defaming men of good life, and extol such as are lewd 
and vicious. Some rob one, some another : ''^magistrates make laws against thieves, 
and are the veriest thieves themselves. Some kill themselves, others despair, not 
obtaining their desires.. Some dance, sing, laugh, feast and banquet, whilst others 
sigh, languish, mourn and lament, having neither meat, drink, nor clothes. '"^Some 
prank up their bodies, and have their minds full of execrable vices. Some trot about 
^''to bear false witness, and say anything for money, and though judges know of it, 
yet for a bribe they wink at it, and suHer false contracts to prevail against equity 
Women are all day a dressing* to pleasure other men abroad, and go like sluts at 
home,jnot caring to please their own husbands whom they should., Seeing men are 
so fickle, ^o sottish,,^o intemperate, why should not 1 laugh at those to whom ''''folly 
seems wisdom, will not be cured, and perceive it not }■ 

It grew late : Hippocrates left him ; and no sooner was he come away, but all the 
citizens came about flocking, So know how he liked him. (He told them in brief, 
that notwithstanding those small neglects of his attire, body, ""diet, ''*the world had 
not a wiser, a more learned, a more honest man, and they were much deceived to 
say that he was mad?) 

Thus Democritus esteemed of the world in his time, and .this was the cause of his 
laughter : and good cause he had. 



*3 Olim jure quidem, nunc plus Deniocrite ride ; 
Quill rides? vita haec nunc niag6 ridicula est. 



Democritus did well to langh of old, 
Good cause lie had, Init iicvv much more ; 

This life of ours is more ridiculous 
Than that of liis, or long before. 



:' Never so much cause of laughter as now, never so many fools and madmen. Tis 
1 rot one *" Democritus will serve turn to laugh in these days ; we have now need of a 

3«Qui fit MecEPnas ut nemo quam sibi sortem. Seu Damnat foras judex, quod intus operatur, Cyprian 

ratio dederit, sen sors objecerit, ill^ conlentus vivat, '"Vultus magna cura, magna animi incuria. Am. 

4tc. Hor. =<" Diruit, EBuificat, mutat quadrata rotun- Marcel. ^n Ilorretida res est, vix duo verba sine 

Jis. Trajanus ponlen struxit super Danubium, quern niendacio proferunliir : et qiiamvis solenniter lioniines 

successor ejus Adrianus st.itim demolitus. ^^ Qui ad veritatem dicenduin invitentur, pejerare tanien non 

vid in re ah infantibus differunt, quih\is mens et sen- duhitant, ut ex decem testihus vix uuus veruni dicat. 

Btla sine ratioTie incst, quicquid sese his offert volupe Calv. in 8 John, Serni 1. 4' SapiCTiliam insaniam 

est. 3«Idem Plut. ■><'Ut insania; causam dis- esse dicunt. ■S'^ Siquidem sapientiie sua; adniira- 

quiram bruta macto et seco, cum hoc potius in honii- tione me complevit, offerdi sapieniissimum virum, 

nibus inve.<tigandum esset. ■'i Totns a. nativitate qui salvos potest omnes homines reddere. *'' E 

ftioibusest. *^ In vigore furibundus, quum decre- Graec. epig. M phires Democriti nunc non siiffi. 

Kcii insanahilis. <^ Cyprian, ad Uonalnm. Qui ciunt, opus Democrito qui Democtitum rideal. Eraa 

§edet criniiria judicaturus, &c. -nTu pessimus , Moria. 

^v.nium Ih!t3 es, at a thief told Alexander in Curtius ' 



36 Democrilus to the Reader. 

** Democritus to laugh at Democritus ;" one jester to flout at another, one fool tt 
flear at another : a great stentorian Deniocritus, as big as that Rhodian Colossus 
For now, as *' Salisburiensis said in his time, toliis miindus histrionem agit^ the whole 
world plays the fool ; we have a new theatre, a new scene, a new comedy of errors, 
a new company of personate actors, volupice sacra (as Calcagninus willingly feigns 
in his Apologues) are celebrated all the world over." where all the actors were mad- 
men and fools, and every hour changed habits, or took that which came next. He 
that was a mariner to-day, is an apothecary to-morrow ; a smith one while, a philoso- 
her another, in his volupice. ludis ; a king now with, his crown, robes, sceptre, attend- 
ants, by and by drove a loaded ass before him like a carter, Slc. If Democritus 
were alive now, he sliould see strange alterations, a new company of counterfeit 
vizards, wliifflers, Cumane asses, maskers, mummers, painted puppets, outsides, fon- 
tastic shadows, gulls, monsters, giddy-headsy,butterflies. And so many of them are 
indeed (^^if all he true that I have read). -)For when Jupiter and Juno's wedding 
was solemnised of old, the gods were all invited to the feast, and many noble men 
besides : Amongst the rest came Crysalus, a Persian prince, bravely attended, rich 
in golden attires, in gay robes, with a majestical presence, but otherwise an ass. 
The gods seeing him come in such pomp and state, rose up to give him place, ex hahita 
homincm mctientes ; " but Jupiter perceiving what he was, a light, fantastic, idle fel- 
low, turned him and .his proud followers into butterflies : and so they continue still 
(for aught I know to the contrary) roving about in pied coats, and are called clirysa- 
Udes by the wiser sort of men : that is, gx)lden outsides, drones, and flies, and things 
»f no worth. Multitudes of such, &.c. 

" ubique invenies 

. Slultos avaros, sycopliantas prodigos." ss 

Many additions, much increase of madness, folly, vanity, should Democritus observe, 
were he now to travel, or could get leave of Pluto to come see fashions, as Ciiaron 
did in Lucian to visit our cities of Moronia Pia, and Moronia Fcelix : sure I think 
he would break the rim of his belly with laughing. ^^ Siforet in lerris rider ct De- 
mocrilas.1 seu^ &c. 

A satirical Roman in his time, thought all vice, folly, and madness were all at full 
sea, " Omne in prcrxipiti vitium sfetit. 

^osephus the historian taxeth his countrymen Jews for bragging of their vices, 
publishing their follies, and that they did contend amongst tliemselves who should 
be most notorious in villanies ; but we flow higher in madness, far beyond them, 

.„ -, , . .... ,, I And yet with crimes to us unknown, 

69 Mox daturi progeniem v.t.osiorem,' j ^ur sons shall marli th^coming age their own, 

and the latter end (you know whose oracle it is) is like to be worse. 'Tis not to 
be denied, the world alters every day, Rtmnt. iirhcs, regna transferimtur, &c. variavn 
tur habitus., leges innovantiir, as ^\Petrarch observes, we change language, habits, 
laws, customs, manners, but not v.ices, not diseases, not the symptoms of folly and 
madness, they are still the same. And as a river, we see, keeps the like name and 
place, but not water, and yet ever runs, ''' Lahitur et labcfur in omne volahilis aivnm ; 
our times and persons alter, vices are the same, and ever will be ; look how night- 
ingales sang of old, cocks crowed, kine lowed, sheep bleated, sparrows chirpt^d, 
dogs barked, so they do still : we keep our madness still, play the fools still, nee 
dumjinitus Orestes; we are of the same humours and inclinations as our predeces- 
sors were ; you shall find us all alike, much at one, we and our sons, et nati nato- 
nim, et qui nascuntur ab illis. And so shall our posterity continue to the last. But 
to speak of times present. 

" If Democritus were alive now, and should but see the superstition of our age, oui 
^/^religious madness, as ^^Meteran calls it, Religiosam insaniam., so many professed 

" Polycrat. lib. 3. cap. 8. 6 Petron. ''■- Ubi omnes protinusq ; vestis ilia manicata in alas versa est, ei 
Aslirabain, omnes insani, &c. hodie nauta, eras philo- mortales inde Chrysalides vocant hujusmodi homines, 
■ophus ; hodie faher, eras pharniacopola ; hie mndo '^You will meet covetous fools and prodigal syco- 



regem agebat multo saitellitio, tiara, et seepiro orna- 
tus, nunc vili amicfus centiculo, asinum elite llarium 
impellit. s:i Calcagninus Apol. Crysalus 6 ceteris 

auro dives, manicato pepio et tiara conspicuus, levis 
alioquin et nullius consilii, &c. niagnn fastu ingredi- 
ent! asaurgunt dii, &c. " Sed hnniinis levitatem 
lupiter pergpiciens, at tu (in.quit) esto bonibilio, &c. 



phants everywhere. "'Juven. '''Juven. 

^ De bello Jud. 1. 8. c. 11. Iniquitates vestrse nemi- 
nem latent, inque dies singulos certamen habetis qui» 
pe.ior sit. so Hor. •«J Lib. 5. Epiet. 8. «' Hor. 

•*■- Superntilio est insanus error. '^Lib. 8. hi«t 

Bel". 



Vemocntus to the Reader. 37 

t'liiistians,^e^so few imitators of Christ ; so much talk of religion, so much science 
go littje conscience ; so much knowledge, so many preachers, so little practice ; such 

variety of sects, such have and hold of all sides, ''* olvin signis Signa., Sec, such 

absurd and ridiculous traditions and ceremonies :*lf he should meet a ''^ Capuchin, 
a Franciscan, a Pharisaical Jesuit, a man-serpent, a shave-crowned Monk in his robes, 
a begging Friar, or see their three-crowned Sovereign Lord the Pope, poor Peter's 
successor, servus servorum Dei., to depose kings with his foot, to tread on emperors' 
necks, make them stand bare-foot and bare-legged at his gates, hold his bridle and 
«lirrup, &c. (O that Peter and Paul were alive to see this !) If he should observe 
a ^^ Prince creep so devoutly to kiss his toe, and those Red-cap Cardinals, poor parish 
priests of old, now Princes' companions ; what would he say ? Ccelum ipsum peti- 
fur stuUitia. Had he met some of our devout pilgrims going bare-foot to Jerusa- 
lem, our lady of Lauretto, Rome, S. lago, S. Thomas' Shrine, to creep to those 
counterfeit and maggot-eaten reliques ; had he been present at a mass, and seen such 
kissing of Paxes, crucifixes, cringes, duckings, their several attires and ceremonies, 
pictures of saints, ^' indulgences, pardons, vigils, fasting, feasts, crossing, knocking, 

kneeling at Ave-Marias, bells, with many such; jucunda rudi .spectacula plebi,'-^ 

praying in gibberish, and mumbling of beads. Had he heard an old woman say her 
prayers in Latin, their sprinkling of holy water, and going a procession, 

«3 '• incediint monachorum agmina inille ; 

Quid moiiierein vexilla, cruces, idolaque culta, &;c." 

rTheir breviaries, bulls, hallowed beans, exorcisms, pictures, curious crosses, fables, and 
oaubles."'; Had he read the Golden Legend, the Turks' Alcoran, or Jews' Talnmd, 
the Rabbins' Comments, what would he have thought ? ' How dost thou think he 
might have been affected ? Had he more particularly e:$amined a Jesuit's life amongst 
the rest, he should have seen an hypocrite profess poverty, ™and yet possess more 
goods and lands than many prhices, to have infinite treasures and revenues ; teach 
others to fast, and play the gluttons themselves ; like watermen that row one way 
and look another. "Vow virginity, talk of holiness, and yet indeed a notorious 
bawd, and famous fornicator, lascivum pccus.,,a very goat.'; Monks by profession,'' 
such as give over the world, and the vanities of it, and yet a Machiavelian rout 
'^ interested in all manner of state : holy men, peace-makers, and yet composed of envy, 
lust, ambition, hatred, and malice ; fire-brands, aduUa patrice pestis, traitors, assassi 
nats, hdc itur ad astra., and this is to supererogate, and merit heaven for themselves 
and others. Had he seen on the adverse side, some of our nice and curious schis- 
matics in another extreme, ablior all ceremonies, and rather lose their lives and livings, 
than dp or admit anything Papists have formerly used, though in things indiflerejit 
(they alone are the true Church, sal terrce^ cum sint omnium insulsissiml). (^Formal- 
ists, out of fear and base flattery, like so many weather-cocks turn round, a rout of 
temporisers, ready to embrace and maintain all that is or shall be proposed in hope 
of preferment : another Epicurean company, lying at lurch as so many vultures, 
watching for a prey of Church goods, and ready to rise by the downfall of any : as 
'^ Lucian said in like case, what dost thou think Democritus would have done, had 
he been spectator of these things .'' 

(Or had he but observed the common people follow like so many sheep one of 
tneir fellows drawn by the horns over a gap, some for zeal, some for fear, quo se 
cunqiie rapit tempestas., to credit all, examine nothing, and yet ready to die before 
they will adjure any of those ceremonies to which they have been accustomed , 
others out of hypocrisy frequent sermons, knock their breasts, turn up their eyes, 
pretend zeal, desire reformation, and yet professed usurers, gripers, moasters of men 
harpies, devils in their lives, to express nothing less. '; 



6< Lucan. es Father Angelo, the Duke of Joyeux, 
goiiift bare-foot over the Alps to Rome, &c. «' Si 

cui intueri vacet qute patiuntur superstitiosi, iiivenies 
tain indecora honestis, tam indigna liberis, tam dissi- 
milia sanis, iit nemo fuerit dubitaturus furere eos, si 
cum paucioribus fiierent. Senec. ^ Quid dicam 

de eoruiii indiilgeiitiis, oblationibiis, votis, solutioiiibus, 
jejuniis, ctenobiis, soiiiiiiis, horis, organis, cantilenis, 
eainpanis, simulachris, missis, purgaloriis, initris, bre- 
viariis, bullis, lustralibus, aquis, rasiiris, uiictinnibus, 
tandt'lis, calicibus, crucibus, mappis, cereis, thuribulis, 
'atvKiil&tioiubus. exorcisniis, sputis, legendis. &.c- Ba 

J) 



lens de actis Rom. Pont. ^ Pleasing spectaclet 

to the ignorant poor. ^^ Th. Neageor. '" Dun* 

simulant spernere, acquisiverunt sibi 30 annorutn 
spatio bis centena niillia librarum annua. Arnold 
" Et quum interdiu de virtute loquuti sunt, sero in 
latibulis dunes agitant labore nocturno, Agryppa. 
'■-^ 1 Tim. iii. 13. But they shall prevail no longer, 
their madness shall be known to all men. '3 Benig- 
nitalis sinus solebat esse, nunc liiium officina curia 
Romana Buda;us. " Quid tibi videtur facturut 

Democritus, si borum apectator contigicietl 



38 Democritus to the Reader. 

^What would he have said to see, hear, and read so many bloody battles, so many 
thoi sands slain at once, such streams of blood able to turn mills : un'ius oh noxam 
fKruisqiir, or to make sport for princes, without any just cause, "" for vain titles 
(saith Austin), precedency, some wench, or such like toy, or out of desire of domi- 
neering, vainglory, malice, revenge, folly, madness," (goodly causes all, ob qitas 
unniersus orhis bnUis et ccBclibus misceatiir^) whilst statesmen themselves in the mean 
time are secure at home, pampered with all deliglits and pleasures, take their ease, 
and follow their lusts, not considering what intolerable misery poor soldiers endure, 
their otlen wounds, hunger, thirst, &c., the lamentable cares, torments, calamities, 
and oppressions that accompany such proceedings, they feel not, take no notice of' 
it. "^o wars are begun, by tlie persuasion of a few debauched, hair-brain, poor, 
dissolute, hungry captains, parasitical fawners, unquiet hotspurs, restless innovators, 
green heads, to satisfy one man's private spleen, lust, ambition, avarice, Stc. ; tales 
rapiunt scelerala in prcelia caiisce. Flos hominum^ proper men, well proportioned, 
carefully brought up, able both in body and mind, sound, led like so many "''beasts 
lo the slaugliter in the flower of their years, pride, and full strength, without all 
remorse and pity, sacrificed to Pluto, killed up as so many sheep, for devils' food, 
40,000 at once. At once, said I, that were toleral^le, but these wars last always, and 
for many ages ; nothing so familiar as this hacking and hewing, massacres, murders, 

desolations ignoto ccelnm clangore rc7nugil., they care not what mischief they 

procure, so that they may enrich themselves for the present ; they will so long blow 
the coals of contention, till all the world be consumed with firei^ The ^" siege of 
Troy lasted ten years, eight m.onths, there died 870,000 Grecians, 670,000 Trojans, 
at the taking of tlie city, and after were slain 276,000 men, women, and children of 
all sorts. Caesar killed a million, '^Mahomet the second Turk, 300,000 persons; 
Sicinius Dentatus fought in a hundred battles, eight times in single combat he over- 
came, had forty wounds before, was rewarded with 140 crowns, triumphed nine 
times for his good service^ M. Sergius had 32 wounds; Scaeva, the Centurion, I 
know not how many ; every nation had their Hectors, Scipios, Caesars, and Alex- 
anders ! \Our ™ Edward the Fourth was in 26 battles afoot: and as they do all, lie 
glories in it, 'tis related to his honour. At the siege of Hierusalem, 1,100,000 died 
with sword and famine. At the battle of Cannas, 70,000 men were slain, as '^"Poly- 
bius records, and as many at Battle Abbey with us ; and 'tis no news to fight from 
sun to sun, as' they did, as Constantine and Licinius, &c. At the siege of Ostend 
(the devil's academy) a poor town in respect, a small fort, but a great grave, 120,000 
men lost their lives, besides whole towns, dorpes, and hospitals, full of maimed 
soldiers ; there were engines, fire-works, and whatsoever the devil could invent to 
do mischief with 2,500,000 iron bullets shot of 40 pounds weight, three or four 
millions of gold consumed. ®'" Who (saith mine author) can be sufiiciently amazed 
at their flinty hearts, obstinacy, fury, blindness, who without any likelihood of good 
success, hazard poor soldiers, and lead them without pity to the slaughter, which 
may justly be called the rage of furious beasts, that run without reason upon their 
own deaths :" '^-(piis mains genius.^ qucc fitria qucE ])esfis^ &.c. ; what plague, what 
-fury brought so devilish, so brutish a thing as war first into men's minds .'' Who 
made so soft and peaceable a creature, born to love, mercy, meekness, so to rave, rage 
like beasts, and run on to their own destruction .'' how may Nature expostulate with 
mankind. Ego te divinum a7iimal finxi, &c. .'' 1 made thee an harmless, quiet, a divine 
creature : how may God expostulate, and all good men ? yet, korum facta (as ^*one 
condoles) tantum admiranturj et heroiim mmuro habent : these are the brave spirits, 
the gallants of the world, these admired alone, triumph alone, have statues, crowns, 
pyramids, obelisks to tlieir eternal fame, that immortal genius attends on them, hdc 
itur ad aslra. When Rliodes was besieged, '^fosses urbis cadaverlbus rcpletcE simt^ 
the ditches were full of dead carcases : and as when the said Solyman, great Turk, 
beleaguered Vienna, they lay level with the top of the walls. This they make a 



'5 Ob inanes ditifinum tituing, oh prereptum locum, 
obinleicep'.am iniilierculani, vel qtiod 6 stiiliitia natiiin, 
vel 6 malitia, quod cupido doriiiiiandi, libido uoceiidi, 
<kc. '6 Bellum rem plane bRllui nam vocat Mori'j. 

Jtop. lib. 2. '" Muiister. Cosmog. I. 5, c, 3 E. 

D.rt. CiRteni ''« Joviua vit. ejus. " Comineus 



M Lib. 3. SI Hist, of the siege of Ostend. fol. 2j. 

^-Erasmus de bello. Ut plaridiim illud animal br ne- 
volenliie nalum tam ferina vecordi4 in muf >atii rii ,ri>t 
perniciem. "'■^ Rich. Uinoth. prsfut. belli civilis 

Gal. ai Jovius. 



Dcmocritus to the Reader. 39 

".port of, and wil! do it to their friends and confederates, against oaths, voavs, pro- 
mises, by treachery or otherwise; ^^ dqlas an virtus? quis in haste requiratf 

leagues and laws of arms, {^^ silent leges inter arma^) for their adva'^tage, omnia mra, 
divina, hiimana, proculcata plerintique sunt ,• God's and men's laws are trampled 
under foot, the sword alone determines all ; to satisfy their lust and spleen, they care 
not what thfsy attempt, say, or do, ^Rara fides, probitasque viris qui castra sequuntur. 
■ Nothing so common as to have *"" father tight against the son, brother against 
i brother, kinsman against kinsman, kingdom against kingdom, province against pro- 
evince, Christians against Christians :" a quibus nee unquam cogitatione fuerunt Ichsi^ 
o( whom they never had offence in thought, word, or deed, hifinite treasures con- 
bUiued, towns burned, flourishing cities sacked and ruinated, quodque animus memi- 
nisse 'lorret, goodly countries depopulated and left desolate, old inhabitants expelled, 
trade and trafHc decayed, maids deflowered," Virgines nondum thalamis jugatcB, et 
comis nondum posUis cphcBbl ; chaste matrons cry out with Andromache, ^** Concu • 
hitum niox cogar pati ejus, qui interemit Hectorem, they shall be compelled perad- 
venture to lie with them that erst killed their husbands : to see rich, poor, sick, 
sound, lords, servants, eodem omnes incommodo macti, consumed all or maimed, &c. 
Et quicquid gaudcns scelere animus audet, et perversa mens, saith Cyprian, and 
whatsoever torment, misery, mischief, hell itself, the devil, ^^ fury and rage can invent 
to their own ruin and destruction ; so abominable a thing is ■'"war, as Gerbelius Con- 
cludes, adeo fceda et abominanda res est bellum, ex quo hominum ccedes, vastationeSy 
&c., the scourge of God, cause, eflect, fruit and punishment of sin, and not lonsura 
liumani generis as TertuUian calls it, but ruina. /-Had Democritus been present at 

the late civil wars in France, those abominable wars bellaque matribus detestata, 

^' " where in less than ten years, ten thousand men were consumed, saith CoUignius, 
twenty thousand churches overthrown ; nay, the whole kingdom subverted (as 
''"Richard Dinoth adds).VSo many myriads of the commons were l)iitchered up, 
with sword, famine, war, tanto odio utrinque ut barbari ad abhorrendam lanienam 
ohsfupcscerrnt, with such feral hatred, the world was amazed at it : or at our late 
Pharsalian fields m the time of Henry the Sixth, betwixt the houses of Lancaster and 
York, a hundred thousand men slain, ^^one writes; ^"'another, ten thousand families 
were rooted out, Y That no man can but marvel, saith Comineus, at that barbarous 
immariity, feral madness, committed betwixt men of the same nation, language, and 
religion." ^^ Quis furor, O cives? "Why do the Gentiles so furiously rage," saith 
the Prophet David, Psal. ii. I. But we may ask, why do the Christians so furiously 
rage ? ^^Arma volunt, quare poscunt, rapiuntque juventus ? Unfit for Gentiles, 
nmch less for us so to tyrannize, as the Spaniard in the West Indies, that killed up in 
42 years (if we may believe ^'Bartholomseus a Casa, their own bishop) 12 millions 
of men, with stupend and exquisite torments ; neither should F lie (said he) if I said 
50 millions. I omit those French massacres, Sicilian evensongs, ^Hhe Duke of 
Alva's tyrannies, our gunpowder machinations, and that fourth fury, as ^^one calls 

it, the Spanish inquisition, which quite obscures those ten persecutions, "^ S(2vil 

toto Mars impius orbe. Js not this ' mundus furiosus, a mad world, as he term.s it, 
insanum beUum ? are not these mad men, as ^Scaliger concludes, qui in prceJio acerbd 
morte, i7isaniai suce memoriam pro perpetuo teste relinquunl posterifati ; which leave 
so frequent battles, as perpetual memorials of their madness to all succeeding ages r 
/Would this, think you, have enforced our Democritus to laughter, or rather made 
him turn his tune, alter his I .le, and weep with ^Heraclitus, or rather howl, ""roar, 
and tear his hair in commiseration, stand amazed ; or as the poets feign, that Niobe 
• 

"•• Dolus, asperitas, in jiistilia propria belloruni ne- gladio, bello, fame miserabiliter periertint. ^^ Pont, 

gotta. T«;rtiil. "^ Tully. "' Liicaii, « Paler lluterus. '■'■' Comineus. lit iiulliis noii execrelur et 

ill filiiini affinis in affineiii, amicus in amicuni, &c. adniiretur crudelitalem, et barbaram insairium, qua^ 

Regin aiiin regione, resnuni regno colliditur. l'op\ilus inter homines eodem sub coslo natos, ejusdem lineu<e, 

populo in mntuam pern'iciem, belluarum instar pan- sanguinis, religionis, exerreltatur. l.ucan 

guinolente ruentium. * Lihanii declam. ''s Ira i'' Virg. ^' Bishop of Cnseo, an eye-vvitnes.s 

enim et furor Bellona!Consullores, &c. dementessacer- ""Read Meteran of his slupend cruelties. ■■• lien 

dotes sunt ™ Helium quasi bellua et ad omnia sius Auslriaco. '"" Virg. Georg. "impious wa' 

«celera furor immissns. "i Gallornm decies centum rages throughout the whole world." .lanseniiii 

•>ii!ia ceciderunt. Ecclelfiaris 20 niillia fundanientis Gallobelgicus 159fi. Mundus furiosns, inscriptio Jjbri. 

excisa »- Belli civilis Gal. 1. 1. hoc ferali bello et 2 Exercitat. 250. serm 4. Fitat ileraclitiis aa 

ce.*Mbu= omnia repleverunt, et regnum ampli.ssimum & i rideat Democritus. < Cure levss lo<juuntur, iti- 

'V'tiameutia peiie everterunt, plebis tot niyriades i gentes stupent. 



40 Democntus to the Reader. ' 

was fo) grici quite stupified, and turned to a stone ? I have not yet saiO the worst, 
iliat which is more absurd and ^mad, in their tumults, seditions, civil and unjust 
wars, ^quod stulle sucipilur, hnpie gcr'dur., mlsere finltur. Such wars 1 mean ; fdi 
all are not to be condemned, as those fantastical anabaptists vainly conceive. Ouj 
Ciiristian tactics are all out as necessary as the Roman acies, or Grecian phalanx , 
to be a soldier is a most noble and honourable profession (as the world is), not to 
be spared, they are our best walls and bulwarks, and I do therefore acknowledo-p 
that ol "Tully to be most true, ''• All our civil aflairs, all our studies, all our pleading 
mdustry, and commendation lies under the protection of warlike virtues, and when- 
•^oever there is any suspicion of tumult, all our arts cease ;" wars are most behovefui, 
"J, bellatorcs agricoUs civUali. sunt utiUores., as ^Tyrius defends: and valour is much 
to be commended in a wise uian ; but they mistake most part, auferre., trucidare^ 
rapere^ falsls nomlnibus virtutcm votant, &.c. ('Twas Galgacus"' observation iii 
Tacitus) they term theft, murder, and rapine, virtue, by a wrong name, rapes 
slaugliters, massacres, &c. joais et ludtis., are pretty pastimes, as Ludovicus Vives 
notes. ^"They commonly call the most hair-brain blood-suckers, strongest thieves, 
the most desperate villains, treacherous rogues, inhuman murderers, rash, cruel and 
dissolute cartilfs, courageous and generous spirits, heroical and worthy captains, 
'"brave men at arms, valiant and renowned soldiers, possessed with a brute persuasion 
of false honour," as Pontus Iluter in his Burgundian history complains. -(By means 
of which it comes to pass that daily so many voluntaries offer themselves, leaving 
their sweet wives, children, friends, for sixpence (if they can get it) a day, prostitute 
their lives and limbs, desire to enter upon breaches, lie sentinel, perdue, give the first 
onset, stand in the fore front of the battle, marching bravely on, with a cheerful 
noise of drums and trumpets, such vigour and alacrity, so many banners streaming 
in the air, glittering armours, motions of plumes, woods of pikes, and swords, variety 
of colours, cost and magnificence, as if they went in triumph, now victors to the 
Capitol, and \vith such pomp, as when Darius' army marched to meet Alexander at 
IssLis. "\Void of all fear they run into imminent dangers, cannon's mouth, Stc, «/ 
vidnTihls mis ferruni hnslium hcbctcnt., saith "Barletius, to get a name of valour, 
honour and applause, wliich lasts not either, for it is but a mere flash this fame, and 
like a rose, inira diem uniim cxlinguitur.i 'tis gone in an instant, v Of 15,000 prole- 
taries slain in a battle, scarce^lifteea are recorded in history, or one alone, the General 
perhaps, and after a while his and their names are likewise blotted out, the whole 
battle itself is forgotten. \ Those Grecian orators, sumtna vi ingenii et cloqiieiUio'^ set 
out the renowned overtlirows at Thcrinopylcp.., Salamis., Maratkon.i Micah\ Man- 
tinea., Cheronoia., Platcea. The Romans record their battle at Cannas, and Pharsa- 
lian fields, but they do but record, and we scarce hear of them. And yet this 
supposed honour, popular applause, desire of immortality by this means, pride auTl 
vain-glory spur tliein on many times raslily and unadvisedly, to make away them- 
selves and multitudes of others. Alexander was sorry, because there were no more 
worlds for him to conquer, he is admired by some for it, anbuosa vox videtur., et 
regia, 'twas spoken like a Prince; but as wise '^Seneca censures him, 'twas vox 
mqiiissima et stiiltissima.., 'twas spoken like a Bedlam fool ; and that sentence which 
the same '^Seneca appropriates to his father Philip and him, I apply to them all, JVow 
minores fuere pesles mortalium qiidm inundatio., qudm conflagratio., quibus, Sec. they 
did as much mischief to mortal men as fire and water, those merciless elements when 
they rage. "Which is yet more to be lamented, they persuade them this hellish 
course of life is holy, they promise heaven to such as venture tlieir lives hello sacro. 
and tliat by these bloody wars, as Persians, Greeks, and Romans of old, as modern 
Turks do now their commons, to encourage them to fight, ut cadant infeliciter 



s Arma amens capio, nee sat rationis in armis. 
» IDriismus. '• Pro Miirena. Oinnes urbanee res, 

o.iiiiia sludia, nmnis fnrensis laiis «i industria latet in 
IuihI;i el praecidio belliCM virtulis. el giniiil atqiie in- 
rrepiiil suspicio turniillus, arles illicn nnstrm cnnllces- 
Cllni. " Ser. 13 ^ Criidelissinins sa'vissi- 

nidsqiie latrones, fnrtj?sinios halieri propiignatores, 
fidissinios duces halient. hriila persiiiisiorie dmiali. 
'" Kohaiiiis Hessus. Qiiihus nmnis in a.nii". vita pla- 



vitam, qute non assueverit arniis. " Lib. 10. vit. 

Scanperbeg. '•'Nulli bealioies hahiti, qiiini qui 

in prcBliis cecidissenl. Brisonins de rep. Persaruni. 1 
3. fol. 3. 44. Idem Laclanlius de Rnmanis et (Iraicis 
Idem Animianus, lib. 23. de Pariliis. Jiiriic.itiir i» 
solus beams apud eos qui In proDlio fnderit aniniam 
UeBenef. lib. 2 c. 1. i- Nal. qiuesl. lib. 3. Bo- 

lerns Anipliltrldion. Busbeqiiiiis Til'*' hisl. Percaede* 
et i^anyuinem parare hnnilnlbns asrensum in ccelum 



eel, non ulla juvat nisi nurte, nee ullain esse puiant | piitant, Lactan. de falsa relig. I. {. cap. 8. 



Democrilus to the Reader. 41 

/^It they die in flie field, they go directly to heaven, and shall be canonized for saintsi*' 
(() diabolical invention !) put in the Chronicles, iri perpctuam rci memoriam, to theji 
eternal memory : when as in truth, as "^ some hold, it were much better (since wars 
nre the scourge of God for sin, by which he punisheth mortal men's peevishness and 
folly) such brutish stories were suppressed, because ad morum InstUutionem nihil 
habent., they conduce not at all to manners, or good life. But they will have it thus 
nevertheless, and so they put note of '^ '•' divinity upon the most cruel and pernicious 
plague of human kind," adore such men with grand titles, degrees, statues, images, 
'' honour, applaud, and highly reward them for their good service, no greater glory 
than to^die in the field. So Africanus is extolled by Ennius : Mars, and "* Hercules, 
and I know not how many besides of old, were deified • went this way to heaven, 
that were indeed bloody butchers, wicked destroyers, and troublers of the world, 
prodigious inonsters„hell-hounds, feral plagues, devourers, conmion executioners of 
human kind, as Lactantius truly proves, and Cyprian to Donat, such as were despe- 
rate in wars, and precipitately made away themselves, (like those Celtes in Dania- 
scen, with ridiculous valour, ut dedecorosum putarent muro rucntl se subducerCj a 
disgrace to run away for a rotten wall, now ready to fall on their heads,) such as 
will not rush on a sword's point, or seek to shun a cannon's shot, are base cowards, 
and no valiant men. By which means, Madct or bis mutuo sanguine^ the earth wal- 
lows in her own blood, '^ Savit amor fcrri et scelerati insania belli ; and for that, 
which if it be done in private, a man shall be rigorously executed, ^""and which is 
no less than murder itself; if the same fact be done in public in wars, it is called 

manhood, and the party is honoured for it." ^^Prosperum ct foilix scelus, virtus 

vocatur. 

^^yVe measure all as Turks do, by the event, and most part, as Cyprian notes, in all 
ages, countries, places, sceo/7/« viagniiudo impuniiatcm sccleris '^t :.qidrit., the foulness 
of the fact vindicates the offender. ■^^One is crowned for that which another is tor- 
mented : lUe cracem sccleris prccium tulit^ hie diudema ; made a knight, a lord, an 
earl, a great duke, (as '^^Agrippa notes) for that which another should have hung in 
gibbets, as a terror to the rest, • 

2^ "et tamen alter, 



Si fecisset irtein, caderet sub judice morum." 

rJA poor sheep-stealer is hanged for stealing of victuals, compelled peradventurr jy 

necessity of that intolerable cold, hunger, and thirst, to save himself from staring: 

but a ^ great man in ofiice may securely rob whole provinces, undo thousands, pill 

and poll, oppress ad libitum, fiea, grind, tyrannise, enrich himself by spoils of the^ 

.commons, be uncontrolable in his actions, and after all, be recomjiensed with tur- 

, gent titles, honoured for his good service, and no man dare find fault, or ^"^ mutter 

, at it. 

How would our Democritus have been affected to see a wicked caitiff, or ^'"fool. 
a very idiot, a lunge, a golden ass, a monster of men, to have many good men, wise, 
men, learned men to attend upon him with all submission, as an appendix to his riches, 
for that respect alone, because he hath more wealth and money, ^*and to honour hiir 
with divine titles, and bombast epithets," to smother him with fumes and eulogies 
whom they know to be a dizard, a fool, a covetous wretch, a beast, &.c. " because 
he is rich ?" To see sub exuviis leon'is onagrum, a filtliy loathesome carcass, a Gor 
gon's head puffed up by parasites, assume this unto hiniself, glorious titles, in worth 
an iiilant, a Cuman ass, a painted sepulchre, an Egyptian temple .'' To see a wither- 
ed face, a diseased, deformed, cankered complexion, a rotten carcass, a viperous mind, 
and Epicurean soul set out with orient pearls, jewels, diadems, perfumes, curious 



'6Qu(iniaii! bella aeerhissima del flapella sunt qtiibus 
bominutn pertinaciam punit, ea perpelua ol)livione 
sepelienOa poiius quam memoricB niaiulanda pleriqiie 
judicant. Kich. Dinolli. prasf tiist. Oall. "Cru- 

entam liumaui generis pestem, et perniciem divinita- 
lis tiotS, insigniunt. ''' Et quod dolendum, applau- 

«iim habent et occursum viri tales. '"Ilercull 

eadem porta ad ctelum patuit, qui magnam generis 
hun.ani partem perdidit. '"Virg. jEneid. 7. 

20 Homicidlum quum committunt singuli, crimen est, 
quum public^ geritur, virtus vocatur. Cyprianus. 
"Seneca. Successful vice is called virtue. - Ju- 

»fe. '-"'Devauit. scienl. de rt'"cip- nobililatis. 

6 I) 



2' Juven. Sat. 4. ^6 pansa rapit, quod Natta reli 

quit. Tu pessimus omnium latro es, as Demetrius 
the Pirate told Alexander in Ciirtius. ■*'> Non aus; 

niutire, &c. JEfiop. ''Imfirobum et stultum, s 

divitem multos lionos viros in servitutem habentem, 
ob id dunlaxat quod ei contiugat aureorum numis- 
matun) cumulus, ut appendices, et addilamenta nu- 
mismatum. Morus Utopia. -''Eorumq; detes- 

taritur Utoplenses insaniam, qui divinos honores iis 
impendunt, quos sordidos et avaros agnoscunt; non 
alio respeciu honorantes, quam quod diles £iDt. 
Idem. lib. 2. 



42 Democritus to the Reader. 

elab>,fa(.e works, as proiul of his clothes as a chikl of his new toals ; and a goodiy 
person, of an angel-like divine countenance, a saint, an humble mind, a meet spirit 
clotlied in rags, beg, and now ready to be starved ? To see a silly contemptible 
sloven in apparel, ragged in his coat, polite in speecli, of a divine spirit, wise ? another 
neat in dotlies, spruce, full of courtesy, empty of grace, wit, talk nonsense?/ 
■^To see so many lawyers, advocates, so many tribunals, so little justice ; so many 
magistrates, so little care of common good ; so many laws, yet nevermore disorders ; 
Tribunal lUium scgctcm., the Tribunal a labyrinth, so many thousand suits in one 
cjurt sometimes, so violently followed? To see injuslissimum scppe juri prcesklen- 
/em, impium rcUgioni., imperil issijnum eruditioni, olioslssi/mim labori, moTtslrosum 
Immanilaii? to see a lamb ^^ executed, a wolf pronounce sentence, latro arraigned, 
and fur sit on the bench, tlie judge severely punish others, and do worse himself, 
^° emidem furtum facere et punire., '^Wapinam plectere., quum sii ipse raptor? Laws 
altered, misconstrued, interpreted pro and con^ as the ^^ Judge is made by friends, 
bribed, or otherwise affected as a nose of wax, good to-day, none to-morrow ; or 
firm in his opinion, cast in his ? Sentence prolonged, changed, ad arbitrium judicis., 
still the same case, '^ " one thrust out of his inheritance, another falsely put in by 
favour, false forged deeds or wills." InciscB leges ncgliguntur., laws are made and 
lot kept •, or if put in execution, '^^ tliey be some silly ones that are punislaed. As, 
put case it be fornication, the father will disinherit or abdicate his chikl, quite cashiei 
him (out, villain, be gone, come no more in my sight) ; a poor man is miserably 
tormented willi loss of his estate p^rliaps, goods, fortunes, good name, for 'ever dis- 
graced, forsaken, and must do penance to the utmost ; a mortal sin, and yet make 
the worst of it, nunquid aliud fecit., saiih Tranio in the ^'poct, nisi quod faciunt sum- 
mis nali gencribus? he liath done no more than what gentlemen usually do. "^JYe- 
que novum., neque mirum., ncque secus quam alii solent. For in a great person, right 
worshipful Sir, a right honourable Grandy, 'tis not a venial sin, no, not a peccadillo.^ 
'tis no offence at all, a common and ordinary thing, no man takes notice of it ; he 
justifies it in public, aiul peradventure brags of it, 

3' " Natii (jiiod turpe bonis, Titio', Seioque, deceliat 

Crispin mil" 

r For wliat would be base in good men, Titius, and Seius, became Crnpinus. 

^^Many poor men, younger brothers. Sec. by reason of bad policy and idle education 
(for they are likely brouglit up in no calling), are compelled to beg or steal, and 
then hanged for theft ; than which, what can be more ignominious, non minus enim 
turpe principi mult a supplicia., quam medico multa funera., 'tis the governor's fault. 
Libentius verberant quam doccnt, as sclioolmasters do rather correct th^ir pupils, than 
teach them when they do amiss. ^^"i-Tliey had more need provide ther*? should be no 
more thieves and beggars, as they ought with good policy, and take away the occa- 
sions, than let them run on, as they do to their own destruction : root out likewise 
those causes of wrangling, a multitude of lawyers, and compose contioversies, lites 
lustralcs et seculares^ by some more compendious means.". ; Whereas uowfoisevery 
to}^ and trifle they go to law, '^"Mugit litibus insanum forum^ et scsvit invirem di&cor- 
dantium rabies., they are ready to pull out one another's throats ; and for mmmodity 
"to squeeze blood," saith Hierom, " out of their brother's heart," defamo lie, dis- 
grace, backbite, rail, bear false witness, swear, forswear, fight and wrani'"'e- spend 
their goods, lives, fortunes, friends, undo one another, to enrich an harp}' advocate^ 
that preys upon them both, and cries Eia Socrates, Eia Xantippe ; or soi^e corrupt 
Judge, that like the ''^Kite in Jilsop, while the mouse and frog fought, cauied both 
away. Generally they prey one upon another as so many ravenous birds, brute 
beasts, devouring fishes, no medium, ■'^o?Hnes hie aut capdanlur aid captant ; autcada- 
vera quce'lacerantur, aut corvi qui lacerant, either deceive or be deceived ; tear others 

'^sCyp. 2. ad Donat. ep. Ut reus innoceiis pereat, i tratinim culpa fit, qui malos iinitantir prteceptore* , 
sit nocens. Judex damnat foras, quod intus operatiir. qui diseipiilos libentius verbeca-^v •\.iain docunl. Mo 
'"Sidonius Apo si galvianiis 1.3. de orovMeu. i riis, Ulnp. lib. 1. ^a Uecemuotur \uri frravia el 

(n i.A • . .1- . _ . ;t ■. .?.!.._ . I .__._-_ J, I- ;_ „., .: i I. .. J I.I 



** Krgo judicium nihil est nisi publica merces. letro- 
nius. Quid faciaiit leges ubi sola pecunia regiiaf? 
Idem. 33|lic arcentur hareditatibus liberi, hrc 

donatiir bonis alienls, falsuni consulit, alter testaiiien- 
tii.Ti corrumpit, &;c. Idem. "i Vexat censura co- 

liicahas. ^- IMaut. niDstel. so idem. ■'"Jiiven. 

Bat. 4. *^Quod lot sint I'ures et uiendici, inagis- 



horrenda supplicia, quum potius iioviilenduiii miiUJ. 
fofet lie fures sint, ne cuiquaiii tn»(i'a furandi aul 
pereundi sit necessitas Idem. ■'o 'i.^tenis de aug- 

ment, urb. lib. 3. cap. 3 '' F f A* po cordc sau- 

guineni eliciunt. ■*■-' Milvus .11" «c deglubit 

" Petronius de C.'otone civil. 



Democritus to the Reader. 



43 



: r be torn in pieces themselves ; like so many buckets in a well, as on': riseth 
another falleth, one's empty, another's full; his ruin is a ladder to the third; such 
are our ordinary proceedings, f What's the market ? A place, according to ''■* Ana- 
charsis, wherein they cozen one another, a trap; nay, what's the world itself? 
'^A vast chaos, a confusion of manners, as tickle as the air, domicilium insanoruniy 
a turbulent troop full of impurities, a mart of walking spirits, goblins, the theatre of 
hypocrisy, a shop of knavery, flattery, a nursery of villany, tlie scene of babbling, 
the school of giddiness, the academy of vice ; a warfare, ubi ? ells noils pvgnamlum 
aut vijicas aut sucamibas, in which kill or be killed ; wherein every man is for him' 
self, his private ends, and stands upon his own guard* No charity, '*'' love, friendship, 
fear of God, alliance, affinity, consanguinity, Christianity, can contain them, but if 
they be any ways offended, or tliat string of commodity be touched, they fall foul. 
Old friends become bitter enemies on a suddeif for toys and small offences, and they 
that erst were willing to do all mutual offices of love and kindness, now revile and ^ 
persecute one another to death, with more than Vatinian hatred, and will not be 
reconciled. So long as they are behoveful, they love, or may bestead each other, 
but when there is no more good to be expected, as they do by an old dog, hang 
him up or cashier him : which ""'Cato counts a great indecorum, to use men like old 
shoes or broken glasses, which are flung to the dunghill ; he could not find in his 
heart to sell an old ox, much less to turn away an old servant : but they instead of 
recompense, revile him, and when they have made him an instrument of their villany, 
as ■'^Bajazet the second Emperor of the Turks did by Acomethes Bassa, make him 
away, or instead of ''^reward, hate him to death, as Sdius was served by Tiberius. 
In a word, every man for his own ends. Our summuvi honwn is commodity, and the 
goddess we adore Dca monetdj Queen money, to whom we daily offer sacrifice, 
which steers our hearts, hands, ^"affections, all : that most powerful goddess, by 
whom we are reared, depressed, elevated, *' esteemed the sole commandress of our 
actions, for which we pray, run, ride, go, come, labour, and contend as fishes do for 
a crvmib that falleth into the water. It's not worth, virtue, (that's homim theatrale^) 
wisdom, valour, learning, honesty, religion, or any sufficiency for which we are 
respected, but ^^ money, greatness, office, lionour, authority ; honesty is accounted fol- 
ly ; knavery, policy ; *^men admired out «)f opinion, not as they are, but as they seem 
to be : such shifting, lying, cogging, plotting, counterplotting, temporizing, ffattering, 
cozening, dissembling, ^■'" that of necessity one must highly offend God if he be con- 
formable to the world," Crctlzare cvm Cretc^'"'- or else live in contempt, disgrace and 
misery." One takes upon him temperance, holiness, another austerity, a third an 
affected kind of simplicity, when as indeed, he, and he, and he, and the rest are 
*"" hypocrites, ambidexters," out-sides, so many turning pictures, a lion on the one 
side, a lamb on the other.*^ How would Democritus have been affected to see these 
things ! 

" To see a man turn himself into all shapes like a camelion, or as Proteus, omnia 
transformans sese in miracula rcrum., to act twenty parts and persons at once, for 
his advantage, to temporize and vary like Mercury the Planet, good with good ; bad 
with bad ; having a several face, garb, and character for every one he meets ; of all 
religions, humours, inclinations ; to fawn like a spaniel, mcntitls et mlmicls obscquis, 
rage like a lion, bark like a cur, fight like a dragon, sting like a serpent, as meek as 
a lamb, and yet again grin like a tiger, weep like a crocodile, insult over some, and 
yet others domineer over him, here command* there crouch, tyrannize in one place, 
be baffled in another, a wise man at home, a fool abroad to make others merry. 
Jo s'ee so much difference betwixt words and deeds, so many parasangs betwixt 



''■'Qnid forum 1 locus quo alius aliuni circumvenit. 
<^Vaslum chaos, larvarum emporium, tlipatriim hypo- 
crisios, &c. '"'Nemo cosliim, nemo jusjurandum, 

nemo Jovem pliiris facit, sed omnes apertis oculis 
bona sua computant. Petron. '"Plutarch, vit. 

ejus. Indecorum animatis ui viiiceis uti aut vitris, 
qu£e ubI fracta ahjicimus, nam ut de nieipso dicam, 
nee bovem senem vendideram, neduni honiinem natu 
giandem laboris socium. ■'fjovius. Cum innu- 

mera illius beneticia rependere non posset aliter, in- 
lerfici jussit. ^^ Bcneficia eo usque lata sunt duni 

videnlur solvi posse, ubi niultum antevenere pro gra- 



tia odium redditur. Tac. 'oPaucis charior est 

fides quani pecunia. Salust. ° Prima fere vota et 

cuiietis, &c. 5'-Et genus et formam regina pecu- 

nia donat. Quantum quisque sua nunimorum servat 
in area, tanluni habet et fidei, ^ Non t periti^ sed 

ab ornatu et vulgi vocibus habemur excellentes. Car- 
dan. 1. 2. de cons. ^^ Perjurata suo postponit nu- 
mina lucro, Mercator. Ut netessarium sit vcl Deo 
displicere, vel ab hominibus contemni, vexari, neg- 
llgi. 'SQui Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt. 
°'' Tragelapho similes vel centauris, sursum bumineai 
deorsum equi. 



44 Democntus to the Reader. 

• 

tongae and neart, men like stage-players act variety of parts, ^'give good precepts to 
others, soar aloft, whilst they themselves grovel on the ground. .^ 
^To see a man protest friendship, kiss his hand, ''^ quern mallet truncatum videre% 
'^ smile with an. intent to do mischief, or cozen him whom he salutes, ^"magnify his 
friend unworthy with hyperbolical eulogiums ; his enemy albeit a good man, tc 
vilify and disgrace him, yea all his actions, with the utmost that livor and malice 
can invent. 

.^^ To see a " servant able to buy out his master, him that canies the mace more 
worth than the magistrate, which Plato, lib. 11, de leg., absolutely forbids, Epictetus 
abhors. A horse that tills the f^ land fed with chaff, an idle jade have provender in 
abundance ; him that makes shoes go barefoot himself, him that sells meat almost 
pined ;. a toiling drudge starve, a drone flourish. 

To see men Lviy smoke for wares, castles built with fools' heads, men like apes 
follow the fashions in tires, gestures, actions : if the king laugh, all laugh ; 

S3 "Rides'? majore chachinno 

Conciititiir, flet si laclirymas conspexit amici." 

"Alexander stooped, so %1 his courtiers ; Alphonsus turned his head, and so did his 
parasites. ^^ Sabina Popjjea, Nero's wife, wore amber-coloured hair, so did all the 
Roman ladies in an instant, her fashion was theirs. 

\ To see men wholly led by affection, admired and censured out of opinion with- 
out judgment : an inconsiderate multitude, like so many dogs in a village, if one 
bark all bark without a cause : as fortune's fan turns, if a man be in favour, or com- 
manded by some great one, all the world applauds him \ ^ if in disgrace, in an instant 
all hate him, and as at the sun when he is eclipsed, that erst took no notice, now 
gaze and stare upon him. 

To see a man ^' wear his brains in his belly, his guts in his head, an hundred oaks 
on his back, to devour a hundred oxen at a meal, nay more, to devour houses and 
towns, or as those Antliropophagi, ®^to eat one another. 

To see a man roll himself up like a snowball, from base beggary to right worship- 
ful and right honourable titles, unjustly to screw himself into honours and offices; 
another to starve his genius, damn liis soul to gather wealth, which he shall not en- 
joy, which his prodigal son melts and consumes in an instant."^ 

To see the xa,xo(,7fKMv of our times, a man bend all his forces, means, time, fortunes, 
to be a favorite's favorite's favorite, Stc, a parasite's parasite's parasite, that may 
scorn the servile world as having enough already. 

To see an hirsute beggar's brat, that lately fed on scraps, crept and whined, crying 
to all, and for an old jerkin ran of errands, now ruffle in silk and satin, bravely 
mounted, jovial and polite, now scorn his old friends and familiars, neglect his kin- 
dred, insult over his betters, domineer over all. 

. To see a scholar crouch and creep to an illiterate peasant for a meal's meat ; 
a scrivener better paid for an obligation ; a falconer receive greater wages than a 
student : a lawyer get more in a day than a philosopher in a year, better reward for an 
hour, than a scholar for a twelvemonth's study ; him that can '"paint Thais, play on 
a fiddle, curl hair, &c., sooner get preferment than a philologer or a poet." 

To see a fond mother, like Assop's ape, hug her child to death, a "wittol wink at 
his wife's honesty, and too perspicuous in all other aflairs ; one stumble at a straw, 
and leap over a block ; rob Peter, and pay Paul ; scrape unjust sums with one hand, 
purchase great manors by corruption,* fraud and cozenage, and liberally to distribuce 
to the poor with the other, give a remnant to pious uses, &c. Penny wise, pound 
foolish; blind men judge of colours; wise men silent, fools talk; "find fault with 

'"Praeceptis siiis coeluin promittunt, ipsi interim nius 1.37. cap. 3. capillos liabuit succineos, exinde 
pulveris terieni vilia uiancipia. ■^''jEneas Sily. factum ut omnes piiellK RomaiicE colorem ilium affee- 

"lArridere lininines ut sreviant, blandiri ut fallaiit. tareut. •^e Odit damnatos. Juv. ^-.Agrippa 

Cyp. ad Doiiatuin. ""Love and hate are like the ep. 28. 1. 7. Quorum cerelirum est in ventre, ingenU 

'wo ends of a perspective glass, the one nuilliplies, uni in patinis. '^"Psal. They eat up my people 

the other makes less. "i Ministri locupletiores iis as bread. ^i^Absumil hsres ciecuba iignior ser- 

quihus ministratnr, servus majnres opes habens qusm vata centum clavibiis, et mero distinguet paviinentis 
patroiius. li-Qniterram colunt equi paleis pas- siiperbo, pontificum potiore coenis. Hor. '"Q-ii 

cuntur, qui ntiantiir cahalli aveii4 saainantur, discal-. Thaideiri pinsere, inflare libiam, crispare crines 
ceatus discurrit qui calces aliis facit. ''^Juven. " Doctus spoctare lacunar. '■'Tullius. Est .eniin 

Do you laugh 1 he is shaken by still greater laughter l ; proprium slultitite aliorum cernere vitia, oblicisci su- 
70 weeps also when he has beheld the tears of liis j orum. Idem Aristippus Charidemo apud Lucianui;. 
%iend. "Bodin, lib. 4. de repub. cap. 6. espij. | Umnino stultitise cujusdam esse puto, &c 



Dtmocritus to the Reader. 45 

others, and do worse themselves; '^denounce that in public which he doth in secret, 
and which Aurelius Victor gives out of Augustus, severely censure that in a third, 
of which he is most guilty himself. 

^:\ To see a poor fellow, or an hired servant venture his life for his new master that 
will scarce give him his wages at year's end ; A country; colone toil and moil, till 
and drudge for a prodigal idle drone, that devours all the gain, or lasciviously con- 
sumes with phantastical expences •, A noble man in a bravado to encounter death 
and for a small flash of honour tc^cast away himself; A worldling tremble at an ex 
ecutor, and yet not fear hell-fire ; To wish and hope for immortality, desire to b( 
happy, and yet by all' means avoid death, a necessary passage to bring him to it. 

To see a fool-hardy fellow like those old Danes, qui dccollari malunt quam 
verbcrari, die rather than be punished, in a sottish humour embrace death with 
alacrity, yet "''scorn to lament his own sins and miseries, or his dearest friends' 
departures. 

To see wise men degraded, fools preferred, one govern toMms and cities, and yet 
a silly woman overrules him at home ; '^ Command a province, and yet his own ser- 
vants or children prescribe laws to him, as Themistocles' son did in Greece ; 
v6a\vhat I will (said he) my mother will, and what my mother will, my father 
doth." To see horses ride in a coach, men draw it ; dogs devour their masters ; 
towers build masons; children rule; old men go to school; women wear the 
breeches ; '' sheep demolish towns, devour men, &c. And in a word, the world 
turned upside downward. O viveret Democritus. 

'^To insist in every particular were one of Hercules' labours, there's so many 
ridiculous instances, as motes in the sun. Quantum est in rebus inane ? (How 
much vanity there is in things !) And who can speak of all ? Crimine ab uno disce 
omnes, take this for a taste. 

But these are obvious to sense, trivial and well known, easy to be discerned. How 
would Democritus have been moved, had he seen ™ the secrets of their hearts ? If 
every man had a window in his breast, which Momus would have had in Vulcan's 
man, or that which TuUy so much wislied it were written in every man's forehead, 
Quid quisque de rcpublicd senliret^ what he thought ; or that it could be effected in 
an instant, which Mercury did by Charon in Lucian, by touching of his eyes, to make 
him discern semel et simul rumores et susurros. 

" Spes hnniiniim ctccas, mnibos, votutnque labores, I "Blind hopes and wishes, their thoughts and affairs, 
Et passim toto volitantes iethere curas." | Whispers and rumours, and those flying cares." 

That he could cubiculorum obductas foras recludere et secreta cordium penetrare^ 
which *° Cyprian desired, open doors and locks, shoot bolts, as Lucian's Gallus did 
with a feather of his tail : or Gyges' invisible ring, or some rare perspective glass, or 
Otacousticon, which would so multiply species, that a man might hear and see all at 
once (as *' Martianus Capella's Jupiter did in a spear which he held in his hand, 
which did present unto him all that was daily done upon the face of the earth), 
observe cuckolds' horns, forgeries of alchemists, the philosopher's stone, new pro- 
jectors, &c., and all those works of darkness, foolish vows, hopes, fears and wishes, 
what a deal of laughter would it have afforded ? He should have seen windmills in 
one man's head, an hornet's nest in another. Or had he been present with Icarome- 
nippus in Lucian at Jupiter's whispering place, ^^ and heard one pray for rain, an- 
other for fair weather ; one for his wife's, another for his father's death, &c ; " to ask 
tha-t at God's hand which they are abashed any. man should hear :" How would he 
have been confounded .? Would he, think you, or any man else, say that these 
men were well in their wits ? Hcec sani esse hominis quis sanus juret Orestes ? 

'SExecrari publice quod occulta agat. Salvianus | ep. praed. Hos. dejerantes et potantes deprehendet 
lib. de pro. acres ulciscendis vitiis quibus ipsi vehe- | hos vomentes, illos litigantes, insidias molientes, siif- 



inenter indulgent. '^ Adamus eccl. hist. cap. 212. 

Si(]uis damnatus fuerit, laetus esse gloria est'; nam 
lachrymas et planctum csteraqiie coinpunctionum 
genera qus nos salubria censemus, ita abominantur 
Da-i, ut nee pro peccatis nee pro defunctis amicis ullt 
flcie liceat. ''•Orbi dat leges foras, vix famulum 



fragantes, venena niiscentes, in amicoruni accusalio- 
nem subscribentes, hos gloria, illos ambitione, ciipidi- 
tate, mente captos, &c. '-> Ad Doiiat. ep. 2. I. 1. O 
si posses in specula sublimi cnnslilulus, &c. "' Lib. 
1. de nup Philol. in qua quid singuli nationum popull 
quotidianis niotibus agitarent. relutebat. *- O Ju- 



rogit sine strepitu domi. 'i^Quicquid esro volo hoc piter contiiigat mihi aurum h<ereditas, &c. Multo? da 

'''lit mater niea, et quod mater vult, facit pater. Jupiter annos. Dementia quanta est hominum, tur 
" Oves, olim mite pecus, nunc tarn Indomitum et edax pissima vota diis insusurrant, si quis admoverit aurem, 
■It homines devorent, &c. Morus. Utop. lib. 1 . ''• Ui- conticescunt ; et quod scire homines nolunt, Deo nar- 
»Br803 variis tribuit natura furores. ''^Democrit- ' rant. Seneo. ep 10. 1. 1. 



46 Democritus to tht Reader. 

Can all the hellebore in the Anticyrae cure these men ? No, sure, ^^ " an acre of 
hellebore will not do it." 

^. That which is more to be lamented, they are mad like Seneca's blind woman, 
and will not acknowledge, or *' seek for any cure of it, for paiici vidcnt mnrbum 
suum^ omncs umant. If our leg or arm offend us, we covet by all means possible to 
redress it; '^and if we labour of a bodily disease, Ave send for a physician; but for 
the diseases of the mind we take no notice of them: ''^Lust harrows us on the one 
side ; envy, anger, ambition on the other. We efre torn in pieces by our passions, 
as so many wild horses, one in disposition, another in habit 3 one is melancholy, 
another mad ; '''and which of us all seeks for help, doth acknowledge his error, or 
knows he is sick } As that stupid fellow put out the candle because the biting fleas 
should not find him ; he shrouds himself in an unknown habit, borrowed titles, be- 
cause nobody should discern him. Every man thinks with himself, Egomet videor 
miki sanus^i I am well, I am wise, and laughs at others. And 'tis a general fault 
amongst them all, that *** wliich our forefathers have approved, diet, apparel, opinions, 
humours, customs, manners, we deride and reject in our time as absurd. Old men 

account juniors all fools, when they are mere dizards ; and as to sailors, terrce- 

quc urbesque reccdunt they move, the land stands still, the world hath much 

more wit, they dote themselves. Turks deride us, we them ; Italians Frenchmen, 
accounting them light headed fellows, the French scoff again at Italians, and at their 
several customs; Greeks have condemned all the world but themselves of barbarism, 
the world as much vilifies them now ; we account Germans heavy, dull fellows, explode 
many of their fashions ; they as contemptibly think of us ; Spaniards laugh at all, and 
all again at them. So are we fools and ridiculous, absurd in our actions, carriages, 
diet, apparel, customs, and consultations; we ^^ scoff and point one at another, when 
as in conclusion all are fools, '"''•' and they the veriest asses that hide their ears most. 
A private man if he be resolved with himself, or set on an opinion, accounts ail 

idiots and asses that are not affected as he is, ■ ^' nil rectum., nisi quod placuil 

sihi., ducifj that are not so minded, ^^(quodque volunt homines se bene vcllc ■pulant.,) 
all fools that think not as he doth : he will not say with Atticus, Suam quisque 
sponsam.1 mild meam., let every man enjoy his own spouse ; but his alone is fair, 
suus amor., &c., and scorns all in respect of himself, ®^ will imitate none, hear none 
*''but himself, as Pliny said, a law and example to himself. And that which Hippo- 
crates, in his epistle to Dionysius, reprehended of old, is veriiied in our times, Quis- 
que in alio siiperjluum esse ccjiset^ ipse quod non habet nee curat., that which he hath 
not himself or doth not esteem, he accounts superfluity, an idle quality, a mere fop- 
pery in another : like -^Esop's fox, when he had lost his tail, would have all his fel- 
low foxes cut off theirs. The Chinese say, that we Europeans have one eye, they 
themselves two, all the world else is blind : (though ^^ Scaliger accounts them brutes 
too, merum pecus.,) so thou and thy sectaries are only wise, others indiflerent, the 
rest beside themselves, mere idiots and asses. Thus not acknowledging our own 
errors and imperfections, we securely deride others, as if we alone were free, and 
spectators of the rest, accounting it an excellent thing, as indeed it is, Jlliend opti- 

■ mum frui insanid., to make ourselves merry with other men's obliquities, when an 
he himself is more faulty than the rest, mutato nomine., de te fahula narralur, he may 
take himself by the nose for a fool ; and which one calls maximum stultitia; specimen^ 
to be ridiculous to others, and not to perceive or take notice of it, as Marsyas was 
when he contended with Apollo, non intelligens se deridiculo hahcri., saith ^ Apu- 
leius ; 'tis his own cause, he is a convicted madman, as ^'Austin well infers " in the 
eyes of wise men and angels he seems like one, that to our thinking walks with his 

P3 Plaiitiis Menech. non potest haec res Flfllebnri jii- priscis exprohrat. Bud.de affec. lib. 5. **Sene» 

gere obtinerier. *>' Eoque gravior morbus quo if;- pro stiillis babent juvenes. B;ilth. Cast. MClodiiii 

notior peiitlitanti. f^'QufB Isediint ociilos, fcstiiias aciusat nifechos. «> Omniiiiii stultissimi qui auri- 

deiiiere ; si quid est aniiiiuu), differs curandi teuipiis culas sIudios6 tegurt. Sal. Meiiip. 9i Hor. Epist. 2. 
in aniiiini. Hor. ^^ Si caput, crus dolet, bracliiuni, "-Prosper. >*■' Statitn sapiunt, statirn sciunt, nemi- 

&c. Medicuni acrersiuius, recte et honeste, si par nem reverentiir, nemineni iinituntur, ipsi sibi exem- 
etiam iiidustria ill animi morbis poueretur. Job. Pe- plo. I'lin. Epist. lib. 8. S'lNulli alteri sa|x.r« 

tenus .lesuita. lib. 2. de liuiu. affec. inorborumque cura. i concedit, ne desipere videatur. A»rip. ""OninU 

•" Et quoli'squisque tamen est qui contra tot pestes I orbis persecbio a persis ad Lusitaniam. ssS Florid, 

mediciiin ."(juiral vel icgrotare se agnoscat? ebullit b? August. Qiialis in ociilis honiinum qui invfrsi* «« di- 
Ira, &c. Et nos tamen ffigms esse tiegamus. Inco- j bus anibulat, talis in ociilis sapipniuni et »:ige>t»a» 
unies medicum recusant. Prresens stag stultitiam i qui sibi placet, aut cui passiones dominantur. 



Ifemocntus to the Reader. 47 

/teels upwards." So thou laughest at me, and I at thee, both at a third ; and he ro- 
turns that of the poet upon us again. ^^Hei mild,, insanire me aiiinf, qnum ipsi ultra 
insan'iant. We accuse others of madness, of folly, and are the veriest dizards our- 
selves. For it is a great sign and property of a fool (which Eccl. x. 3, points at) 
out of pride and self-conceit to insult, vilify, condemn, censure, and call other mer. 
fools (JVon vidcmus manticcs quod a tergo est) to tax that in others of which we are 
most faulty; teach that which we follow not ourselves : For an inconstant man lo 
write of constancy, a profane liver prescribe rules of sanctity and piety, a dizard 
liimself make a treatise of wisdom, or with Sallust to rail downright at spoilers of 
countries, and yet in ^^ office to be a most grievous poler himself. Tiiis argues 
weakness, and is an evident sign of such parties' indiscretion. ^°°Peccnt uter nostrum 
cruce dignius ? " Who is the fool now .?" Or else peradventure in some places we 
are all mad for company, and so 'tis not seen, Satiefas erroris et dementice., pariter 
absurditatcm et admirationem tollit. 'Tis with us, as it was of old (in ' TuUy's cen- 
sure at least) with C. Fimbria in Rome, a bold, hair-brain, mad fellow, and so es- 
teemed of all, such only excepted, that were as mad as himself: now in such a case 
there is ^ no notice taken of it. 

" Nimiium insanus paucis videatur ; et) quod I " When all are mad, where all are like opprest 

Maxima pars hnminum morbo jactalur eodem." [ Who can discern one mad man from the resf!" 

But put case they do perceive it, and some one be manifestly convicted of madness 
' he now takes notice of his folly, be it in action, gesture, speech, a vain humour he 
hath in building, br gging, jangling, spending, gaming, courting, scribbling, prating, 
for which he is rid-> ulous to others, ^ on which he dotes, he dotli acknowledge as 
much : yet with all the rhetoric thou hast, thou canst not so recall him, out to the 
contrary notwithstanding, he will persevere in his dotage. 'Tis amahilis insania,i et 
mcniis gratissimus error,, so pleasing, so delicious, that he * cannot leave it. He 
knows his error, but will not seek to decline it, tell him what the event will be, 
beggary, sorrow, sickness, disgrace, shame, loss, madness, yet ^"'an angry man will 
prefer vengeanpe, a lascivious his whore, a thief his booty, a glutton his belly, before 
his welfare." ( Tell an epicure, a covetous man, an ambitious man of his irregular 
course, wean him from it a little, pol me occidlslls amici, he cries anon, you have 
undone him, and as 'a "dog to his vomit," he returns to it again; no persuasion 
will take place, no counsel, say what thou canst, 

" Clames licet et mare coelo 
Coiifundas, surdo narras,"^ 

demonstrate as Ulysses did to ^Elpenor and Gryllus, and the rest of his companions 
''those swinish men," he is irrefragable in his humour, he will be a hog still; bray 
him in a mortar, he will be the same. If he be in an heresy, or some perverse opi- 
nion, settled as some of our ignorant Papists are, convince his understanding, show 
him the several follies and absurd fopperies of that sect, force him to say, veris vin- 
cor,, make it as clear as the sun, '"he will err still, peevish and obstinate as he is ; 
and as he said " si in hoc erro,, Uhcnter erro,, nee hunc error em aufcrri mihi volo ; 1 
will do as T have done, as my predecessors have done, '^and as my friends now do : 
I will dote for company. Say now, are these men '^ mad or no, '^Heus age responde ? 
are they ridiculous .? cedo qucmvis arbitrum, are they sanm mentis,, sober, wise, and 

discreet .? have they common sense ? ■ '^ uter est insanior horum f I am of De- 

mocritus' opinion for my part, I hold them worthy to be laughed at ; a company of 
brain-sick dizards, as mad as '''Orestes and Athamas, that they may go "ride tht 
iss," and all sail along to the Anticyrae, in the " ship of fools" for company together. 
I need not much labour to prove this which I say otherwise than thus, make any 

98 Piautus Menechmi. '"Governor of Asnich by honores, avariis opes, &c. odimus hiec et accercimus. 

C8Bsar"s appointment. i™ Nunc satiitatis patroci- Cardan. I. 2. de conso. ' I'rov. xxvi. 11. » Al- 

nium est insanienlinm turba. Sen. i Pro Rnseio ; thnu-jh you call out, and confound the sea and sky, 

Amerino, et quod inter omnes constat insanissimus, ; yon still address a deaf man. '■> Plutarch. Gryllo. 

nisi inter cos. qui ipsi quoque insaiiiunt.* '-i Ne- j snilli linmines sic Clem. Alex. vo. '"Non per- 

cesse est cum iiisanientihus furere, nisi solus relin- j suadebis, etiamsi persuaseris. nTully. '•^Malo 

queris. Pelronius. 3 Q,io,|jn,i, ^on est genus ! cum illis insanire, quam cum aliis bene sentire. 

unum stuliitisB qua me insanire putas. < Stultum ' I'Qui inter hos enurriuntur, non magissai)ere possunt, 

me fatenr, liceat coiicedcre verum, Alque etiam insa- qn4m qui in culind bene olere. Patron. '^ Per- 

num. Hor. ' Odi ner possum cupiens nee esse sins. i6Uor.2. ser. which of these is the more 

quod odi. Ovid. Ermre prato libenter omnes insani- mad. i^Vesanum exagitant fueri, innuptaequ) 

myy" " Amator s( ortnm viias prieponit, iracundns puellte. 

»ir.ili( tam : fir Ufatdam. narasitus iulam, ambitiosiis 



48 Democritus to tlie Reader. 

sofemn protestation, or swear, I think yoii will believe me without an oath ; say at 
a woril. are they fools ? I refer it to you, though you be likewise fools and madmen 
yourselves, and I as mad to ask the question ; for what said our comical Mercury r 

" " Justuin ab injustis petere insipientia est." | I'll stand to your censure yet, what think you •? 

^But forasmucli as 1 undertook at first, that kingdoms, provinces, families, were 
melancholy as well as private men, I will examine them in particular, and that which 
I have hitherto dilated at random, in more general terms, I will particularly insis* 
in, prove with more special and evident arguments, testimonies, illustrations, and 
that in brief. ^^JVunc accipe quare desipi.ant omnes ceque ac tu. My first argument 
is borrowed from Solomon, an arrow drawn OMt of his sententious quiver. Pro. iii. 7, 
" Be not wise in thine own eyes.'" And xxv 12, " Seest thou a man wise in his 
own conceit .'' more hope is of a fool than of him." Isaiah pronounceth a woe 
against such men, cap. v. 21, " that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in thei' 
own sight." For hence we may gather, that it is a great offence, and men are much 
deceived that think too well of themselves, an especial argument to convince them 
of folly. Many men (saito '^Seneca) " had been without question wise, had they 
not had an opinion that they had attained to perfection of knowledge already, even 
before they had gone half wa /," too forward, too ripe, prcBpropcri, too quick ai^d 
'leady, ^"citd prudentes., cito ph., citd marili, cilo patres^ clIo sacerdotes., cito 07miis 
officii capaces et curiosi, they had too good a conceit of themselves, And that marred 
all ; of their worth, valour, skill, art, learning, judgment, eloquence, their good parts ; 
all their geese are swans, and that manifestly proves them to be no better than fools. 
In foi-mer times they had but seven wise men, now you can scarce find so many 
fools. Thales sent the golden Tripos, which the fishermen found, and the oracle 
commanded to be ^' " given to the wisest, to Bias, Bias to Solon," &c. If such a 
thing were now found, we should all fight for it, as the three goddesses did for the 
golden apple, we are so wise : Ave have woirien politicians, children metaphysicians ; 
every silly fellow can square a circle, make perpetual motions, find the philosopher'* 
stone, interpret Apocalypses, make new Theories, a new system of the world, new 
Logic, new Philosophy, &c. JYostra utique rcgio, saith ^^Petronius, "our country 
is so full of deified spirits, divine souls, that you may sooner find a God than a man 
amongst us," we think so well of ourselves, and that is an ^mple testimony of much 
folly. 

My second argument is grounded upon the like place of Scripture, which though 
before mentioned in effect, yet for some reasons is to be repeated (and by Plato's good 
leave, I may do it, ^^6ii to xaxbv p-i^eev ov6ev ^■KuTttci) "• Fools (saith David) by reason 
of their transgressions." &,c. Psal. cvii. 17. Hence Musculus infers all transgressors 
must needs be fools. So we read Rom. ii., " Tribulation and anguish on the soul 
of every man that doeth evil;" but all do evil. And Isaiah, Ixv. 14, "My servant 
shall sing for joy, and ^^ye shall cry for sorrow of heart, and vexation of mind." 
'TIS ratified by the common consent of -all philosophers. " Dishonesty (saith 
Cardan) is nothing else but folly and madness. ^ Probus quis nohiscum vivif.? 
Show me an honest man, J^emo malus qui non sfidhis., 'tis Fabius' apliorism to the 
same end. If none honest, none wise, then all fools. And well may they be so 
accounted : for who will account him otherwise, •Q(/i iter adorned in nccidentcm^ 
quum properaret in oricnfcm ? that goes backwarc^ all his life, westward, when he is 
bound to the east .'' or hold him a wise man (saith ^''Musculus) " that prefers momen- 
tary pleasures to eternity, that spends his master's goods in his absence, forthwith 
to be condemned for it ?" JYeqiiicquam sapit qui sibi non sapif^ who M'ill say that 
a sick man is wise, that eats and drinks to overthrow the temperature of his body ? 
(Can you account him wise or discreet that would willingly have his health, and yet 
will do nothing that should procure or continue it.'' ^'Theodoret, out of Plotinus 
the Platonist, " holds it a ridiculous thing for a man^ to live after his own laws, to do 

" Plaulus. '« Hor. 1. 2. sat. 2. Superbam stulti- I =« Malefactors. a^who can find a faitbful mani 

tiam Plinius vocat. 7. epist. 21. quod semel dixi,ti.\um ' Prov. xx. 6. ''^ii, Psiil. xlix. Qui moitientanea 

ratumque sit. '^ Multisapientes proculdn^io fuis- sempilernis, qui delapidat heri ahsenlis bona, iriox in 

sent, si se non putassent ad sapientiae snmmum per- I jus vocandiis et datniiandus. '-'' Perquain ridi- 

venisse. -"Idem. '^' Plutarchus Solone. culuin est homines ex animi sententia vivere, el qu<c 

IJetur sapientiori '"Tarn prepsentibus plena Uiis incrata sunt exequi, et tameii i solis Diis vella 

est nui^inibus, ut facilius possis DoMin quam hominem solvos tien, quum propriie saluiis curam abjecerinl 
inveiiire. . '•'^ Pulchrum bis dicere non nocut. , Theod. c. 6. de provid. lib. de curat, griec. affect 



Democrifus to titc Reader. 4y 

that which is offensive to God, and yet to hope that lie should save him : and wiien 
he voluntarily neglects his own safety, and contemns the means, to think to be deliver- 
ed by another : who will say these men are Avise ? 

^ A third argument may be derived from the precedent, ^'all men are carried away 
with passion, discontent, lust, pleasures, &c., they generallj' hate those virtues they 
should love, and love such vices they should hate'. Therefore more than melancholy, 
unite mad, brute beasts, and void of reason, so Chrysostom contends; " or rather 
dead and buried alive," as ^^Philo Judeus concludes it for a certainty, " of all such 
that are carried away with passions, or labour of any disease of the mind. Where 
is fear and sorrow," there ™Lactantius stiffly maintains, "wisdom cannot dwell. 

'qui ciipiet, metuet quoque pi)ir6. 

Qui Mietuens vivit, liber inilii non erit unquam.' " 3i 

Seneca and the rest of the stoics are of opinion, that where is any the least perturba- 
tion, wisdom may not be found. "What more ridiculous," as ^^Lactantius urges, 
" than to hear how Xerxes whipped the Hellespont, threatened the Mountain Athos, 
and the like. To speak ad rem., who is free from passion.? ^^Mor talis neino est. 
qiicni non attingat dolor., morhusve., as *^Tully determines out of an old poem, no 
mortal men can avoid sorrow and sickness, and sorrow is an inseparable companion 
from melancholy. ''^Chrysostom pleads farther yet. that they are more than mad, 
very beasts, stupified and void of common sense- >* For how <'saith he) shall I know 

^thee to be a man, when thou kickest iike an ass. neighest like a horse after women, 

jravest in lust like a bull, ravenest Ifke a bear, stingest like a scorpion, rakest like a 

wolf, as subtle as a fox, as impudent as a dog.? Shall I say thou art a man, that 

'hast all the symptoms of a beast .? How shall I know thee to be a man ? by thy 

' shape .? That affi-ights me more, when I see a beast in likeness of a man. 

^Seneca calls that of Epicurus, magnijicam rocem, an heroical speech, "A fool still 
begins to live," and accounts it a filthy lightness in men, every day to lay new 
foundations of their life, but who doth otherwise .? One travels, another builds ; one 
for this, another for that business, and old folks are as far out as the rest ; O demen- 
tem senectutcm, Tully exclaims. Therefore young, old, middle age, are all stupid, 
and dote. 

?^iEneas Sylvius, amongst many other, sets down three special ways to find a fool 
hf. He is a fool that seeks that he cannot find : he is a fool that seeks that, which 
neing found will do him more harm than good : he is a fool, that having variety of 
ways to bring him to his journey's end, takes that which is worst. If so, methinks 
most men are fools ; examine their courses, and you shall soon perceive what dizards 
and mad men the major part are. 

J, Beroaldus will have drunkards, afternoon men, and such as more than ordinarily 
delight in drink, to be mad. The first pot quencheth thirst, so Panyasis the poet 
determines in Jithencpus, sccunda gratiis, horis et Dyonisio : the second makes merry, 
the third for pleasure, quarta ad insaniam, the fourth makes them mad. If this posi- 
tion be true, what a catalogue of mad men shall we have .? what shall they be that 
drink four times four ? JYomie supra oinnejn furorem, supra omnem insanian red- 
dunt insanissimos ? I am of his opinion, they are more than mad, much worse than 
mad. 

wThe ''"Abderites condemned Democritus for a mad man, because he was sometimes 
sad, and sometimes again profusely merry. Hac Patria (saith Hippocrates) ob risvm 
furere et insanire dicunt, his countrymen hold him mad because he laughs; ^^and 
therefore " he desires him to advise all his friends at Rhodes, that they do not laugh 
too much, or be over sad." Had those Abderites been conversant with us, and but 



28 Sapiens sibi qui imperiosus, &c. Hor. 2. ser. 7. 
^''Conclus. lib. de vie. offer, certuin est aninii morbis 
laboranles pro mortuis coiisemios. 3" Lib. de sap. 

llbi timor aiest, sapientia ade.-<se iiequit. si He who 
is desirous is also fearful, and he who lives in fear 
never can be free. ^-Qiiid insanius Xerxe Helles- 
ponturn verberante, &c. '•<■ Eccl. xxi. 12. Where 

IS bii'^rn'-ss. there is no understanding. Prov. xii. 
6. An angrj' man is a fool. 3' 3 Tusc. Injuria in 
japientem non cadit. 3-^ Horn. 6. In 2 Epist. ad Cor. 



mulieres, ut ursns ventri indulgeas, qnum rapias lit 
lupus, &;c. at inquis fnrniain hominis habeo. Id magia 
terret, quum feram humana specie videre me putem. 
36 Epist. lib. 2. 13. Stultus semper incipit vivere, 
foeda homiiium levitas, nova quolidie fiindainenta vitie 
ponere, novas spes, &c. "t Ue curial. miser. 

Stullus, qui qurerit quod nequit invenire, slultiis qui 
qiia;rit qund nocet inventiim, stullus qui cum plures 
hahet calles, deteriorem deligit. Mihi videntur omnea 
deliri, amentes, fee. * i.;p Demagele. as Amicis 



lominem te agnoscere neqneo, cum tanquam asinus nnstris Rhodi dicilo, ne nimium rideant, aut niitiit- 
eralcitres, lascivias ut taurus, hinnias ut equus post tristes aint 

*» E 



50 



Democritus to the Reader. 



seen what ^fleering and grinning there is in this age, they would certainly have 
concluded, we had been all out of our wits. 

^Aristotle in liis eth/cs holds fccllx idemque sapiens^ to be Avise and happy, are 
leciprocal terms, bonus idemque sapiens honeslus. 'Tis ■" Tully's paradox, "-wise 
men are free, but fools are slaves," liberty is a power to live according to his own 
laws, as we will ourselves : who hath this liberty ? who is free ? 



-"sapiens slhiqiie iiiiperiosus, 



Queni Deque pauperis, iieque mors, neque vincula | 

terrent, I 

Respons:ire cupi(lin!l)us, contemncre honores i 

Forlis, et in seii)so Knus teres atque rotundus." I 



'He is wise that can command his own will. 
Valiant and constant to himself still, 
Wlinni poverty nor ieath, nor bands can fright. 
Checks his desires, scorns Honours, jusi ana rigni. 



(iut where shall such a man be found ? If no where, then e diametro, we are all 
slaves, senseless, or worse. JVemo malus fcjcILv. But no man is happy in this life, 

none good, therefore no man wise. ''•^Rari quippe hon'i For one virtue you shall 

find ten vices in tlif same party ; panel Promelhei., multi EpimethcL We may per- 
adventure usurp ttie name, or attribute it to others for favour, as Carolus Sapiens, 
Philippus Bonus, Lodovicus Pius, &c., and describe the properties of a wise man, 
as Tully doth an orator, Xenophon Cyrus, Castillo a courtier, Galen temperament, 
an aristocracy is described by politicians. But where shall such a man be found .'' 



" Vir bonus et sapienl;, qualem vix repperit ununi 
Minibus 6 niullis huniinuni consullus Apollo." 



" A wise, a good man in a million, 
Apollo consulted could scarce find one." 



A man is a miracle of himself, but Trismegistus adds. Maximum mlraculum homo 
sapiens^ a wise man is a wonder : multl Thlrslgi^rl^ panel Baeehl. 

Alexander when he was presented with that ricli and costly casket of king Darius, 
and every man advised him what to put in it, he reserved it to keep Romero's works, 
as the most precious jewel of human wit, and yet '" Scaliger upbraids Homer's muse, 
JVulrlcem InsancE saplcntlce^ a nursery of madness, '*' impudent as a court lady, that 
bluslies at notliing. Jacobus Mycillus, Gilbertus Cogiiatus, Erasmus, and almost all 
posterity admire Lucian's luxuriant wit, yet Scaliger rejects him in his censure, and 
calls him the Cerberus of the muses. Socrates, whom all the world so much mag- 
nified, is by Lactantius and Theodoret condemned for a fool. Plutarch extols Sene- 
ca's wit beyond all the Greeks, nulll secundus, yet '"'Seneca saith of himself, "when 
I would solace myself with a fool, I reflect upon myself, and there I have him.'>\ 
Cardan, in his Sixteenth Book of Subtilties, reckons up twelve super-eminent, acute 
philosophers, for worth, subtlety, and wisdom: Archimedes, Galen, Vitruvius, Ar- 
chitas Tarentinus, Euclid, Geber, that first inventor of Algebra, Alkindus the Mathe- 
matician, both Arabians, with others. But his triumviri terrarum far beyond the 
rest, are PtoloniiEus, Plotinus, .Hippocrates. Scaliger exereltat.' 224, scofk at this 
censure of his, calls some of them carpenters and mechanicians, he makes Galen 
fimhrlam Hippocralis, a skirt of Hippocrates : and the said ■*'' Cardan himself else- 
where condemns botli Galen and Hippocrates for tediousncss, obscurity, confusion. 
Paracelsus will have them both mere idiots, infants in physic and philosophy. Sca- 
liger and Cardan admire Suisset the Calculator, qui pene modum excessll humani in- 
genll, and yet '"'Lod. Vives calls them nugas Suisset lens : and Cardan, opposite to 
himself in another place, contemns those ancients in respect of times present, ''^Ma- 
jorcsque nostras ad presentes collatos juste pueros appellari. In conclusion, the 
said '^"Cardan and Saint Bernard will admit none into this catalogue of wise men, 
^' but only prophets and apostles ; how they esteem themselves, you have heard 
before. We are worldly-wise, admire ourselves, and s(;ek for applause : but heai 
Saint ^^ Bernard, quant o magis foras es sapiens, tanfo rruigis intus stultus efficerls, &c. 
in omnibus es prudens, circa teipsum Inslplcns : the more wise thou art to others, 
the more fool to thyself. I may not deny but that there is some folly approved, a 
divine fury, a holy madness, even a spiritual drunkenness in the saints of God them- 
selves ; sanctum Insanlum Bernard calls it (though not as blaspheming ^^Vorstius, 
would infer it as a passion incident to God himself, but) familiar to good men, as 



■loPer multum risnm poteris cognoscere stultum. 
Offic 3. c. 9 ^'Sapientes liheii, sttiiti servi, li- 

berlas est potestas, &c. •'-Hor. 2. ser. 7. ■'■'Ju- 

ven. "Good people are scarce." •wilypocrit. 

">Ut niulier aiilica nullius pudens. ■•''Epist 33. 

Quanito fatuo delertari volo, iion e.ii Innge quaerendus, 
BtH video. *" Primo conlradicenti'im. '"Lib. 



de causis corrupt, artium. ■'^ Actions ad subtil, in 

Seal. fol. 12'26. ^oLih. 1. de sap. ^i Vide miser 

homo, quia totum est vanitas, tntum gtultitia. totuin 
(Ifmentia, quic(iuid facis in hoc iiiurjilo, pra;ter hoc so- 
lum quod propter Deum facis. Ser. de miser, hom. 
^ In 2 Pl.itiiiiis dial. I de justo ^iDm,, iram CI 

udiuiu in Deo revera ponit. 



Democntus to the Reader. 



51 



•lat of Paul, 2 Cor. " he was a fool," &c. and Rom. ix. he wisheth himself to he 
anathematized for them. Such is that drunkenness which Ficinus speaks of, when 
the soul is elevated and ravished with a divine taste of that heavenly nectar, wnich 
poets deciphered by the sacrifice of Dionysius, and in this sense with the poet, 
'^insanire lubet, as Austin exhorts us, ad ehrietatem se quisque paret., let's all be mad 
and ^'^ drunk. But we commonly mistake, and go beyond our commission, we reel 
to the opposite part, ^ we are not capable of it, "'and as he said of the Greeks, Vos 
Grcpci semper pueri^ vos Britanni, Galli, Germanic Itali, &.c. you are a company 

.of fools. 

i^' Proceed now a parfibus ad totwn^ or from the whole to parts, and you shall find 
no other issue, the parts shall be sufliciently dilated in this following Preface. The 
whole must needs follow by a sorites or induction. Every multitude is mad, 
'^ bcllua multorum capitum^ (a many-headed beast), precipitate and rash without 
judgment, stultum animal., a roaring rout. *^ Roger Bacon proves it out of Aristotle, 
Viilgus dividi in oppositum cordra sapicnlcs., quod vulgo vidclur vcrum., falswn est • 
that which the commonalty accounts true, is most part false, they are still opposite 
to wise men, but all the world is of this humour (vnlgus)^ and thou thyself art de 
vulgo., one of the commonalty; and he, and he, and so are all the rest; and there- 
fore, as Phocion concludes, to be approved in nought you say or do, mere idiots 
and asses. Begin then where you will, go backward or forward, choose out of the 
whole pack, wink and choose, you shall find them all alike, "• never a barrel better 
herring." 

X- Copernicus, Atlas his successor, is of opinion, the earth is a planet, moves and 
'^^shines to others, as the moon doth to us. Digges, Gilbert, Keplerus, Origanus, and 
others, defend this hypothesis of his in sober sadness, and that the moon is inhabi- 
ted : if itir be so that ^he earth is a moon, then are we also giddy, vertigenous and 
lunatic within this sublunary maze. 

I could produce such arguments till dark night : if you should hear the rest. 



'Ante diem clauso component vesper Oliinpo: 



" Tliroi|o;li such a train of words if I should run, 
The day would sooner Ihan the tale be done :' 



but according to my promise, I will descend to particulars. This melancholy extends 
itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles. I speak not of those 
creatures which are saturnine, melancholy by nature, as lead, and such like mine- 
rals, or those plants, rue, cypress, &.c. and hellebore itself, of which '^"Agrippa treats, 
fishes, birds, and beasts, hares, conies, dormice, &c., owls, bats, nightbirds, but that 
artificial, which is perceived in them all. Remove a plant, it will pine away, which 
is especially perceived in date trees, as you may read at large in Constantine's hus- 
bandry, that antipathy betwixt the vine and the cabbage, vine and oil. Put a bird 
in a cage, he will die for suUenness, or a beast in a pen, or take his young ones or 
companions from him, and see what effect it will cause. But who perceives not 
these common passions of sensible creatures, fear, sorrow, &c. Of all other, dogs are 
most subject to this malady, insomuch some hold they dream as men do, and through' 
violence of melancholy run mad ; I could relate many stories of dogs that have died ' 
for grief, and pined away for loss of their masters, but they are common in every 
^' author. 

Kingdoms, provinces, and politic bodies are likewise sensible and subject to this 
disease, as "^^Boterus in his politics hath proved at large. "■As in human bodies 
(saith he) there be divers alterations proceeding from humours, so be there many dis- 
eases 111 a commonwealth, which do as diversely happen from several distempers," 
as you may easily percieve by their particular symptoms. For where you shall see 
the people civil, obedient to God and princes, judicious, peaceable and quiet, rich, 
fortunate, '^^ and flourish, to live in peace, in unity and concord, a country well tilled, 
many fair built and populous cities, ubi incolce nitcnt as old ® ' Cato said, the peo})le 
are neat, polite and terse, ubi bene., beateque vivunt, which our politicians make the 



" Vir^. 1. Eccl. 3. 66 ps. inebriahuntur ab uber- 

tate doiniis. "■ In Psal. civ. Austin. '" In Pla- 

• tonis Tim. sacerdos .Slgyplius. '« Hor. t jigis iii- 

«anum w Palet ea diviso probabilis, &c. cy. Ar^at. 

Top. ib. 1. c. 8. Rog. Bac. Epist. de secret. <.rt. et nat. 
c. 8. non est judicium in vulgo. eojje occult. Pbi- 



losop. 1. 1. c. 25 et 19. ejusd. 1. Lib. 10. cap. 4. s' See 
Lipeius epist. "-De politai illustrium lib. 1. cap. 4. 

ut in hunianis coporibus varia' accidunt mutationes 
corporis, aniniique, sic in republica, &:c. oa ujjj 

reges pliiiosophantur, Plato. "Lib. de re rust. 



52 Democntus to the Reader. 

chief end of a commonwealth; and which ^"^ Jiristotle PoUt. lib. 3., cap. 4 calls Cam.' 
mune boniim., Polyhius lib. 6, optabilem et sclcclum stalum, that country is free from ' 
melancholy ; as it was in Italy in the time of Augustus, now in China, now in many 
other flourisliing kingdoms of Europe. But whereas you shall see many discontents, 
common grievances, complaints, poverty, barbarism, beggary, plagues, wars, rebel- 
lions, seditions, mutinies, contentions, idleness, riot, epicurism, the land lie untilled, 
waste, full of bogs, fens, deserts, &c., cities decayed, base and poor towns, villages 
depopulated, the people squalid, ugly, uncivil ; that kingdom, that country, must 
needs be. discontent, melancholy, hath a sick body, and had need to be reformed. 

Now that cannot well be effected, till tlie causes of these maladies be first removed, 
which commonly proceed from their own default, or some accidental inconvenience • 
as to be situated in a bad clime, too far north, sterile, in a barren place, as the desert 
of Lybia, deserts of Arabia, places void of waters, as those of Lop and Belgian in 
Asia, or in a bad air, as at Mexandretta., Bantam.^ Pisa, Durrazzo, S. John de Ulloa, 
Stc, or in danger of tlie sea's continual inundations, as in many places of the Low 
Countries and elsewhere, or near some bad neighbours, as Hungarians to Turks, 
Podolians to Tartars, or almost any bordering countries, they live in fear still, 
and by reason of hostile incursions are oftentimes left desolate. So are cities by 
reason *®of wars, fires, plagues, inundations, "'wild beasts, decay of trades, barred 
havens, the sea's violence, as Antwerp may witness of late, Syracuse of old, Brundu- 
sium in Italy, Rye and Dover with us, and many tliat at this day suspect the sea''s 
fury and rage, and labour against it as tlie Venetians to their inestimable charge. 
But the most frequent maladies are such as proceed from themselves, as first when 
religion and God's service is neglected, innovated or altered, where they do not fear 
God, obey their prince, where atheism, epicurism, sacrilege, simony, &.C., and all 
such impieties are freely committed, that country cannot prosper. WheiiiAbraham 
came to Gerar, and saw a bad land, he said, sure the fear of God was not in that 
place. ''^ Cyprian Echovius, a Spanish chorographer, above all other cities of Spain, 
commends '' Borcino, in wliich there was no beggar, no man poor. Sec, but all rich, 
and in good estate, and he gives the reason, because they were more religious tlian 
their neighbours :" why was Israel so often spoiled by their enemies, led into capti- 
vity, Slc, but for their idolatry, neglect of God's word, for sacrilege, even for one 
Achau's fault } And what sliall we except that have such multitudes of Achans, 
church robbers, simoniacal patrons, &.C., how can they hope to flourish, that neglect 
divine duties, that live most part lilce Epicures .? 

Other common grievances are generally noxious to a body politic •, alteration of 
laws and customs, breaking privileges, general oppressions, seditions, &c., observed 
by '^^Aristotle, Bodin, Boterus, Junius, Arnisc.us, &c. I will only point at some of 
chiefest. ""^Impofenlia giibernandi., afaxia., confusion, ill oovernment, which proceeds 
from unskilfid, slothful, griping, covetous, unjust, ras,i, or tyrannizing magistrates, 
when they are fools, idiots, children, proud, wilful, partial, indiscreet, oppressors, 
giddy heads, tyrants, not able or unfit to manage such offices : '" many nobic cities 
and flourishing kingdoms by that means are desolate, the whole body groans under 
such heads, and all the members must needs be disaffected, as at this day those 
goodly provinces in Asia Minor, &c. groan under the burthen of a Turkish govern- 
ment ; and those vast kingdoms of Muscovia, Russia, "'^ under a tyrannizing duke. 
Who ever heard of more civil and rich populous countries than those of " Greece, 
Asia Minor, abounding with all "wealth, multitudes of inhabitants, force, power, 
splendour and magnificence .''" and that miracle of countries, '■* the Holy Land, that 
in so small a compass of ground could maintain so many towns, cities, produce so 
many fighting men ? Egypt another paradise, now barbarous and desert, and almost 
waste, by the despotical government of an imperious Turk, intolerabili servitutis 



^5 Vel publicam utilitatem: salus piiblica supreiiia 
ex esto. Beata civilas noii iihi paiici bcati, sed lota 
civitas beata. Plato qiiarlo de republica. "Maii- 

vua VEE iiiisera; nimiiim vicjna Crenionae. 6'lnter- 

dum a feris, lit olim Mauritania, &c. esDeliciig 

Hisparias anno 1604. Nemo mains, nemo pauper, op- 
tiniiis quisque atqiie ditissimus. Pie, sancteque vive. 



5. c. 3. '0 Boterus Polit. lib. 1. c. 1. Cum nempe 

princeps rerum perendarum imperitus, segiii.s, osci- 
tans, snique miineris irnniemor, ant faluus est. 
" Non viget respublica cujus caput infirniatur. Sa- 
lisburiensis. c. 22. '.* See Dr. Fletcher's rela- 

tion, and Alexander Gairninus' history. '^ Abiin-* 

dans nmni diviiiarum affluentia incolarnm mullitudina 



bant sumniaqiie cum venoratione, et timore divino spleridnre ac poientia. "Not above 200 niiles ii' 

eijJtui, eacrisque rebus inr.umbebant. ™ Polit. i. letisth. 60 in breadth, accordine to Adricomii'a 



Dcmocritus to the Reader. 53 

jngo premitnr ('^one saith) not «,»n)y fire and water, goods or lands, sed ipse spirituh 
ah insoJcnlissimi victorls vendct nutUj siich is tb.eir slavery, their lives and souls 
depend upon his insolent v>all and command. A tyrant that spoils all wheresoever he 
comes, insomuch that an '^historian complains, " if an old inhabitant should now see 
them, he would not know them, if a traveller, or stranger, it would grieve his heart to 
behold them." Whereas '''Aristotle notes, JVods; exactiones., nova onera itnposita, new 
burdens and exactiojis daily come upon them, like those of which Zosimus, lib. 2, so 
grievous, ut viri uxores., patrcs fdios prostituerent ut exadorihus e quesl.u.^ &.C., they 
must needs be discontent, June civitatum gemitus et ploratus, as ''^TuUy holds, 
hence come those complaints and tears of cities, " poor, miserable, rebellious, and 
desperate subjects, as '^Hippolitus adds; and ""as a judicious countryman of ours 
observed not long since, in a survey of that great Duchy of Tuscany, the people 
lived much grieved and discontent, as appeared by their manifold and manifest com- 
plainings in that kind. "XThat the state was like a sick body which had lately taken 
physic, whose humours are not yet well settled, and weakened so much by purging, 
that nothing was left but melancholy." 

' Whereas the princes and potentates are immoderate in lUst, hypocrites, epicures, 
of no religion, but in show : Quid hi/pocrisl fragUius f wliat so brittle and unsure '. 
what sooner subverts their estates than wandering and raging lusts, on their subjects' 
wives, daughters .? to say no worse. That they should faecm pripferre., lead the 
way to all virtuous actions, are the ringleaders oftentimes of all mischief and disso- 
lute courses, and by that means their countries are plagued, ^' '•' and they themselves 
often ruined, banished, or murdered by conspiracy of their subjects, as Sardanapalus 
was, Diouysius, junior, Heliogabalus, Periander, Pisistratus, Tarquinius, Timocrates, 
Childericus, Appius Claudius, Andronicus, Galeacius Sforsia, Alexander Medices," &.c. 
Whereas the princes or great men are malicious, envious, factious, ambitious, 
emulators, they tear a commonwealth asunder, as so many Guelfs and Gibelines 
disturb the quietness of it, ^and with mutual murders let it bleed to death; our his- 
tories are too full of such barbarous inhumanities, and the miseries that issue from 
them. • 

^^hereas they be like so many horse-leeches, hungry, griping, corrupt, ^^ covetous. 
avariticE mancipia., ravenous as wolves, for as TuUy writes : qui prcecst prodest, et 
qui pccudihus prceest, debet eorum utiUtati inservire : or such as prefer their private 
before the public good. For as ^^he said long since, res privatoi publicis semper 
officere. Or whereas they be illiterate, ignorant, empirics in policy, nbi deest facul- 
las, ^virtus (^Jlristot. pot. 5, cap. 8.,) et scientia., wise only by inheriiance, and ir 
authority by birth-right, favour, or for their wealth and titles ; there must needs be 
a fault, ^^ a great defect : because as an " old pliilosopher affirms, such men are noi 
always fit. " Of an infinite number, few alone are senators, and of those few, fewer 
good, and of that small number of honest, good, and noble men, few that are learned, 
wise, discreet and sufficient, able to discharge such places, it must needs turn to the 
confusion of a state." 

For as the **\Princes are, so are the people ; Qiialis Rex., talis grex : and which 
^Antigonus right well said of old, qui Macedonixz rcgcm erudil^ omnes etiani subditos 
erudit,, he that teacheth the king of Macedon, teacheth all his subjects, is a true 
saying still. 

"For Princes are the stass, the school, the hook, I f, rT " Velocius et cilius iios 
Where subjects' eyes do learn, do read, do look." Corn.mpnni v.iion.m exemp la do mesfca, n.ag n.3 
•' •' ' ' I Cum subeant aminos auctoribus." ^d 

Their examples are soonest followed, vices entertained, if they be profane, irreli- 



" Romulus Ainascus. '^Sabellicus. Si quis in- ' plant and overthrow their adversaries, enrich thcnrio 

cola vefiis, non agnosceret, si qiiis pcregrinus in?e- | selves, get honours, dissemble ; but whit is this to the 
niisceret. '' Polit. 1. 5. c. 6. Crudelitas p\incipum, bene esse, or preservation of a Coiiimonwe.Tttlil 
impunitas scelerum, violatio leguni, peculates pc^uniee f^Iinperiiim suapte sponte ccrruit. ^■^ Apul. I'rim. 

publicEB, etc. '6 Epist. '" De increm. urb. cap. | Flor. Ex innumerabiUbus, pauci Senatores genere 

i20. snbditi niiseri, i.;belles, riesperali, &c. '' R. i nobiles, 6 consularibus pauci boni, 6 bonis adhuc pauci 

D.irlington. 151)6. conclusio libri. •" Botcrus !. 9. eruditi. ^^ Non solum viiia coni'ipi-int ipsi princi- 

c. 4. Polit. Quo fit ut aut rebus desperatis exulenc, I pes, sed eliam infundunt in civitatem, plusque e.-em;jlo 
aut conjuratione subditorum crudclissime tandem Iru- [ quam peccato nocetit. Cic. 1. de legibus. Ifpist. 

cidentur. »- Mutuis odiis et ca=dihus exhausti, &c. ; aj Zen. Juvcn. .Sat. 4. Paupertas se^litionem gi^nit 

" 63 Lucra ex malis, scelerastisqne cavisis. .«' Salust. et maleficium. Arist. Pol. '2. c. 7. s* Vicioijs, c*i 

•■ For nio?f part we mistake the name of Politicians, inesiic examples opc.Tttc more quickly" upon us wb f 
accounting such as read Machiavcl and 1 acitus, great Buggepted to our minds by high authorities. 
><atosmen, that can dispute of nrJitical precpots, sup- 

E 2 



54 



Democntits to the Reader. 



gious, lascivious, riotous, epicures, factious, covetous, ambitious, illiterate, so will the 
commons most part be, idle, unthrifts, prone to lust, drunkards, and therefore poor 
and needy {h rtevux. ordatv f^rtout xal jcaxovpyi-'ai', for poverty begets sedition and villany) 
upon all occasions ready to mutiny and rebel, discontent still, complaining, mur- 
muring, grudging, apt to all outrages, thefts, treasons, murders, innovations, in debt, 
shifters, cozeners, outlaws, Profligatce. famce ac vita:. It was an old ^' politician's 
aphorism, 'hThey that are poor and bad envy rich, hate good men, abhor the present 
government, wish for a new, and would have all turned topsy turvy." /.When Cati- 
line rebelled in Rome, he got a company of such debauched rogues together, they 
were his familiars and coadjutors, and such have been your rebels most part in all 
ages, Jack Cade, Tom Straw, Kette, and his companions. 

Where they be generally riotous and contentious, where there be many discords, 
many laws, many lawsuits, many lawyers and many physicians, it is a manifest sign 
of a distempered^ melancholy state, as ''^ Plato long since maintained: for where such 
kind of men swarm, they will make more work for themselves, and that body politic 
diseased, which was otherwise sound. A general mischief in these our times, an 
insensible plague, and never so many of them: "which are now multiplied (saith 
Mat. Geraldus, ^'^ a lawyer himself,) as so many locusts, not the parents, but the 
plagues of the country, and for the most part a supercilious, bad, covetous, litigious 
generation of men, ^ Crumenimulga natio, &c. A purse-milking nation, a clamor- 
ous company, gowned vultures, ^'^qui ex injuria vivcn> et sanguine civinm, thieves 
and seminaries of discord ; worse than any polers by the highway side, auri accipi- 
tres, auri extercbronides, pecuniarum hamiolce^ quadruplatores^ curice harpagones, 
fori tinlinahula.1 monstra hominum, mangoncs, &.c. tliat take upon them_ to make 
peace, but are indeed the very disturbers of our peace, a company of irreligious har- 
pies, scraping, griping catchpoles, (I mean our common hungry pettifoggers, ^ rabu- 
las forenses^ love and honour in the meantime all good laws, and worthy lawyers, 
that are so many ^'''oracles and pilots of a well-governed coiumonwealth). Without 
art, without judgment, that do more harm, as ^**Livy said, quam hella externa,, fa?nes, 
morbive., than sickness, wars, hunger, diseases •, "• and cause a most incredible de- 
struction of a commonwealth," saith ®^ Sesellius, a famous civilian sometimes in Paris, 
as ivy doth by an oak, embrace it so long, until it hath got the heart out of it, so do 
they by such places they inhabit; no counsel at all, no justice, no speech to be had, 
nisi cum premulscris, he must be fed still, or else he is as mute as a fish, better open 
an oyster without a knife. Experto crede (saith '^ Salisburiensis) in manus eorum 
millies incidi, et Charon immitis qui nulli pepcrcit unquam, his longe clementior est ; 
" 1 speak out of experience, I have been a thousand times amongst them, and Charon 
himself is more gentle tlian they ; ' he is contented with his single pay, but they 
multiply still, they are never satisfied," besides they liave damnijicas linguas^ as he 
terms it, nisi funibus argenteis vincias, they must be fed to say nothing, and '^ get 
more to hold their peace than we can to say our best. They will speak their clients 
fair, and invite them to their tables, but as he follows it, '' " of all injustice there is 
none so pernicious as that of theirs, which when they deceive most, will seem to 
be honest men." They take upon them to be peacemakers, et fovere cansas humi- 
hum, to help them to their right., patrocina7itur afflictis, * hut aW is for their own 
good, lit loculos plenioro/n exhauriant, they plead for poor men gratis, but they are 
but as a stale to catch others. If there be no jar, ''they can make a jar, out of the 
law itself find still some quirk or other, to set them at odds, and continue causes so 
long, lustra aliquot., I know not how many years before the cause is heard, and 
when 'tis judged and determined by reason of some tricks and errors, it is as fresh 
to begin, after twice seven years sometimes, as it was at first ; and so they prolong 



91 Salust. Semper in civitate quibus opes nulls sunt 
bonis invident, vctera oderfi, nova exoptant, odio su- 
aruni renini mutari omnia petunt. ^ De lesiibus. 

profligatffi in repiib. dir.ciplinffi est indicium jurisperi- 
toriim nnmeriis, ot medii;orum copia. "•< In pra;f. 

stud, juris. Mulliplicantur nunc in tcrris m locustee 
non pairife parentes, sed pestes, pessinii homines, ma- 
jore ex parta snperciliosi contentiosi, &c. licit uni 
latrociiiium exerrent. "' Dousa epid loquieleia 

lurba, vultures logati, 96 Bare. Argen. --li Juris 

xiDBulti doiuus orariilum civuatis. Tully. ^ Lib. 3. 



w Lib. 3. !»Lib. 1. de rep. Gallorum, incredibilem 

reipub. porniciom afferunt. »« Polycrat. lib. 'Is 
stipo contentus. et hi asses integros sibi niiiltiplicari^ 
jubent. '^ Plus accipiunt tacore, quam nos loqui.' 

■' Totiu.s inj\tstitiiB nulla capitalior, qiiAm eorum qui 
cum ma.i;ime decipiunt, id asunt. ut boni viri esse vi- 
deanlur. * Nam quocunque mndo causa procedat, 

hoc semper agitur, ut loculi impleantur, etsi avarii a 
nrqiiit saiiari. ^ Camdei- in Norfolk ; qui si niliU 

sit litiiim £ juris apicibus litob tamen serere callenl. 



Democritus to the Reader. i>5 

time, delay suit* till they have enriched themselves, and beggared their clients. And, 
as ''Cato inveighed against Isocrates' scholars, we may justly tax our wrangling law 
yers, they do consenescere in litibus, are so litigious and busy here on earth, that I 
" think they will plead their client's causes hereafter, some of them in hell. 'Sinilerus 
complains amongst the Snisseres of the advocates in his time, tliat when they should 
make an end, they began controversies, and " protract their causes many years, ner- 
suading them their title is good, till their patrimonies be consumed, and tliat they 
have spent more in seeking than the thing is worth, or they shall get by the recovery.' 
So that he that goes to law, as the proverb is, ** holds a wolf by the ears, or as a 
sheep in a storm runs for shelter to a brier, if he prosecute his cause he is consumed, 
if he surcease his suit he loseth all; ^what difference .'' They had wont heretofore, 
saith Austin, to end matters, per communes arbitros ; and so in Switzerland (we are 
informed by '"Simlerus), "they had some common arbitrators or daysmen in every 
town, that made a friendly composition betwixt man and man, and he much wonders 
at their honest simplicity, that could keep peace so well, and end such great causes 
by that means. At "Fez in Africa, they have neither lawyers nor advocates; but 
if there be any controversies amongst them, both parties plaintiff and defendant come 
to their Alfakins or chief judge, '■'• and at once without any farther appeals or pitiful 
delays, the cause is heard and ended." Our forefathers, as '^a worthy chorographer 
of ours observes, had wont paucuUs crucuUs cmreis^ with a few golden crosses, and 
lines in verse, make all conveyances, assurances. '\And such was the candour and 
integrity of succeeding ages, that a deed (as I have oft seen) to convey a whole 
manor, was impllcite contained in some twenty lines or thereabouts ; like that scede 
or Sytala Laconica, so much renowned of old in all contracts, which '"TuUy so 
earnestly commends to Atticus, Plutarch in his Lysander, Arisioile polity : Tlmcy- 
dides., Uh. 1, '^Diodorus and Suidus approve and magnify, for that laconic brevity 
in this kind; and well they might, for, according to '^TertuUian, certa sunt paucis^ 
there is much more certainty in fewer words. And so was it of old throughout ; 
but now many skins of parchment will scarce serve turn; he that buys and sells 
a house, must have a house full of writings, there be so many circumstances, so 
many words, such tautological repetitions of all particulars (to avoid cavillation they 
say) ; but we find by our woful experience, that to subtle wits it is a cause of much 
more contention and variance, and scarce any conveyance so accurately penned by 
one, which another will not find a crack in, or cavil at ; if any one word be mis- 
placed, any little error, all is disannulled. ; That which is a law to-day, is none to- 
morrow ; that which is sound in one man's opinion, is most faulty to another ; that 
in conclusion, here is nothing amongst us but contention and confusion, we bandy 
one against another. .And that which long since "^ Plutarch complained of them in 
Asia, may be verified in our times. " These men here assembled, come not to sacri- 
fice to their gods, to offer Jupiter their first-fruits, or merriments to Bacchus ; but an 
yearly disease exasperating Asia hath brought them hither, to make an end of their 
controversies and lawsuits." 'Tis multitudo perdentiimi et percuntlum,., a destructive 
rout that seek one another's ruin. Such most part are our ordinary suitors, termers- 
clients, new stirs every day, mistakes, errors, cavils, and at this present, as I have 
heard in some one court, I know not how many thousand causes : no person free, 
no title almost good, with such bitterness in following, so many slights, procrastina- 
tions, delays, forgery, such cost (for infinite sums are inconsiderately spent), violence 
and malice, I know not by whose fault, lawyers, clients, laws, both or all : but as 
Paul reprehended the ''Corinthians long since, I may more positively infer now : 
'7, "There is a fault amongst you, and I speak it to your shame. Is there not a '^wise 
/ man amongst you, to judge between his brethren .'' but that a brother goes to law 

» Plutarch, vit. Cat. causas apud inferos quas in " Clenard. 1. 1. ep. Si quae controversiae utraqne pam 

•uam fidem receperunt, patrocinio suo tuebiintiir. judicem adit, is seniul et siiiiul rem transiirit, audit : 

" ' Lib. 2. de llelvet. repub. iion explicandis, sed nioli- nee quid sit appelliitio, lachrymosceque morjE noscunt 

endis cinlroversiis operam dant, ita utliies in niultos '* Camden. '3 Lib. 10. epist. ad Attiruni, epist. II. 

annns extrahantur siimnia cum molesti^ utrisque ; i'' Biblioth. 1. 3. '■''Lib. de Aniui. '"Lib. major 

partis el dum interea palrimotjia e.\liaiiriaiitur, iiiorb. corp. an animi. Hi non conveniunt ut diis nior« 

" Lupuni auribus leneiit. " Hor. '"Lib. de majnrum sacra faciant, non ut Jnvi primitras offerarit, 

Helvet. repub. Judices quocunque pago constiluunt aut Baccho commessaliones, sed anniversariiis nior- 

qui amica aliqua Iransactione «■ fieri po.qsit, lites tol- bus exasperans Asiaui hue eo.s coegit, ut coiitentione* 

lant. Ego majorum nosirorum siniplicitatein adiui- hie peragant. " 1 Cor. vi. 5, 6. '"cstulti quands 

rur, qui ei: lausas gravissimas composueiint, Sec. deniutn sapietis 1 Fs. xlix.8. 



.')0 Democritus to the Reader. 

with a broiher." And "Christ's counsel concerning lawsuits, was never so'fit to be 
incu cated as in this age : ^^ Agree with thine adversary <iuickly," &.c. Matth. v. 25. 

1 could repeat many sucli particular grievances, which must disturb a body politic. 
To shut up all in brief, where good government is, prudent and wise princes, there 
all things thrive and prosper, peace and happiness is in that land : where it is other- 
wise, all things are ugly to behold, incult, barbarous, uncivil, a paradise is turned to 
a wilderness. This island amongst the rest, our next neighbours the French and 
Germans, may be a sufficient witness, that in a short time by lliat prudent policy of 
the Romans, was brought from barbarism; see but what Ciesar reports of us, and 
Tacitus of those old Germans, they were once as uncivil as they in Virginia, yet by 
planting of colonies and good laws, they became from -barbarous outlaws, ^' to be fidl 
of rich and populous cities, as now they are, and most flourishing kingdoms. Even 
so might Virgmia, and those wdd Irish have been civilized long since, if that order 
had been heretofore taken, which now begins, of planting colonies, &c. I have read 
a "^^ discourse, printed anno 1612. "Discovering the true causes why Ireland was 
never entirely subdued, or brought under obedience to the crown of England, until 
the beginning of his Majesty's happy reign." Yet if his reasons were thoroughly 
scanned by a judicious politician, I am afraid he would not altogether be approved, 
but that it would turn to the dishonour of our nation, to suffer it to lie so long waste. 
Yea, and if some travellers should see (to come nearer home) those rich, united pro- 
vinces of Holland, Zealand, &c., over against us ; those neat cities and populous 
towns, full of most industrious artificers, ^^ so much land recovered from the sea, and 
so painfully preserved by those artificial inventions, so wonderfully approved, as that 
of Bemster in Holland, ?i/ nihil hide par aid simile invenias in toto orbe^ saitli Bertius 
the geographer, all the world cannot match it, ^^so many navigable channels from 
place to place, made by men's hands, &c. and on the other side so many thousand 
acres of our fens lie drowned, our cities thin, and those vile, poor, and ugly to behold 
in respect of theirs, our trades decayed, our still running rivers stopped, and that bene- 
ficial use of transportation, wholly neglected, so many havens void of ships and 
towns, so many parks and forests for pleasure, barren lieaths, so many villages 
depopulated. Sec. I think sure he would find some fault. 

I may not deny bui that this nation of ours, doth bene audire apud exteros, is a 
most noble, a most flourishing kingdom, by common consent of all '^geographers, 
historians, politicians, 'tis unica velttl arj\'*' and which Quintius in Livy said of the 
inhabitants of Peloponnesus, may be well applied to us, we are tcsludincs testa sua 
inc/iisi^ like so many tortoises in our shells, safely defended by an angry sea, as a 
wall on all sides. Our island hath many such honourable eulogiums ; and as a 
loarned countryman of ours right well hath it, ^'"- Ever since the Normans first coming 
into England, this country both for military matters, and all other of civility, hath 
been paralleled with the m )st flourishing kingdoms of Europe and our Christian 
world," a blessed, a rich c )untry, and one of the fortunate isles : and for some 
things ^* preferred before oth n- countries, for expert seamen, our laborious discover- 
ies, art of navigation, true mjrcbants, they carry tlie bell away from all other nations, 
even the Portugals and Hollanders themselves; ^^" without all fear," saith Boterus, 
'/'furrowing the ocean winter and summer, and Uvo of their captains, with no less 
''valour tiian fortune, have sailed round about the world." ^"We iiave besides many 
particular blessings, whicli our neighbours want, the Gospel truly preached, church 
discipline established, long peace and quietness free from exactions, foreign fears, 
invasions, domestical seditions, well manured, "'fortified by art, aim nature, and now 
most happy in that fortunate union of England and Scotland, which our forefathers 
have laboured to effect, and desired to see. But in which we excel all others, a 



'" So intituled, and preaclied by oiir Repius Profes- 
sor, D. Prideaux ; printed at London hy Fojlix Kinjj;- 
BKm, 10-21. -oOf wliitli Text lead two learned 

Ki!!noiis. " Sa'pins Ixina materia cessat sine ar- 

litite. Saliellicus de CJennania. Si qiiis videret Ger 



del par excellence." ''Jam inde non belli gloria 

qiiitm hiinianitatis rultii intei' florontis-siina^ orbis 
(lirisliani uentes imprimis floruit. Camden Brit, de 
Normamiis. •"' Geors. Keeker. '■'■'Tani iileme 

qnim testate inlrepide snicant Oceaniim. et duo illo- 



nianiain iirliiliiis liodie exciilt.un. non diceret ut ollin rum duces non minore aiidacifl. (inam fnrtiinft totiui 

Iristem cultii, asperam cop!.",, terram informem. '.*- Hy orl)etii terra? circmiinavipiriint. Amphitlieatro liote- 

his Majesty's Attorney 'Jeiier.il tlieie. '.^SAsZeip- riis. *i a fertile soil, good air, ice. Tin, Lead 

land, Hems'.i'r in Unlland. &c -< From 0:iiipit to Wool. Saffron, &.C. !" Tola Britannia unica veliu 

^luce, from Unifies to the Sea, &c. - Ortelins, arz Buter. 

Iloterus, Mcrcalor. iMeteraiius, &.c. 2(i"Tlie cilu- ' 



Democrilus to the Reader. 57 

vise, learned^ligious king, another Numa, a second Augustiis, a true Josiah ; niosi )/^>l' 
worthy senators, a learned clergy, an obedient commonalty, Stc Yet amongst many 
roses, some thistles gi'ow, some bad weeds and enormities, which much disturb the 
leace of this body politic, eclipse the honour and glory of it, iit to be rooted ou.. 
find with all speed to be reformed. 

N,The first is idleness, by reason of wliich we have many swarms of roguei;, anc" 
oeggars, thieves, drunkards, and discontented persons (M-hom Lycurgus in Plutarch 
calls morbos reipublicce, the boils of the commonwealth), many poor people in all 
our towns. Civitates ignobiles, as ^^Polydore calls them, base-built cities, inglorious, 
ooor, small, rare in sight, ruinous, and thin of inhabitants. Our land is fertile we may 
not deny, full of all good things, and why doth it not then abound with cities, as well 
as Italy, France, Germany, the Low Countries ? because their policy hath been other- 
wise, and we' are not so thrifty, circumspect, industrious. Idleness is the malus 
genius of our nation. For as ''* Boterus justly argues, fertility of a country is not 
enough, except art and industry be joined unto it, according to Aristotle, riches are 
either natural or artificial ; natural are good land, fair mines, &c. artificial, are manu- 
factures, coins, &c. Many kingdoms are fertile, but thin of inhabitants, as that 
Duchy of Piedmont in Italy, which Leander Albertus so much magnifies for corn, 
wine, fruits, &.c., yet nothing near so populous as those which are more barren. 
^"^ England," saith he, " London only excepted, hath never a populous city, and yet 
a fruitlul country. I find 46 cities and walled towns in Alsatia, a small province i<a 
Germany, 50 castles, an infinite number of villages, no ground idle, no not rock) 
places, or tops of hills are unfilled, as ''^Munster informeth us. In '"^Greichgea, a 
a small territory on the Necker, 24 Italian miles over, I read of 20 walled towns, 
innumerable villages, each one containhig 150 houses most part, besides castles and 
noblemen's palaces. I observe in ^'Turinge in Dutchland (twelve miles over by 
their scale) 12 counties, and in them 144 cities, 20U0 villages, 144 towns, 250 cas- 
tles. In ^*' Bavaria 34 cities, 46 towns, &c. ^PorliigaUiu intcramnis^ a small plot . 
of ground, hath 1460 parishes, 130 monasteries, 200 bridges. Malta, a barren island, 
yields 20,000 inhabitants. But of all the rest, I admire Lues Guicciardine's relations of 
the Low Countries. Holland hath 26 cities, 400 great villages. Zealand J cities, 102 
parishes. Brabant 26 cities, 102 parishes. Flanders 28 cities, 90 towns, 1 154 villages, 
besides abbeys, castles, &.c. The Low Countries generally have three cities at least 
for one of ours, and those far more populous and rich : and what is the cause, but tlieii 
mdustry and excellency in all manner of trades } Their connnerce, which is main- 
tained by a multitude of tradesmen, so many excellent channels made by art and oppor- 
tune havens, to which they build their cities ; all which we have in like measure, or 
at least may have. But their chiefest loadstone which draws all manner of commerce 
and merchandise, which maintains their present estate, is not fertility of soil, but 
industry that enricheth them, the gold mines of Peru, or Nova Hispania may not 
compare with lliem. They have neither gold nor silvr- oC iheir own, wine nor oil, 
or scarce any corn growing in those iinWr.' jj-rovmces, little or no wood, tin, lead, 
iron, silk, wool, any stufi" a'm. -•:;■,, or metal ; and yet Hungary, Transylvania, that 
orag of their mi nr^, fciuie England cannot compare with them. I dare boldly say, 
thpt '"'Tl.iier France, Tarentum, Apulia, Lombardy, or any part of Italy, Valentia in 
.Spain, or that pleasant Andalusia, with their excellent fruits, wine and oil, two har- 
vests, no not any part of Europe is so flourishing, so rich, so populous, so full of 
good ships, of well-built cities, so abounding with all things necessary for the use -M' 
.nan. 'I'is our Indies, an epitome of China, and all by reason of their industry, g^od 
Oolicy, and commerce. Industry is a load-stone to draw all good things ; that alone 
aiakes countries flourish, cities populous, ''° and will enforce by reason of much ma- 
lure, which necessarily follows, a barren soil to be fertile and good, as sheep, sailh 

Dion, mend a bad pasture. 

\Tell me politicians, why is that fruitful Palestina, noble Greece, Egypt, Asu 

s^Lib. 1. hi^t. 3s Increment, iirb. I. 1. c. 9. si^Ortelius 6 Vaseo et Pet. de Medina. soAnliun- 

Anglite, excepto Londino, nulla eat civitas memora- dred families in each. wPopuli multjtiido dilj- 

bllis, !icel ra natio return onini\im copia aliundel. geiite ciiltiira fcBcundat solum. Boter. 1. «. c. i 

sCosmng. Lib. 3. cop. 119. Villarum non est niinie- -"Orat. 35. Terra ubi oves stabulantur ODlinia agri- 

rns, iiullus loctisotiosus auv mcultus. ^echytreus i colis ob stercus. 

Ofat. edit. Fiancot. 1563. « Maginus Geog. i 



58 Democritus to the Reader. 

Minor, so much decayed, and (mere carcases now) fallen from that thty were The 
Jround is the same, but the government is altered, the people are grown siothfui, 
idle, their good husbandry, policy, and industry is decayed. JYon faligata aut ejfcet.a 
humus^ as ''^Columella well informs Sylvinus, sed noslrci fit inertia^ Sj.c. May a man 
believe that which Ari='.otle in his politics, Pausanias, Stephanus, Sophianus, Gerbe- 
lius relate of old Greerc ? ''^l find heretofore 70 cities in Epirus overthrown by Paulas 
jEniilius, a goodly pro\nice in times past, "^now left desolate of good towns and al- 
most inhabitants. Six*v-lwo cities in Macedonia in Strabo's time. I find 30 in Laconia, 
but now scarce so man^ villages, saith Gerbelius. If any man from Mount Taygetus 
should view the couniry round about, and see tot dellcias^ tot urbes per Pelopone- 
sura dtspersasj so many delicate and brave built cities with such cost and exquisite 
cunning, so neatly set out in Peloponnesus, ''^he should perceive them now ruinous 
and overthrown, burnt, waste, desolate, and laid level with the ground.' Incrcdibik 
dictii, &c. And as he laments, Quis taliafando Te?nperet a lachrymis? Quis tam 
durus aid fcrreus^ (so he prosecutes it).''^ Who is he that can sufficiently condole 
and commiserate these ruins? Where are those 4000 cities of Egypt, those 100 
cities in Crete ? Are they now come to two ? Wiiat saith Pliny and ^lian of old 
Italy ? There were in former ages 1 106 cities : Blondus and Machiavel, both grant 
them now nothing near so populous, and full of good towns as in the time of Au- 
gustus (for now Leander Albertus can find but 300 at most), and if we may give 
credit to "'"Livy, not then so strong and puissant as of old: '-'They mustered 70 
Legions in former times, which now the known world will scarce yield. Alexander 
built 7'3 cities in a short space for his part, our Saltans and Turks demolish twice 
as mau}^, and leave al. desolate. Many will not believe but that our island of Great 
Britain is now more populous than ever it was ; yet let them read Bede, Leland and 
others, they shall find it most flourished in the Saxon Heptarchy, and in the Con- 
queror's time was far better inhabited, than at this present.. See that Doomsday 
Book, and show me those thousands of parishes, which are now decayed, cities 
ruined, villages depopulated, &c. ■ The lesser the territory is, commonly, the richer 
it is. Parvus sed bene cultus ager. As those Athenian, Lacedeemonian, Arcadian, 
Aelian, Sycionian, Messenian, &c. commonwealths of Greece make ample proof, as 
those imperial cities and free states of Germany may witness, those Cantons of Swit- 
zers, Rheti, Grisons, Walloons, Territories of Tuscany, Luke and Senes of old, Pied- 
mont, Mantua, Venice in Italy, Ragusa, &c. 

That prince therefore as, ^'Boterus adviseth, that will have a rich country, and 
fair cities, let him get good trades, privileges, painful inhabitants, artificers, and suffer 
no rude matter unvvrought, as tin, iron, wool, lead, Sj-c, to be transported out of his 
country, — ^^a thing in part seriously attempted amongst us, but not effected. And 
because industry of men, and multitude of trade so much avails to the ornament and 
enriching of a kingdom ; those ancient ''^Massilians would admit no man into their 
city that had not some trade. Selym the first Turkish emperer procured a thousand 
good artificers to bp b"oughtfrom Tauris to Constantinople. The Polanders indented 
with Henry Duke of Anjou, their new chosen king, to bring with him an hundred 
families of artificers into Poland. James the first in Scotland (as '^"Buchanan writes) 
sent for the best artificers he could get in Europe, and gave them great rewards to 
teach his subjects their several trades. Edward the Third, our most renowned 
king, to his eternal memory, brought clothing first into this island, transporting 
some families of artificers from Gaunt hither. How many goodly cities could I 
reckon up, that thrive wholly by trade, where thousands of inhabitants live singular 
well by their fingers' ends : As Florence in Italy by making cloth of gold ; great 
Milan by silk, and all curious works ; Arras in Artois by those fair hangings ; many 
cities in Spain, mar- in France, Germany, have none other maintenance, especially 
those within the land. ^' Mecca, in Arabia Petraea, stands in a most unfruitful coun- 



^'Dr re rust. 1. 2. cap. ». The soil is not tired or | ■'^Lib. 7. Septuaginta oliin lesiones scriploB diciintiii ; 
exhausted, hut htis b'-co"*" barren through our sloth. \ quas vires hodie, <fec. J' Polit. 1. 3. c. 8. i^l'iir 

« Hodie urbibus doouiatur, ct magna ex parte incoUs dyeing of cloths, and dressing, &;c. « Valer 1. i. 

dest.tuitur. Gerbelius desc. Griecias, lib. 6. « Vi- c. 1. ^u Hist. Scot. Lib. U). Magnis proDOSitij 

<lebit eas fere oiunes aut ever«a<, aut solo tequatas, prsmii.?, ut Scoti ab iis edncerentur. ^' Munst. 

aut in ruflera fa-dissiine dejecta^; Gerbelius. cosin 1. 5. c. 74 Agro omnium rerum infoBCUndissiii.f 

«Not even the liardpst of our fons could hear, ' aqua indisente inter saxeta, urbs tamen elpgantisfi 

Nor stern Ulysses lell witliout a tear. > ma, ob OrienliB negotiationes et Occidentis 



Democritus to the Reader. 59 

try, that wants water, amongst the rocks (as Vertomanus describes it), and yet it is 
a most elegant and pleasant city, by reason of the traftic of the east and west. 
Ormus in Persia is a most famous mart-town, hath nought else but the opportunity 
of the haven to make it flourish. Corinth, a noble city (Lumen Grecioe, Tully calls 
it) the Eye of Greece, by reason of Cenchreas and Lecheus, those excellent ports, 
drew all that traffic of the Ionian and ^Egean seas to it ; and yet the country about 
it was curva et superciliosa^ as ^^Strabo terms it, rugged and harsh. We may say 
the same of Athens, Actium, Thebes, Sparta, and most of those toviiis in Greece. 
(Nuremberg in Germany is sited in a most barren soil, yet a noble imperial city by 
tKe" sole industry of artificers, and cunning trades, they draw the riches of most coun- 
tries to them, so expert in manufactures, that as Sallust long since gave out of the like, 
Scdem anbncK in extremis digltls habent, their soul, or intelkctus agcns, was placed in 
their fingers' end ; and so we may say of Basil, Spire, Cambray, Frankfort, &c. It is 
almost incredible to speak wliat some write of Mexico and the cities adjoining to it, 
no place in the world at their first discovery more populous, "^ Mat. Riccius, the 
Jesuit, and some others, relate of the industry of the Chinese most populous coun- 
tries, not a beggar or an idle person to be seen, and how by that means they prosper 
and flourish. We have the same means, able bodies, pliant wits, matter of ali sorts, 
wool, flax, iron, tin, lead, wood, Slc.^ many excf;llent subjects to work upon, only 
industry is wanting. We send our best commodities beyond the seas, which they 
make good use of to their necessities, set themselves a work about, and severally 
improve, sending the same to us back at dear rates, or else make toys and baubles 
of the tails of them, which they sell to us again, at as great a reckoning as the 
whole." , In most of our cities, some few excepted, like ^^ Spanish loiterers, we live 
wholly by tippling-inns and ale-houses. Malting are their best ploughs, their great- 
est trafhc to sell ale. ^^Meteran and some others object to us, that we are no whit 
so industrious as the Hollanders : " Manual trades (saith he) which are more cu- 
rious or troublesome, are wholly exercised by strangers : they dwell in a sea full of 
fish, but they are so idle, they will not catch so much as shall serve their own turns, 
but buy it of their neighbours." Tush^** Mare Uberum, they fish under our noses, 
and sell it to us when they have done, at their own prices. 

■ Pudet hsec opprobria nobis 



Et dici potuisse, et iion potiiisse refelli." 

, I am ashamed to hear this objected by strangers, and know not how to answer it 
Amongst our towns, there is only "London that bears the face of a city, ^^ Epitome 
Britannicg^ a famous emporium., second to none beyond seas, a noble mart : but sola 
crescit^ decrescentibus aliis ; and yet, in my slender judgment, defective in many 
things. The rest C^" some few excepted) are in mean estate, ruinous most part, poor, 
and full of beggars, by reason of their decayed trades, neglected or bad policy, idle- 
ness of their inhabitants, riot, which had rather beg or loiter, and be ready to starve, 
than work. 

I cannot deny but that something may be said in defence of our cities, *" that they 
are not so fair built, (for the sole magnificence of this kingdom (concerning build- 
ings) hath been of old in those Norman castles and religious houses,) so rich, thick 
sited, populous, as in some other countries ; besides the reasons Cardan gives, Subtil. 
Lib. H. we want wine and oil, their two harvests, we dwell in a colder air, and for 
tliat cause must a little more liberally ^' feed of flesh, as all northern countries do : 
our provisions will not therefore extend to the maintenance of so many ; yet notwith- 
standing we have matter of all sorts, an open sea for traffic, as well as the rest, 
goodly havens. And how can we excuse our negligence, our riot, drunkenness, &c., 

5-I,ib 8. Genrgr . ob asperiini situm. m Lib. | ^s Camden, so York, Bristow, Norwich, Worcester, &c. 

Edit, a Nic Tre^'ant. Bel". A. 1(516. expedit. in Sinag. fo M. Gainsford'.,; Argument : Because sentlenien dwell 
s-i Ubi nobiles probi loco habent artem aliqnam profi- with ua in the country villajres, our cities are less, is 
teri. Cleonard. cf.. 1. 1. 6=Mb. 13. Belg. Hist, i nothing to the purpose: put three hundred or four 

non tarn laboriosi ut Belgac, sed ut Hispani otiatores hundred villages in a shire, and every village yield a 
vitam ut plnrinuim otiosam auentes : artes manuarise gentleman, what is four hundred families to increase 
>)\i!P plurimum liahent in so laboris et dillicultatis, ma- one of our cities, or to contend with theirs, which 
joremq ; requirunt industriam. a peregrinis et exteris stand thicker? And whereas ours usually consist of 
exercentnr; habitant in piscosissimo mari, interea seven thousand, theirs consist of forty thousand inha- 
• antuni non pi?caniur quantum insulie suffecetit sed 4 bitants. 6' Maxima pars victus i;i came coi sisti; 

vicinif eniere coL'unti'r. £' Grotii t^iber. STXjtba Polyd. Lib. 1. (list, 
aniniis nuineroque potens, e<. roDure gentis. Sraliger ' 



60 Uemocritus to the Reader. 

and such enormities that follow it ? We have excellent laws enacted, you will say, 
severe statutes, houses of correction, &c., to "jinall purpose it seems; it is not houses 
will serve, but cities of correction ; "our trades generally ought to be reformed, wants 
supplied. In other countries they have the same grievances, I confess, but that doth 
not excuse us, '"^ wants, defects, enormities, idle drones, tumults, discords, contention, 
law-suits, many laws made against them to repress those innumerable brawls and 
law-suits, excess in apparel, diet, decay of tillage, depopulations, ''^especially against 
rogues, beggars, Egyptiau vagabonds (so termed at least) which have "swarmed all 
over Germany, France, Italy, Poland, as you may read in '^'^Munster, Cranzius, and 
Aventinus ; as those Tartars and Arabians at this day do in the eastern countries : 
yet such has been the iniquity of all ages, as it seems to small purpose. JVe7no m 
nostra cloifate mendicus eslo,^'' saith Plato : he will have tliem purged from a ^'^ com- 
monwealth, "^^"as a bad humour from the body," that are like so many ulcers and 
boils, and must be cured before the melancholy body can be eased. 

What Carolus Magnus, the Chinese', the Spaniards, the duke of Saxony and many 
other states have decreed in this case, read ^rniseus, cap. 19 ; Botenis^ libra 8, cap. 2 ; 
Osorius de Riibus gest. Einan. lib. 11. When a country is overstocked with people, 
as a pasture is oft overlaid with cattle, they had wont in former times to disburden 
themselves, by sending out colonies, or by wars, as those old Romans ; or by em- 
ploying them at home about some public buildings, as bridges, road-ways, for wliich 
those Romans were famous in this island ; as Augustus Caesar did in Rome, the 
Spaniards in their Indian mines, as at Potosi in Peru, where some 30,000 men are 
still at work, 6000 furnaces ever boiling, &c. '"aqueducts, bridges, havens, those 
stupend works of Trajan, Claudius, at ''Ostium, Dioclesiani Therma, Fucinus Lacus, 
that Piraeum in Athens, made by Themistocles, ampitheatrums of curious marble, 
as at Verona, Ci vitas Philippi, and Heraclea in Thrace, those Appian and Fla- 
minian ways, prodigious works all may witness ; and rather than they should be 
'^idle, as those "Egyptian Pharaohs, Maris, and Sesostris did, to task their subjects 
to build unnecessary pyramids, obelisks, labyrinths, channels, lakes, gigantic works 
all, to divert them from rebellion, riot, drunkenness, '^ Quo scilicet alaniur et ne 
vagando laborare desuescant. 

Another eye-sore is that want of conduct and navigable rivers, a great blemish as 
''Boterus, ''^Hippolitus a Collibus, and other politicians hold, if it be neglected in a 
commonwealth. Admirable cost and charge is bestowed in the Low Countries on 
this behalf, in the dutchy of Milan, territory of Padua, in " France, Italy, China, 
and so likewise about corrivations of water to moisten and refresh barren grounds, 
to drain fens, bogs, and moors. Massinissa made many inward parts of Barbary 
and Numidia in Africa, before his time incult and horrid, fruitful and bartable by this 
means. Great industry is generally used all over the eastern countries in this kind, 
especially in Egypt, about Babylon and Damascus, as Vertomannus and '^Gotardus 
Arthus relate ; about Barcelona, Segovia, Murcia, and many other places of Spain, 
Milan in Italy ; by reason of which, their soil is much impoverished, and inhnite 
commodities arise to the inhabitants. 

.X^The Turks of late attempted to cut that Isthmus betwixt Africa and Asia, which 
'^Sesostris and Darius, and some Pharaohs of Egypt had formerly undertaken, but 
with ill success, as *°Diodorus Siculus records, and Pliny, for that Red-sea being 
three ^' cubits higher than Egypt, would have drowned all the country, ccBpto des- 



'•^ Refrsnate monopolii licentiam, pauciores alantiir 
otio, redinlegretur agricolatio, liinificiuiii instauretiir, 
ut sil hiiiiestiiiii iie^ntiiiiii quo se exerceat otiosa ilia 
tiirha. Nisi his malis medentiir, friistraexercent jiis- 
tiliain Mor. Ltop. Lib. 1. ''■' Mancipiis lociiples 

eget a^ris Cappadncum ri'X. Hnr. ^^ Regis diiini- 

tatis nop est exercere imperiuin in mendicos sed in 
opulentos. Non est reuni decus, sed carceris esse 
custos. Idem. '■'' Ccdiiivies liotriinum mirahiles 



ciirratur, opificia condlscantur, tenues subleventur. 
Biidin. I. 6. c. 2. num. 6,7. " Amasis ^sypti rex 

legem prniniilgavit. ut omnes subdili quntannis ratio- 
hem redderent unde viverent. '■> Buscnidus dis- 
cursii polit. cap. 2. "whereby they are supported, and 
do not become vagrants by being less accustomed to 
labour." is Lib. 1. de increm. tJrb. cap. 6. 'eCap. 
5. de increm. urb Qiias fliimen, larus, aut mare alluit 
Incredihilem conimoditalem, vectur^ mercir.m Ires 



excocti solo, immundi vestes fiedi visu, furti imprimis Ifliivii navigabiles, &c. Koterus de Galli4. '"He- 

acres, &c. «''Cosmog. lili. 3. cap. 5. ti' "Let j rodotus. ■"Und. Orient, cap. 2. Rotam in medio 

~ia one in our city be a heugar." es Seneca. Ilaud Iflumirie conslituunt, cui ex pellibus animaliiim >onsu 

minus turpia principi niulta supplicia, qua.m medico ! tos uteres appendunt, hi duin rota movetur, aquam 
multa funera. ''« Ac pituitam el bilem a corpore per canales, &c. no Centum pedes lata fossa 30 

(J J. de leg ) omnes vult exterminari. ™See Lip- alta. "i Ciiiitrary to that of Archimedes^ wh« 

iiUS Adniiranda. "" De quo Suet, in Claudio, et holds the superficies of all waters even, 

riinius, c. 36. "Ut egestati simul et ignaviae oc- i 



Democritus to the Reader. <»1 

tlterayit. they left off; yet as the same ^^Diodorus writes, Ptolemy renewed the 
work many years after, and absolved in it a more opportune place. 

That Isthmus of Corinth was likewise undertaken to be made navigable by Deme- 
trius, by Julius Caesar, Nero, Domitian, Herodes Atticus, to make a speedy ^^ passage, 
and less dangerous, from the Ionian and iEgean seas ; but because it could not be 
so well effected, the Peloponnesians built a wall like our Picts' wall about Schfe- 
nute, where Neptune's temple stood, and in the shortest cut over the Isthmus, of 
which Diodorus, lib. 1 1 . Herodotus, lib. 8. Vran. Our latter writers call it Hexa- 
milium, which Amurath the Turk demolished, the Venetians, anno 145:?, repaired 
in 15 days with 30,000 men. Some, saith Acosta, would have a passage cut from 
Panama to Nombre de Dios in America ; but Thuanus and Serres the French his- 
torians speak of a famous aqueduct in France, intended in Flenry the Fourth's time, 
from the Loire to the Seine, and from Rhodanus to the Loire. The like to which 
was formerly assayed by Domitian the emperor, ^M'i'om Arar to Moselle, which 
Cornelius Tacitus speaks of in the 13 of his annals, after by Charles the Great and 
others. Much cost hath in former times been bestowed in either new making or 
mending channels of rivers, and their passages, (as Aurelianus did by Tiber to make 
it navigable to Rome, to convey corn from Egypt to the city, vadiim olvei tumcn/is 
effodit saith Vopiscus, et Tiheris ripas extruxit he cut fords, made banks, &c.) 
decayed havens, which Claudius the emperor with infinite pains and charges attempted 
at Ostia, as I have said, the Venetians at this day to preserve their city ; many ex- 
cellent means to enrich their territories, have been fostered, invented in most provin- 
ces of Euprope, as planting some Indian plants amongst us, silk-worms, ^*^ the very 
mulberry leaves in the plains of Granada yield 30,000 crowns per annum to the 
king of Spain's coflers, besides those many trades and artificers that are busied about 
them in the kingdom of Granada, Murcia, and all over Spain. In France a great 
benefit is raised by salt, &.C., whether these things might not be as happily attempted 
with us, and with like success, it may be controverted, silk-worms (1 mean) vines, 
fir trees, &c. Cardan exhorts Edward the Sixth to plant olives, and is fully per- 
suaded they would prosper in this island. With us, navigable rivers are most part 
neglected ; our streams are not great, I confess, by reason of the narrowness of the 
island, yet tliey run smoothly and even, not headlong, swift, or amongst rocks and 
shelves, as foaming Rhodanus and Loire in France, Tigris in Mesopotamia, violent 
Durius in Sj)ain, with cataracts and whirlpools, as jhe Rhine, and Danubius, about 
Shaffausen, Lausenburgh, Linz, and Cremmes, to endanger navigators ; or broad 
shalloAV, as Neckar in the Palatinate, Tibris in ItaiV ; but calm and fair as Arar in 
France, Hobrus in Macedonia, Eurotas in Laconia, they gently glide along, and might 
as well be repaired many of them (I mean Wye, Trent, Ouse, Thamisfs at Oxford, 
the defect of which we feel in the mean time) as the river of Lee from Ware to 
London. B. Atwater of old, or as some will Henry I. ^^made a channel from Trent 
to Lincoln, navigable ; which now, saith Mr. Camden, is decayed, and much men- 
tion is made of anchors, and such like monuments found about old *' Verulamium, 
ffood ships have formerly come to Exeter, and many such places, whose channels, 
liavens, ports are now barred and rejected. We contemn this benefit of carriage by 
waters, and are therefore compelled in the inner parts of this island, because por- 
tage is so dear, to eat up our commodities ourselves, and live like so many boars in 
a sty, for want of vent and utterance. 

,^- i We have many excellent havens, royal havens, Falmouth, Portsmouth, Milford, &c. 
equivalent if not to be preferred to that Indian Havanna, old Brundusium in Italy, Aulia 
in (ireece, Ambracia in Acarnia, Suda in Crete, which liave tew ships in them, little or 
no traffic or trade, which have scarce a village on them, able to bear great cities, sed vi- 
derint pnlilici. ! could here justly tax many other neglects, abuses, errors, defects 
among us, and in other countries, depopulations, riot, drunkenness, &c. and many such, 
qucp nunc in^aurem susurrare non libet. But I must take heed, nc quid gravius dicam, 



^ Lib. 1. cap. 3. raiHon. Paiisanias, et Nic. Ger- 

heliiis. Munster. Cosm. Lib. 4. cap. 36. Ut brevinr 
foret navigatin el minus periciilosa. "■• Charles the 

grea'.^fint about tn make a channe' from the Rhine 
to the I iiiube. Bil. Pirkimerus descript. Ger. the 
ruins ai' Tet seen about VVessenburg from Rednich to 



Altimul. lit navigabilia inter se Occidentis et Sep- 
tentrionis littora fierent. ''■' Maginiis Georpr. Siiti- 

leriis de rep. Helvet. lib. 1. describit. * Cariiden 

in Lintolrishire, Fopsedike. " Near St. Albiiiii. 

'• which must not now be whispered in the ear " 



62 DemocrUus to the Reader. 

that I do not overshoot myself, Sus Mincrvam., I am forth of my element, as you perad- 
t'eiuure suppose; and sometimes Veritas odium parit., as he said, "verjuice and oat- 
meal IS good for a parrot." For as Lucian said of an historian, I say of a politician. 
'He tliat will freely speak and write, must be for ever no subject, under no prince or 
■ law, but lay out the matter truly as it is, not caring what any can, wdl, like or dislike. 
We have good laws, I deny not, to rectify such enormities, and so in all other 
countries, but it seems not always to good purpose. We had need of some general 
visitor in our age, that sliould reform what is amiss; a just army of Rosie-crosse 
men, for they will amend all matters (they say) religion, policy, manners, with arts, 
sciences, &.C. Another Attila, Tamerlane, Hercules, to strive with Achelous, Jiugea 
stabnluin piirgare^i to sub(hie tyrants, as *"" he did Diomedes and Busirisvto expel 
thieves, as he did Cacus and Lacinius : to vindicate poor captives, as he did Hesione 
to pass the torrid zone, the deserts of Lybia, and purge the world of monsters and 
Centaurs : or another Theban Crates to reform our manners, to compose quarrels 
and controversies, as in his time he did, and was therefore adored for a god in Alliens 
'^As Hercules ''^purged the world of monsters, and subdued them, so did he light 
against envy, lust, anger, avarice, &c. and all tliose feral vices and monsters of tlie 
mind." It were to be wished we had some such visitor, or if Avishing would serve, 
'one had such a ring or rings, as Timolaus desired in '"Lucian, by virtue of which he 
"should be as strong as 10,000 men, or an army of giants, go invisible, open gates and 
castle doors, have what treasure he would, transport himself in an instant to Avhat place 
he desired, alter afi'ections, cure all manner of diseases, tliat he might range over the 
world, and reform all distressed states and persons, as lie would himself -.He might 
reduce tliose wandering Tartars in order, that infest China on the one side, Muscovy, 
Poland, on the otlier ; and tame the vagabond Arabians that rob and spoil those east- 
• crn countries, that they sliould never use more caravans, or janizaries to conduct 
them. He might root out barbarism out of America,, and fully discover Terra Jlus- 
tralis Incngnila, find out the nortli-east and north-west passages, drain those mighty 
Mitotian fens, cut down those vast Hircinian woods, Irrigate those barren Arabian 
deserts, &c. cure us of our epidemical diseases, scorhulum^ plica^ morbus JYeapolita- 
nus^i &.C. end all our idle controversies, cut off our tumultuous desires, inordinate 
lusts, root out atheism, impiety, heresy, schism and superstition, which now so cru- 
cify the world, catechise gross ignorance, purge Italy of luxury and riot, Spain of 
superstition and jealousy, Germany of drunkenness, all our northern country of glut- 
tony antl intemperance, castigate our hard-hearted parents, masters, tutors ; laeh 
disobedient children, negligent servants, correct these spendthrifts and prodigal sons, 
enforce idle persons to work, drive drunkards off the alehouse, repress thieves, visit 
corrupt and tyrannizing magistrates, Sec. But as L. Licinius taxed Timolaus, you 
may us. Tiiese are vain, absurd and ridiculous wishes not to be hoped : all must 
be as it is, ^'Bocchalinus may cite commonwealths to come before Apollo, and seek 
to reform the world itself by commissioners, but there is no remedy, it may not be 
redressed, desinent homines twn demum slullescere quando esse desinc7it, so long as 
they can wag their beards, they will play the knaves and fools. 

Because, therefore, it is a thing so difficult, impossible, and far beyond Hercules 
labours to be performed ; let them be rude, stupid, ignorant, incult, lapis super lapi- 
dem sedeat^ and as tlie '■'^apologist will, resp. /«ss/, et graveolentia laboret, mundus 
vdio^ let them be barbarous as they are, let them ®* tyrannize, epicurize, oppress, 
luxuriate, consume themselves with factions, superetitions, lawsuits, wars and con- 
tentions, live in riot, poverty, want, misery ; rebel, wallow as so many swine in their 
own dung, with Ulysses' companions, stultos jubeo esse lihenter. I will yet, to satisfy 
and please myself, make an Utopia of mine own, a new Atlantis, a poetical common- 
wealth of mine own, in which I will freely domineer, build cities,* make laws, sta- 
tutes, as I list myself And why may I not .^ ^^Pictoribus atque poetis, &c. 

You know what liberty poets ever had, and besides, my predecessor Democritus 

ssLisiiis Girald. Nat. comes. b^ Apuleius, lib. 4. I monstra philosopluis iste Hercules fuit. Pestes ea» 

Flor. I.ar. fainiliaris inter linmines retaiis sure ciiltus nifiitihus e^egil oinnes, &c. w Votis navig. 

est, liliuin oiiiiiiiiin et jiirgionmi inter propinquns ar- " Racmialios, part 2, cap. 2, et part 3, c. 17. '^' Ve- 

bitrer et discepiatcir. A(iver«us iracundiam, invidiam, lent. Andrea? A|)nlo<». manip. (i04. s-* Qui sottlidu* 

4v^r<liani, lihidineui. reteraq ; aiiiiui bugiani vitia et | est, eordescat adUuc. ^- Hor. 



Dcmocritus to the Reader. 63 

icas a politician, a recorder of Abdera, a law maker as some say ; and why may not 
I presume so much as he did ? Howsoever I will adventure. For the site, if you 
will needs urge me to it, I am not fully resolved, it may be in Terra Auslrali In- 
cognita^ there is room enough (tbi* of my knowledge neither that hungry Spaniard,^^ 
nor Mercurius Britannicus, have yet discovered half of it) or else one of these doat- 
ing islands in Maro del Zur, which like the Cyanian isles in the Euxine sea, alter 
their place, and are accessible only at set times, and to some few persons ; or oiie 
of the fortunate isles, for who knows yet where, or which they are ? there is room 
enough in the inner parts of America, and northern coasts of Asia. But I will choose 
a site, whose latitude shall be 45 degrees (I respect not minutes) in the midst of the 
temperate zone, or perhaps under the equator, that ^''paradise of the world, uh'i sem- 
per vircns laurus., &c. where is a perpetual spring : the longitude for some reasons 
I will conceal. Yet "be it known to all men by these presents," that if any honest 
gentleman will send in so much money, as Cardan allows an astrologer for casting a 
nativity, he shall be a sharer, I will acquaint him with my project, or if any worthy 
man will stand for any temporal or spiritual office or dignity, (for as he said of his 
archbishopric of Utopia, 'tis sanctus ambitus., and not amiss to be sought after,) it 
shall be freely given without all intercessions, bribes, letters, Stc. his own worth shall 
be the best spokesman \ and because we shall admit of no deputies or advowsons 
if he be sufficiently qualified, and as able as willing to execute the place himself, he 
shall have present possession. It shall be divided into 12 or 13 provinces, and those 
by hills, rivers, road-ways, or some more eminent limits exactly bounded. Each pro- 
vince shall have a metropolis, which shall be so placed as a centre almost in a cir- 
cumference, and the rest at equal distances, some 12 Italian miles asunder, or there- 
about, and in them shall be sold all things necessary for the use of man ; statis horis 
et diebus^ no market towns, markets or fairs, for they do but beggar cities (no village 
shall stand above 6, 7, or 8 miles from a city) except those emporiums which are by 
the sea side, general staples, marts, as Antwerp, Venice, Bergen of old, London, &.c. 
cities most part shall be situated upon navigable rivers or lakes, creeks, havens ; and 
for their form, regular, round, square, or long square, ®^with fair, broad, and straight 
'* streets, houses uniform, built of brick and stone, like Bruges, Brussels, Rhegium 
Lepidi, Berne in Switzerland, Milan, Mantua, Crema, CambalG in Tartary, described 
by M. Folus, or that Venetian palma. I will admit very few or no suburbs, anrl 
those of baser building, walls only to keep out man and horse, except it be in some 
frontier towns, or by the sea side, and those to be fortified ^^after the latest manner 
of fortification, and situated upon convenient havens, or opportune places. In 
every so built city, I will have convenient churches, and separate places to bury the 
dead in, not in churchyards ; a citadclla (in some, not all) to command it, prisons 
for ofl^enders, opportune market places of all sorts, for corn, meat, cattle, fuel, fish, 
commodious courts of justice, public halls for all societies, bourses, meeting places, 
armouries, '"in whicli shall be kept engines for quenching of fire, artillery gardens, 
public walks, theatres, and spacious fields allotted for all gymnastic sports, and 
honest recreations, hospitals of all kinds, for children, orphans, old folks, sick men, 
mad men, soldiers, pest-houses, &c. not built precarid, or by gouty benefactors, 
who, wlien by fraud and rapine they have extorted all their lives, oppressed whole 
provinces, societies, &.C. give something to pious uses, build a satisfactory alms-house, 
school or bridge, &.c. at their last end, or before perhaps, which is no otherwise than 
to steal a goose, and stick down a feather, rob a thousand to relieve ten ; and those 
hospitals so built and maintained, not by collections, benevolences, donaries, for a 
set number, (as in ours,) just so many and no more at such a rate, but for all those 
who stand in need, be they more or less, and that ex publico cprario., and so still 
maintained, nan nobis solum nati su7nus, &c. I will have conduits of sweet and good 
water, aptly disposed in each town, connnon 'granaries, as at Dresden in Misnia, Ste- 
tein in Pomerland, Noremberg, Stc. Colleges of mathematicians, musicians, and actors, 
as of old at Labedum in Ionia, ^alchymists, physicians, artists, and philosophers : that 

a^-Ferdinando Uiiir. 1612. « Vide Acostaet Laiet. 1 ">0Ve his Plin. epist. 42. lib. 2. et Tacit. Annal. 13. lib. 
""Vide patritinni, lib 8. lit. 10. de Instit. Reipcib. | i Vide ISiisdniiiiii de regno Perse lib. 3. de his et Ve 
* Si(, ohni Hlppodanms Milesins Aris. pnlit. cap. 11. getiimi, lib 2. cap. 3. de Annona. 2 Not to nialti« 

« v;tri)viu:. I. I.- nit ™ With walls of earth, &c. | Ruld, but for niatteis of phvsic. 



04 Democritus to the Reader 

i^'W arts and sciences may sooner be perfected and better learned ; and public hi? - 
loriographer?, as amongst those ancient ^Persians, <77/i m comment arios refcrel)an. 
quce memoralu digna gercbanlur^ informed and appointed by the state to register all 
tanious acts, and not by each insnfficient scriliblers, partial or parasitical pedant, as in 
our times. I will provide public schools of all kinds, singing, dancing, fencing, Stc 
especially of grammar and languages, not to be tauglit by thosp tedious precepts ordi- 
narily used, but by use, example, conversation,'' as travellers learn abroad, and nurses 
teach their children : as 1 will liave all such places, so will I ordain * public govern- 
ors, fit odicers to each place, treasurers, .ediles, cpiestors, overseers of pupils, widows' 
goods, and all public houses, Stc. and tliose once a year to make strict accounts of all 
receipts, expenses, to avoid confusion, e/ sicfiet ut 7wn absinnant {as Pliny to Trajan,) 
quad pudeat dicere. They shall be subordinate to tliose higher officers and govern- 
ors of each city, which shall not be poor tradesmen, and mean artificers, but noble- 
men and gentlemen, which sliall be tied to residence in those towns they dwell 
next, at such set times and seasons: for I see no reason (which " Ilippolitus com- 
plains of) " that it should be more dishonourable for noblemen to govern the city 
than the country, or unseendy to dwell there now, than of old. , ^I will have no 
bogs, fens, marshes, vast woods, deserts, heaths, commons, but all inclosed ; (yet 
not depopulated, and therefore take heed you ndstake me not) for that which is 
common, and every man's, is no man's ; the richest countries are still inclosed, as 
Essex, Kent, with us, &c. Spain, Italy ; and where inclosures are least in quantity, 
they are best * husbanded, as about I'lorence in Italy, Damascus in Syria, Stc which 
are liker gardens than fields. ^^ I will not have a barren acre in all my territories, not 
so much as the tops of mountains : where nature fails, it s-hall be supplied by art : 
^ lakes and rivers shall not be left desolate. All common Jiighways, bridges, banks, 
corrivations of waters, aqueducts, channels, public works, buildings, &.c. out of a 
'"common stock, curiously maintained and kept in repair; no depopulations, engross- 
ings, alterations of wood, arable, but by the consent of some supervisors that shall 
be appointed for that purpose, to see what reformation ought to be had in all'places 
what is amiss, how to help it, et quid qucsque ferat regio. el quid qucsque rrci/set 
what ground is aptest for wood, what for corn, what for cattle, gardens, orchards, 
fishponds, &c. with a charitable division in every village, (not one domineering 
house greedily to SM'allow up all, which is too common with us) what for lords, 
" what for tenants; and because they shall be better encouraged to improve such 
lands they hold, manure, plant trees, drain, fence, &c. they shall have long leases, a 
known rent, and known fine to free them from those intolerable exactions of tyran- 
nizing landlords. Tliese supervisors shall likewise appoint what quantity of land in 
each manor is fit for the lord's demesnes, '^ what for liokhng of tenants, how it ought 
to be husbanded, ut ^' magnetis equis, Minyce gens cngnita rcmis.how to be manured, 
tilled, rectified, 'Vt/'c segetes vcniimt, illic foelicius wee, arhorci foetus alihi, atque 
injussa virescunt Gramina, and what proportion is fit for all callings, because privatjL 
professors are many times idiots, ill husbands, oppressors, covetous, and know not 
how to improve their own, or else wholly respect their own, and not public good. 

Utopian parity is a kind of government, to be wished for, '* rather than effected, 
Respuh. Christianopolilana, Campanellas city of the Sun, and that new Atlantis, 
viritty fictions, but mere chimeras; and Plato's community in many things is impious 



3 Bresonins Josephns, lib. 9,1. antiqiiit. Jiid. cap. 6. 
Herod, lib. 3. ■< So I,od. Vives thinks best, Coiti- 

mineiis, and others. ■■ I'lato 3. de le^. .EdilHS 

creari vult, qui fora. fontes, vias, portiis, plateas, et id 
genus alia procurent. Vide Isaacuin I'ontanum de 
civ. Ainstel. hajc omnia, &c. Rotarduni et alios, 
•i De Increni. urb. cap. 13. Ingen>i6 faleor ine non in- 
telligere cur tgnobilius sit urbes bene niunitas colere 
nunc quiin olim. aut casie rusticse pra;sse quiin nrbi. 
Idem Ubertus Foliot, de Neapoli. ' Ne lantillum 

quidem soli incullum relinquitur, ut verum sit ne pol- 
licetn quidein asrri in his reginnibus slerilem aut infoe- 
cundum reperiri. Marcus riemltiKias Augustanus de 
regno CliiiuB, I. 1. c. 3. «" M. Carew, in his survey- 



but since inclosure, they live decently, and have inonej 
to spend (fol. 23); when their fields were coniinnn, 
their wool was coarse, Cornish hair; but since inclo- 
sure, it is almost as good as (,'olswol, and Ibeir soil 
much mended. Tusser. cap. 52. of his husbandry, is 
of his opinion, one acre inclosed, is worth three.com- 
inon. The country inclosed I praise; the other de- 
liKhleth not me, for nothing of wealth it doth raise, &c. 
" Incredibilis navi^ioruiu copia, niliilo paiiciores in 
aqiiis, quilni in continent! commoi-anlur M. Ricceu» 
e.\nedit. in Sinas, !. 1. c. 3. "'To this purpise, 

Arist. |)olit. 2. c. 6. allows a third part of their reve- 
nues, Ilippodamus half. nita lex Agraria olim 
Roiriie. '- Hie segetes, illic veniunt fa-licius nvw. 



of Cornwall, saith that before that country was in- I Arborei fa-tus alibi, atq ; injussa virescunt Gramina 
:!ospd. the husbandmen drnnk water, did eat little or j Virg. 1. Georg. i-'Lucanus, 1. 6. •< if_j, 

'uead, fol. f)6, lib. 1. their apparel was coarse, they | i5Joh. Valent Andreas, Lord Verulam 

It bare legged, their dwelling was correspondent ; 



Deniocr'dus to the Reader. 65 

absurd and ridici.lous, it takes away all splendour and magnificence. I will have 
seveial ortlers, degrees of nobility, and those hereditary, not rejecting younger bro- 
thers in the mean time, for they shall be sufficiently provided for by pensions, or so 
qualified, brought up in some honest calling, they shall be able to live of themsclvef< 
I will have such a proportion of ground belonging to every barony, he that buys 
the land shall, buy the barony, he that by riot consumes his patrimony, and ancient 
demesnes, shall forfeit his honours.'^ As some dignities shall be hereditary, so some 
again by election, or by gift (besides free ofiicers, pensions, annuities,) like oui 
bishoprics, prebends, the Bassa's palaces in Turkey, the '^procurator's houses and 
offices in Venice, which, like tlie golden apple, shall be given to the worthiest, and 
best deserving botli in war and peace, as a reward of their worth and good service, as 
so many goals for all to aim at, [Itotios edit artes) and encouragements to others 
Tor I hate these severe, unnatural, harsh, German, French, and Venetian decrees, 
which exclude plebeians from lionours, be they never so wise, rich, virtuous, valiant, 
and well qualified, they must not be patricians, but keep their own rank, this is naiu- 
rce helium inferre., odious to God and men, I abhor it. My form of government 
«hall be monarciiical. 



■ " nunquaiii libertas gralior extat, 



Quaiii sub Re!;e pio," Ate. 

Few laws, but those severely kept, plainly put down, and in the mother tongue, 
that every man may understand. Every city shall have a peculiar trade or privilege, 
by which it shall be chiefly maintained : '^and parents shall teach their children one 
of three at least, bring up aiul instruct them in the mysteries of their own trade. Jn 
each town these several tradesmen shall be so aptly disposed, as they shall free the 
rest froiu danger or oflence : fire-trades, as smiths, forge-men, brewers, bakers, metal- 
men, &c., shall dwell aj)art by themselves : dyers, tanners, felmongers, and such as 
use water in convenient places by themselves : noisome or fulsome for bad smells, as 
butchers' slaughter-houses, chandlers, curriers, in remotv<5 places, and some back lanes. 
Fraternities aiul companies, I approve of, as merchants' bourses, colleges of drug- 
gists, physicians, nuisicians, Stc, but all trades to be rated in the sale of wares, as 
our clerks of the luarket do bakers and brewers ; corn itself, what scarcity soever 
shall come, not to exteml such a price. Of such wares as are transported or brought 
in, ™if they be necessary, commodious, and such as nearly concern man's life, as corn, 
wood, coal, &c., and such provision we cannot want, I will have little or no custom 
j)aid, no taxes ; but for such things as are for pleasure, delight, or ornament, as 
wme, spice, tobacco, silk, velvet, cloth of gold, lace, jewels, &.c., a greater impost. 
I will have certain ships sent out for new discoveries every year, ^'and some dis- 
creet men appointed to travel into all neighbouring kingdoms by land, which shall 
observe what artificial inventions and good laws are in other countries, customs, 
alterations, or aught else, concerning war or peace, which may tend to the common 
good. Ecclesiastical discipline, 'penes Episcopos, subordinate as the other. No 
impropriations, no lay patrons of church livings, or one private man, but common 
societies, corporations, &.C., and those rectors of benefices to be chosen out of the 
Universities, examined and approved, as the Uterali in China. No parish to con- 
tain above a thousand auditors. If it were possible, I would have such priest as 
should imitate Christ, charitable lawyers should love their neighbours as themselves, 
temperate and modest physicians, politicians contemn the world, pliilosoj/hers should 
know themselves, noblemen live honestly, tradesmen leave lying and cozoiing. 
magistrates corruption, &c., but this is impossible, I must get such as I may. I will 
therefore have ^^of lawyers, judges, advocates, physicians, chirurgeons, &c., a set 
number, ^'^and every man, if it be possible, to plead his own cause, to tell that tale 



'8 So is it in the kinpdom of Naples and France. 
" See Contarenus and Osorius de rebus gestis Enui- 
nuelis. If Claudian 1. 7. '• I.iberly never is more 

gratifying than under a pious king." '^ Herodotus 

Erato lib. 6. Cum jEgyptiis I.acedemonii in lioc coii- 
gruunt, quod eoruni pra-cnnes, tibiciiu-s, coqui, et re- 
iqui artifices, in pnterno artificio succedunt,et coquus 
A coquo gigniliir, et patcrno opere perseverat. Idem 
Marcus polus de Quinzay. Idem Osorius de Emanuele 
"cge Lusitano. Riccius de Sinis. 'onippnl. & 

c.oliibus (Ic iiicrem. urb. c. 20. Plato idem 7. de legi- 
t'ls, quae ad vitam necessaria, et quibus carere non 



Q f2 



imssumus, nullum dependi vectigal, &c 21 piato 

12. de legibus, 40. aiinos natos vult, ut si quid memo- 
rabile viderent apud e.xleros, hoc ipsum in rempuh 
recipiatur. ■■^- 8iui!erus in Helvetia. - IJlo- 

pieuses causidicos exchidunt, qui causas callide el 
val're tractent et dispntent. Iniquissimimi censens 
hominem ullis obligaii legibus, qua; aut nnmerosioic' 
sunt, quam ut perlegi queant, aut obscurinres qu&ni 
ut a quovis possint intelligi. Voluiit ut siiam qu-sq ; 
causam agat, eamij ; referal .ludici quaui narraturua 
fueral patrono, sic minus eril ambagum, el Veritas 
facilius elicielur. Mor. Utop. I. 2. 



66 Democritwi to the Reader. 

to ihc judge v^liich he Joth to his advocate, as at Fez in Africa, Bantam, Aleppi>, 
Kao-usa, suam qiiisq ; causam dicere tcnetur. Those advocates, chirurgeons, and 
"physicians, which are allowed to be maintained out of the ^'conniion treasury, n<. 
fees to be given or taken upon pain of losing their places ; or if they do, very small 
fees, and when the ^"^ cause is fully ended. /^He that sues any man shall put in a 
pledge, which if it be proved he hath wrongfully sued his advcrsqj-y, rashly or 
maliciously, he shall forfeit, and lose. Or else before any suit begin, the plaintiff 
shall have his complaint approved by a set delegacy to that purpose ; if it be of 
moment he shall be suffered as before, to proceed, if otherwise they shall determine 
It. All causes shall be pleaded suppresso nomine.^ the parties' names concealed, if 
some circumstances do not otherwise require. Judges and otlier officers shall be 
aptly disposed in each province, villages, cities, as common arbitrators to hear causes, 
and end all controversies, and those not single, but three at least on the bench at once, 
to determine or give sentence, and those again to sit by turns or lots, and not to 
continue still in the same office. No controversy to depend above a year, but without 
all delays and further appeals to be speedily despatched, and finally concluded in 
that time allotted.^ These and all other inferior magistrates to be chosen ^*as the 
literati, in Ciiina, or by those exact suffrages of the ^'^ Venetians, and such again not to 
be eligible, or capable of magistracies, honours, offices, except they be sufficiently 
'"qualified for learning, manners, and that by the strict approbation of deputed ex- 
aminers : ^' first scholars to take place, then soldiers ; for 1 am of Vigetius his opin- 
ion, a scholar deserves better than a soldier, because Unius cBtatis sunt quce fortiter 
fiunt^ qucB vera pro utilitate Reipub. scrihuntur., cpterna : a soldier's work lasts for an 
age, a scholar's for ever. If they ''^misbehave themselves, they shall be deposed, and 
accordingly punished, and whether their offices be annual '^or otherwise, once a year 
they shall be called in question, and give an account ; for men are partial and pas- 
sionate, merciless, covetous, corrupt, subject to love, hate, fear, favour, &.c., omne 
sub regno graviore regniim : like Solon's Areopagites, or those Roman Censors, 
some shall visit others, and *^ be visited inviccm themselves, ^Hhey shall oversee that 
no prowling officer, under colour of authority, shall insult over his inferiors, as so 
many wild beasts, oppress, domineer, flea, grind, or trample on, be partial or corrupt, 
but that there be cEquabile jus, justice equally done, live as friends and brethren 
together ; and which ^"^ Sesellius would have and so much desires in his kingdom of 
France, "• a diapason an-d sweet harmony of kings, princes, nobles, and plebeians so 
mutually tied and involved in love, as well as laws and authority, as that they never 
disagree, insult, or encroach one upon another." If any man deserve well in his 
office he shall be rewarded. 

" quis etiiiri virlulein amplectitur ipsam, 

Proemia si tollas V "' 

He that invents anything for public good in any art or science, writes a treatise, ^^or 
performs any noble exploit, at home or abroad, ^^ shall be accordingly enriched, 
^"honoured, and preferred. ! say with Hannibal in Ennius, Hostem quiferiet erit milii 
Carthaginensis, let him be of what condition he will, in all offices, actions, he that 
deserves best shall have best. 

Tilianus in Philonius, out of a charitable mind no doubt, wished all his books 
were gold and silver, jewels and precious stones, ^' to redeem captives, set free 



'" iMedici ex publico victum siimunt. Boter. 1. 1. c. 5. 
de ^siyptiis. '^Da his leiie I'alrit. 1. 3. lit. 8. (ie 

reip. Instit. '''' Nihil i clieiitibiis palroni accipiant, 

priusquatn lis finila est. Barcl. Arfjen. lib. 3. '^' It 

is so ill most fiee cities in Germany. '-^Mat. Ric- 

rius exped. in Sinas, 1. 1. c. ."J. de examinatione elec- 
tionum copios* a!»it, &c. -^iContar. de repub. Ve- 

net. !. 1. suOsor. 1. 11. de reb. gest. Eman. Qui 

iti lileri.'i maximos proaressus fecerint inaximis hono- 
.'ilins afficiunlur, secundus honoris gradus mililibus 



years, Arist. polit. 5. c.8. 3<Narn quis custodiet 

ipsos rustodes ■? 35 Cylreus in Greisjeia. Qui non 

ex sublimi despiciant inferiores, nee ut bestias concul- 
cent sibi gubdilos auctorilatis nomini, coiifisi, &c. 
36 Sesellius de rep. Gallorum, lib. 1 & 2. '■ " For 

who would cultivate virtue itself, if you were to take 
away the reward 1" ^i" Si quisegiegium rut be'lo 

aut pace perfecerit. Sesel. I. 1. s^ Ad regendam 

rempub. soli literati admittuntur, nee ad earn rem 
gratia magistraiuum aut regis indigent, omnia explo- 



aasignatur, poslremi ordinis nieclianicis, doctoruui | rata cujusq ; scientia et virtute pendent. Riccius lib. 
hominum jiidiciis in altiorern locum quisq ; prsesertur, 1. cap 5. ■"> In defuncti locum eum jussit siihro- 

et qui a piuriinis apprnbatur, ampliores in rep. digni- gari, qui inter majores Tirtute reliquis pra'irel ; non 
tales consequilur. Qui in hoc examine primas habet, ' fuit apud mortales ullum excellentius cert.uneii, aut 
insigni per totamvitam dignitate insianitur, marchioni cujus victoria magis esset expetenda, non eiiim inter 
eimilis, aut duci apud nos. 3i Cedant arma toese. celpres,celerrimo, non inter robustos robuslissimo, &c. 

=« As in I'erne, Lucerne. Friburge in Switzerland, a <' Nullum videres vol in hac vel in vicinis regionibu* 
vicious liver is uncapable of any ofRce ; if a Senator, paupereiii, nullum oba;raluin, &c. 
instantly deposed. Siui'erus. aa Not above three . 



Democritus to the Reader. 67 

prisoners, and relieve all poor distressed souls that wanted niPins ; religiously done. 
f deny not, but to what purpose ? Suppose this were so well done, within a little 
after, though a man had Croesus' wealth to bestow, there would be as many more 
Wherefore I will suffer no "'^beggars, rogues, vagabonds, or idle persons at all, that 
cannot give an account of their lives how they ''^maintain themselves. If they be im- 
potent, lame, blind, and single, they shall be sufficiently maintained in several boss- 
pilals, built for that purpose ; if married and infirm, past work, or by inevitable loss. 
or some such like misfortune cast behind, by distribution of "corn, house-rent free, 
annual pensions or money, they shall be relieved, and highly rewarded for their good 
service they have formerly done; if able, they shall be enforced to work. ^^"•For 1 
see no reason (as ''^he said) why an epicure or idle drone, a rich glutton, a usurer, 
shouW live at ease, and do nothing, live in honour, in all manner of pleasures, and 
oppress others, when as in the meantime a poor labourer, a smith, a carpenter, an 
husbandman that hath spent, his time in continual labour, as an ass to carry burdens, 
to do the commonwealth good, and without whom we cannot live, shall be left in 
his old age to beg or starve, and lead a miserable life worse than a jument." As 
"all conditions shall be tied to their task, so none shall be overtired, but have theii 
set times of recreations and holidays, indulgere genio., feasts and merry meetings, even 
to the meanest artificer, or basest servant, once a week to sing or dance, (though not 
all at once) or do whatsoever he shall please; like ''^that Saccarum festmn amongst 
the Persians, those Saturnals in Rome, as well as his master. ''^ If any be drunk, he 
shall drink no more wine or strong drink in a twelvemonth after. A bankrupt shall 
be '° Caladoniatus in JlmphUheatro, publicly shamed, and he that cannot pay his 
debts, if by riot or negligence he have been impoverished, shall be for a twelve- 
month imprisoned, if in that space his creditors be not satisfied, ^'he shall be hanged. 
He ^^that commits sacrilege shall lose his bauds ; he th&t bears false witness, or is 
of perjury convicted, shall have his tongue cut out, excep*, he redeem it with his 
head. Murder, ^^ adultery, shall be punished by death, ^''but not theft, except it be 
some more grievous offence, or notorious offenders : otherwise they shall be con- 
demned to the galleys, mines, be his slaves whom they have ofl^ended, during their 
lives. I hate all hereditary slaves, and that duram Persarnm legen^ as ^^Brisonius 
calls it; or as "^ Jlmviianvs^ iiripcndio formidatas et abominandas leges, per quas oh 
noxam nnius, 07nni-'i vrojnv.qniius peril hard law that wife and children, friends and 
allies, should suff^er for the father's offence. 

No man shall marry until he ^'bo 25, no woman till she be 20, ^^nisi alitur dis- 
pensatum fuerit. If one ^^die, the other party shall not marry till six months after ; 
and because many families are compelled to live niggardly, exhaust and undone 
by great dowers, *°none shall be given at all, or very little, and that by supervisors 
rated, they that are foul shall have a greater portion ; if fair, none at all, or very 
little: ^'howsoever not to exceed such a rate as those supervisors shall think fit. 
And when once they come to those years, poverty shall hinder no man from 
marriage, or any olher respect, ^^but all shall be rather enforced than hindered, 



« Nullus mendicus apiid Sinas, nemini sano quam- i septennis puer. Paiilus Heuzner Itiner. ■'s Atl e- 

vis oculis turbatus sit mendicare perinittiliir, nmnes iiasus, I. 12. ^ Simlerus de repub. Helvet. 

pro viiibiis laborare, cogiinlur, CKci molis ttusalilibus , M Spartian. olim Rome sic. i*' He that provide* 



versaiidis addiciintur, soli hospitiis gaudent, qui ad 
labores sunt iiiepti. Osor. 1. 11. de reb. gest. Enian. 
Heniins de reg. Chin. I. I. c. 3. Go'tard. Arth. Orient. 
Ind. descr. " Alex, ab Alex. 3. c. 12. "Sic 

dim Romae Isaac. Pontan. de his optime. Amstol. 
1. 2. c. 9. ■'"Idem Arislot. pol. 5. c. 8. Vitiosutn 

quuui soli pauperum liberi educantnr ad labores, no- 



nol for his family, is worse than a tliief. Paul. 
'^Alfrerii lex. iitraq ; manus et lingua pra-cidatur, nisi 
earn capite redemerit. ^s gj quis nuptam stuprJl- 

fit, virga virilis ei prasciditur ; si mulier, nasus et au- 
ricula prfficidatur. Alfredi lex. En leges ipsi Veneri 
Martiq ; timendas. '■^ Pauperes non peccant, quum 
extrenia necessitate coacti rem alienam capiunt. MaU 



biliutn et divitum in voluptatibus etdeliciis. «Qu!B ' donat. summula quaist. 8. art. 3. Egocnm illis sentio 
ha;c injusiitia ut nobilis quispiam, aut fosnerator qui qui licere putant i divite clam accipere, qui tenetui 
nihil agat, lautam et spleiididam vitam agat, otio et ' pauperi subvenire. Emmanuel Sa Aphor. confess. 
delitiis,quum interim auriga.faber.agricola, quo res- ^c Lib. 2. de Reg. Persaruni. »> £,ib. 24. ^7 Alitei 
pub. carere non potest, vitam adeo miseram ducat, ut Aristoteles, a man at 25, a woman at 20. polit. 
pejor quam jumentonim sit ejus conditio 1 Iniqua ^Lex olim Licurgi, hodie Chinensiuni ; vide Plutarch- 

um, Riccium, Hemmingium, Arniseum, Nevisanum, 
et alios de hac quaestione. '■'■' Alfredus. ™ ^pujj 
Lacones olim virgines fine dote nubebant. Boter. 1. 3. 
c. 3. 61 Lege cautum non ita pridem apud Venetos, 
ne quis Patrilius doteni excederet ISOOcoron. c- Bux 
Synag. Jud. Sic .ludffii. Leo Afer Africs descript. n« 
sint aliter inconlitientes ob reipub. bonum. Ut Kn- 
gasC. Cxsar. orat. ad cielibes Ronianos olim edocuit. 



resp. qnai dat parasitis, adulatoribus, inanium volup 
latum artificibus generosis et otiosis tanta munera 
prodigit, at contri agricolis, carbonariis, aurigis, fa- 
bris, &c. nihil prospicit, sed eorum abusa labore flo- 
rentis ffitatis fame penset et serumnis, Mor. Utop. I. 2. 
<'ln Segovia nemo otiosus, nemo mendicus nisi per 
etatem aut morbum opus facere non potest : nulli 
deest unde victum quaerat, aut quo se exerceat. Cypr. 
Echovius Delit. Hispan. NuIIus Genevee otiosus, ne 



68 Democritus to the Reader. 

"except they be ^dismembered, or grievously deformed, infirm, or visited with some 
snorinous hereditary disease, in body or mind ; in such cases upon a great pain, 
■)T mulct, ^^man or woman shall not marry, other order shall be taken for them to 
their content. .1 If people overabound, they shall be eased by "^"^ colonies. 

^'No man shall wear weapons in any city. The same attire shall be kept, and 
that proper to several callings, by which they shall be distinguished. ^^ Ltixus funC' 
rum shall be taken away, that intempestive expense moderated, and many others. 
Brokers, takers of pawns, biting usurers, I will not admit ; yet because hie cum 
hominibus non cum diis ogitur., we converse here with men, not with gods, and for 
the hardness of men's hearts I will tolerate some kind of usury .^^ If we were honest, 
I confess, si probi essemns, we should have no use of it, but being as it is, we must 
necessarily admit it. Howsoever most divines contradict it, dicimus injicias^ sed vox 
ea sola reperta est., it must be winked at by politicians. And yet some great d;ictors 
approve of it, Calvin, Bucer, Zanchius, P. Martyr, because by so many grand law- 
yers, decrees of emperors, princes' statutes, customs of commonwealths, churches' 
approbations it is permitted, &c. J will therefore allow it. But to no private persons, 
nor to every man that will, to orphans only, maids, widows, or such as by reason 
of their age, sex, education, ignorance of trading, know not otherwise how to em- 
ploy it; and those so approved, not to let it out apart, but to bring their money to a 
'"common bank which shall be allowed in every city, as in Genoa, Geneva, Nurem- 
berg, Venice, at " 5, 6, 7, not above 8 per centum, as the supervisors, or cerarii prcb- 
fecti shall think fit. '^And as it shall not be lawful for each man to be an usurer 
that will, so shall it not be lawful for all to take up money at use, not to prodigals 
and spendthrifts, but to merchants, young tradesmen, such as stand in need, or know 
honestly how to employ it, whose necessity, cause and condition the said super- 
visors shall approve of. 

J I will have no private monopolies, to enrich one man, and beggar a multitude, 
'^''multiplicity of offices, of supplying by deputies, weights and measures, the same 
throughout, and those rectified by the Primmn mobile., and sun's motion, three- 
score miles to a degree according to observation, 1000 geometrical paces to a mile, 
five foot to a pace, twelve inches to a foot, &.c. and from measures known it is an 
easy matter to rectify weights, &.c. to cast up all, and resolve bodies by algebra, 
stereometry. I hate wars if they be not ad popnli sahdem, upon urgent occasion, 
'"'■'• odimus accipifrim, quia semper vivit in armis.,'''' "offensive wars, except the cause 
be very just, I will not allow of For I do highly magnify that saying of Hannibal 
to Scipio, in "^Livy, " It had been a blessed thing for you and us, if God had given 
that mind to our predecessors, that you had been content with Italy, we with Africa. 
For neither Sicily nor Sardinia are worth such cost and, pains, so many fleets and 
armies, or so many famous Captains' lives." Omnia prius tentanda^ fair means shall 
first be tried. '•'' Peragit tranquilla poteslas.. Quod violenla nequit. I will have them 
proceed with all moderation : but hear you, Fabius my general, not Minutius, nam 
''^qui Consilio nititur plus hostibus nocet., quam qui sini animi ratione., viribus : 
And in such wars to obstain as much as is possible from '^depopulations, burning of 
towns, raassacreing of infants, &c. For defensive wars, I will have forces still ready 
at a small warning, by land and sea, a prepared navy, soldiers in procinctu., et quam 
^Bonjinius apud Hungaros suos vult., virgam ferream., and money, which is nerves 

MM-orbo lahorans, qui in prolem fticile diffunditiir, dearer, and better improved, as he hath jiidicia'ly 

ne genus huinanuni foeda confagione hfdalur, juven- proved in his tract of usury, exhibited to the Parlia- 

tute castratur, niulieres tales prociiiaconsorliovi.ro- inent anno 1621. ''^ Hoc fere Zanchius com. in 4 

rum ablesantur, &c. Hector Boethius hist. lib. 1. de cap. ad Ephes. aequissimam vocaJ usuram, et charitati 

vet. Scotorum moribus. "■• Speciosissimi juvenes Christianie consentaneani, inodo non exigant, &;c. nee 

libtris dabunt operam. Plato 5. de iegUius. "^The omnes dent ad foenus, sed ii qui in pecuniis bona lia- 

Saxons exclude dutub, blind, leprous, and such like bent, et ob a;talem, sexum, ariis alicujus ignorantiam, 

persons from all iiibc'ritatuc, as we do fools. '"'Ut nnn possunt uti. Nee omnibus, sed mercatoribus et 

dim Komani, nispani hodie, &c. "Rjccius lib. 11. iis qiiihoneste impendent, &c. "' Idem apud Per- 

cap. 5. de 8inarum. expedit. sic Hispani couunt Mau- sas olim, lege Brisonium. '< " We hale the hawk, 

ros arma deponere. So it is in most Italian cities, because he always lives in battle." '■'• Idem Plato 

6" Idem Plato 12. de legibus, it hath ever been immode- j de legibus. ""Lib, 30. Optimum qiiidem fuerat 

rate, vide Guil. Stuckium antiq. convival. lib. 1. cap. 26. ' eain patribus nostris mentem a diis datam esse, ut vos 

'* Plato 9. de legibus. "' As those Lombards beyond Italim, nos Africae imperio contenti essemus. Neque 

^eas, though with some reformation, inons ptetatis, or enini Sicilia aut Sardinia satis digna precio sunt pro 

bank of charity, as Malines terms if, cap. 33. Lax tot classibus, &c. " Claudian. '"Inucid'des. 

mertat. part 2. that lend money upon easy pawns, or '^A depopulatione, asrorum incendiia, ei ejiis'nodi 

take money upon adventure for men's lives. "That factis iiiimanibus. Piato. "'Hungar. dec i< 

nroportion will make merchandise increase, land lib 9 



Democritus to t/ie Reader. 



69 



belli, sti:l in a readiness, and a sufficient revenue, a third part as in old ^'Rome and 
Egypt, reserved for tlie commonwealth ; to avoid those heavy taxes and impositions 
as well to defray this charge of wars, as also all other public defalcations, expenses 
foes, pensions, reparations, chaste sports, feasts, donaries, rewards, and entertainments 
^11 tilings in this nature especially 1 will have maturely done, and with great **^ deli- 
beration : tiP quid *^ Icmere, ne quid remisse ac limide fiat ; Sed quo feror hospes ? 
To prosecute the rest would require a volume. Manii.m de tabellcti J have been 
over tedious in this subject ; I could have here willingly ranged, but these straits 
wherein I am included will not permit. 
^ From commonwealths and cities, I will descend to families, which have as many 
corslves and molestations, as frequent discontents as the rest. Great affinity there 
's beUvixt a political and economical body; they differ only in magnitude and pro- 
portion of business (so Scaliger^'' writes) as they have both likely the same period, as 
^Bodin and "'^Peucer hold, out of Plato, six or seven hundred years, so many times 
they have the same means of their vexation and overthrows ; as namely, riot, a com- 
mon ruin of both, riot in building, riot in profuse spending, riot in apparel, &c. be 
it in what kind soever, it produceth the same effects. A **' corographer of ours 
speaking obiter of ancient families, why they are so frequent in the north, continue 
so long, are so soon extinguished in the south, and so few, gives no other reason 
but this, luxus ovinia dissipuvii.^ riot hath consumed all, fine clothes and curious 
buildings came into this island, as he notes in his annals, not so many years since ; 
nonsine dispendin hospitalifatis, to the decay of hospitality. Howbeit many times 
that word is mistaken, and under the name of bounty and hospitality, is shrowded 
riot and prodigality, and that which is eommendable in itself well used, hath been 
mistaken heretofore, is become by his abus?, thd bane and utter ruin of many a noble 
family. ; For some men live like the rich glutton, consuming themselves and their 
substance by continual feasting and invitations, with ^^Axilon in Homer, keep open 
house for all comers, giving entertainment to such as visit them, ""^ keeping a table 
beyond their means, and a company of idle servants (though not so frequent as of 
old) are blown up on a sudden ; and as Acta^on was by his hounds, devoured by 
their kinsmen, friends, and multitude of followers. ^"It is a wonder that Faulus 
Jovius relates of our norihsni countries, what an infinite deal of meat we consume 
on our tables ; that I nfi.-.y truly say, 'tis not bounty, not hospitality, as it is often 
abused, but riot and excess, gluttony and prodigality, a mere vice; it brings in debt, 
want, and beggary, herediUuy diseases, consumes their fortunes, and overthrows the 
good temperature of their bodies. To this I might here well add their inordinate 
expense in building, those fantastical houses, turrets, walks, parks, Stc. gaming, excess 
of pleasure, and that prodigious riot in apparel, by which means they are compelled 
to break up house, and creep into holes. SeselliMs in his commonwealth of '"France, 
gives three reasons why the French nobility were so frequently bankrupts : " First, 
because they had so many law-suits and contentions one upon another, which were 
tedious and costly ; by which means it came to pass, that commonly lawyers bought 
them out of their possessions A second cause was their riot, they lived beyond 
their means, and were therefore swallowed up by merchants." (La Nove, a French 
writer, yields five reasons of his countrymen's poverty, to the same effect almost, and 
thinks verily if the gentry of France were divided into ten parts, eight of them would 
be found much impaired, by saJes, mortgages, and debts, or wholly sunk in their 
estates.) "-The last was immodtrate excess in apparel, which consumed their reve- 
nues." How this concerns and agrees with our present state, look you. But of this 
elsewhere. As it is in a man's body, if either head, heart, stomach, liver, spleen, or any 
one part be misaftected, all the rest suffer with it : so is it with this economical body 



*' Seselliiis, lib. 2. de repiib. Gal. valde enim est in- 
decorum, ubi quod praeter opiriionem accidit dicere, 
Non putaram, presertim si res preecaveri potuerit. 
Livius, lib. 1. Dion. lib. 2. Diodorus Siculus, lib. 2. — 
'• Peragit tranqiiilla potestas. Quod violenta nequit. — 
t^laudian. '^■' Belluin nee tiniendum nee provocan- 

dum. Plir.. Tanegyr. Trajano. "^Lib. 3. poet, 

cap. 19. 66 Lib. 4. de repub. cap. 2. sepeuier. 

lib. 1. de divinat. •■' Camden in Cheshire. ""Iliad. 
6. lib. S9 Vide Puteaiii Comum, Gocletiium de por- 



tentosis cosnis nostrorum teinporum. soMirabile 

diet!! est, quantum opsoniorum una domiis singulii 
diehus absumat, slernuntur iiiens<e in oniiies pene 
lioras calentibus semper eduliis. Uescrip. Britan. 
J' Lib. 1. de rep. Gallorum; quod tot lites et lauss 
forensps, alia; ferantur ex aliis, iu immensnm produ- 
eanlur, et masrnos sumptus requirant unde fit iil juri.i 
administri plerumque iioliiljum possessiones adciul- 
rant, turn quod sumptuosft vivani, et 4 niercaloribu* 
absorbentur et splendissimd vestiantur. Sec. 



70 Democntus to the Reader. 

If the liead be naught, a spendthrift, a drunkard, a whoremaster, a gamester, how 
shall the family live at ease ? ^^Ipsa si c^qnat salus servarc^ prorsus, non potest hanc 
famillam^ as Demea said in the comedy. Safety herself cannot save it. A good, hon- 
est, painful man many times hath a shrew to his wife, a sickly, dishonest, slothful, 
foolish, careless woman to his mate, a proud, peevish flirt, a liquorish, prodigal quean, 
and by that means all goes to ruin : or if they difier in nature, he is tlirifty, she 
spends all, he wise, slie sottish and soft ; what agreement can there be ? what friend- 
ship ? Like that of the thrush and swallow in ^sop, instead of mutual love, kind 
compellations, whore and thief is heard, they fling stools at one another's heads. 
^QucR intemperies vexed hanc famiUarn? All enforced marriages commonly pro- 
duce such effects, or if on their behalfs it be well, as to live and agree lovingly 
together, they may have disobedient and unruly children, that take ill courses to 
disquiet tliem,^' "• their son is a thief, a spendthrift, their daughter a wliore ;" a step 
"^mother, or a daughter-in-law distempers all ;^^ or else for want of means, many 
torturers arise, debts, dues, fees, dowries, jointures, legacies to be paid, annuities 
issuing out, by means of which, they have not wherewithal to maintain themselves 
in that pomp as their predecessors have done, bring up or bestow their children to 
their callings, to their birth and quality,^' and will not descend to their present for- 
tunes. Oftentimes, too, to aggravate the rest, concur many other inconveniences, 
unthankful friends, decayed friends, bad neighbours, negligent servants ^^servi fu- 
races^i Versipelles, callidi^ occlusa sibi mille clavUms rcscrant^ fiirlimque ; raptant^ 
consumunt., liguriunt ; casualties, taxes, mulcts, chargeable offices, vain expenses, 
entertainments, loss of stock, enmities, emulations, frequent invitations, losses, surety- 
ship, sickness, death of friends, and that which is the gulf of all, improvidence, ill 
husbandry, disorder and confusion, by which means they are drenched on a sudden 
in their estates, and at unawares precipitated insensibly into an inextricable labyrinth 
of debts, cares, woes, Avant, grief, discontent and melancholy itself. 

I have done with faradies, and will now briefly run over some few sorts and con- 
ditions of men. The most secure, happy, jovial, and merry in the world's esteem 
are princes and great men, free from melancholy : but for their cares, miseries, sus- 
picions, jealousies, discontents, folly and madness, I refer you to Xenophon's Tyran-\ 
nus, where king Hieron discourseth at large with Simonides the poet, of this subject.' 
Of all others tliey are most troubled with perpetual fears, anxieties, insomuch, that . 
as he said in '■'^Valerius, if thou knewest with what cares and miseries this robe were . 
stuffed, tliou wouldst not stoop to take it up. Or put case they be secure and free I 
from fears and discontents, yet they are void "^of reason too oft, and precipitate in' 
their actions, read all our histories, quos de stultis prodidere stulti, Iliades, jEneides. 
Annales, and what is the subject .? 

» Stultorum regnm, et |.opulorum continet sestus." I J,^"", ^'"^'^V tumults aud the foolish rage 

1 Of kings and people. 

How mad they are, how furious, and upon small occasions, rash and inconsiderate 
in their proceedings, how they doat, every page almost wUl witness, 

"delirant reges, plectuntur Achivi." I W^e" d"ting monarchs urge 

I Unsound resolves, their subjects feel the scourge. 

^ Next in place, next in miseries and discontents, in all manner of hair-brain actions, 
are great men, procul a Jove^ procul a fnhnine, the nearer the worse. If they live 
in court, they are up and down, ebb and flow with their princes' favours. Ingcnium 
vullu stalque cadiJque sua, now aloft, to-morrow down, as 'Polybius describes them, 
'*• like so many casting counters, now of gold, to-morrow of silver, that vary in 
worth as the computant will ; now they stand for units, to-morrow for thousands 
now before all, and anon behind.'' Beside, they torment one another with mutua. 
factions, emulations : one is ambitio\is, another enamoured, a third in debt, a prodigal, 
overruns his fortunes, a fourth solicitous with cares, gets nothing, &c. But for these 
men's discontents, anxieties, I refer you to Lucian's Tract, de mercede conductis, 

92Ter. 83 Amphit. Plaut. »' Paling. Filius wpiautus Aulular. ^^ Lib. 7. cap. 6. wPe) 

aut fur. ofiCatus cum mure, duo galli simul in litur in bellis sapientia, vigeritur res. Vetus ^rover- 

aede, Et glotes bins nunquam vivunt sine lite, i bium, aut regem aut faluum nasci oportere. ' Lib 

*' Rea angusta domi. ^' When pride and beggary 1. hist. Rom. similes a. bacculorum calculis, serundliin 

meet in a family, they roar and h( wl, and cause ag computantis arhilriiim, mod6 aerei sunt, nindi) aurei ; 

ni my flashes of di.-icontenis, as fire ind 'valer, when ad nutum regis nunc beat! sunt nunc niiseri. 
Hjey concu"-, make thunder-claj ^ in the skied. 



Deviocntus to the Reader. 



71 



Mneas Sylvius (libidinis et stultitice servos.) he calls them), A^ippa, and many 
otJiers. 

Of philosophers and scholars priscce sapienticB dictatores, I have already spoken in 
general terms, those superintendents of wit and learning, men above men, those refined 
men, minions of the muses, 

3 "mentemque habere qiifiis bonam 

Et esse * corculis daiuin est." 

'v 'These acute and subtile sophisters, so much honoured, have as much need of 

hellebore as others. ^O medici mcdiam pertundite venam. Read Lucian's 

Viscator, and tell how he esteemed them ; Agrippa's Tract of the vanity of Sciences ; 
nay read their own works, their absurd tenets, prodigious paradoxes, et risum tenea- 
fis amicif You shall find that of Aristotle true, nuUmu magnum ingenlvm sine 
vdxtura dementia;., they have a worm as well as others; you shall find a fantastical 
strain, a liistian, a bombast, a vain-glorious humour, an affected style. Sic, like a 
prominent thread in an uneven woven cloth, run parallel throughout their works. And' 
they that teach wisdom, patience, meekness, are the veriest dizards, hairbrains, and ' 
most discontent. '''" In the multitude of wisdom is grief, and he that increaseth wis- 
dom, Uicreaseth sorrow." I need not quote mine author; they that laugli and contenm 
others, condemn the world of folly, deserve to be mocked, are as giddy-headed, and 
lie as open as any other. * Democritus, that common fiouter of folly, was ridiculous 
himself, barking Menippus, scoffing Lucian, satirical Lucilius, Petronius, Varro, Per- 
sius, &c., may be censured with the rest, Loripede7n rectus derideot, JEtkiopem al- 
bus. Bale, Erasmus, Hospinian, Vives, Kemnisiiis, explode as a vast ocean of obs 
and sols, school divinity. ®A labyrinth of intricable questions, unprofitable conten- 
tions, incredibilem delirationcm., one calls it. If school divinity be so censured, sub- 
tilis '"(Sco/ms lima veritatis., Occam irrefragabilis., cujus ingenium vetera omnia 
ingenia subvertit, &c. Baconthrope, Dr. Resolutus, and Corcnlum Theolgice., Thomas 
himself, Doctor " Seraphicus, cui dictavit tftngelus., &c. What shall become of hu- 
manity ? Jlrs stulta., what can she plead } what can her followers say for themselves ^ 
Much learning, '^ cere-diminuit-brum, hath cracked their sconce, and taken such root, 
that tribus Anticyris caput insanabile., hellebore itself can do no good, nor that re- 
nowned '^lanthorn of Epictetus, by which if any man studied, he should be as wise 
as he was. But all will not serve ; rhetoricians, in oslentationem loquacitatis multa 
agilant., out of their volubility of tongue, will talk much to no purpose, orators 
can persuade other men what they will, q7io voluntj unde volunf., move, pacify, Stc, 
but cannot settle their own brains, what saith Tully ? Malo indisertam prudentiam^ 
quam loquaccm stuUitiam ; and as '''Seneca seconds him, a wise man's oration should 
not be polite or solicitous. '^Fabius esteems no better of most of them, either in 
speech, action, gesture, than as men beside themselves, insanos dcclamatores ; so 
doth Gregory, JYon mihi sapit qui sermone, sed qui factis sapit. Make the best of 
him, a good orator is a turncoat, an evil man, bonus orator pessimus vir^ his tongue 
is set to sale, he is a mere voice, as "^ he said of a nightingale, dat sine mrnte sonum., 
an hyperbolical liar, a flatterer, a parasite, and as "Ammianus Marcellinus will, a 
corrupting cozener, one that doth more mischief by his fair speeches, tlian he that 
bribes by money ; for a man may with more facility avoid him that circumvents by 
money, than him that deceives with glozing terms; which made '*' Socrates so much 
abhor and explode them. '^Fracastorius, a famous poet, freely grants all poets to be 
mad ; so doth ^Scaliger ; and who doth not ? Atit insanit Jiomo^ aut versus facit (He's 
mad or making verses), Hor. Sat. vii. 1. 2. Insanire luhet., i. versus componere. Virg 
3 Eel. ; so Servius interprets it, all poets are mad, a company of bitter satirists, 
detractors, or else parasitical applauders : and what is poetry itself, but as Austin 
holds, Vinum err oris ab ebriis doctoribus propinatum ? ' You may give that censure 



* ^rumnosiqiie Solones in Sa. 3. De miser, curia- 
lium. 3 F. Ooiisse Epid. lib. 1. c. 13. ■• Hoc 

cognoniento colionestati Ronirc, qui caeterns mortales 
saiilentiit prasstareiit, testis Plin. lib. 7. cap. 34. 6 ]„. 
sanire paiant certa ratinne inodoqiie mad by the book 
lliey, &c. s Juvenal. "O Physicians! open the 

middle vein." ' Solomon. » Communis irri- 

sor slujtitias. » Wit whither wiil> '"Scaliger 

exerriiat. 3"^l. " Vii. ejus. i'-^ Enni' s. '■' Lu- 

cian 'I'ei mille drachmis dim empta ; atudens iniie 



sapientiam adipiscetur. '■i Epist. 21. 1. lib. Non 

oportet oratioiiem snpientis esse politam aut solicitam. 
"Lib. 3. cap. 13. miilto anhelitu jactalione furentes 
pectus, frontem csdentes, &c. '* Lipsius, voces 

sunt, priEterea nihil. ''' Lib. 30. plus mali facere 

videtur qui oratione quim qui pra?tio quemvis cor- 
rumpit: nam,&c. "^ In Gorg. Platonis. '"In 

nauoerio. -» Si furor sit Lyseus, &c. quoties furiv 

furit, furit, amana, bibens, et f'oeta. &;c. 



72 JJemocritus to the Reader. 

of them in general, which Sir Thomas More once did of Germanub Brixius' poems 
in particular. 

-^ " vehiintur 

In rate stultitise sylvam habitant Furise-"^' , 

Budseus, in an epistle of his to Lupsetiis, will liave civil law vO ©e l»ie towei of 
wisdom ; another honours physic, the quintessence of nature ; a tnird tumbles them 
both down, and sets up the flag of his own peculiar science. Your supercilious 
critics, grammatical tritlers, note-makers, curious antiquaries, find out all the ruins 
of wit, incptiarum delicias^i amongst the rubbish of old writers •, ^^Pro stultis habeni 
nisi ahqiiid siijjiciant invcnire., quod in aliorum scrijjiis vertant vitio., all fools witli 
them that cannot find fault; they correct others, and are hot in a cold cause, puzzle 
themselves to find out how many streets in Kome, houses, gates, towers. Homer's 
country, ^Eneas's mother, Niobe's daughters, an Sappho puhlica fuerit ? ovum ■^''jjrius 
exlUerit an gall'ma! &c. et alia qucB dediscenda esscnt scire,, si scires., as ''^Seneca 
holds. What clothes the senators did wear in Rome, what shoes, how they sat, 
where they went to the closestool, how many dishes in a mess, what sauce, which 
for the present for an historian to relate, "according to Lodovic. Vives, is very 
ridiculous, is to them most precious elaborate stufl^, they admired for it, and as proud, 
as triumphant in the meantime for this discovery, as if they had won a city, or con- 
quered a province ; as rich as if they had found a mine of gold ore. Quosvis aucto- 
res absurdis commcntis suis percacant et slercorant, one saith, they bewray and daub 
a company of books and good authors, with their absurd comments, correctorum ster- 
quilinia "^^Scaliger calls them, and show their wit in censuring others, a company of 
foolish note-makers, humble-bees, dors, or beedles, inter siercora ulplurinunn versan- 
tur, they rake over all those rubbish and dunghills, and prefer a manuscript many 
times before the Gospel itself, ^'//iesa^^rM7rt crit.icum^ before any treasure, and with their 
deleaturs., alii legunt sic, mens codex sic habct., with their postremce editiones., anno- 
tations, castigations, &c. make books dear, themselves ridiculous, and do nobody 
good, yet if any man dare oppose or contradict, they are mad, up in anns on a sud- 
den, how many sheets are written in defence, how bitter invectives, what apologies ? 
'^Epiph.illcdes hce sunt ut merce niigce. But I dare say no more of, for, with, or 
against them, because I am liable to their lash as well as others. Of these and the 
rest of our artists and philosophers, 1 will generally conclude they are a kind of 
madmen, as ^^ Seneca esteems of them, to make doubts and scruples, how to read 
them truly, to mend old authors, but will not mend their own lives, or teach us ingevia 
sanare^ mcmoriam ojjiciorum ingerere^ ac ftdem in rebus humanis retincre, to keep 
our wits in order, or rectify our manners. JYumquid tibi demens videtur^ si islis 
operam impenderit f Is not he mad that draws lines with Archimedes, whilst his 
house is ransacked, and his city besieged, when the whole world is in combustion, 
or we whilst our souls are in danger, {mors sequitur, viiafugit) to spend our time 
in toys, idle questions, and things of no worth } 

That ^"loveis are mad, I think no man will deny, Jlmare simul et sapere, ipsi Jovi 
non datur^ Jupiter himself cannot intend both at once. 

SI " Non ben6 cnnveniiitit, nee in unA sede morantur 

Majestas et amor." 

Tully, when he was invited to a second marriage, replied, he could not simul amare 
et sopere be wise and love both together. ^^Est orcus ille^ vis est immedicabiUs^ est 
"abies insana., love is madness, a hell, an incurable disease ; inpotentem et insanam 
Hbidinem ^'Seneca calls it, an impotent and raging lust. I shall dilate this sub- 
ject apart ; in the meantime let lovers sigh out the rest. 

"^ Nevisanus the lawyer holds it for an axiom, " most women are fools," ^^ consilium 
fceminis invalidum ; Seneca, men, be they young or old ; who doubts it, youth is 
mad as Elius in Tidly, Stvlli adolescenluli., old age little better, deliri senes, &c. 
Theoplirastes. in the 107th year of his age, ''^said he then began to be to wise, turn 

II "They are borne in the bark of folly, and dwell I ^i Ovid. Met. " Majesty and Love do not apree well, 
tn the grove of madness." •'- Morns tJtop. lib. 11. nor dwell toaether." ^'-Plutarch. Amatorio est 

^^Macrob. Satiir. 7. 16. ^lEpist. 16. W'Lib. lamnr insaniis. w Epjgt. 39. 3< Sylvan niiptl- 

de caiisis corrup. artiiim. 21; j.it,. 2. in Ausonium, alls, 1. 1. num. 11. Onines nuilieres ul pliiiiniinn 

cap. 19 et 32. '-'Edit. 7. volnm. .lario CJutero. stiiUie 3-' Aristotle. ^cDoigre se dixit quod 

** \ristophanis Ranis. ^aj.jti ^e bereficiis. tuni vila egredereiur. 

'•Pclirus et amen? dicatur mer'- Hor. Seneca. 



Democritus to the Reader. 73 

sapere coppit, and therefore lamented his departure. If wisdom come so late, where 
shall we iind a wise man ? Our old ones doat at threescore-and-ten. I would cite 
more proofs, and a better author, but for the present, let one fool point at another 
"Nevisanus hath as hard an opinion of '^^rich men, "wealth and wisdom canno* 
(^dwell together," stuliltiam patiuntur opes, ^^and they do commonly '^° infutuarc cor 
hominls, besot men ; and as we see it, " fools have fortune :" '^' Sapient ia non inve 
nilur in terra suavitcr viventium. For beside a natural contempt of learning, which 
accompanies such kind of men, innate idleness (for they will take no pains), ami 
which ^^ Aristotle observes, uhi mens plurima, ihi minima fortuna, uhi plurima for- 
tuna^ihi mens pcrea;(^?ifl, great wealth and little wit go commonly together : they have 
as much brains some of them in their heads as in their heels ; besides this inbred 
neglect of liberal sciences, and all arts, which should excolere mentcm, polish the 
mind, they have most part some gullish humour or other, by which they are led ; 
one is an Epicure, an Atheist, a second a gamester, a third a whore-master (fit sub- 
jects all for a satirist to work upon) ; 

« " Hie nuptarum insanit amoribus, hie puerorum." I ^ne burns to madness for the wedded dame ; 
•^ 1 Unnatural lusts another's heart inflame. 

*'' one is mad of hawking, hunting, cocking ; another of carousing, horse-riding, 
spending ; a fourth of building, fighting, &c., Insanit veteres statuas Damasippus 
emcndo, Damasippus hath an humour of his own, to be talked of: ""^ Heliodorus the 
Carthaginian another. In a word, as Scaliger concludes of them all, they are Sta- 
tute erectcs stultitiie, the very statutes or pillars of folly. Choose out of all stories 
lim that hath been most admired, you shall still find, mitlla ad laudem, muUa ad 
lituperationem magnifica, as ""^Berosus of Semiramis ; omnes mor tales militia trium- 
phis, divitiis., &c., turn et luxu, ccede, cceterisque vitiis antecessit, as she had some 
good, so had she many bad parts. 

^ Alexander, a worthy man, but furious in his anger, overtaken in drink : Caesar and 
Scipio valiant and wise, but vain-glorious, ambitious : Vespasian a worthy prince, 
but covetous : ^''Hannibal, as he had mighty virtues, so had he many vices ; unam 
virtutem mille vitia comitanfur^ as Machiavel of Cosmo de Medici, he had two dis- 
tinct persons in him.SJ will determine of them all, they are like these double or 
turning pictures ; stand before which you see a fair maid, on the one side an ape, 
on the other an owl ; look upon them at the first sight, all is well, but farther ex- 
amine, you shall find them wise on the one side, and fools on the other ; in some 
few things praiseworthy, in the rest incomparably faulty:- I will say nothing of 
meir diseases, emulations, discontents, wants, and such miseries : let poverty plead 
the rest in Aristophanes' Plutus. \ 

^ Covetous men, amongst others, are most mad, ''Hhey have all the symptoms of 
melancholy, fear, sadness, suspicion. See, as shall be proved in its proper place, 

I Misers make Anticvra their own ; 

" Danda est Hellebori multo pars maxima avaris. | jjg hellebore reserved for them alone. 

And yet methinks prodigals are much madder than they, be of what condition 
they will, that bear a public or private purse ; as a ''^ Dutch writer censured Richard 
the rich duke of Cornwall, suing to be emperor, for his profuse spending, qui effudxi 
pecuniam ante pedes principium Electorum sicut aquam, that scattered money like 
water ; I do censure them, Stulta Anglia (saith he) quce tot denariis sponte est pri- 
vatum stulti principes Memanice^ qui nobile jus suum pro pecunid vendiderunt ; spend- 
thrifts, bribers, and bribe-takers are fools, and so are °°all they that cannot keep, dis- 
burse, or spend their moneys well. 

1 might say the like of angry, peevish, envious, ambitious ; ^^Jlnticyras melior 
aorbere meracas ; Epicures, Atheists, Schismatics, Heretics ; hi omnes hahcnt imagina- 

3' Lib. 1. num. 11. sapientia et divitiae vix simul pos- ' hie jussi condier, et ut viderem an quis insanior ad me 
«ideri possunt. "'They get their wisdom by eat- j visendum usque ad hKc loca penetraret. Ortelius in 

ing pie-crust some. ^*>o«y<iT!t ;c7c S'ixtoJ'c yivira) I Gad. ^''If it be his worii, which Gasper Veretus 



tt^fiOTuyii. Opes quidemmortalibus sunt amentia. The- 

ognis. ''"Fori una nimium quein fovet, stultum 

facit. <'Joh.2a <• Mag. moral, lib. 2 et lib. 1 

nat. 4. *^ Hor. lib. 1. sat. 4. ■>■' Insana giila, in- 

san.'E obstructiones, insanum venandi stiidiuni discor- 

dia demens. Virs. JEn. * Heliodorus (^arthagi- , ^ 

DensiB ad extremuni orbis Karcophago teslamento me auuax iiavigel Anticyras 

10 G 



suspects. ■<" Livy, Ingentes viitutes ingentia vitia. 

^^Hor. Quisquis ainbitione mala aut argenti pallet 
amore, Quisquis lu.Nuria, tristique superstitione. Per. 
■isiCronica .Slavonica ad annum 1257. de cujns pecun'.a 
jam incredibilia dixerunt. "A fool and his money 

are soon parted. Oral, de iniag. ambitiosua el 



74 Democritus to the Reader. 

lionem Icesam (saith Nymannus) " and their madness shall be evident," 2 Tim. iii. 9, 
'Tabatus, an Italian, holds seafaring men all mad; "the ship is mad, for it never 
stands still ; the mariners are mad, to expose themselves to such imminent dangers : 
the waters are raging mad, in perpetual motion : the winds are as mad as the rest, 
they know not whence they come, whither they would go : and those men are 
maddest of all that go to sea; for one fool at home, they find forty abroad." He 
was a madman that said it, and thoii peradventure as mad to read it. ^^Faelix Platerus 
is of opinion all alchemists are mad, out of their wits ; ^""Atheneus saith as much of 
fiddlers, et musarum luscinias^, ^^ Musicians, omnes tibicines insaniunf^ tiM semel ejjfanf. 
avolat Ulico mens., in comes music at one ear, out goes wit at another. Proud and 
vain-glorious persons are certainly mad ; and so are °® lascivious ; 1 can feel theii 
pulses beat hither; horn-mad some of them, to let others lie with their wives, and 
wink at it. 

To insist" in all particulars, Avere an Herculean task, to ^^ reckon up ^^insanas 
subsfrucfiones, insanos labores., insanum hixum, mad labours, mad books, endeavours 
carriages, gross ignorance, ridiculous actions, absurd gestures ; insanam gulam., insa- 
nlam villarum., insana jurgiuj as Tully terms them, madness of villages, stupend 
structures ; as those ^Egyptian Pyramids, Labyrinths and Spliinxes, which a com- 
pany of crowned asses, ad ostentationem oputn., vainly built, when neither the archi- 
tect nor king that made them, or to what use and purpose, are yet known : to insist 
in their hypocrisy, inconstancy, blindness, rashness, dementcm temeritatcm., fraud, 
cozenage, malice, anger, impudence, ingratitude, ambition, gross superstition, ^^tem- 
pora infecta et adulalione sordida^ as in Tiberius' times, such base flattery, stupend, 
parisitical fawning and colloguing, &c. brawls, conflicts, desires, contentions, it would 
ask an expert Vesalius to anatomise every member. Shall I say ? Jupiter himself, 
Apollo, Mars, &c. doated ; and monster-conquering Hercules that subdued the world, 
and helped others, could not relieve himself in this, but mad he was at last. And where 
shall a man walk, converse with whom, in Avhat province, city, and not meet with 
Signior Deliro, or Hercules Furens, Ma^nades, and Corybantes ? Tlieir speeches say 
no less. ''^Efungis nati homines^ or else they fetched their pedigree from those that 
were struck by Samson with the jaw-bone of an ass. Or from Deucalion and Pyrrha's 
stones, for durum genus su7nus^ ^^marmorei sumns^ we are stony-hearted, and savour 
too much of the stock, as if they had all heard that enchanted horn of Astolpho, thai 
English duke in Ariosto, which never sounded but all his auditors were mad, and for 
fear ready to make away with themselves ; ^^ or landed in the mad haven in the 
Euxine sea of Daphnis insana., which had a secret quality to dementate ; they are a 
company of giddy-heads, afternoon men, it is ]\Iidsummer moon still, and the dog- 
days last all the year long, they are all mad. Whom shall I then except ? Ulricus 
Huttenus ^^nemo., nam., nemo omnibus horis sapit, JVemo nascitur sine vitiis^ Crimine 
JVcmo caret, JYemo sorte sua vivit confentus, JYemo in amore sajni., JS'em.o bonus., 
JS'erao sapiens., JVemo, est ex omni parti beatus, &c. ®^ and therefore Nicholas Nemo, 
or Monsieur No-body shall go free, Quid valeat nemo, JYemo referre potest? But 
whom shall I except in the second place } such as are silent, vir sapit qui pauca 
loquitur ; ^^ no better way to avoid folly and madness, than by taciturnity. Whom 
in a third .'' all senators, magistrates ; for all fortunate men are wise, and conquerors 
valiant, and so are all great men, non est bonum ludere cum diis, they are wise by 
authority, good by their office and place, his licet impune pessimos esse, (some say) 
we must not speak of them, neither is it fit ; per me sint omnia protinus alba, 1 will 
not think amiss of them. Whom next ? Stoics .? Sapiens Stoicus, and he alone is 

'^Navis stulla, quap continuo movetiir nautsB stulti [ lidi et fatui fungis nati dicebantur, idem et alibi 
qui se periculis exponunt, aqua insana qna; sic fre- | dicag. i^^Famian. Slrade de bajulis, de imrinore 



mil, cfec. aer jactatur, &c. qui inari se comniiltit stoli- 
dum ununi terra fiigiens, 40. inari invenit. Caspar 
Ens. Moros. i^sCap. de alien, mentis. ^Dip. 

nosopliist. lib. 8. 'sxibiclnes mente Capti. Erasm. 

Chi. 14. cer. 7. ^eprov. 30. Insana libido, Hie rogo 
non furor est, non est h»c mentula demens. Mart, 
ep. 74. I. 3. " Mille puellarum el puerorum mille 

jiirorrs. MUter est insanior horuni. Hor. Ovid. 

Virg. Plin. 69 pn,,. lii,. 36. w Tacitus 3. An- 

nal. 6' Ovid. 7. met. E. fungis nati homines ut 

•liiu Corinllii prmisvi illius loci accolae, quia sto - 



semisculpti. ii^Arianus periplo maris Euxiiii pnr- 

tus ejus meminit, et Gilliiis, 1. 3. de Bosphe, . Thra- 
cio et laurus insana qus allafa in coiiviviuni convivas 
omnes insania affecit. Guliel. Stucchius comment, &c 
''■'Lepidum poema sic inscriptnm. s-'" No one is 

wise at all hours, — no one born without faults, — nd 
one free from crime,— no one content witl nis lot,- 
no one in love wise, — no good, or wise man perfectly 
liappy." <>i> Stultitiain simulare non potes ni> 

tacitiirnitate. 



Dcmocritus to the Reader. 



75 



Bubject to no perturbations, as ^''Plutarch scoffs at him, "he is not vexed with tor« 
ments, or burnt with fire, foiled by his adversary, sold of his enemy : though he be 
wrinkleG, sana-olind, toothless, and deformed ; yet he is most beautiful, and like a 
god, a king in conceit, though not worth a groat. He never doats, never mad, never 
sad, drunk, because virtue cannot be taken away," as ^^Zeno holds, "by reason of 
strong apprehension," but he was mad to say so. ^^JlnlicyrcB ccelo huic est opus aut 
dolabrd, he had need to be bored, and so had all his fellows, as wise as they would 
seem to be. Chrysippus himself liberally grants them to be fools as Avell as others, 
at certain times, upon some occasions, amitti virtuiem ait per ehriefatem, aut atrihi- 
larium morhuvi^ it may be lost by drunkenness or melancholy, he may be sometimes 
crazed as well as the rest : ''^ad suramum sapiens nisi quum piiuita molesf.a. I should 
here except some Cynics, Menippus, Diogenes, that Theban Crates ; or to descend 
to these times, that omniscious, only wise fraternity "" of the Rosicrucians, those 
great theologues, politicians, philosophers, physicians, philologers, artists, &c. of 
whom S. Bridget, Albas Joacchimus, Leicenbergius, and such divine spirits have pro- 
phesied, and made promise to the world, if at least there be any such (Hen. '^ Neu- 
husius makes a doubt of it, '''' Valentinus Andreas and others) or an Elias artifex their 
Theophrastian master; whom though Libavius and many deride and carp at, yet 
some Avill have to be " the " renewer of all arts and sciences," reformer of the world, 
and now living, for so Johannes Montanus Strigoniensis, that great patron of Para- 
celsus, contends, and certainly avers '^" a most divine man," and the quintessence of 
wisdom wheresoever he is ; for he, his fraternity, friends, &c. are all '® " betrothed to 
wisdom," if we may believe their disciples and followers. I must needs except 
Lipsius and the Pope, and expunge their name out of the catalogue of fools. For 
besides that parasitical testimony of Dousa, 

"A Sole exoriente Mieotidas usque paludes, 
Nemo est qui jiisto se sequiparare queat." " 

Lipsius saith of himself, that he was ''^Immani generis quidem pcedagogus voce et stylo^ 
a grand signior, a master, a tutor of us all, and for thirteen years he brags how he 
sowed wisdom in the Low Countries, as Ammonius the philosopher sometimes did 
in Alexandria, ™c'fm Immanltate literas et sapientiam cum prudentia : antistes sapien- 
ticB^he shall be Sapient urn Octavus. The Pope is more than a man, as ^"his parats 
often make him, a demi-god, and besides his holiness cannot err, in Cathedra belike: 
and yet some of them have been magicians. Heretics, Atheists, children, and as Pla- 
tina saith of John 22, Et si vir Uteratus^ multa stoUditatem et Icevitatem prcE se 
fereniia egit, stolidi et socordis vir ingenii^ a scholar sufficient, yet many things he 
did foolishly, lightly. I can say no more than in particular, but in general terms to 
the rest, they are all mad, their wits are evaporated, and, as Ariosto feigns, 1. 34, kept 
in jars above the moon. 

"Some lose their wits with love, some with ambition. 
Some following »i Lordu and men of high condition. 
Some in fair jewels rich and costly set, 
Others in Poetry their wits forget. 
Another thinks to be an Alchemist, 
Till all be spent, and that his number's mist." 

Convicted fools they are, madmen upon record •, and I am afraid past cure many of 
them, ^'crepunt inguina, the symptoms are manifest, they are all of Gotam parish : 

^3" Quum furor hnud dubius, quum sit manifesta plirenesis," 
Since madness is indisputable, since frenzy is obvious. 

what remains then ^ but to send forvLorarios, those officers to carry them all together 
for company to Bedlam, and set Rabelais to be their physician. 

If any man shall ask in the meantime, who I am that so boldly censure others, 



*'Extortus non cruciatur, ambustus non laeditnr, 
prostratiis in lucla, non vincitur; non fit captiviis ab 
hnsle veniindatus. Et si rugosus, senex edentnlus, 
luscus, deformis, formostis tamen, et deo similis, felix, 
dives, rex nullius egens, et si denario non sit dignus. 
*" Ilium contendunt non injuria aftici, non insania, non 
inebriari, quia virtus non eripitu- -•: constanles com- 
prehensiones. Lips. phvs. Stoic, lib, 3. diffi. IS. 
"STarreus Hebus epig. 102. 1. 8. ™ Hor. '' Fra- 

ires sanrt. RoseiB crucis. '^ An sint, quales sint, 

unde nomen illud asciverint. '^Turri Babel. 

■• Omnium artium et scientia rum instaurator. 's oj. 



vinus ille vir auctor notarum. in epist. Rog Bacon, 
ed. Ilambur. 1608. ™ Sapieiitioe desponsati, 

''"From the Rising Sun to the Mseotid Lake, there 
was not one that could fairly be put in comparison 
with them." "^ Solus hie est sapiens alii volitant 

velut umliriB. '^In ep. ad Balthas. Morftum. 

^o Rejectiunculaj ad Patavum. Felinus cum rel-quia, 
*' Magnum virum sequi est sapere, son^e think ; c ihers 
desipere. Catul. i^" Plant. Menec. »■< In Sat. 14. 
S'lOr to send for a cook to the AniicyriE to make Hel 
lebore pottage, settle-brain pottage. 



•0 Democritus to tfie Reader. 

til rvuilane Tiabes vitiaf have I no faults ? *^ Yes, more than thou nast, whatsoever 
Uiou art. JYos numcrus sumus^ I confess it again, I am as foolish, as mad as any one 

'>6"Insainis vol)is videor, run deprecor ipse, 
Quo iiiiims insanus,"' 

I do not deny it, dcmens de populo demalnr. My comfort is, I have more fellows, 
and tno^^e of excellent note. And though I be not so right or so discreet as I should 
be, yet not so mad, so bad neither, as thou perhaps takest me to be. 

To conclude, this being granted, that all the world is melancholy, or mad, doats, 
and every member of it, I have ended my task, and sufliciently illustrated that which 
I took upon me to demonstrate at first. At this present I have no more to say ; His 
sanam menfem DctnocrUuSf I can but wish myself and them a good physician, and 
all of us a better mind. 

And although for the abovenamed reasons, I had a just cause to undertake this 
subject, to point at these particular species of dotage, that so men might acknow- 
ledge their imperfections, and seek to reform what is amiss ; yet I have a more 
serious intent at this time; and to omit all impertinent digressions, to say no more of 
such as are improperly melancholy, or metaphorically mad, lightly mad, or in dispo- 
sition, as stupid, angry, drunken, silly, sottish, sullen, proud, vain-glorious, ridicu- 
lous, beastly, peevisli, obstinate, impudent, extravagant, dry, doating, dull, desperate, 
harebrain, &c. mad, frantic, foolish, heteroclites, which no new ^'hospital can hold, 
no physic help ; my purpose and endeavour is, in the following discourse to anato- 
mize this humour of melancholy, through all its parts and species, as it is an habit, 
or an ordinary disease, and that philosophically, medicinally, to show the causes, 
symptoms, and several cures of it, that it may be the better avoider" Moved there- 
unto for the generality of it, and to do good, it being a disease so frequent, as 
**Mercurialis observes, " in these our days ; so often happening," saith ^^Laurentius, 
" in our miserable times," as few there are that feel not the smart of it. Of the same 
mind is jElian Montalius, ^° Melancthon, and others ; ^'Julius Caesar Claudinus calls it 
the "fountain of all other diseases, and so common in this crazed age of ours, that 
scarce one of a thousand is free from it ; " and that splenetic hypochondriacal wind 
especially, which proceeds from the spleen and short ribs. Being then a disease so 
grievous, so common, I know not wherein to do a more general service, and spend my 
time better, than to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universal a malady, 
an epidemical disease, that so often, so much crucifies the body and mind. 

If I have overshot myself in this which hath been hitherto said, or that it is, which 
I am sure some will object, too fantastical, " too liglit and comical for a Divine, 
too satirical for one of my profession, I will presume to answer with °^ Erasmus, in 
like case, 'tis not I, but Democritus, Democritus divit : yon must consider what it 
is to speak in one's own or another's person, an assumed habit and name; a difler- 
ence betwixt him that affects or acts a prince's, a philosopher's, a magistrate's, a 
fool's part, and him that is so indeed ; and what liberty those old satirists have had : 
it is a cento collected from others ; not I, but they that say it. 

^ " Dixero si quid fnrt^ jocogiuj, hoc mihi juris I Yet some indulgence I nfiay justly claim, 

Cum veniil dal)is" | If too familiar with another's fame. 

Take heed you mistake me not. If I do a little forget myself, I hope you will par- 
don it. And to say truth, why should any man be oflended, or take exceptions at it.' 

"Licuit, setnperqiie licebit, I It lawful was of old, and still will he, 

Parcere personis, dicere de vitiis." | To speak of vice, but let the name go free. 

I hate their vices, not their persons. If any be displeased, or take aught unto him- 
self, let him not expostulate or cavil with him that said it (so did ®^ Erasmus excuse 
tiimself to Dorpius, si pariui licei componere magnis) and so do I ; " but let him 
be angry with himself, that so betrayed and opened his own faults in applying it 
to himself: ^*if he be guilty and deserve it, let him amend, whoever he is, and not 

M AliqnantuUim tamen inde me solabor, quod uni borum occasio existat. 9^ Mor. Encom si quis ca- 

tum multis et sapientibns et celeberriniis viris ipse lumnietur levins esse quam decet Theolopum, aul 
hnsipiens sim, quod se Menippus I.uciani in Necyo- mordacius quam deceat Christianum. s- Hor. Sat. 

mantia. i'" Pelronius in Caialect. ""That I 4.1.1. '•" Epi. ad Dorpium de Moria. si quispiam 

mean of Andr. Vale. Apoloi;. Manip 1. 1 et 26. Apol. I offendatur et sibi vindicel, non habet qund expostulet 
w H«PC affeftio nostris temporibus frequentissima. | cum eo qui scripsit, ipse si volet, secuni agat injuriain, 
*• ( ap. 15 de Mel. '-i" De anima. Nostro hoc sa-ciilo ntpote sui proditor. qui derlaravit hoc ad se [iroprie 
morbus frequentissimus. 9' Consult. 98, adeo pertincre. ="' Si quis sr la;suni clamabit, aul ron- 

nostris temiiorilins f'requeiitpr insruit ut nulliis fere sciciiiiam prodit suam, aul ~erte metuni, Phffidr lib 
lb ej'is labe ininiunis reperiaiut ot omnium fere mor- 3. i£sop. Fab. 



Democrilus to the Reader. 77 

be angry '' He that hateth correction is a fool," Prov. xii. 1 ' ff he be not guilty, 
it concerns him not ;\ it is not my freeness of speech, but a guilty conscience, a 
galled back of his own that makes him wince. 

"Siispicione si quis eirrabit su^, 
Et riipiet ad se, quod erit coiniiiiine omnium, 
StuU6 luidabjt animi coiiscienliam."^'' 

I deny not this which I have said savours a little of Democritus ; ^Quamvis ridev- 
tem dlcere veriim quid vetat ; one may speak in jest, and yet speak truth. It is 
somewhat tart, I grant it; acriora orexim excitant embainmata^ as he said, sharp 
sauces increase appetite, ^'^nec cihus ipse jiivat morsu fraudatus aceli. Object then 
and cavil what thou wilt, I ward all v/ith ^^Democritus's buckler, his medicine shall 
salve it ; strike where tliou wilt, and when : Democrilus dixit, Democritus will 
answer it. It was written by an idle fellow, at idle times, about our Saturnalian or 
Dyonisian feasts, when as he said, nullum liberlati periculum est, servants in old 
Rome had liberty to say and do what them list Wlien our countrymen sacrificed 
to their goddess '°°Vacuna, and sat tippling by their Vacunal fires. I writ this, and 
published this oiitij Ixsysv, it is neminis riihil. The time, place, persons, and all 
Circumstances apologise for me, and why may not I then be idle with others .'' speak 
my mind freely ? If you deny me this liberty, upon these presumptions I will take 
it : I say again, I will take it. 

' "Si quis est qui dictum in se inclenientius 
Existiniavit esse, sic existiniet." 

If any man take exceptions, let him turn the buckle of his girdle, I care not. I owe 
thee nothing (Reader), I look for no favour at thy hands, I am independent, I fear not. 
No, I recant, I will not, I care, I fear, I confess my fault, acknowledge a great 
offence, 

" motos prmstat componere fluctus." | let's first assuage the troubled wavt, 

I have overshot myself, 1 have spoken foolish! Vs rashly, unadvisedly, absurdly, I nave 
anatomized mine own folly. And now melhmks upon a sudden I am awaked as it 
were out of a dream ; I have had a raving fit, a fantastical fit, ranged up aiwl down, 
in and out, I have insulted over the most kind of men, abused some, ofl^ended others, 
wronged myself; and now being recovered, and perceiving mine error, cry with 
'Orlando, Sohite me, pardon (o boni) that which is past, and I will make you amends 
in that which is to come ; I promise you a more sober discourse in my following 
treatise. 

If through weakness, folly, passion, ^discontent, ignorance, I have said amiss, let 
it be forgotten and forgiven. I acknowledge that of ''Tacitus to be true, Jisperas 
faceticB ubi nimis ex vero traxere, acrem sui memoriam relinquunt, a bitter jest leaves 
a sting behind it : and as an honourable man observes, ^" They fear a satirist's wit, 
he their memories." I may justly suspect the worst; and though I hope I have 
wronged no man, yet in Medea's words I will crave pardon, 

-—- " Ulud jam voce extrema peto, I ^nd in my last words this I do desire, 

Ne SI qua noster dubius effudit dolor, -p„^j ^^,,/j ;„ -^^^ , ^^^^^ ^^j,, „/; 

Maneant Ml annuo verba sedmeliortibi May be forgotten, and a better mind 

Mnmoria nostri subeat, hiee irs data g^ |,^d ^^ „^ hereafter as you find. 

Obliterentur I ■' 

f earnestly request every private man, as Scaliger did Cardan, not to take offencb 
f will conclude in his lines, SI me cognitum haberes, non solum donares nobis has 
facetias nostras, sed eliam indignum duceres, tarn humanum aninum, lene ingenium, 
t)i' minimam suspicionem deprecari oportere. If thou knewest my* modesty and 
simplicity, thou wouldst easily pardon and forgive what is here amiss, or by thee 
misconceived. If hereafter anatomizing this surly humour, my hand slip, as an 
unskilful 'prentice I lance too deep, and cut through skin and all at unawares, make 
It smart, or cut awry, ''pardon a rude hand, an unskilful knife, 'tis a most dif- 



s" If any one shall err through his own suspicion, 
and shall apply to himself what is common to all, 
he will foolishly betray a consciousness of guilt. 
»!Hor. as Mart. 1. 7. 22. tia Ut lubet feriat, 

abstergant hos ictus Democriti pharniacos. ""• Rus- 
ticorum dea preesse vacaiitibus et oliosis putabatur, 



Rosinus. > Ter. prol. Eunuch. ^ Ariost. I. 39 

Staf. 58. 3 Ut enim ex siudiis gaudium sic studia 

ex hilaritate proveniunt. Plinius Maximo suo, ep. 
lib. 8. ■! Annal. 15. ^ Sir Francis Bacon in 

his Essays, now Viscount St. Albans. s Quod 

Probus Persii /?/oT-pajoc virginali verecundi4 Persium 



cui post labores agricola sacrificabat. Plin. 1. 3. c 12. , fuisse dicit, ego, &c. ' Quas aut iricuria fudit, 

Ovid. I. 6. Fast. Jam quoque cum fiunt antique; sacra 1 aut hurnana parum cavit natura. Uor. 
Vaciins, ante Vacunales stantque sedentque focos. { 

g2 



78 Democritus to the Reader. 

ficult thing to keep an even tone, a perpetual tenor, and not sometimes to lash out , 
dlffic'^e. est Salyrum non scribere, there be so many objects to divert, inward pertur- 
bations to molest, and the very best may sometimes err ; aliquando bonus dormitat 
Homerus (some times that excellent Homer takes a nap), it is impossible not in so 

much to overshoot ; opere in longo fas est obrepere sumnum. But what needs 

all this ? I hope there will no such cause of ofl'ence be given ; if there be, ^JS'cmo 
aUquid recognoscat, nos mcniimur omnia. Til deny all (my last refuge), recant all, 
rftnounce all I have said, if any man except, and with as much facility excuse, as he 
ran ar;cuse ; but I presume of thy good favour, and gracious acceptance (gentle rea- 
ilcir,. Out of an assured hope and confidence thereof, I will begin. 

• PtoI <F<ipr Plaut. "Let not anyone ta>-e these tilings to himself, they are all but Qctiona." 



I 79 \ 



LECTORI MALE FERL\TO. 



Tt vero cavesis edico quisquis es, ne temere sugilles Auctorem hujusce operis, aut 
cavillator irrideas. Imo ne vel ex aliorum censura tacite obloquaris (vis dicam ver- 
bo) nequid nasutulus inepte improbes, aut falso fingas. Nam si \&\is revera sit, qua- 
lem praj se fert Junior Democritus, seniori DemocrUo saltern affinis, aut ejus Genium 
vel tantillum sapiat ; actum de te, censorem aeque ac delatorem ' agret poontra (petu- 
lardi splene cuTn stt) sufflabit te in jocos, commirmet in sales, addo p'.iuin ci deo risui 
te sacrificabit. 

Iterum moneo, ne quid cavillere, ne dum Democritum Juniorem conviciis infames, 
ut ignominiose vituperes, de te non male sentientem, tu idem audias ab amico cor- 
date, quod olim vulgus Abderltanum ab ^Hippocrate, concivem bene meritum et po- 
pularem suum Democritum, pro insano habens. JYe tu Democrile sapis, stulti aulem 
et insani Abderitce. 

3 " Abderitanae pectora plebis habes." 

Haec te paucis admonitum volo (male feriate Lector) abi. 



TO THE READER AT LEISURE. 

Whoever you may be, I caution you against rashly defaming the author of this 
work, or cavilling Jn jest against him. Nay, do not silently reproach him in con- 
sequence of others' censure, nor employ your wit in foolish disapproval, or false 
accusation. For, should Democritus Junior prove to be what he professes, even a 
kinsman of his elder namesake, or be ever so little of the same kidney, it is all over 
with you : he will become both accuser and judge of you in your spleen, will dissi- 
pate you in jests, pulverise you into salt, and sacrifice you, I can promise you, to 
the God of Mirth. 

I further advise you, not to asperse, or calumniate, or slander, Democritus Junior, 
who possibly does not think ill of you, lest you may hear from some discreet friend, 
the same remark the people of Abdera did from Hippocrates, of their meritorious and 
popular fellow-citizen, whom tney hud looked on as a madman ; " It is not that you, 
Democritus, that art wise, but that the people of Abdera are fools and madmen.'' 
"You have yourself an Abderitian soul;" and having just given you, gentle reader, 
these few words of admonition, farewell. 



' Si me commdrit, melius non tangere clamo. Hot. I omnium receptaculum deprehentll, ejusque in<;enium 
' Hippoc. epist. Daniageto, accercitus sum ut Demo- demiratus sum. Ahderitanos vero tanquam non sanos 
crituni tanquam insanum curarem,sed postquamcon- accusavi, veralri potione ipsos potiua eguisse dicen*. 
Teni, non per Jovem desipientiee negotium, sed rerum "'art. 



ISO) 



HllACLiTE fleas, misero sic convenit aevo, 

Nil nisi turpe vides, nil nisi triste vides. 
Ride etiam, quantumque lubet, Democrite ride 

Non nisi vana vides, non nisi stulta vides. 
Is fletu, his risu modo gaudeat, uniis utrique 

Sit licet usque labor, sit licet usque dolor. 
Nunc opes est (nam totus eheu jam desipit orbis) 

Mille Heraclitis, milleque Democritis. 
Nunc opus est (tanta est insania) transeat omnis 

Mundus in Anticyras, gramen in Helleborum. 



Weep, O Heraclitus, it suits the age, 

Unless you see nothing base, nothing sad. 
Laugh, O Democritus, as much as you please, 

Unless you see nothing either vain or foolish. 
Let one rejoice in smiles, tlie other in tears ; 

Let the same labour or pain be the office of both. 
Now (for alas ! how foolish the world has become), 

A thousand Heraclitus', a thousand Democritus' are required. 
Now (so much does madness prevail), all the world must oe 

Sent to Anticyra, to graze on Hellebore. 



(81) 



THE 



SYNOPSIS OF THE FIRST PARTITION. 



CM? 

Melancholy 
in which 
(onsider 



f Their 
Causes, 
Subs. 1. 



Impulsive ; < Sin, concupiscence, &c. 

Instrumental ; J Intemperance, all second causes, Ace. 



In diseases, 
consider | 

Sect. 1. < 

Memb 1. 



Or 



Definition, 
Member, 
Division. 
Subs. 2. 



Of the body 
300, which are 



Or 



Of the head 
or mind. 
Subs. 3. 



{Epidemical, as Plague, Plica, &c. 
or 
Particular, as Gout, Dropsy, &c. 
fin disposition ; as all perturbations, evil «Hec 
tion, &c. 



Or 



Habits, as 
Subs. 4. 



("Dotage 

Frenzy. 

Madness. 

Ecstasy. 

Lycanthropia. 
j Chorus sancti Viti. 
I Hydrophol)ia. 
I Possession or obsession 

Devils. 
[ Melancholy. See T. 



fits Equivocations, in Disposition, Improper, &c. Subsect. 5. 



Memb. 2. 
To its ex- 
plication, a 
digression 
of anatomy, 
in which 
observe 
parts of 
Subs. 1. 



r Body 
hath 
parts 
Subs. 2. 



r ... fHun^ours, 4. Blood, Phlegm, &-c 
contanied as J „ . .. ... . , . , 

I Spirits ; vital, natural, animal. 

r Similar; spermatical, or flesh, 

bones, nerves, &c. Subs. 3. 

Dissimilar; brain, heart, liver, 

Subs. 4. 



containing 



&c 



I Soul and its faculties, as 



L 

r Vegetal. Subs. 5. 

I Sensible. Subs. 6, 7, 8. 

(.Rational. Subsect. 9, 10, 11. 



Memb. 3. 

Its definition, name, difference, Subs. 1. 

The part and parties aB'ected, affection, &c. Subs, 2. 

The matter of melancholy, natural, <Sr,c. Subs. 4. 



r 



Species, or 
kinds, 
which are 



Proper to 
parts, as 

Or 

Indefinite ; 
tition. 



f Of the head alone. Hypo- f with their several 
J chondriacal, or windy me- j causes, symptoms, 
I lancholy. Of the whole ] prognostics, cures 
L body. t 



as Love-melancholy the subject of the third Par- 



11 



Its Causes in general. Seel. 2. A. 
Its Symptoms or signs. Sect. 3. B. 
Its Prognostics or indications. Sect. 4. 4. 
[Its Cures ; the subject of the second Partitioa 



82 



A 

Sect. 2 
Causes of 
Melancholy 
kre either 



n 

Particular 
causes. 
Sect. 2. 
Uemb. 5 



Super- 
natural. 



Synoj)sis of the First Partition. 

("As from God immediately, or by second causes, duos. I. 

J Or from the devil immediately, with a digression ol the nalura 

1 of spirits and devils. Subs. 2. 

I- Or mediately, by magicians, witches. Subs. 3. 

r Primary, as stars, proved by aphorisms, signs from physio- 
gnomy, metoposcopy, chiromancy. Subs. 4. 



Or 



rCongenite, 
I inward 
I from 



^ f 



[Natural 



Or 



Or 



Outward 
or adven- 
titious, 
which are 



Old age, temperament. Subs. 5. 
Parents, it being an hereditary disease, 
I Sub. 6 

fNecessary, see ^. 

("Nurses, Subs. 1. 
Education, Subs. 2. 
Terrors, afl'rights, 
Subs. 3. 

Evident, ^ Scofls, calumnies, hitter 

outward, <( ^ jests, Subs. 4. 

remote, ad- „ , Loss of liberty, servi- 
ventitious, " | tude, imprisonment. 

Subs. .5. 
Poverty and want, 

Subs. 6. 
A heap of other acci- 
dents, death of friends, 
Or l^ I. loss, &c. Subs. 7. 

In which the body works 
on the mind, and this 
malady is caused by 
Contingent, precedent diseases ; as 

inward, an- agues, pox, &c., c 

tecedent, temperature innate, 

nearest. ] Subs. 1. 

Mernb. 5. Or by particular parts dib- 

l. Sect. 2. temperfcu, as brain, heart, 

spleen, liver, mesentery, 
pylorus, stomach. &c. 
Subs. 2. 



[ Particular to the three species. See II. 



Of head 
Melancholy 
are Subs. 3. 



J Of hypo- 
chondriacal, 
or windy 
melancholy 
are. 



Over all the 
body are. 
Subs. 5. 



r Innate humour, or from distemperature adust. 

I A hot brain, corrupted blood in the brain. 
'^Inward ■( Excess of venery, or defect. 

I I Agues, or some j)recedent disease. 

[Fumes arising from the stomach, &c. 

or [Heat of the sun immoderate. 

A blow on the head. 
I Overmuch use of hot wines, spices, gTirlick; onions, 
■J hot halhs, overmuch waking, &c. 
Outward j Idleness, solitariness, or overmuch study, vehement 

labour, &c. 
I Passions, perturbations, &c 

fDefault of spleen, belly, bowels, stomacn, mesentery 
I "iiiseraic veins, liver, &c. 

1 Months or hemorrhoids stopped, or any other ordi- 
nary evacuation. 
Those six non-natural things abused. 

Jljiver distempered, stopped, over-hot, apt to engender 
[ melancholy, temperature innate. 
fBad diet, su|)pression of hemorrhoids. &c. and such 
(.Outward. <. eviicuutions, passiotis, caref <Src thi>se s \. noii- 
liH'nral things abused. 



f Inward 



Outward 



f Inward 



Synopsis of the First Partition. 



83 



Diet 
offend- 
ing in 
Subs.X 



Bread ; coarse and black, &c. 
Drink ; thick, thin, sour, &c. 

Water unclean, milk, oil, vinegar, wine, spices, &c. 
-gylj. fParts; heads, feef, entrails, fat, bacon, blood, &c. 

stance ^ Flesh < rr- i JBeef, pork, venison, hares, goats, pigeons, pea- 
' [ 1 cocks, fen-fowl, &c. 

] Herbs, [Of fish ; all shell-fish, hard and slimy fish, &c. 

I Fish, i Of herbs ; pulse, cabbage, melons, garlick, onions, &c. 

l&c. [All roots, raw fruits, hard and windy meats. 

Preparing, dressing, sharp sauces, salt meats, indurate, soused, fried, 
broiled, or made-dishes, &c. 

Disorder in eating, immoderate eating, or at unseasonabh' times, &c. 

Siibs. 2. 
[Custom; delight, appetite, altered, &c. <S'«6s. 3. 

Retention and eva- JCostiveness, hot baths, sweating, issues stopped, Venus n, excess, or 
cuation. Subs. 4. [ in defect, phlebotomy, purging, &c. 
Air; hot, cold, tempestuous, dark, thick, foggy, moorish, &c. Subs. 5. 
Exercise,) Unseasonable, excessive, or defective, of body or mind, solitariness, idleness, 

Sub. G. \ a life out of action, &c. 
Sleep and waking, unseasonable, inordinate, overmuch, overlittle, &c. Subs. 7. 

f Sorrow, cause and symptom. Subs. 4. Fear, cause 
and symptom. Subs. 5. Shame, repulse, disgrace 
I &c. Subs. 6. Envy and malice. Subs. 7. Emula- 
tion, hatred, faction, desire of revenge, iSufo. 8. Anger 
a cause. Subs. 9. Discontents, cares, miseries, &c. 
Subs. 10. 



Quali- 
ty, as in 

Quan- 
tity 



Memb. 3. Sect. 2. 

Passions and 

perturbations of 

the mind, 

Subs. 2. With 

a digression of 

the force of 

imagination. 

Subs. 2. and divi- 
I sion of passions 
l^into Subs. 3. 



Irascible 



concupis- 
cible. 



Vehement desires, ambition. Subs. 11. Covetousness, 
fOMpyvpcav, Subs. 12. Love of pleasures, gaming in 
excess, &c. Subs. 13. Desire of praise, pride, vain- 
glory, &c. Subs. 14. Love of learning, study in 
excess, with a digression, of the misery of scholars, 
and why the Muses are melancholy, Subs. 15. 

Body, as ill digestion, crudity, wind, dry brains, hard belly, thick blood, much 
waking, heaviness, and palpitation of heart, leaping in many places, «Stc., Subs. 1. 
rCommon fFear and sorrow without a just cause, suspicion, jealousy, discon- 

to all or i tent, solitariness, irksomeness, continual cogitations, restless 

most. [ thoughts, vain imaginations, &c. Subs. 2, 

r Celestial influences, as h % i^, &c. parts of the body, heart, brain, 
liver, spleen, stomach, &c. 

f Sanguine are merry still, laughing, pleasant, meditating 
on plays, women, music, &c. 
Or, ^j__ I Phlegmatic, slothful, dull, heavy, &c. 

\ Choleric, furious, impatient, subject to hear and see 
■( strange apparitions, &c. 

Black, solitary, sad; they think they are bewitched, 
dead, &c. 

Or mixed of these four humours adust, or not adust, infinitely 
• varied, 
■i Their several f Ambitious, thinks himself a king, a lord ; co- 



^i 



Particu- 
lar to 
private 
persons, 
according 
to Subs. 
3.4. 



customs, con- vetous, runs on his money; lascivious on his 

dilions, inch- ■{ mistress ; religious, hath revelations, visions, is 

nations, dis- I a prophet, or troubled in mind ; a scholar on his 

i "* " cipline, &c. j^ book, &c. 

I Pleasant at first, hardly discerned; afterwards harsh 

and intolerable, if inveterate. 

„ , {\. Falsa cositatio. 

) Hence some make I „ ^ -j j i 
S ., , s "• Cogttata looui. 

three degrees, i r, r. ■ / j 

° (.3. hxequi Inquutum. 

I By fits, or continuale, as the object varies, pleasnig, 

L or di.spleasing. 

Simple, or as it is mixed with other diseases, apoplexies, gout, caninus app^ itus, &c. so 

the symptoms are various. 



Continu- 
ance of time 
as the hu- 
mour is in- 
tended or re- 
mitted, <&c. 



84 



Synopsis of Ike First Partition. 



Particular 
symptoms to 
the three dis- 
tinct species. 
Sect. 3. 
lUemb. 2. 



C. 

f rogn<5stics 
»f melancholy 
Sect. 4. 



Head me- 
lancholy. 
Subs. 1. 



Hypo- 

chondria- 
I cal, or 

windy 
. melan- 
! choly. 
^ Subs. 2. 



Over all 
the body. 
Suhs. 3. 



In body 



Or 



In mind. 



In body 



Or 



In mina. 



Headach, binding and heaviness, vertigo, lightncsb, 
singing of the ears, much waking, fixed eyes 
' high colour, red eyes, hard belly, dry bouy ; n«i 
great sign of melancholy in the other parts. 

r Continual fear, sorrow, suspicion, discontent, super* 
fluous cares, solicitude, anxiety, perpetual cogita- 
tion of such toys they are possessed with, thought! 
like dreams, &.c. 

Wind, rumbling in the guts, belly-ach, heat in 
the bowels, convulsions, crudities, short wind, 
sour and sharp heichings, cold sweat, pain in 
the left side, suffocation, palpitation, heaviness of 
the heart, singing in the ears, much spittle, and 
moist, &c. 



Fearful, sad, suspicious, discontent, anxiety, &c. 
Lascivious by reason of much wind, troublesome 
dreams, affected by fits, &c. 



r Black, most part lean, broad veins, gross, thick blood, 
in o y < their hemorrhoids commonly stopped, &c. 
Or 

Fearful, sad, solitary, hate light, averse from com- 
pany, fearful dreams, &c. 



In mind. 



Symptoms of nuns, maids, and widows melancholy, in body and mind, &c. 



A reason 
of these 
symp- 
toms. 
Mernb. 3. 



Tending to good, as 



! Tending to evil, as 






("Why they are so fearful, sad, suspicious without a cause, why 
solitary, why melancholy men are witty, why they suppose they 
I hear and see strange voices, visions, apparitions. 

Why they prophesy, and speak strange languages; whence cornea 
their crudity, rumbling, convulsions, cold sweat, heaviness of 
heart, palpitation, cardiaca, fearful dreams, much waking, pro- 
digious fantasies. 

TMorphew, scabs, itch, breaking out, &c. 

Black jaundice. 
I If the hemorrhoids voluntarily open. 

If varices appear. 

Leanness, dryness, hollow-eyed, &c. 

Inveterate meliinchoiy is incurable, 
•i If cold, it degenerates often into epilepsy, apoplexy, 

dotage, or into blindness. 
(.If hot, into madness, despair, and violent death. 

The grievousness of this above all other diseases. 
The diseases of the mind are more grievous than 

those of the body. 
Whether it be lawful, in this case of melancholy, f(Jt 

a man to offer violence to himself. Neg. 
How a melancholy or mad man offering violence to 

himself, is to be censured. 



Corollaries and questions. < 



(86> 



THE FIRST PARTITION. 



THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION. 



Man's Excellency^ Fall, Miseries., Infirmities; The causes of them. 

jlf ■) P , jj 1 ]\/r AN, the most excellent and noble creature of the workl, 
'^^ * '^ ^^■-' ^^■'- '*■ tlie principal and mighty work of God, wonder oi 

N'ature," as Zoroaster calls him; audncis naturcB miraculum, "the 'marvel of mar- 
vels," as Plato-, "the ^abridgment and epitome of the world," as Pliny, Microcos- 
mus, a little world, a model of the world, ^ sovereign lord of the earth, viceroy ot the 
world, sole commander and governor of all the creatures in it ; to whose empire they 
are subject in particular, and yield obedience; far surpassing all the rest, not in body 
only, but in soul; ^Imaginis Imago, ^created to God's own "^'image, to that immortal 
and incorporeal substance, with all the faculties and powers belonging unto it ; was 
at first pure, divine, perfect, happy, ^^ created after God in true holiness and right- 
eousness ;" Deo congruens, free from all manner of infirmities, and put in Paradise, 
to know God, to praise and glorify him, to do his will, Ut diis consimiles parturiat 
deos (as an old poet saith) to propagate the church. 

Man''s Fall and Misery.] But this most noble creature, Heu tristis, et lachry- 
mosa commutatio (^ one exclaims) O pitiful change ! is fallen from that he was, and 
forfeited his estate, become miserabitis homuncio, a cast-away, a caitiff", one of the 
most miserable creatures of the world, if he be considered in his own nature, an 
unregenerate man, and so much obscured by his fall that (some few reliques excepted) 
he is inferior to a beast, ® " Man in honour that understandeth not, is like unto beasts 
that perish," so David esteems him : a monster by stupend metamorphoses, '°a fox, 
a dog, a hog, what not ? Quantum mutatus ab illo? How much altered from that he 
was; before blessed and happy, now miserable and accursed ; " " He must eat his meat 
in sorrow," subject to death and all manner of infirmities, all kind of calamities. 

Jl Descripiion of Melancholy.] '^^ Great travail is created for all men, and aui 
heavy yoke on the sons of Adam, from the day that they go out of their motlier's"' 
womb, unto that day they return to the mother of all things. Namely, their thoughts,' 
and fear of their hearts, and their imagination of things they wait for, and the day 
of death. From him that sitteth in the glorious throne, to him that sitteth beneath 
in the earth and aslies ; from him that is clothed in blue silk and weareth a crown, 
to him that is clothed in simple linen. Wrath, envy, trouble, and unquietness, and 
fear of death, and rigour, and strife, and such things come to both man and beast,' 
but sevenfold to the ungodly." All this befalls him in this life, and peradventurc 
eternal misery in the life to come. 

Impulsive Cause of Man^s Misery and Infirmities?^ The impulsive cause of these 
miseries in man, this privation or destruction of God's image, the cause of death and 

'Magnum miraculum. ^Mundi epitome, na- I est in imagine parva. ' Eph. iv. 24. epaian 

luta; deliciEB. 3 Finis rerum omnium, cui sublu- terius. "Psal. xlix. 90. 'oLascivi^ superal 

iiaria serviunt. ScaliK. exercit 365. sec. 3. Vales, de ' equum, impudentia canera, a :tu vulpein, furore leo- 
sacr. Phil. c. 5. ■'Ul in niiir..smate Ca>saris imago, | nem. Chrys. 23. Gen. v Gen. iii. 13. '^ Ec- 

<ic in homine Dei. 'Gen. 1. oimago mundi clus. iv. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 

n corpore, Dei in anima. Exemplumque dei quisque I 

H 



B6 Diseases in General. [Part. 1. Sect. 1. 

diseases, of all temporal and eternal punishments, was the sin of our first parent 
Adam, "in eating of the forbidden fruit, by tlie devil's instigation and allurement. 
His disobedience, pride, ambition, intemperance, incredulity, curiosity, from whence 
proceeded original sin, and tliat general corruption of mankind, as from a fountain 
flowed all bad inclinations and actual transgressions which cause our several calami- 
ties inflicted upon us for our sins. And this belike is that which our fabulous poets 
have shadowed unto us in the tale of '■'Pandora's box, which being opened ihrougli 
her curiosity, filled the world full of all manner of diseases. It is not curiosity 
alone, but those other crying sins of ours, which pull these sevei-al plagues and 
miseries upon our heads. For Ubi peccatum^ ibi. procclla, as '^> Jhrysostom well 
observes. "' '■'• Fools by reason of their transgression, and because of their iniquities, 
are afflicted." " •■' Fear cometh like sudden desolation, and destruction like a whirl- 
wind, afliiction and anguish," because they did not fear God. '^" Are you shaken 
with wars .?" as Cyprian well urgeth to Demetrius, " are you molested with deartli and 
famine ? is your health crushed with raging diseases } is mankind generally tormented 
with epidemical maladies? 'tis all for your sins," Hag. i. 9, 10; Amos i. ; Jer. vii 
God is angry, punisheth and threateneth, because of their obstinacy and stubborn- 
ness, they will not turn unto him. '^'^If the earth be barren then for want of rain, 
if dry and squalid, it yield no fruit, if your fountains be dried up, your wine, corn, 
and oil blasted, if the air be corrupted, and men troubled with diseases, 'tis by rea- 
son of their sins :" which like the blood of Abel cry loud to heaven for vengeance. 
Lam. V. 15. " That we have sinned, therefore our hearts are heavy," Isa. lix. 11, 12. 
" We roar like bears, and mourn like doves, and want health, &.c. for our sins and 
trespasses." But this we cannot endure to hear or to take notice of, Jer. ii. 30. 
" We are smitten in vain and receive no correction ; " and cap. v. 3. "• Thou hast 
stricken them, but they have not sorrowed; they have refused to receive correction f 
they have not returned. Pestilence he hath sent, but they have not turned to him," 
Amos iv. ^° Herod could not abide John Baptist, nor ^' Domitian endure ApoUonius 
to tell the causes of the plague atEphesus, his injustice, incest, adultery, and the like 
To punish therefore this blindness and obstinacy of ours as a concomitant cause 
and principal agent, is God's just judgment in bringing these calamities upon us, to 
cliastise us, I say, for our sins, and to satisfy God's wrath. For the law requires 
obedience or punishment, as you may read at large, Deut. xxviii. 1 5. " If they will 
not obey the Lord, and keep his commandments and ordinances, then all these curses 
shall come upon them." ^^" Cursed in the town and in the field, &c." ^^" Cursed in 
the fruit of the body, &c." ^^ " The Lord shall send thee trouble anu shame, because 
of thy wickedness." And a little after, ^*" The Lord shall smite thee with the botch 
of Egypt, and with emrods, and scab, and itch, and thou canst not be healed ; "Svith 
madness, blindness, and astonishing of heart." This Paul seconds, Kom. ii. 9. " Tri- 
bulation and anguish on the soul of every man that doeth evil." Oi else these chas- 
tisements are inflicted upon us for our humiliation, to exercise and try our patience 
here in this life to bring us home, to make us to know God ourselves, to inform and 
leach us wisdom. ^''"Therefore is my people gone into captivity, because they had 
no knowledge ; therefore is the wi;^th of the Lord kindled against his people, and 
he hath stretched out his hand upon them." He is desirous of our salvaiion. 
^^JYosircs saUiiiS avidus, saith Lemnius, and for that cause pulls us by the ear miny 
times, to put us in mind of our duties : '' That they which erred might have under- 
standing, (as Isaiah speaks xxix. 24) and so to be reformed." ^^ " 1 am afflicted, and 
at the point of death," so David confesseth of himself, Psal. Ixxxvih. v. 1 5, v. 9, 
" Mine eyes are sorrowful through mine affliction :" and that made hhn turn unto 
God. Great Alexander in the midst of all his prosperity, by a company of parasites 



•3 Gen. iii. 17. '■'Ilia cadens tegnien manibus gleba producat, si turbo viiieam debilitet, &c. Cypr. 

decussit, et uni perniciem iinniisit miseris mortalibua -"Mat. xiv. 3. '^i Philoslratiis. lib. 8. vit. Apollonii. 

atram. Hesiod. 1. oper. '^Honi. 5. ad pop. An- Injustitiam ejus, et sceleralas nuptias, et ctetera quas 

.tioch. "> Psal. cvii. 17. "Pro. i. 27. i^Qiidd praMer rationem fecerat, morboriim cansas dixit. *- 16. 

autem crebrius bella concutiant, quod sterilitas et --'18. ••'•20. ■-'■■> Verse 17. -"iaS Deos qnog 

lames snlicitudineni cumulent, qii6d sievieiitibiis mnr- diligit, castigat. ^^ Tsa. v. 13. Verse 15. -'«iNos- 

bis valitudofrangitur, qii6d1)uiiianiini genus luis pnpu- tree saluiis avidiis continenter aures vellicat, ac cala- 

latione vastatur ; ob peccatnni omnia. Cypr. '•'Si mitate subinde nos exercet. Levinus Lemn. 1. 2. c. 29. 

raro desuper pluvia descendat, si terra situ pulveris i de occult, nat. inir. 2«Vexatio dat intellectum 

^qualleat, si vix jejunas el pallidal herbas sterilia Isa xxviii. 19. 



*Iem. 1. ^uTo. i.J 



Diseases in General. 



87 



deified, and now made a god, when he saw one of his wounds bleed, remembered 
that he was but a man, and remitted of his pride. In morho recolligit se animus,'* 
as ^' Pliny well perceived ; " In sickness the mind reflects upon itself, with judgment 
surveys itself, and abhors its former courses ;" insomuch that he concludes to his 
friend Marius, '^^"that it were the period of all philosophy, if we could so continue 
sound, or perform but a part of that which we promised to do, being sick. Whoso 
is wise then, will consider these things," as David did {^Psal. cxliv., verse last); and 
whatsoever fortune befall him, make use of it. " If he be in sorrow, need, sickness, 
or any other adversity, seriously to recount with himself, why this or that malady, 
misery, this or that incurable disease is inflicted upon him ; it may be for his good, 
'^ sic expedite as Peter said of his daughter's ague. Bodily sickness is for his soul's, 
heaud, periisset nisi periissef, had he not been visited, he had utterly perished ; for 
** " the Lord correcteth him whom he loveth, even as a father doth his child in whom 
he delighteth." If he be safe and sound on the other side, and free from all mannei 
ofinflrinity; ^'etcui 



"Gralia, forma, valetudo contiiigat abuiidS 
Et iiiuiidiis victus, noil deficieiile cruiiieni." 



"And that he have grace, beauty, favour, health, 
A cleanly diet, and abound in wealth." 



Yet in the midst of his prosperity, let him remember that caveat of Moses, ^®" Beware 
that he do not forget the Lord his God ;" that he be not pufled up, but acknowledge , 
them to be his good gifts and benefits, and ^' " the more he hath, to be more thank - 
ful," (as Agapetianus adviseth) and use them aright. 

Instrumental Causes of our Infirmities?\ Now the instrumental causes of these 
our infirmities, are as diverse as the infirmities themselves ; stars, heavens, ele- 
ments, &c. And all those creatures which God hath made, are armed against sin- 
ners. They were indeed once good in themselves, and that they are now many of 
them pernicious unto us, is not in their nature, but our corruption, which hath caused 
it. For from the fall of our first parent Adam, they have been changed, the earth 
accursed, the influence of stars altered, the four elements, beasts, birds, plants, are 
now ready to oflend us. " The principal things for the use of man, are water, fire, 
iron, salt, meal, wheat, honey, milk, oil, wine, clothing, good to the godly, to the 
sinners turned to evil,'' Ecclus. xxxix. 26. " Fire, and hail, and famine, and dearth, 
all these are created for vengeance," Ecclus. xxxix. 29. The heavens threaten us 
with their comets, stars, planets, with their great conjunctions, eclipses, oppositions, 
quartdes, and such unfriendly aspects. The air with his meteors, thunder and 
lightning, intemperate heat and cold, mighty winds, tempests, unseasonable weather; 
from which proceed dearth, famine, plague, and all sorts of epidemical diseases, con- 
suming infinite myriads of men. At Cairo in Egypt, every third year, (as it is re- 
lated by ^^Boterus, and others) 300,000 die of the plague; and 200,000, in Con- 
stantinople, every fifth or seventh at the utmost. How doth the earth terrify and 
oppress us with terrible earthquakes, which are most frequent in '^'^ China, Japan, and 
those eastern climes, swallowing up sometimes six cities at once .? IIow doth the 
water rage with his inundations, irruptions, flinging down towns, cities, villages, 
bridges, &c. besides shipwrecks ; whole islands are sometimes suddenly overwhelmed 
with all their inhabitants in ''"Zealand, Holland, and many parts of the continent 
drowned, as the "" lake Erne in Ireland ? '^^JYihilque prceter arcium cadavera patenti 
cernimus freto. In the fens of Friesland 1230, by reason of tempests, "^ the sea 
drowned 7Jiulta hominum millia, etjumenta sine numero, all the country almost, men 
and cattle in it. How doth the fire rage, that merciless element, consuming in an 
instant whole cities .'' What town of any antiquity or note hath not been once, again 
and again, by the fury of this merciless element, defaced, ruinated, and left desolate ? 
In a word, 



""Ignis pepercit, unda mergit, agris 

Vis peslilentis fequori ereptiira necat, 
Bello superstes, tabidus inorbo peril." 



" Whom fire spares, sea doth drown ; whom sea. 
Pestilent air doth send to clay ; 
Whom war 'scapes, sickness takes away." 



"oin sickness the mind recollects itself. " Lib. 7. 
Cum judicio, mores et facta recognoscit et se intuetur. 
l)um fero languorein, fero religionis amorem. Expers 
languoris non sum memor hujus amoris. ^-Sum- 

mum esse totius philosophis, ut tales esse persevere- 
miis, quales nos futures esse infiriiii profiteinur. 
»» Petrarch »i Prov. iii. 12. 3** Ilor. Epis. lib. 

1.4 '~Deu' vi'" U. Qui stat videat ne nadat. 



s'Quanto majoribiis beneliciis a Deo cumulatur, lanto 
obligatiorein se debitorem fateri. •'"Boteriis de 

Inst, urbium. ^JJ^ege hist, relationem I.od. Froli 

de rebus Japoricis ad annum 1596. ■'"Guicciard. 

descript. Belg. anno 1421. •" Giraldus Cambrens. 

■•-Janus Dousa, ep. lib 1. car. 10. And we perceive n«- 
thing, except the dead bodies of cities in I lie open sea 
"Munsler. I. 3. Cos. cap. 462. *» Builiaiian. BaptL§t 



B8 Diseases in General. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 

To descend to more particulars, how many creatures are at deadly feud with men ? 
Lions, wolves, bears, &.c. Some with hoofs, horns, tusks, teeth, nails : How many 
noxious serpents and venemous creatures, ready to offend us with stings, breath, 
sight, or quite kill us ? How many pernicious fishes, y)lants, gums, fruits, seeds, 
flowers, &c. could I reckon up on a sudden, which by their very smell many of 
them, touch, taste, cause some grievous malady, if not death itself? Some make 
mention of a thousand several poisons : but these are but trifles in respect. The 
greatest enemy to man, is man, who by the devil's instigation is still ready to do 
mischief, his own executioner, a wolf, a devil to himself, and others. ""^ We are all 
brethren in Christ, or at least' should be, members of one body, servants of one Lord, 
and yet no fiend can so torment, insult over, tyrannize, vex, as one man doth another. 
Let me not fall tlierefore (saith David, when wars, plague, famine were offered) into 
the hands of mf ', merciless and wicked men : 

<^ " Vix sunt homines hoc nomine digni, 

Quimque hipi, sjevje plus ftritatis habenl." 

We can most part foresee these epidemical diseases, and likely avoid them; 
Dearths, tempests, plagues, our astrologers fortel us; Earthquakes, inundations, 
ruins of houses, consuming fires, come by little and little, or make some noise be- 
forehand ; but the knaveries, impostures, injuries and villanies of men no art can 
avoid. We can keep our professed enemies from our cities, by gates, walls and 
towers, defend oui-selves from thieves and robbers by watchfulness and weapons ; 
but this malice of men, and their pernicious endeavours, no caution can divert, 
no vigilancy foresee, we have so many secret plots and devices to mischief one 
another. 

Sometimes by the devil's help as magicians, "witches : sometimes by impostures, 
mixtures, poisons, stratagems, single combats, wars, we liack and hew, as if we were 
ad hiternccionem nafi, like Cadmus' soldiers born to consume one another. 'Tis an 
ordinary tiling to read of a hundred and two hundred thousand men slain in a battle. 
Besides all manner of tortures, brazen bulls, racks, wheels, strappadoes, guns, en- 
gines, &c. '^^Jld uni/m corpus humanum siipplicia plura^ quam membra : We have 
invented more torturing instruments, than there be several members in a man's body, 
as Cyprian well observes. . To come nearer yet, our own parents by their offences, 
indiscretion and intemperance, are our mortal enemies. ''®"The fathers have eaten 
sour grapes, and the children's teeth an-e set on edge." They cause our grief many 
times, and put upon^us hereditary diseases, inevitable infirmities: they torment us, 
and we are ready to injure our posterity ; 

60 "moxdaturiprogeniemvitiosiorem." I "And yet with crimes to us unknown, 

I Our sons shall mark the coming age their own ; 

and the latter end of the world, as ^'Paul foretold, is still like to be the worst. We 
are thus bad by nature, bad by kind, but far worse by art, every man the greatest 
enemy unto himself. We study many times to undo ourselves, abusing those good 
gifts which God hath bestowed upon us, health, wealth, strength, wit, learning, art, 
memory to our own destruction, ^^Perdit'io tua ex te. As ^'^ Judas Maccabeus killed 
Apollonius with his own weapons, we arm ourselves to our own overthrows ; and 
use reason, art, judgment, all that should help us, as so many instruments to undo 
us. Hector gave Ajax a sword, which so long as he fought against enemies, served 
for his help and defence ; but after he began to hurt harmless creatures with it, turn- 
ed to his own hurtless bowels. Those excellent means God hath bestowed on 
us, well employed, cannot but much avail us; but if otherwise perverted, they ruin 
and confound us : and so by reason of our indiscretion and weakness they com- 
monly do, we have too many instances. This St. Austin acknowledgeth of hi>a- 
solf in his humble confessions, "promptness of wit, memory, eloquen<"e, they were 
God's good gifts, but he did not use them to his glory." If you will particularly 
know how, and by what means, consult physicians, and they will tell you, that it is 
jji ofl'ending in some of those six non-natural things, of which I shall ^'' dilate more 
at large ; they are the causes of our infirmities, our surfeiting, and drunkenness, oiu 

'^Horno homini lunus, homo homini daemon. I xviii 2. '^Hor. I. 3. Od. 6. s' 2 Tim iii. i 

•■'♦tvid de Trist. I. 5. lileg. 8. <■ Mifcent acoiiita ■■• Eze. iviii. 31. Thy desiriiciion is from thvselt 

novrtr.x. -^Lib. 2. Epist.2. ad Doiiatum. *" Kz«. | « iJI Alacc. iii. 12. ' •'•< I'art. i Sec. 2. Menib. 2 



Mem. 1. Subs, 2.] Def. JYum. Div. of Diseases. 99 

Immoderate insatiable lust, and prodigious riot. Plures crapula, quam gladius^i is a 
true saying, the board consumes more than the sword. Our intemperance it is, thai 
pulls so many several incurable diseases upon our heads, that hastens **old age, per- 
verts our temperature, and brings upon us sudden death. And last of all, that wliich 
crucifies us most, is our own folly, madness [quos Jupiter perdit., dement at ; by su1)trac- 
tion of his assisting grace God permits it) weakness, want of government, our facility 
and proneness in yielding to several lusts, in giving way to every passion and pertur- 
bation of the mind : by which means we metamorphose ourselves and degenerate into 
beasts. All whicli that prince of ^'^ poets observed of Agamemnon, that when he was 
well pleased, and could moderate his passion, he was — os ocuhsque Jovi j^ar : like 
Jupiter in feature. Mars in valour, Pallas in wisdom, another god ; but when he be- 
came angry, he was a lion, a tiger, a dog, &c., there appeared no sign or likeness oi 
Jupiter in him ; so we, as long as we are ruled by reason, correct our inordinate ap 
petite, and conform ourselves to God's v.'ord, are as so many saints : but if we givf 
reins to lust, anger, ambition, pride, and follow our own ways, we degenerate into 
beasts, transform ourselves, overthrow our constitutions, ^^ provoke God to anger 
and heap upon us this of melancholy, and all kinds of incurable diseases, as a jusi 
and deserved punishment of our sins. 

Sub SEC. II. — The Definition^ JYumher, Division of Diseases. 

What a disease is, almost every physician defines. '^^ Fernelius calleth it an 
" Affection of the body contrary to nature." °^ Fuschius and Crato, " an hinderance, 
hurt, or alteration of any action of the body, or part of it." ™ Tholosanus, " a dis- 
solution of that league which is between body and soul, and a perturbation of it ; as 
health the perfection, and makes to the preservation of it." ^' Labeo in Agellius, " an 
ill habit of the body, opposite to nature, hindering the use of it." Others otherwise, 
all to this effect. 

JYumber of Diseases.] How many diseases there are, is a question not yet deter- 
mined ; *' Pliny reckons up 300 from the crown of the head to the sole of the foo : 
elsewhere he saith, morhorum infmita multittido, their number is infinite. Hows )- 
ever it was in those times, it boots not ; in our days I am sure the number is much 
ausfmented : 

^3 "macies, et nova febrium 

Terris incubit cohors." 

For besides many epidemical diseases unheard of, and altogether unknown to Galen 
and Hippocrates, as scorbutum, small-pox, plica, sweating sickness, morbus Gallicus, 
&c., we have many proper and peculiar almost to every part. 

JVo man free from some' Disease or otheri\ /;'No man amongst us so sound, of so 
good a constitution, that hath not some impediment of body or mind.^\ Quisque suos 
patimi/r manes., we have all our infirmities, first or last, more or less. There will 
be peradventure in an age, or one of a thousand, like Zenophilus the musician in 
*^ Pliny, that may happily live 105 years without any manner of impediment ; a Pol- 
lio Romulus, that can preserve himself ^^"with wine and oil;" a man as fortunate 
as Q. Metellus, of whom Valerius so much brags; a man as healthy as Otto Ilerwar- 
dus, a senator of Augsburg in Germany, whom ^'' Leovitius the astrologer brings in 
for an example and instance of certainty in his art; who because he had the sign' 
ficators in his geniture fortunate, and free from the hostile aspects of Saturn and Mars, 
being a very cold man, ^" " could not remember that ever he was sick." ^^ Paracel- 
sus may brag that he could make a man live 400 years or more, if he might bring 
him up from his infancy, and diet him as he list ; and some physicians hold, that 
Iheir is no certain period of man's life ; but it may still by temperance and physic 

"Nequitia est qiiEe te non sinet esse senem. i «^ Cap. 11. lib. 7. es ijorat. ' b. 1. ode 3. "Etui- 



iHoiner. Iliad. s" Intemperaritia. luxus, itiglu 

vios, et infiiiita liiijusiiiodi flagitia, qiite divinas poeiias 
nerentur. Crato. '*Ferii. Path. I. 1. c 1. Mor- 

bus est affertus contra, naturain corpori insides. 
'^Fusch. Instit. I. 3. sect. 1. c. 3. k quo priinuin vitia- 
tur actio. i" Dissolutio foederis in corpore, ut sa- 

nitas est consuminaiio. <>' Lib. 4. cap. 2. Morbus 

Ml habitue contra naturam, qui usiiin ejus, &c. 

12 h2 



ciation, and a new cohort of ffers broods o\er th« 
earth." ^'Cap ^0. lib. 7. Cetituni et qiiipque 

vixit annos sine ullo inconimodo eii Jumg ,|,,iiso 

foras oleo. Bi^Exemplis genitur. pra^fixis Epheiner 

cap. de intirmitat. ''■ Qui, quoad pueiilia; ullinian 

inemoriam recordari potest non memiiiit se ieyrotun 
dw.ubuisse. '''" Lib. de vita longa 



90 



Div. of the Diseases of the Head. 



[Part. l.Sect. 1 



be \)i Aonged. We find in the meantime, by common experience, that no man can 
escaf e, but that of "'' Hesiod is true ; 






"Th' earth's full of maladies, ami full the sea, 
Which set upon us both by night and day." 



Division of Diseases.] If you require a more exact division of these ordinary 
diseases which are incident to men, 1 refer you to physicians ;™ they will tell you 
of acute and chronic, first and secondary, lethales, salutares, errant, fixed, simple, 
compound, connexed, or consequent, belonging to parts or the whole, in habit, or 
in disposition, &c. iVIy division at this time (as most befitting my purpose) shall 
be into those of the body and mind. For them of the body, a brief catalogue of 
which Fuschius hath made, Institut. lib. 3, sect. 1, cap. 11. I -refer you to the vo- 
luminous tomes of Galen, Areteus, Rhasis, Avicenna, Alexander, Paulus ^Etius, Gor- 
(^onerius : and those exact Neoterics, Savanarola, Ca'^ivaccius, Donatus Altomarus, 
Hercules de Saxonia, Mercurialis, Victorius F? /entinus. Wecker, Piso, &.C., that have 
methodically and elaborately written of them all. Those of the mind and head I 
will briefly handle, and apart. 

SuBSECT. III. — Division of the Diseases of the Head. 

These diseases of the mind, forasmuch as they have their chief seat and organs 
in the head, which are commonly repeated amongst the diseases of the head which 
are divers, and vary much according to their site. For in the head, as there be 
several parts, so there be divers grievances, which according to that division of 
'Heurnius, (which he takes out of Arculanus,) are inward or outward (to omit all 
others which pertain to eyes and ears, nostrils, gums, teeth, mouth, palate, 
tongue, wesel, chops, face, &c.) belonging properly to the brain, as baldi^ess, falling 
of hair, furfaire, lice, Stc. '^Inward belonging to the skins next to the brain, called 
dura and pia mater., as all head-aches, &c., or to the ventricles, caules, kels, tunicles, 
creeks, and parts of it, and their passions, as caro, vertigo, incubus, apoplexy, falling 
sickness. The diseases of the nerves, cramps, stupor, convulsion, tremor, palsy : 
or belonging to the excrements of the brain, catarrhs, sneezing, rheums, distillations : 
or else those that pertain to the substance of the brain itself, in which are conceived 
phrensy, lethargy, melancholy, madness, weak memory, sopor, or Coma VigiJ.ia el 
vigil Coma. Out of these again 1 will single such as properly belong to the phan- 
tasy, or imagination, or reason itself, which "Laurentius calls the disease of the 
mind ; and Hildesheim, morhos imaginationis., aut rationis IcEsce, (diseases of the 
imagination, or of injured reason,) which are three or four in number, phrensy, 
madness, melancholy, dotage, and their kinds : as hydrophobia, lycanthropia. Chorus 
sancti viti^ morhi damoniaci., (St. Vitus's dance, possession of devils,) which I will 
briefly touch and point at, insisting especially in this of melancholy, as n^ore eminent 
than the rest, and that through all his kinds, causes, symptoms, prognostics, cures 
as Lonicerus hath done dc apoplexid., and many other of such particular diseases 
Not that I find fault with those which have written of this subject; before, as Jason 
Pratensis, Laurentius, Montaltus, T. Bright, &c., they have done very well in their 
several kinds and methods ; yet that which one omits, another may haply see ; thai 
which one contracts, another may enlarge. To conclude with ^''Scrihanius, " that 
which they had neglected, or profunctorily handled, we may more thoroughly ex- 
amine; that which is obscurely delivered in them, may be perspicuously dilated and 
amplified by us :" and so made more familiar and easy for every man's capacity, and 
the common good, which is the chief end of my discourse. 

St'BSECT. IV. — Dotage., Phrensy., Madness., Hydrophobia^ Lycanthropia., Chorvs 

sancti Viti., Extasis. 

Delirium., Dotage.] Dotage, fatuity, or folly, is a common name to all the fol 
iowing species, as some will have it. "^Laurentius and ''* Altomarus comprehended 



esQper. et dies. '"See Fenielius Path. lib. 1. 

cap. 9,10, 11, 12. Fuschi\is Instil. 1. 3. sect. 1. c. 7. 
Wecker. Synt. '' Priefat. de inorbis capitis. In 

capile ut varise ^aI)itant paries, ila varia' querelae ibi 
•"leuiunt. '-Of which read Heurnius, Montal- 



tus, Hildesheim, Quercetan, Jason Praten-^is, &c 
'3 Cap. 2. de nielanchol. '^ Cap. 2. de Phisiologia 

sagarum : Quod alii, minus recte fortasse dixerint, 
nos examinare, melius dijudicare, coriigere studea 
nius. 's Cap. 4. de mol. '^Arl. Med. 7. 



Mem. 1. Subs 4.] Diseases of the Mind. 91 

madness, melancholy, and tlie rest under this name, and call it the t,ummum genus 
of ihem all. If it be distinguished from them, it is natural or ingenite, which cornea 
by some defect of the organs, and over-much brain, as we see in our common fools; 
and is for the most part intended or remitted in particular men, and thereupon some 
are wiser than others : or else it is acquisite, an appendix or sympton. of some other 
disease, which comes or goes ; or if it continue, a sign of melancholy itself. 

Prensy?[ ' Phrrn'tis., which the Greeks derive from the word tp*/"; is a disease of 
the mind, with a continual madness or dotage, which hath an acute fever annexed, 
or else an inflammation of the brain, or the membranes or kels of it, with an acute 
fever, which causeth madness and dotage. It diflers from melancholy and madness, 
because their dotage is without an ague : this continual, with waking, or memory 
decayed, &c. Melancholy is most part silent, this clamorous ; and many such like 
differences are assigned by physicians. 

Madness.] Madness, phrensy, and melancholy are confounded by Celsus, and 
many writers ; others leave out phrensy, and make madness and melancholy but one 
disease, which "Jason Pratensis especially labours, and that they ditfer only secun- 
dam majus or minus., in quantity alone, the one being a degree to the other, and both 
proceeding from one cause. They differ intenso et remisso gradu^ saith "^Gordonius, 
as the humour is intended or remitted. Of the same mind is '^Areteus, Alexander 
Tertullianus, Guianerius, Savanarola, Heiirnius ; and Galen himself writes promis- 
cuously of tliem both -by reason of their aflinity : but most of our neoterics do 
handle them apart, whom I will follow in this treatise. Madness is therefore defined 
to be a vehement dotage ; or raving without a fever, far more violent than melan- 
choly, full of anger and clamour, horrible looks, actions, gestures, troubling the 
patients with far greater vehemency both of body and mind, without all fear and 
sorrow, with such impetuous force and boldness, that sometimes three or four men 
cannot hold them. Differing only in this from phrensy, that it is without a fever, 
and their memory is most part better. It hath the same causes as the other, as choler 
adust, and blood Incensed, brains inflamed, &c. ^^ Fracastorius adds, "a due time, 
and full age to this definition, to distinguish it from children, and will have it con- 
firmed impotency, to separate it from such as accidentally come and go again, as by 
taking henbane, nightshade, wine, &c. Of this fury there be divers kinds ; *' ecstasy, 
which is familiar with some persons, as Cardan saith of himself, he could be in one 
when he list;, in which the Indian priests deliver their oracles, and the witches in 
Lapland, as Olaus Magnus writeth, 1. 3, cap. 18. Extasi omnia prccdiccre., answer 
ail questions in an extasis you will ask ; what your friends do, where they are, how 
they fare, &c. The other species of this fury are e'ntluisiasms, revelations, and 
visions, so often mentioned by Gregory and Becla in their Vr'orks-, obsession or pos- 
session of devils, sibylline prophets, and poetical furies •, such as come by eating 
noxious herbs, tarantulas stinging, &c., which some reduce to this. The most known 
9re these, lycanthropia, hydrophobia, chorus sancti viti. 

Lycanlhropia.] Lycanthropia, which Avicenna calls Cucubuth, others Lupinam 
fisaniam, or Wolf-madness, when men run howling about graves and fields in the 
night, and will not be persuaded but that they are wolves, or some such beasts. 
*'^Jiitius and ^^Paulus call it a kind of melancholy, but I should rather refer it to 
madness, as most do. Some make a doubt of it whether there be any such disease 
^''Donat ab Altomari saith, that he saw two of them in his time: ''^Wierus tells a 
story of such a one at Padua 1541, that would not believe to the contrary, but that 
he was a wolf. He hath another instance of a Spaniard, who thought himself a 
bear-, ^Torrestus confirms as much by many examples; one amongst the rest of 
which he was an eye-witness, at Alcmaer in Holland, a poor husbandman that still 
hunted about graves, and kept in churchyards, of a pale, black, ugly, and fearful 
Ic^k Such belike, or little better, were king Prstus' *' daughters, that thought 

'' I'leriqne medici uiio complexii perstringunt hos firmatatn habet impotentiam bene operandi circa in- 
duos iiiorbos, quod ex eadem causa nriantiir, quodque tellectum. lib. 2. de inlelleclioiie. "'Of which leai' 
inagnitudine et rnodo solilin distent, et alter {.'radiis ad Fflslix Plater, cap. 3. de mentis alienatione. "-Lib 

altoriini e.xistat. Jasnii I'ratens. '"Lib. Med- , 6. cap. 11. "a Lib. 3. cap 16. "^ Cap. 9. An 

"Pars mania; milii videtnr. ''"Insanus est, qui j med. «■ De . prEestic. Djemonum, 1 3. cap. 'it 

date debits, et tempore debito per se, non momenta- | »o Observat. "ib. 10. je morbis cerebri, cap. 15. v Ilij' 
neb n et fiigacem, iit vini, solani, llyoscyami, sedcon- I pocrates lib. dc insania. 



92 Diseases of the Mini. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 

themselves kine. And Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel, as some interpreters hold, was 
only troubled with this kind of madness. This disease perhaps gave occasion to 
that bold assertion of ^** Pliny, '^ some men were turned into wolves in his time, anc 
from wolves to men again :" and to that ("able of Pausanias, of a man that was ten 
years a wolf, and afterwards turned to his former shape : to *'' Ovid's tale of Lycaon, 
&c. He that is desirous to hear of this disease, or more examples, let him read 
Austin in his 18th book de Civitate Dei, cap. 5. Mizaldus, cent. a. 77.* Sckenkius^ 
lib. 1. Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de Mania. Forreslus lib. IQ.de morbis cerebri. Olaus 
Magnus, Vincentius'' Bellavlcensis, spec. met. lib. 31. c. 122. Pierius, Bodine, 
Zuinger, Zeilger, Peucer, Wierus, Spranger, &c. This malady, saith Avicenna, trou- 
bletli men most in February, and is now-a-days frequent in Bohemia and Hungary, 
according to ^"Heurnius. Schernitzius will have it common in Livonia. They lie 
hid most part all day, and go abroad in the night, barking, howling, at graves and 
deserts ; ^' '' they have usually hollow eyes, scabbed legs and thighs, very dry and 
pale," ^^ saith Altomarus ; he gives a reason there of all the symptoms, and sets 
down a brief cure of them. 

Hi/drophobia is a kind of madness, well known in every village, which comes by 
the biting of a mad dog, or scratching, saith ^^Aurelianus ; touching, or smelling 
alone sometimes as ^^Sckenkius proves, and is incident to many other creatures as 
well as men : so called because the parties affected cannot endure the sight of water, 
or any liquor, supposing still they see a mad dog in it. And»which is more wonder- 
ful ; though they be very dry, (as in this malady they are) tliey will rather die than 
drink : ^^Caelius Aurelianus, an ancient writer, makes a doubt whether this Hydro- 
phobia be a passion of the body or the mind. The part affected is the brain : the 
cause, poison that comes from the mad dog, which is so hot and dry, that it con- 
sumes all the moisture in the body. ^''Hildesheim relates of some that died so mad ; 
and being cut up, had no water, scarce blood, or any moisture left in them. To 
such as are so aflected, the fear of water begins at fourteen days after they are bitten, 
to some again not till forty or sixty days after : commonly saith Heurnius, they 
begin to rave, fly water and glasses, to look red, and swell in the face, about twenty 
days after (if some remedy be not taken in the meantime) to lie awake, to be pen- 
sive, sad, to see strange visions, to bark and howl, to fall into a swoon, and often- 
times tits of the falling sickness. ^"Some say, little things like whelps will be seen 
in their urine. If any of these signs appear, they are past recovery. Many times 
these symptoms will not appear till six or seven months after, saith ^^Codronchus ; 
and sometimes not till seven or eight years, as Guianerius ; twelve as Albertus ; six 
or eiglit months after, as Gafen holds. Baldus the great lawyer died of it : an Au- 
gustine friar, and a woman in Delft, that were ^Torrestus patients, were miserably 
consumed with it. The common cure in the country (for such at least as dwell 
near the sea-side) is to duck them over iiead and ears in sea water •, some use charms : 
every good wife can prescribe medicines. But the best cure to be had in such cases, 
is from the most approved physicians; they that will read of them, may consult 
with Dioscorides, lib. 6. c. 37, Heurnius, Hildesheim, Capivaccius, Forrestus, Scken- 
kius, and before all others Codronchus an Italian, who hath lately written two ex- 
quisite books on the subject. 

Chorus sancti Viti, or St. Vitus'' s dance ; the lascivious dance, '°° Paracelsus calls it, 
because they that are taken from it, can do nothing but dance till they be dead, or 
cured. It is so called, for that the parties so troubled were wont to go to St. Vitus 
for help, and after they had danced there awhile, they were 'certainly freed. 'Tis 
strange to hear how long they will dance, and in what manner, over stools, forms, 
tables ; even great bellied women sometimes (and yet never hurt their children) will 
dance so long that they can stir neither hand nor foot, but seem to be quite deaa. 
One in red clothes they cannot abide. Music above all things they love, and there- 
fore magistrates in Germany will hire musicians to play to them, and some lusty 
sturdy companions to dance with them. This disease hath been very common in 

* Lib. 8. cap. 22. Homines interdiim liipos feri; el 13. de morbis aculis. "cgpicel. 2. »' Sckenki'ie, 
con«ra. >^Met.lih. 1. "" Cap. de Man. >*' III- , 7 lib. de Veiieni.s. se l^ji,. de Hydrophobia. B»Cyb- 
eerata «ruii, silis ipsis adest iriimodica, pallidi, lingua I serval. lib. 10.25. '""Lascivam ( hoream. To 4. 

sicca. 'ifJap. 9. art. Hydrophobia. "''Lib 3. de iiiorhi..' anienti\im. Tract. 1. • Eventu ut D.u- 

'ap 9 »■' Lih. 7. de \enenis. "'•Lib. 3. cap | rlinuni rem ipsam coniprobante. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 5.J 



Melancholy in Disposition. 



9.? 



Germai y, as appears by those relations of ^ Sckenkius, and Paracelsus in his book 
of Madness, who bra^s how many several persons he hath cured of it. Fchx 
Plateras de mentis allenat. cap. 3, reports of a woman in Basil whom he saw, thai 
ianced a whole month together. The Arabians call it a kind of palsy; Bodine in 
nis 5th book de Repub. cap. 1, speaks of this infirmity ; Monavius in his last epistU 
£o Scoltizius, and in another to Dudithus, where you may read more of it. 

The last kind of madness or melancholy, is that demonaical (if I may so call it) 
obsession or possession of devils, which Platerus and others would have to be pre- 
rernatural : stupend things are said of them, their actions, gestures, contortions, 
lasting, prophesying, speaking languages they were never taught, &c. Many strange 
stories are related of them, which because some will not allow, (for Deacon and 
Darrel have written large volumes on this subject pro and con.) I voluntarily omit. 

^Fuschius, Institut. lib. 'S. sec. 1. cap. 11, Felix Plater, " Laurentius, add to these 
inother fury that proceeds from love, and another from study, another divine or ry 
/igious fury ; but these more properly belong to melancholy •, of all which I will 
speak ^ apart, intending to write a whole book of them. 

SuBSECT. V. — Melancholy in Disposition, improperly so called., Equivocations. 

tbC^ Melancholy, the subject of our present discourse, is eithpr in disposition or 
habit. In disposition, is that transitory melancholy which goes and comes upon 
every small occasion of sorrow, need, sickness, trouble, fear, grief, passion, or per- 
turbation of the mind, any manner of care, discontent, or thought, which causeth 
anguish, dulness, heaviness and vexation of spirit, any ways opposite to pleasure, 
mirth, joy, delight, causing frowardness in us, or a dislike. In which equivocal and 
improper sense, we call him melancholy that is dull, sad, sour, lumpish, ill disposed, 
solitary, any way moved, or displeased. And from these melancholy dispositions, 
' no man living is free, no stoic, none so wise, none so happy, none so patient, so 
generous, so godly, so divine, that can vindicate himself; so well composed, but 
more or less, some time or other he feels the smart of it. Melancholy in this sense 
is the character of mortality. '"Man that is born of a woman, is of short con- 
tinuance, and full of trouble." Zeno, Cato, Socrates himself, whom ^^lian so highly 
commends for a moderate temper, that " nothing could disturb him, but going out, 
and coming in, still Socrates kept the same serenity of countenance, what misery 
soever befel him," (if we may believe Plato his disciple) was much tormented with 
it. Q. Metellus, in whom ® Valerius gives instance of all happiness, " the most for- 
tunate man then living, born in tliat most flourishing city of Rome, of noble parentage, 
a proper man of person, well qualified, healthful, rich, honourable, a senator, a con- 
sul, happy in his wife, happy in his children," Stc. yet this man was not void of 
melancholy, he had his share of sorrow. '"Polycrates Samius, that flung his ring 
into the sea, because he would participate of discontent with others, and had il 
miraculously restored to him again shortly after, by a fish taken as he angled, was 
not free from melancholy dispositions. No man can cure himself; the very gods 
had bitter pangs, and frequent passions, as their own "poets put upon them. In 
general, '^'\as the heaven, so is our life, sometimes fair, sometimes overcast, tem- 
pestuous, and serene;; as in a rose, flowers and prickles; in the year itself, a tempe- 
rate summer sometimes, a hard winter, a drought, and then again pleasant showers : 
so is our life intermixed with joys, hopes, fears, sorrows, calumnies : Invicem cedur^ 
dolor et voluptas, there is a succession of pleasure and pain. 

13 " medio de foiite lepfirum 

Siirgit amari aliquid, in ip^is floribus angat." 

'\^Even ii\ the midst of laughing there is sorrow," (as ^ Solomon holds) : even in the 



"Lib. 1. v,ap. de Mania. sCap. 3. de mentis 

alienat. < Cap. 4. de mel. & PART. 3. 

* Ue quo homine securitas, de quo certum gaiidlnm ■? 
qtiocunqiie se convertit, in terrenis rebus amaritudi- 
nem aniiiii inveniel. Aug. in Psal. viii. 5. ' Job. i. 
14. "Omni tempore Sorrateni eodeni vultu videri, 

sive domum rediret, sive domo egrederetur. si.ib. 
7. cap. I. Natus in florentissima totius orbis civitate, 
nohilLssimis parentibus, corpores vires habuit et raris- 
kunas animi dotes, uxorein conspicuain, pudicam, 



fa;lices liberos, consulare decus, sequentes triiimphois, 
&c. lOjElian. . " Homer. Iliad. '^Lipsius, 

cent. 3. ep. 45, ut cesium, sic nos boin'nes sumus : illud 
ex intervallo nubibus obducitur et nbscuratur In 
rosario flores spinis intfrtnixti. Vita similis aeri, 
udum modo, suduni, tempestas, serenitas : ita vices 
rerum sunt, prffmia gaudiis, et sequaces curie. i3 Lu- 
cretius, 1. 4. 1124. "Prov. xiv. 13. Extremua 
gaudii luctas occiipat. 



94 Melancholy in Disposaion. I^Part. 1 . Sec. 1 

midst of all our feasting and jollity, as '^Austin infers in his Com on the 41st Psalm, 
there is grief and discontent. Inter dcUcias semper aUquid scevi nos strangtdat, for 
a pint of honey thou shalt here likely find a gallon of gall, for a dram of pleasure a 
pound of pain, for an inch of mirth an ell of moan ; as ivy doth an oak, these mise- 
ries encompass our life. ' And it is most absurd and ridiculous for any mortal man 
to look for a perpetual tenure of happiness in his life.\ Nothing so prosperous and 
pleasant, but it hath '* some bitterness in it, some complaining, some grudging ; it is 
all yXxixvTtLxpov, a mixed passion, and like a chequer table black and white : men, fami- 
lies, cities, have their falls and wanes ; now trines, sextiles, then quartiles and oppo- 
sitions. We are not here as those angels, celestial powers and bodies, sun and moon, 
to finish our course without all offence, with such constancy, to continue for so many 
ages :\ but subject to infirmities, miseries, interrupted, tossed and tumbled up and 
down, carried about with every small blast, often molested and disquieted upon each 
slender occasion, " uncertain, brittle, and so is all that we trust unto. '*" And he 
that knows not this is not armed to endure it, is not fit to live in this world (as one 
condoles our time), he knows not the condition of it, where with a reciprocalty, 
pleasure and pain are still united, and succeed one another in a ring.*' Exi e mundo, 
get thee gone hence if thou canst not brook it; there is no way to avoid it, but to 
arm thyself with patience, with magnanimit^y, to '^oppose thyself unto it, to suffer 
aflliclion as a good soldier of Christ ; as '^° Paul adviseth constantly to bear it. But 
forasmuch as so few can embrace this good council of his, or use it aright, but 
rathei as so many brute beasts give away to their passion, voluntary subject and 
precipitate themselves iuto a labyrinth of cares, woes, miseries, and suffer their souls 
to be overcome by them, cannot arm themselves with that patience as they ought to 
do, ii falleth out oftentimes that these dispositions become habits, and " many affects 
contemned (as ^'Seneca notes) make a disease. Even as one distillation, not yet 
grown to custom, makes a cough ; but continual and inveterate causeth a consump- 
tion of the lungs;" so do these our melancholy provocations : and according .^s thn 
humour itself is intended, or remitted in men, as their temperature of body, or ra- 
tion.^! soul is better able to make resistance ; so are they more or less affected. [For 
lliat which is but a ffea-biting to one, causeth insufferable torment to another); and 
whiM one by his singular moderation, and well-composed carriage can happily over- 
come, a second is no whit able to sustain, but upon every small occasion of miscon- 
ceived abuse, injury, grief, disgrace, loss, cross, humour, &c. (if solitary, or idle) 
yiei is so far to passion, that his complexion is altered, his digestion hindered, his 
sleeo gone, his spirits obscured, and his heart heavy, his hypochondries misaffected ; 
win d, crudity, on a sudden overtake him, and he himself overcome with melancholy. 
As It is witli a man imprisoned for debt, if once in the gaol, every creditor will 
bring his action against him, and there likely hold him. If any discontent seize 
upon a patient, in an instant all other perturbations (for — qua data porta ruunt) will 
set upon him, and then like a lame dog or broken-winged goose he droops and pines 
aW'iy, and is brought at last to that ill habit or malady of melancholy itself. So that 
as the philosophers make ^^ eight degrees of heat and cold, we may make eiglity- 
eight of melancholy, as the parts affected are diversely seized with it, or have been 
plunged more or less into this infernal gulf, or waded deeper into it. But all these 
mdancholy fits, howsoever pleasing at first, or displeasing, violent and tyrannizing 
over those whom they seize on for the time; yet these fits I say, or men affected, 
are but improperly so called, because they continue not, but come and go, as by 
some objects tliey are moved. This melancholy of which we are to treat, is a habit, 
mosbus sonticus, or chronicus, a chronic or continuate disease, a settled humour, as 



isNatalitia inqiiit celebrantnr, niipliae hie sunt ; at deslitiitris in prnfundn iniseriarum valle miserabiliter 
ibi quid celebratiir quod iion dolet. qiKid non transit i iminerguiit. Valerius, lib. 6. cap. 11. 's Huic 

'8 Apuleius 4. florid. Nihil quicqiiid hoiiiini !am pros- , seculo parum aptus es, ant potius omnium nostrorum 
perum divinitus datuin, quiii ei admixtiim sit aliqnid 1 conriitionem ignoras, quibus reciproco quodani nexu. 



difficultatis ut eliam atnplissima quaqua Istitid, subsit 
quiP[)iani vel parva querimonia conjusatione quadaui 
mellis, et ftellis. " Caduca nimirum et frngilia, et 

puerilihiis ronsentanea crepnndiis sunt ista qure vires 
et opes huinanse vncantur, affluunt snbilb, repente de- 
Inbuiitur, nullo in loco, nulla in persona, Ptaliilil)ns 
nixa radicibus consistunt, sed incertissimo flalu for- 
uns quos in sublime exlulerunt nnproviso recursu 



&c. Lorchanus Gollobelsicus, lib. 3. ad annum 1598. 
"Horsum omnia studia diriui debent> ut humana for- 
tiler feramus. '-0 2 Tim. ii. 3. J' Epist. 96. lib. 10. 
AfFeclus frequentes contemptiqiie morbuni faciunt, 
Uistillatio una ner, adtiuc in morem adaucta, lussin. 
facit, assidna et violenta pihisim. ^- Calidum ad 

octo : frigidum ad octo. Una hirundo non facit 
cestatem. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Digression of Anatomy. 95 

"Aurelianiis and ^* others call it, not errant, but fixed ; and as it was long increasing 
ISO now being (pleasant, or painful) grown to an habit, it will hardly be removed. 



SECT. I. MEMB. II. 

Sub SECT. I. — Digression of Anatomy. 



Before I proceed to define the disease of melancholy, what it is, or to discourse 
farthc of It, I hold it not impertinent to make a brief digression of the anatomy of 
the body and faculties of the soul, for the better understanding of that which is to 
follow ; because many hard words will often occur, as myrache, hypocondries, 
emrods, &c., imagination, reason, humours, spirits, vital, natural, animal, nerves, 
veins, arteries, chylus, pituita; which by the vulgar will not so easily be perceived, 
what they are, how cited, and to what end they serve. And besides, it may perad- 
venture give occasion to some men to examine more accurately, search further into 
this most excellent subject, and thereupon with that royal ^^ prophet to praise God, 
(" for a man is fearfully and wonderfully made, and curiously wrought") that have 
time and leisure enough, and are sufliciently informed in all other worldly businesses, 
as to make a good bargain, buy and sell, to keep and make choice of a fair hawk, 
hound, horse, &c. But for such matters as concern the knowledge of themselves, 
they are wholly ignorant and careless ; they know not what tliis body and soul are, 
how combined, of what parts and faculties they consist, or how a man difiers from a 
dog. 'And what can be more ignominious and filthy (as ^'^Melancthon well inveighs) 
'•' tlian for a man not to know the structure and composition of his own body, espe- 
cially since the knowledge of it^tends so much to the preservation of his health, and 
information of his manners ?"'' To stir them up therefore to this study, to peruse 
those elaborate works of "^' Galen, Bauhines, Plater, Vesalius, Falopius, Laurentius, 
Remelinus, Stc, which have written copiously in Latin; or that which some of our 
industrious countrymen have done in our mother tongue, not long since, as that 
translation of ^** Columbus and ^^Microcosmograjihia, in thirteen books, I have made 
this brief digression. Also because ^"Wecker, "QVIelancthon, "'Fernelius, ^^Fuschius, 
and those tedirms Tracts cle Animct (which have more compendiously liandled and 
written of this matter,) are not at all times ready to be had, to give them some small 
taste, or notice of the rest, let this epitome suffice. 

SuBSECT. II. — Division of the Body, Humours, Spirits. 

Of the pans of the body there may be many divisions : the most approved is that 
of ^* Laurentius, out of Hippocrates : which is, into parts contained, or containing. 
Contained, are either humours or spirits. 

Hiunonrs.] A humour is a liquid or fluent part of the body, comprehended m 
it, for the preservation of it ; and is either innate or born with us, or adventitious 
and acquisite. The radical or innate, is daily supplied by nourishment, which 
some call cambium, and make those secondary humours of ros and gluten to main- 
tain it : or acquisite, to maintain these four first primary humours, coming and pro- 
ceeding from the first concoction in the liver, by whioh means chylus is excluded. 
Some cuvide them into profitable and excrementitious. But ^^Crato out of Hippo- 
crates will have all four to be juice, and not excrements, Avithout which no living 
creature can be sustained : which four, though they be comprehended in the mass 
of blood, yet they have their several affections, by which they are distinguished 
fi om one another, and from those adventitious, peccant, or ^^ diseased humours, a« 
iilelancihon calls them. 

Blood.] Blood is a hot, sweet, temperate, red humour, prepared in the miseraic 
veins, and made of the most temperate parts of the chylus in the liver, whose offi»;e 

i^Lib. 1. c. 6. 2<Fuschius, «. 3. sec. 1. cap. 7. 1 usu part. ^History of man. s^D. Cioofce. 

Hildesheirn, fol. 130. '^Psal. xxxix. 13. -''De h" In Syntax!. ^' De Aninia. s^instit. lib. 1. 

Anima. Tiirpe enim est honiini ifrnnrare sui corporis 33 physiol. I. 1,2. a-tAnat. 1. 1. c. 18. 3^ In 

(ut ta dicaiii) Eedificiiiin, prsesertim cum ad valeiudi- | Micro, succos, sine quibus animal sustenlari non pc 
kern et mores bKccugnitio plurimum conducat. ^ l)e | test. ^u ]^Iorboso3 humored. 



90 Similar Parts. ^Part. i. Sec. 

IS to nourish the whole body, to give it strength and colour, being dispersed by the 
veins through every part of it. And from it spirits are first begotten in the heart, 
wriich afterwards by the arteries are communirated to the other parts. 

Pituita, or phlegm, is a cold and moist humour, beguuen of the colder part ol 
the chylus (or white juice coming out of the meat digested in the stomach,) in the 
liver; his office is to nourish and moisten the members of the body, which as the 
tongue are moved, that they be not over dry. 

Choler, is hot and dry, bitter, begotten of the hotter parts of the chylus, and 
gathered to the gall : it helps the natural heat and senses, and serves to the expelling 
of excrenicnts. 

Melancholy.] Melancholy, cold and dry, thick, black, and sour, begotten of the 
^lore feculent part of nourisliment, and purged from the spleen, is a bridle to the 
other two hot humours, blood and choler, preserving them in the blood, and nourish- 
ing the bones. These four humours have some analogy with the four elements, and 
to the four ages in man. 

SeniM^i Siveaf, Tears.] To these humours you may add serum, which is the 
matter of urine, and those excrementitious humours of the third concoction, sweat 
and tears. 

Spirits.] Spirit is a most subtile lapeur, which is expressed from the blood, and 
the instrument of the soul, to peri-Ji-m all his actions ; a common tie or medium 
between the body and the soul, as some will have it ; or as ^' Paracelsus, a fourth 
soul of itself. Melancthon holds the fountain of those spirits to be the heart, be- 
gotten there ; and afterward conveyed to tlie brain, they take another nature to 
them. Of these spirits there be three kinds, according to the three principal parts, 
brain, heart, liver ; natural, vital, animal. The natural are begotten in the liver, and 
thence dispersed through the veins, to perform those natural actions. The vital 
spirits are made in the heart of the natural, which by the arteries are transported to 
all the other parts : if the spirits cease, then life ceaseth, as in a syncope or swoon- 
ing. The animal spirits formed of the vital, brought up to the brain, and diflused by 
the nerves, to the subordinate members, give sense and motion to them all. 

Sub SECT. III. — Similar Parts. 

Similar Parts.] Containing parts, by reason of their more solid substance, are 
either homogeneal or heterogeneal, similar oi dissimilar; so Aristotle divides them, 
lib. 1, cap. 1, de Hist. Jlnimdl. ; Laurcntius., cap. 20, lib. 1. Similar, or homogeneal, 
are such as, if they be divided, are still severed into parts of the same nature, as 
water into water. Of these some be spermatical, some fleshy or carnal. ^^ Spermati- 
cal are such as are immediately begotten of the seed, which are bones, gristles, liga- 
ments, membranes, nerves, arteries, veins, skins, fibres or strings, fat. 

Bones.] The bones are dry and hard, begotten of the thickest of the seed, to 
strengthen and sustain other parts: some say there be 304, some 307, or 313 in 
man's body. They have no nerves in them, and are therefore without sense. 

A gristle is a substance softer than bone, and harder than the rest, flexible, and 
serves to maintain the parts of motion. 

Ligaments are they that tie the bones together, and other parts to the bones, with 
their subserving tendons : membranes' ofiice is to cover the rest. 

Nerves, or sinews, are membranes without, and full of marrow within ; they pro- 
ceed from the brain, and carry the animal spirits for sense and motion. Of these 
some be liarder, some softer; the softer serve the senses, and there be seven pair of 
'.hem. The first be the optic nerves, by which we see ; the second move the eyes ; 
ihe third pair serve for the tongue to taste ; the fourth pair for the taste in the 
[^'ate ; the fifth belong to the ears ; the sixth pair is most ample, and runs almost 
over cl\ the bowels ; the seventh pair moves the tongue. The harder sinews serve 
for the motion of the inner parts, proceeding from the marrow in the back, of whom 
there be thirty combinations, seven of the neck, twelve of the breast, &.c. 
-f-\Mrleries.] Arteries are long and hollow, with a double skin to convey the vital 
spirit ; to discern which the better, they say that Vesalius the anatomist was wont 

S'Spirilalis anima. ^Laurentius, cap. 30, lib. 1- Anat. 



Mem 2. Subs. 4.] Dissimilar Parts. 97 

lo cut up men alive. '^They arise in the left side of the heart, and are princr <Jly 
two, from which the rest are derived, aorta and venosa : aorta is the root of &►>- the 
other, which serve the whole body ; the other goes to the lungs, to fetch ••r to 
refrigerate the heart. 

Veins.] Veins are hollow and round, like pipes, arising from the liver, cam'ing 
blood and natural spirits ; they feed all the parts. Of tliese there be two chief, ^ena 
porta and Vena coffl, from which the rest are corrivated. That Vena porta is a vRm 
coming from the concave of the liver, and receiving those meseraical veins, by WMom 
he takes the chylus from the stomach and guts, and conveys it lo the liver, i'he 
other derives blood from the liver to nourish all the other dispersed members, f'^ie 
branches of that Vena porta are the meseraical and liaemorrhoides. The branches 
of the cava are inward or outward. Inward, seminal or emulgent. Outward, in the 
head, arms, feet, Sec, and have several names. 

Fibrcp, Fat, Flesh.] Fibrre are strings, white and solid, dispersed through "hi; 
whole member, and right, oblique, transverse, all which have their several v ps. 
Fat is a similar part, moist, without blood, composed of the most thick and v» 'c- 
tious matter of the b'ood. The ^°skiu covers the rest, and hath cMlicuhim, or ah 'Ift 
skin under it. Flesh is soft and ruddy, composed of the congealing of blood, &.( 

SuBSECT. IV. — Dissimilar Parts. 

Dissimilar parts are those which we call organical, or instrumental, and they be 
inward or outward. Tiie chiefest outv/ard parts are situate forward or backward — 
fi fward, the crown and foretop of the head, skull, face, foreliead, temples, chin, eyes, 
ears, nose, &c., neck, breast, chest, upper and lower part of the belly, hypocondries. 
navel, groin, flan'k, &c. ; backward, the hinder part of the head, back, shoulders, sides, 
loins, hipbones, os sacrum., buttocks, &c. Or joints, arms, hands, feet, legs, thighs, 
knees, &c. Or common to both, which, because they are obvious and well known, 
I have carelessly repeated, eaque prcecipua el grandiora tantiim ; quod reliquum ex 
Hhris de anima qui volet, accipiat. 

Inward organical parts, which cannot be seen, are divers in number, and have 
several names, functions, and divisions; but that of '*'Laurentius is most notable, into 
noble or ignoble parts. Of tlie noble there be three principal parts, to which all the 
rest belong, and whom they serve — brain, heart, liver ; according to whose site, three 
regions, or a threefold division, is made of the whole body. As first of the head, in 
wliich the animal organs are contained, and brain itself, which by his nerves give 
sense and motion to the rest, and is, as it were, a privy counsellor and chancellor 
to the heart. The second region is the chest, or middle belly, in which the heart 
as king keeps his court, and by his arteries communicates life lo the whole body. 
The third region is the lower belly, in which the liver resides as a Legat a latere., 
with the rest of those natural organs, serving for concoction, nourishment, expelUng 
of excrements. This lower region is distinguished from the upper by the midriff, or 
diaphragma, and is subdivided again by ""^some into three concavities or regions, 
upper, middle, and lower. The upper of the hypocondries, in whose right side is 
the liver, the left the spleen ; from which is denominated hypochondriacal melan- 
choly. The second of the navel and flanks, divided from the first by the rim. The 
last of the water course, which is again subdivided into three other parts. The Ara- 
bians inake two parts of this region. Epigastrium and 'Hi/pogastriu?n, upper or lower 
Epigastrium they call Miracli, from whence comes Mirachialis Melancholia, some- 
times mentioned of them. Of these several regions I Avill treat in brief apart ; and 
first of the third region, in which tlie natural organs are contained. 

De Jinima. — The Loioer Region, JYalural Organs.] But you that are readers in - 
tie meantime, "Suppose you were now brought into some sacred temple, or majes- ^ 
tical palace (as "^ Melancthon saith), to behold not the matter only, but the singular 
art, workmanship, and counsel of this our great Creator. And it is a pleasant and 
profitable speculation, if it be considered aright.'' The parts of this region, which 



™ In tliesi! they observe the beating of the puUe. 
"oCiijiis est pars sininlaris a vi cutifica iit inlenora 
niuniat. Capivac. Anat. pag. 252. ■" Anat. lib. 1. 

«• 19. Celebris est et pervulgata partiiim divisio in 

13 I 



principes et ijrnohjles partes. <- D. Crool<e out .if 

Galen and others. 43 Vos vero velnti in laninli'"< 

ac sacrariiini qiioddani vos dtici puteiis, Hcc- Miivik 
et ulilis cognilio. 



ys Anatomy of the Body [Part. 1 . Sec. I 

present tlumselvo'S to your consideration and view, are such as serve to nutrition or 
generation. Those of nutrition serve to the first or second concoction ; as the 
oesophagus or gullet, which brings meat and drink into the stomach. The ventri- 
cle or stomach, which is seated in the midst of that par^ of the belly beneath vhe 
midriff, tJie kitchen, as it were, of the first concoction, and which turns our me..it 
into chylus. It hath two mouths, one above, another beneath. Tlie upper is some- 
times taken for the stomach itself; the lower and nether door (as Wecker calls it) is 
named Pylorus. This stomach is sustained by a large kell or kaull, called omentum ; 
which some will have the same with peritoneum, or rim of the belly. From the 
stomach to the very fundament are produced the guts, or intestina, which serve a little 
to alter and distribute tlie chylus, and convey away the excrements. They are di- 
vided into small and great, by reason of their site and substance, slender or thicker : 
the slender is duodenum, or whole gut, which is next to the stomach, some twelve 
inches long, saith '"Fuschius. Jejunum, or empty gut, continuate to the other, which 
hath many meseraic veins annexed to it, which take part of the chylus to the liver 
from it. llion the third, which consists of many crinkles, which serves with the rest 
■to receive, keep, and distribute the chylus from the stomach. The thick guts are 
three, the blind gut, colon, and right gut. The blind is a thick and short gut, having 
one mouth, in which the ilion and colon meet : it receives the excrements, and con- 
veys them to the colon. This colon hath many windings, that tlie excrements pass 
not away too fast : the right gut is straight, and conveys the excrements to the funda- 
ment, whose lower part is bound up witli certain muscles called sphioctcs, that the 
vexcrements mav be the better contained, until such time as a man be willing to go to 
the stool. In tlie midst of these guts is situated the mesenterium or midriff", composed 
■of many veins, arteries, and much fat, serving chiefly to sustain the guts. All these 
parts serve the first concoction. To the second, which is busied either in refining the 
good nourishment or expelling the bad, is chiefly belonging the liver, like in colour 
to congealed blood, the shop of blood, situate in the right hypercondry, in figure 
like to a half-moon — Gcnerosum memhriim Melancthon styles it, a generous part.; it 
sen'es to turn the chylus to blood, for the nourishment of the body. The excre- 
ments of it are either choleric or watery, which the other subordinate parts convey. 
The gall placed in the concave of the liver, extracts clioler to it : the spleen, melan- 
choly ; which is situate on the left side, over against the liver, a spungy matter, that 
draws this black choler to it by a secret virtue, and feeds upon it, conveying the 
test to the bottom of the stomach, to stir up appetite, or else to the guts as an ex- 
cremenL That watery matter the two kidneys expurgate by those emulgent veins 
and ureters. The emulgent draw this superfluous moisture from the blood; the two 
ureters convey it to the bladder, which, by reason of his site in the lower belly, is 
apt to receive it, having two parts, neck and bottom : the bottom holds the water, 
the neck is constringed with a muscle, which, as a porter, keeps the water from run- 
ning out against our will. 

Members of generation are common to both sexes, or peculiar to one ; which, 
because they are impertinent to my purpose, I do voluntarily omit. 

Middle Region.] Next in order is the middle region, or chest, which compre- 
hends tlie vital faculties and parts ; which (as I have said) is separated from the 
lower belly by the diaphragma or inidrifl", which is a skin consisting of many nerves, 
membranes ; ami amongst other uses it hath, is the instrument of laughing. There is 
also a certain thin membrane, full of sinews, which covereth the whole chest within, 
and is called pleura, the seat of the disease called pleurisy, when it is inflamed ; some 
add a third skin, which is termed Mediaslinus, which divides the chest into two 
parts, right and left; of this region the principal part is the heart, which is the seat 
and fountain of life, of heat, of spirits, of pulse and respiration — the sun of our 
body, the king and sole commander of it — the seat and organ of all passions and 
affections. Primnm vivcns, ullimum moricns, it lives first, dies last in all creatures- 
Of a pyramidical form, and not much unlike to a pine-apple; a part worthy of ^*ad- 
miration, thai can yield such variety of aftections, by whose motion it is dilated or 
coiUracted, to stir and command the humours in the body. As in sorrow, melan- 

■i-i J.ili. 1. c.ip. !?. s«ct. 5. ■"■■ HiPC res est pripci- I cieliir cor, quod oiiiiics retristes et lajte etatim cord? 

tutdigua. admiri '.ioue, quod tanta affectutii-' -^rietate I I'eriinl et movent 



Vlern. 2. Subs. 5.] Anatomy of the Soul. 99 

choly ; in anger, choler ; in joy, to send the blood outwardly ; in sorfw, t(» call it 
m ; moving the humours, as horses do a chariot. This heart, though it be one sole 
aiember, yet it may be divided into two creeks right and left. The right is like the 
.noon increasing, bigger than the other part, and receives blood from Vc-n,a cava., 
distributing some of it to the lungs to nourish them ; the rest to the left side, to 
engender spirits. The left creek hath the form of a cone, and is the seat of life, 
which, as a torch doth oil, draws blood unto it, begetting of it spirits and fire ; and 
as fire in a torch, so are spirits in the blood ; and by that great artery called aorta, it 
sends vital spirits over the body, and takes air from the lungs by that artery which 
is called venosa ; so that both creeks have their vessels, the right two veins, the left 
two arteries, besides those two common and fractuous ears, which serve them both ; 
the one to hold blood, the other air, for several uses. The lungs is a thin spungy 
part, like an ox hoof, (saith ''Ternelius) the town-clerk or crier, ('"one terms it) the 
instrument of voice, as an orator to a king; annexed to the heart, to express their 
thoughts by voice. That it is the instrument of voice, is manifest, in that no crea- 
ture can speak, or utter any voice, which wanteth these lights. It is, besides, the 
instrument of respiration, or breathing; and its office is to cool the heart, by sending 
air unto it, by the venosal artery, which vem comes to the lungs by tliat aspcrn 
arteria., which consists of many gristles, membranes, nerves, taking in air at the 
nose and mouth, and by it likewise exhales the fumes of the heart. 

In the upper region serving the animal faculties, the chief organ is the brain, whicfi 
is a soft, marrowish, and white substance, eng&adered of the purest part of seed and 
spirits, included by many skins, and seated witliin the skull or brain pan ; and it is 
the most noble organ under heaven, the dwelling-house and seat of the soul, the 
habitation of wisdom, memory, judgment, reason, and in which man is most like 
unto God •, and therefore nature hath covered it with a skull of hard bone, and two 
skins or msmbraaes, whereof the one is called dura mater, or meninx, the other ;jm 
mater. The dura mater is next to the skull, above the other, which includes and 
protects the brain. When this is taken away, the pia mater is to be seen, a thin 
membrane, the next and immediate cover of the brain, and not covering only, but 
entering into it. The brain itself is divided into two parts, the fore and hinder part; 
the fore part is much bigger than the other, which is called the little brain in respect 
of it. This fore part hath many concavities distinguished by certain ventricles, 
which are the receptacles of the spirits, brought hither by the arteries from the 
heart, and are there refined to a more heavenly nature, to perform the actions of the 
soul. Of these ventricles there are three — right, left, and middle. The right and 
left answer to their site, and beget animal spirits ; if they be any way hurt, sense 
and motion ceaseth. These ventricles, moreover, are held to be the seat of the 
common sense. The middle ventricle is a common concourse and cavity of them 
both, and hath two pas -iges — 'the one to receive pituita, and the other extends itself 
to the fourth creek ; in this they place imagination and cogitation, and so the three 
ventricles of the fore part of the brain are used. The fourth creek behind the head 
is common to the cerebel or little brain, and marrow of the back-bone, the last and 
most solid of all tlie rest, which receives the animal spirits from the other ventricles, 
and conveys them to the marrow in the back, and is the place where they say the 
memory is seated. 

SuBSECT. V. — Of the Soul and her Faculties. 

According to "^Aristotle, the soul is defined to be ivts%szfM, pcrfectio el actus 
primus corporis organici, vitam habcntis in potentia : the perfection or first act of an 
organical body, having power of life, which most *^ philosophers approve. But many 
doubts arise about the essence, subject, seat, distinction, and subordinate faculties of 
it. For the essence and particular knowledge, of all other things it is most hard (be 
it of man or beast) to discern, as ^Aristotle himself, ^'Tidly, =^Picus Mirandula, 
*Tolet, and other Neoteric philosophers confess : — **" We can understand all things 

^ Ptiysio. I. 1. c. 8. " Ut orator rejji : sic piilino I si Tusciil. qiiacsl. ^" Lib. 6. Doct. Va. ,"!en".il. -. 13 

»ocis iiistruiiientum annectilur cordi, &c. Mel.uicth. | pag. 1-216. ^Aristot. "i Aiiiiiia (iiisque in 

♦f De anini. c. 1. <J Scalig. exerc. 307. Told, in lelligiiiius, et tamen quae sit ipsa intelligere non 

.it), de aniina. cap. 1. &c. ^1. Ve annua, cap. 1. | valeiiius. 



100 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part 1. Sec, 1 

by her, but what she is we cannot apprehend." Some therefore make one soul, 
divided into three principal facukies ; others, three distinct souls. Wliich question 
of late hath been much controverted by Picolomineus and Zabarel. ^^ Paracelsus will 
have four souls, adding to tlie three grand faculties a spiritual soul : which opinion of 
his, Campanella, in his book de sensu rerum,'''' much labours to demonstrate and 
prove, because cax'casses bleed at the sight of the murderer; with many such argu- 
ments: And "some again, one soul of all creatures whatsoever, dillering only in 
organs ; and that beasts have reason as well as men, though, for some defect of 
organs, not in such measure. Others make a doubt whether it be all in all, and all 
in every part; which is amply discussed in Zabarel amongst the rest. The ^*'com- 
moir division of the soul is into three principal faculties — vegetal, sensitive, and 
rational, which make three distinct kinds of living creatures — vegetal plants, s.ensi- 
ble beasts, rational men. How these three principal faculties are distinguished and 
connected, Hinnano ingenio inaccessiwividetur., is beyond human capacity, as ''^Tau- 
rellus, Phdip, Flavins, and others suppose. The inferior may be alone, but the 
superior cannot subsist without the other; so sensible includes vegetal, rational 
both - which are contained in it (saith Aristotle) ul Irigonus in telragono, as a tri- 
angle in a quadrangle. 

Vegetal Soul.] Vegetal, the first of the three distinct faculties, is defined to be "■ a 
substantial act of an organical body, by which it is nourished, augmented, and begets 
another like unto itself." In which definition, three several operations are specified — 
altrix, auctrix, procreatrix ; the first is ^"nutrition, whose object is nourishment, meat, 
drink, and the like; his organ the liver in sensible creatures; in plants, the root or 
sap. His office is to turn the nutriment into the substance of the body nourishtd, 
which he performs by natural heat. This nutritive operation hath four other subor- 
dinate functions or powers belonging to it — attraction, retention, digestion, expulsion. 

Attraction.] ^'Attraction is a ministering faculty, which, as a loadstone doth iron^ 
draws meat into the stomach, or as a lamp doth oil ; and this attractive power is 
very necessary in plants, which suck up moisture by the root, as another mouth, 
into the sap, as a like stomacli. 

Retenlio7i.] Retention keeps it, being attracted unto the stomach, until such time 
it be concocted ; for if it should pass away straight, the body could not be nourished. 

Digestion.] Digestion is performed by natural heat ; for as the flame of a torch 
consumes oil, wax, tallow, so doth it alter and digest the nutritive matter, hidiges- 
tion is opposite unto it., for want of natural heat. Of this digestion there be three 
differences — maturation, elixation, assation. 

Maturation.] Maturation is especially observed in the fruits of trees ; wliich are 
then said to be ripe, when the seeds are fit to be sown again. Crudity is opposed 
to it, which gluttons, epicures, and idle persons are most subject unto, that use no 
exercise to stir natural heat, or else choke it, as too much wood puts out a fire. 

Elixation.] Elixation is the seething of meat in the stomach, by tlie said natural 
heat, as meat is boiled in a pot ; to which corruption or putrefaction is opposite. 

Assation.] Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat ; his opposite 
is semiustulation. 

Order of Concoctiori four-fold.] Besides these three several operations of diges- 
tion, there is a four-fold order of concoction: — mastication, or chewing in the mouth; 
chilification of tliis so chewed meat in the stomach ; the tliird is in the liver, to turn 
this chylus mto blood, called sanguification ; the last is assimulation, which is in 
every part. 

Expulsion.] Expulsion is a power of nutrition, by which it expels all superfluous 
excrements, and reliques of meat and drink, by the guts, bladder, pores ; as by purg- 
ing, vomiting, spitting, sweating, urine, hairs, nails, &.c. 

Augmentation.] As this nutritive faculty serves to nourish the body, so doth tli" 
augmenting faculty (the second operation <jr power of the vegetal faculy) to the in- 

65 Spiritiialem aniinam a reliqiiis distinrtam tuetur. i lip. de Anima. ca.'l. Coelius, 20. aniiq. cap. 3. Pl^lta^c^ 
etiam in cadavere irihaerentem post mortem per aliquot de placil. philos. ^ De vit. et mort. part. 2. c. 3 

rnenses. ■' Lib. 3. cap. 31. •'• CcEliiis, lib. 2. prop. 1. de vit. et mort. 2. c. 22. eoNmritio eel 

•■. 31. Plutarch, in Grillo Lips. Can. 1. ep. 50. jossius I alimfinti transmutatio, viro naturalis. Seal, exerc. 101 
de Rjfiu el Flelii, Averroes, Campanella, &;c. •" Phi- Bee. 17. o^ See more of Attraction in Seal. exer. 34? 



Mem. 2 Subs. 6.] Anatomy of the Soul. 101 

rreasing of it in quantity, accorduig to all dimensions, long, broad, thick, and to 
•nake it grow till it come lo his due proportion and perfect shape ; which hath his 
period of augmentation, as of consumption ; and that most certain, as the poe* 
observes : — 

■' "Stat sua ciiique dies, breve et. irreparabile tenipus I " A term of life is set to every man, 
jinnibus est vi'ffi." — I Wliicli is but short, and pass it no one can." 

Generation.] The last of these vegetal faculties is generation, which begets another 
ty means of seed, like unto itself, to the perpetual preservation of the species. To this 
faculty they ascribe three subordinate operations : — the first to turn nourishment into 
seed, &c. 

Life and Death concomitants of the Vegetal Faculties.] Necessary concomitants 
or affections of this vegetal faculty are life and his privation, death. To the preser- 
vation of life the natural heat is most requisite, though siccity and humidity, and 
those first qualities, be not excluded. This heat is likewise in plants, as appears by 
their increasing, fructifying. Stc, though not so easily perceived. In all bodies it must 
have radical ^^moisture to preserve it, that it be not consumed; to which preservation 
our clime, country, temperature, and the good or bad use of those six non-natural 
things avail much. For as this natural heat and moisture decays, so doth our life 
itself; and if not prevented before by some violent accident, or interrupted through 
our own default, is in the end dried up by old age, and extinguished by death for 
want of matter, as a lamp for defect of oil to maintain it. 

SuBSECT. VI. — Of the sensible Soul. 

Next in order is the sensible faculty, which is as far beyond the other in dignity, 
as a beast is preferred to a plant, having those vegetal powers included in it. 'Tis 
defined an " Act of an organical body by which it lives, hath sense, appetite, judg- 
ment, breath, and motion." His object in general is a sensible or passible quality, 
because the sense is aflected with it. The general organ is the brain, from which 
principally the sensible operations are derived. This sensible soul is divided into 
two parts, apprehending or moving. By the apprehensive power we perceive the 
species of sensible things present, or absent, and retain them as wax doth the print 
of a seal. By the moving, the body is outwardly carried from one place to another ; 
or inwardly moved by spirits and pulse. The apprehensive faculty is subdivided 
into two parts, inward or outward. Outward, as the five senses, of touching, hear- 
ing, seeing, smelling, tasting, to which you may add Scaliger's sixth sense of titilla- 
tion, if you please ; or that of speech, which is the sixth external sense, according 
to Lullius. Inward are three — common sense, phantasy, memory. Those five out- 
ward senses have their object in outward things only, and such as are present, as the 
eye sees no colour except it be at hand, the ear sound. Three of these senses are 
of commodity, hearing, sight, and smell ; two of necessity, touch, and taste, without 
which we cannot live. Besides, the sensitive power is active or passive. Active in 
sight, the eye sees the colour; passive when it is hurt by his object, as the eye by 
the sun-beams. According to that axiom, Visibile forte destruit scnsmn.^^ Or if the 
object be not pleasing, as a bad sound to the ear, a stinking smell to the nose, Stc. 

Sight.] Of these five senses, sight is held to be most precious, and the best, and 
that by reason of his object, it sees the whole body at once. By it v/e learn, and 
discern all things, a sense most excellent for use : to the sight three things are re- 
quired ; the object, the organ, and the medium. The object in general is visible, or 
that wbich is to be seen, as colours, and all shining bodies. The medium is the 
illumination of the air, which comes from ^Might, commonly called diaphanum ; for 
in dark we cannot see. The organ is the eye, and chiefly the apple of it, which by 
those optic nerves, concurring both in one, conveys the sight to the common sense. 
Between the organ and object a true distance is required, that it be not too near, or 
ioo far off. Many excellent questions appertain to this sense, discussed by philoso- 
phers : as whether this sight be caused intra mittendo, vel extra mittendo., &.c., by 
receiving in the visible species, or sending of them out, which ^' Plato, ®'' Plutarch, 

82 Vita consistit in calido et humido. 63 "Too I actus perspicui. Lumen 4 luce provenit, lux est in 

Drisllt an object destroys the organ. " Lumen est | corpore lucido. «*Satur. 7. c. 14, ^"1^ PhffidoB 

I 2 



102 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sec. I 

*'Macrobius, ^^Lactantius and others dispute. And, besides, it is the subject of the 
perspectives, of which Alliazen the Arabian, ViteUio, Roger Bacon, Baplista PorLi, 
Guidus Ubaldus, Aquilonius, &c., have written whole volumes. 

Hearing.] Hearing, a most excellent outward sense, "• by which we learn and get 
knowledge." His object is sound, or that which is heard; the medium, air; organ, 
the ear. To the sound, which is a collision of the air, three things are required ; a 
body to btrike, as the hand of a musician ; tlie body struck, which must be solid 
and able to resist; as a bv-^U, liite-string, not wool, or sponge; the medium, the air; 
which is inward, or outward ; the outward being struck or collided by a solid body, 
still strikes the next air, until it come to that inward natural air, which as an exqui- 
site organ is contained in a little skin formed like a drum-head, and struck upon by 
certain small instruments like drum-sticks, conveys the sound by a pair of nerves, 
approjKiated to that use, to the common sense, as to a judge of sounds. There is 
great variety and much delight in them; for the knowledge of which, consult with 
Boethius and other musicians. 

SmelUng.] Smelling is an " outward sense, which apprehends by the nostril.=» 
drawing in air ;" and of all the rest it is the weakest sense in men. The organ in 
the nose, or two small hollow pieces of flesh a little above it : the medium the air 
to men, as water to fish : the object, smell, arising from a mixed body resolved, 
which, whether it be a quality, fume, vapour, or exhalation, I will not now dispute, 
or of their differences, and how they are caused. This sense is an organ of health, 
as sight and hearing, sailh '^^Agellius, are of discipline ; and that by avoiding bad 
smells, as by choosing good, which do as much alter and affect the body many 
times, as diet itself. 

Taslc] Taste, a necessary sense, " which perceives all savours by the tongue and 
palate, and that by means of a thin spittle, or watery juice." His organ is the tongue 
with his tasting nerves ; the medium, a watery juice ; the object, taste, or savour, 
which is a quality in the juice, arising from the mixture of things tasted. Some 
make eight species or kinds of savour, bitter, sweet, sharp, salt, &c., all which sick 
men (as in an ague) cannot discern, by reason of their organs misafiected. 

Touching.] Touch, the last of the senses, and most ignoble, yet of as great neces- 
sity as the other, and of as much pleasure. This sense is exquisite in men, and by 
his nerves dispersed all over the body, perceives any tactile quality. His organ the 
nerves ; his object those first qualities, hot, dry, moist, cold ; and those that follow 
them, hard, soft, thick, thin, &.c. Many delightsome questions are moved by philo- 
sophers about these five senses ; their organs, objects, mediums, which for brevity I 
omit 

SuBSECT. Vn. — Of the Inward Senses. 

Common Sense.] Inner senses are three in number, so called, because they bo 
within the brain-pan, as common sense, phantasy, men^cry. Their objects are not 
only things present, but they perceive the sensible species of things to come, past, 
absent, such as were before in the sense. This common sense is tlie judge or mode- 
rator of tlie rest, by whom we discern all ilifierences of objects; for by mine eye J 
do not know that I see, or by mine ear that I hear, but by my common sense, who 
judgeth of sounds and colours : they are but the organs to bring the species to be 
censured ; so that all their objects are his, and all their offices are his. TJie fore 
part of the brain is his organ or seat. 

Phantasy.] Phantasy, or imagination, wliich some call estimative, or cogitative, 
confirmed, saith "°Fernelius, by frequent meditation,) is an inner sense which doth 
more fully examine the species perceived by common sense, of things present Ox 
absent, and keeps them longer, recalling them to mind again, or making new ol' his 
own. In time of sleep this faculty is free, and many times conceive strange, stu- 
pend, absurd shapes, as in sick men we commonly observe. His organ is the mid- 
dle cell of the brain; his objects all the species communicated to him by the com- 
mon sense, by comparison of which he feigns infinite other unto himself. In melan- 
choly men this faculty is most powerful and strong, and often huris, producing many 

" De pract. PK;.09 4. esLac. cap. 8. de opif. D«i, 1. «> Lib. 19. cap. 2. ' Phis. 1. 5. c. 8 



Mem. 2. Subs. 8.j Jinalomy of the Soul. 103 

monstrous and prodigious things, especially if it be stirred up by some terrible 
object, presented to it irom common sense or memory. In poets and painters ima- 
gination forcibly works, as appears by their several fictions, antics, images : as 
Ovid's house of sleep. Psyche's palace in Apuleius, &c. In men it is subject and 
governed by reason, or at least should be ; but in brutes it hath no superior, and is 
alio bruLorwn.1 all the reason they have. 

McTHory.] Memory lays up all the species which the senses have brought in, and 
records them as a good register, that they may be forthcoming when they are called 
for by phantasy and reason. His object is the same with phantasy, his seat and 
<brgan tlie back part of the brain. 

Jiff eel ions of the Senses^ sleep and waking.] The affections of these senses are 
sleep and waking, common to all sensible creatures. " Sleep is a rest or binding of 
ihe outward senses, and of the common sense, for the preservation of body and 
soul" (as "Scaliger defines it); for when the common sense resteth, the outward 
senses rest also. Tlie phantasy alone is free, and his commander reason : as appears 
by those imaginary dreams, which are of divers kinds, natural, divine, demoniacal, &.C., 
which vary according to humours, diet, actions, objects, Stc, of which Artemidorus, 
Cardanus, and Sambucus, with their several interpretators, have written great volumes. 
This litigation of senses proceeds from an inhibition of spirits, the way being stopped 
by which they should come ; this stopping is caused of vapours arising out of the 
stomach, filli;ig the nerves, by which the spirits should be conveyed. When these 
vapours are spent, the passage is open, and the spirits perform their accustomed 
duties : so that " waking is the action and motion of the senses, which the spiiiis 
uispersed over all parts cause." 

SuBSECT. VIII. — Of the Moving Faculty. 

Appetite.] This moving faculty is the other power of the sensitive soul, which 
causeth all tliose inward and outward animal motions in the body. It is divided 
nto two faculties, tlie power of appetite, and of moving from place to place. This 
of appetite is threefold, so some will have it; natural, as it signifies any such incli- 
nation, as of a stone to fall downward, and such actions as retention, expulsion, 
which depend not on sense, but are vegetal, as the appetite of meat and drink ; hun- 
ger and thirst. Sensitive is common to men and brutes. Voluntary, the third, or 
intellective, which commands the other two in men, and is a curb unto them, or at 
least should be, but for the most part is captivated and overruled by them; and men 
are led like beasts by sense, giving reins to their concupiscence and several lusts. 
For by this appetite the soul is led or inclined to follow that good which the senses 
shall approve, or avoid that which they hold evil : his object being good or evil, the 
one he embraceth, the other he rejecteth ; according to that aphorism. Omnia appe- 
tunt bonum^ all things seek their own good, or at least seeming good. This power 
is inseparable from sense, for where sense is, there are likewise pleasure and pain. 
His organ is the same with the common sense, and is divided into two powers, or 
inclinations, concupiscible or irascible: or (as '^one translates it) coveting, anger 
invading, or impugning. Concupiscible covets always pleasant and delightsome 
things, and abhors that which is distasteful, harsh, and unpleasant. Irascibk., '''^qiiasi 
aversans per iram et odium., as avoiding it with anger and indignation. All affections 
and perturbations arise out of these two fountains, which, although the stoics make 
light of, we hold natural, and not to be resisted. The good afiections are caused by 
some object of the same nature ; and if present, they procure joy, which dilates the 
heart, and preserves the body : if absent, they cause hope, love, desire, and concu- 
piscence. The bad are simple or mixed : simple for some bad object present, as 
sorrow^ which contracts the heart, macerates the soul, subverts the good estate oi' 
the boay, hindering all the operations of it, causing melancholy, and many times 
death itself; or future, as fear. Out of these two arise those mixed afi^ections and 
passions of anger, which is a desire of revenge ; hatred, which is inveterate angc,- : 
zeal, which is offended with him who hurts that he loves ; and cnLxat,f>exaxoa, a coir 

^ E.Tercit. 280. "T. W. Jefluite, in hia Passions of tlie Minde. " Vekurio. 



104 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sec 1 

pound aflcction of joy and hate, when we rejoice at other men's mischief, and are 
grieved at their prosperity, pride, self-love, emulation, envy, shame, &.C., of wliieh 
elsew here. 

Mooing from place to place, is a faculty necessarily following the other. For in 
vain were it otherwise to desire and to abhor, if we had not likewise power to pro- 
secute or eschew, by moving the body from place to place : by this faculty therefore 
we locally move the body, or any part of it, and go from one place to another. To 
the better performance of which, three things are requisite : that which moves ; by 
what it moves ; that which is moved. That which moves, is either the elficieni 
cause, or end. The end is the object, which is desired or eschewed ; as in a dog to 
catch a hare, &c. The efficient cause in man is reason, or his subordinate phantasy, 
which apprehends good or bad objects : in brutes imagination alone, which moves 
the appetite, the appetite this faculty, which by an admirable league of nature, and 
by meditation of the spirit, commands the ort^an by which it moves : and that con- 
sists of nerves, muscles, cords, dispersed throagli iiib whole body, contracted and 
relaxed as the spirits will, which move the muscles, or ''''nerves in the midst of them, 
and draw the cord, and so per consequens the joint, to the place intended.^ Thai 
which is moved, is the body or some member apt to move. The motion of the 
body is divers, as going, running, leaping, dancing, sitting, and such like, referred to 
the predicam.ent of situs. Worms creep, birds fly, iishes swim ; and so of parts, the 
chief of which is respiration or breathing, and is thus performed. The outward air 
is drawn in by the vocal artery, and sent by mediation of the midriff to the lungs, 
which, dilating themselves as a pair of bellows, reciprocally fetch it in, and send it 
out to the heart to cool it ; and from thence now being hot, convey it again, still 
talking in fresh. Such a like motion is that of the pulse, of which, because manv 
have written whole books, I will say nothing. 

SuBSECT. IX. — Of the Rational Soul. 

:/ In the precedent subsections I have anatomized those inferior faculties of the soul; 
the rational remaineth, "a pleasant, but a doubtful subject" (as ^^one terms it), and 
with the like brevity to be discussed. Many erroneous opinions are about the 
essence and original of it ; whether it be fire, as Zeno held ; harmony, as Aristoxe- 
nus ; number, as Xenocrates; whether it be organical, or inorganical; seated in the 
brain, heart or blood; mortal or immortal; how it comes into the body. Some 
hold that it is ex traduce., as Fhtl. 1. de Jlnimd., TcrtuUian., Lactantius de opific. Dei, 
cap. 19. Hugo, lib. de Spiritu et Anam't, Vinccntius Bellavic. spec, natural, lib. 23. 
cap. 2. e/ 1 1. Hippocrates, Avicenna, and many '*^late writers; that one man begets 
another, body and soul; or as a candle from a candle, to be produced from the 
seed : otherwise, say tlrey, a man begets but half a man, and is worse than a beast 
that begets both matter and form ; and, besides, the tlires faculties of the soul must 
be together infused, which is most absurd as they hold, because in beasts they are 
begot, the two inferior I mean, and may not be well separated in men. "Galen sup- 
poseth the soul crasin esse, to be the temperature itself; Trismegistus, Musaeus, 
Orpheus, Homer, Pindarus, Phserecides Syrus, Epictetus, with the Chaldees and 
Egyptians, affirmed the soul to be immortal, as did those British '* Druids of old. 
The '^ Pythagoreans defend Metempsychosis ; and Palingenesia, that souls go from 
ine body to another, epotd prius Lethes undci, as men into wolves, bears, dogs, hogs, 
as they were inclined in their lives, or participated in conditions : 

*o "inque ferinas 

Possumus ire donms, pecudumque in corpora condi." 

*'Lucian's cock was first Euphorbxis, a captain: 

"Ille eso (nam meniini) Trojani tempore belli, 
Panllioides Euphorbus eram. 

A horse, a man, a sponge. ^Uulian the Apostate thought AlexanoBr s soul was 
lescended into his body: Plato in Timseo, and in his Phaedon, (for aught 1 can per- 

" Nervi a. spirit!! moventiir, spiritiis ab anima. Me- ! sequantur, &c. 'sCasar. 6. coin. ''Read 

•anct. 'i Velciirio. .luciindum et anceps suhjec- jEneas Gazeus dial, of the immortality of the Soul, 

mill. "Goclenius in 'irvj/iK paj. 302. Bright in »"OviiI. Mel. 15. " We, who may take up our abode in 

Phys. i=!rrih. 1. 1. Divid Crusius, Melancthon, Hipoius wild beae'.s. or be lodged iii the breasts of cattle." 
Ueruiug, Uvinus Leminus. &.. " Lib. an mores i »' In Gall Idem. «^ Nicephorus. hist fib. 10. c 35. 



Mom. 2. Subs. 9.] Anatomy of the Soul. lOP 

ceive,) dillers not much from this opinion, that it was from God at first, and knew 
dll, but being inclosed in the body, it forgets, and learns anew, which he calls remi 
liisceniia, or recalling, and that it was put into the body for a punisliment ; and 
dience it goes into a beast's, or man's, as appears by his pleasant fiction de sortitione 
animariim, lib. 10. de rep. and after ^ten thousand years is to return into the fomier 
body again, 

S4 "post varios annos, jier inille fisuras, 

Rursus ad liumaiiiE fertur primordia vila;." 

Others deny the immortality of it, which Pomponatus of Padua decided out of Aris 
totle not long since, Plinias Avunculus, cap. 1 . lib. 2, et lib. 7. cap. 55 ; Seneca., lib. 7 
epist. ad Lucilium., epist. 55; Dicearchus in Tull. Tusc. Epicurus., Aratus., Hippocra- 
tes, Galen, Lucretius, lib. 1. 

" (PrEEterei gigiii pariter cum corpore. et uni 
Cresere sentimus, pariterque senescere iiientem.)" "^^ 

Averroes, and I know not how many Neoterics. ^^"This question of the mmor- 
tality of the soul, is diversly and wonderfully impugned and disputed, especially 
among the Italians of late," saith Jab. Colerus, lib. de vmnort. aniincB, cap. 1. The 
popes themselves have doubted of it : Leo Decimus, that Epicurean pope, as ^'some 
Tecord of liini, caused this question to be discussed pro and con before him, and con- 
cluded at last, as a profane and atheistical moderator, with that verse of Cornelius 
Gallus, Et red it in nihilum, quod f nit ante nihil. It began of nothing, and in nothing 
it ends. Zeno and his Stoics, as '^'*Aastin quotes him, supposed the soul so long to 
continue, till the body was fully putrilied, and resolved into materia prima : but after 
that, m fumos evanescere, to be extinguished and vanished; and in the meantime, 
whilst the body was consuming, it wandered all abroad, et e longinqi/o mult a annun- 
ciare, and (as that Clazomenian Hermotimus averred) saw pretty visions, and suffered 
I know not what. ^^Errant exangues sine corpore et ossihiis umbra. Others grant the 
immortality thereof, but they make many fabulous fictions in the meantime of it, 
after the departure from the body: like Plato's Elysian fields, and that Turkey para- 
dise. The souls of good men they deified; the bad (saith ''"Austin) became devils, as 
they supposed; with many such absurd tenets, which he hath confuted. Hierome, 
Austin, and other Fathers of the church, hold that the soul is immortal, created of 
nothing, and so infused into the child or embryo in his mother's womb, six months 
after the ^'conception; not as those of brutes, which are ex traduce, and dying with 
them vanish into nothing. To whose divine treatises, and to the Scriptures them- 
selves, I rejourn all such atheistical spirits, as Tully did Atticus, doubting of this 
point, to Plato's Phaidon. Or if they desire philosophical proofs and demonstra- 
tions, I refer them to Niphus, Nic. Faventinus' tracts of this subject. To Fran, and 
fohn Picus in digress : sup. 3. de Anima, Tholosanus, Eugubinus, To. Soto, Canas, 
Thomas, Peresius, Dandinus, Colerus, to that elaborate tract in Zanchius, to Tolet's 
Sixty Reasons, and Lessius' Twenty-two Arguments, to prove the immortality of the 
soul. Campanella, lib. de scnsu rerimi, is large in the same discourse, Albertinus the 
Schoolman, Jacob. Naclantus, tom. 2. op. handleth it in four questions, Antony Bru- 
nus, Aonius Palearius, Marinus Marcennus, with many others. This reasonable soul, 
which Austin calls a spiritual substance moving itself, is defined bv philosophers to 
be " the first substantial act of a natural, humane, organical body, by \\hich a man 
lives, perceives, and underbcands, freely doing all things, and with election." Out of 
which definition we may gather, that this rational soul includes the powers, and per- 
forms the duties of the two other, which are contained in it, and all three facilties 
make one soul, which is inorganical of itself, although it be in all parts, and incor- 
poreal, using their organs, and working by them. It is divided into two chief parts, 
differing in oflice only, not in essence. The understanding, which is the rational 
power apprehending ; the will, which is the rational power moving : to which two, 
all the other rational powers are subject and reduced. 

'^Phffdo. i*^ Cla;<dian, lib. 1. de rap. Proserp. I cap. 16. en Ovid. 4. Met. "The bloodless shades 

** Besides, we observe lliat the mind is born with without either body or bones watider." so Bono- 

the bodj, prows with it, and decays with it." »"' H»c rum lares, malorum ver6 larvas et lemures. »' Som« 
questio multos psr annos varie, ac miral iliter impug- say at three days, some six weelis, others other- 
Data, to. *' Colerus, ibid. i*- Do eccles. dog. I wise. 

14 



106 Anatomy of the SoiiL [Pan 1. Sec. i 

SuBSECT. X. — Of the Understanding. 

*' Understanding is a power of the soul, ^-by wliich we perceive, know, remem- 
ber, and judge as well singulars, as universals, having certain innate notices or begin- 
ings of arts, a reflecting action, by which it judgeth of liis own doings, and examines 
them." Out of this definition (besides his chief office, which is to apprehend, judge 
all that he performs, without the help of any instruments or organs) three diherences 
appear betwixt a man and a beast. As first, the sense only comprehends singulari- 
ties, the understanding universalities. Secondly, the sense hath no innate notions. 
Thirdly, brutes cannot reflect upon themselves. Bees indeed make neat and curious 
works, and many other creatures besides ; but when they have done, they' cannot 

judge of them. His object is God, Ens^ all nature, and whatsoever is to be under- 
stood: which successively it apprehends. The object first moving the understanding, 
is some sensible thing; after by discoursing, the mind finds out the corporeal sub- 
stance, and from thence the spiritual. His actions (some say) are apprehension, 
composition, division, discoursing, reasoning, memory, which some include in inven- 
tion, and judgment. The common divisions are of the understanding, agent, and 
patient ; speculative, and practical ; in habit, or in act ; simple, or compound. Tlie 
agent is that which is called the wit of man, acumen or subtility, sharpness of in- 
vention, when he doth invent of himself witliout a teacher, or learns anew, which 
abstracts those intelligible species from the phantasy, and transfers them to the pas- 
sive understanding, "^''because there is nothing in the understanding, which was not 
first in tlie sense." That which the imagination hath taken from the sense, this 
agent judgeth of, whether it be true or false; and being so judged he commits it to 
the passible to be kept. The agent is a doctor or teacher, the passive a scholar ; 
and his oflice is to keep and further judge of such tilings as are committed to his 
charge ; as a bare and rased table at first, capable of all forms and notions. Now 
these notions are two-fold, actions or habits : actions, by which we take notions of, 
and perceive things ; habits, wliich are durable lights and notions, which we may 
use when we will. Some reckon up eight kinds of them, sense, experience, intelli- 
gence, faith, suspicion, error, opinion, science ; to which are added art, prudency, 
wisdom : as also ^^ synteresis, dictamcn rafionis, conscience ; so that in all there be 
fourteen species of the understanding, of which some are innate, as the three last 
mentioned ; the other are gotten by doctrine, learning, and use. Plato will have all 
to be innate : Aristotle reckons up but five intellectual habits ; two practical, as pru- 
dency, whose end is to practise ; to fabricate ; wisdom to comprehend the use and 
experiments of all notions and habits whatsoever. Which division of Aristotle (if it 
be considered aright) is all one with the precedent; for three being innate, and five 
acquisite, the rest are improper, imperfect, and in a more strict examination excluded. 
Of all these I should more amply dilate, but my subject will not permit. Three of 
them I will only point at, as more necessary to my following discourse. 

Synteresis, or the purer part of the conscience, is an innate habit, and doth signify 

' a conversation of the knowledge of the law of God and Nature, to know good or 
evil." And (as our divines hold) it is rar.her in the understanding than in the will. 
This makes tlie major proposition in a practical syllogism. The dictamcn ralioms 
is that which doth admonish us to do good or evil, and is the nimor in the syllogism. 
The conscience is that which approves good or evil, justifying or condemning our 
actions, and is the conclusion of the syllogism : as in that familiar exan\ple of Regu- 
lus the Roman, taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, and suflered to go to Rome, on 
that condition he should return again, or pay so much for his ransom. The synte- 
resis proposeth the question ; his word, oath, promise, is to be religiously kept, 
although to his enemy, and that by the law of nature. ^^ Do not that to another 
which thou wouldest not have done to thyself" Dictamen applies it to him, and 
dictates this or the like : Regulus, thou wouldst not another man should falsify his 
oath, or break promise with thee : conscience concludes, therefore, Regulus, thou 

"^Melancthon. s'Nihil in intellectu, quod non I of the conscience. 9"Quo(i tibi fteri n»n Vis. al- 

9V'\% fuerat in sensu. Velcurio. wxhe pure part | teri ne feceris. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 11. J Anatomy of the Soui 107 

(losi well to perform thy promise, and oughtest to keep thiae oath. More of this in 
Religious Melancholy. 

SuBSECT. XI.— 0///je Will. 

Will is the other power of the rational soul, ^''"wliich covets or avoids such 
things as have been before judged and apprehended by the understanding." If good, 
it approves ; if evil, it abhors it : so that his object is either good or evil. Aris- 
totle calls this our rational appetite ; for as, in the sensitive, we are moved to good 
or bad by our appetite, ruled and directed by sense ; so in this we are carried by 
reason. Besides, the sensitive appetite hath a particular object, good or bad ; this 
an universal, immaterial : that respects only things delectable and pleasant ; this 
honest. Again, they differ in liberty. The sensual appetite seeing an object, if it 
be a convenient good, cannot but desire it; if evil, avoid it: but this is free in his 
essence, ^''Miiuch now depraved, obscured, and fallen from his first perfection; yet in 
some of his operations still free," as to go, walk, move at his pleasure, and to choose 
whether it will do or not do, steal or not steal. Otherwise, in vain were laws, de- 
liberations, exhortations, counsels, precepts, rewards, promises, threats and punish- 
ments :,and God should be the author of sin. But in ®* spiritual things we will nc 
good, prone to evil (except we be regenerate, and led by the Spirit), we are egged on 
by our natural concupiscence, and there is ataxia, a confusion in our powers, "''"our 
whole will is averse from God and his law," not in natural things oidy, as to eat 
and drink, lust, to which we are led headlong by our temperature and inordinate 
appetite, 

looi'jver ros obniti contra, nee tendere tantum 
Sufficinius, " 

we cannot resist, our concupiscence is originally bad, our heart evil, the seat of oui 
affections captivates and enforceth our will. So that in voluntary things we are 
averse from God and goodness, bad by nature, by 'ignorance worse, by art, discipline, 
custom, we get many bad habits : suffering them to domineer and tyrannise over us; 
and the devil is still ready at hand with his evil suggestions, to tempt our depraved 
will to some ill-disposed action, to precipitate us to destruction, except our will be 
swayed and counterpoised again with some divine precepts, and good motions of the 
spirit, which many times restram, hinder and check us, when we are in the full career 
of our dissolute courses. So David corrected himself, when he had Saul at a vantage. 
Revenge and malice were as two violent oppugners on the one side ; but honesty, 
relifirion, fear of God, withheld him on the other. 

The actions of the will are velle and nolle, to will and nill : which two words 
comprehend all, and they are good or bad, accordingly as they are directed, and some 
of them freely performed by hnnself ; although tlie stoics absolutely deny it, and 
will have all things inevitably done by destiny, imposing a fatal necessity upon us, 
which we may not resist ; yet we say that our will is free in respect of us, and things 
contingent, howsoever in respect of God's determinate counsel, they are inevitable 
\^id necessary. Some other actions of the will are performed by the inferior powers, 
which obey him, as the sensitive and moving appetite ; as to open our eyes, to go 
hither and thither, not to toiich a book, to speak fair or foul : but this appetite is 
many times rebellious in us, and will not be contained within the lists of sobriety 
and temperance. It was (as I said) once well agreeing with reason, and there was 
an excellent consent and harmony between them, but that is now dissolved, they 
often jar, reason is overborne by passion : Feriur equis aiiriga, nee audit currui 
hahcnas, as so many wild horses run away with a chariot, and will not be curbed. 
We know many times what is good, but will not do it, as she said, 

^"Trahit invilum nova vis, aliudque cupido, 
Mens aliud siiadet, " 

Lust counsels one thing, reason another, there is a new reluctancy in men. ^OfZi, 
nee possum, cujnens non esse, quod odi. We cannot resist, but as Phsedra confessed 



'^ Res ab intellectii monstratas recipit, vel rejicit; 
approbat, vel iniprnbat, Philip. Ignoti nulla cupido. 
"1 Melancthon, Operationes plerumque lera;, etsllibera 
sil ilia in essentia sua. si" In civilibus libera, sed 

uon in spirilualibiis Osiander. s^ Tola voluntas 

Bversa i Peo. Omnis homo mendax. '** Virg. 



" We are neither able to contend against them, noi 
only to make way." ' Vel propter ignorantium 

quod bonis studiis non sit inslructa mens lit debuit 
aut divinis praeceplis exculla. ^ Med. Ovid 

■' Ovid. 



4 * 



108 Definition of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 

^tD her nurse, *qucb loquer^'i^ vera sunt, sod furor suggerit aequi pejora : she said well 
and true, she did ackn wledg-e it, but headstrong passion and fury made her to do 
that whicli was opposite. So David knew the filthiness of his fact, what a loathsome, 
foul, crving sin achdtery was, yet notwithstanding he would commit murder, and takp 
away another man's wife, enforced against reason, religion, to follow his appetite. 

Those natural and vegetal powers are not commanded by will at all ; for " who 
can add one cubit to his stature .'"' These other may, but are not : and thence come 
all those headstrong passions, violent perturbations of the mind ; and many times 
vicious habits, customs, feral diseases ; because we give so much way to our appetite, 
and follow our inclination, like so many beasts. The principal habits are two in 
number, virtue and vice, whose peculiar definitions, descriptions, differences, and 
kinds, are hand'od at large in the ethics, and are, indeed, the subject of moral phi- 
losophy. 



MEMB. III. 

Sub SECT. I. — Definition of Melancholy, JVame, Difference. 

Having thus briefly anatomized the body and soul of man, as a preparative to 
the rest ; I may now freely proceed to treat of my intended object, to most men's 
capacity; and after many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is, 
show his name and differences. The name is imposed from the matter, and disease 
denominated from the material cause : as Bruel observes, MiUivxoT^a. quasi MeXawaxo'Xr,, 
from black choler. And whether it be a cause or an effect, a disease or symptom, 
let Donatus Altomarus and Salvianus decide ; I will not contend about it. It hath 
several descriptions, notations, and definitions. ^Fracastorius, in his second book 
of intellect, calls those melancholy, " whom abundance of that same depraved humour 
of black choler hath so misaffected, that they become mad thence, and dote in most 
things, or in all, belonging to election, will, or other manifest operations of the un- 
derstanding." ^Melanelius out of Galen, Ruffus, ^Etius, describe it to be "a bad 
and peevish disease, which makes men degenerate into beasts :" Galen, " a privation 
or infection of the middle cell of the head, &,c." defining it from the part affected, 
which 'Hercules de Saxonia approves, lib. 1. caj). 1 fi. calling it ''a depravation of the 
principal function:" Fuschius, lib. 1. cap. 23. Arnoldus Breviar. lib. Leap. 18, 
Guianerius, and others : " By reason of black choler," Paulus adds. Halyabbas 
simply calls it a "commotion of the mind." Aretajus, ^"•a perpetual anguish of thi; 
soul, fastened on one thing, without an ague ; which definition of his, Mcrcurialis 
de affect, cap. lib. 1. cap. 10. taxeth : but jElianus Montaltus defends, lib. de morh. 
cap. 1. de Melan. for sufficient and good. The common sort define it to be "-a kind 
of dotage without a fever, having for his ordinary companions, fear and sadness, 
without any apparent occasion. So doth Laurentius, cap. 4. Piso. lib. 1. cap. 43. 
Donatus y\ltomarus, cap. 7. art. medic. Jacchinus, in com. in lib. 9. Rhasis ad Al- 
mansor, cap. 15. Valesius, exerc. 17. Fuschius, institut. 3. sec. I.e. 11. &c. which 
common definition, howsoever approved by most, ^Hercules de Saxonia will not 
allow of, nor David Crucius, Tlieat. morb. Herm. lib. 2. cap. 6. he holds it insuffi- 
cient : as '° rather showing what it is not, than what it is :" as omitting the specific 
difference, the phantasy and brain : but I descend to particulars. The summum genus 
is "• dotage, or anguish of the mind," saith Aretaeus ; " of the principal parts," Her- 
cules de Saxonia adds, to distinguish it from cramp and palsy, and such diseases as 
belong to the outward sense and motions [depraved] " to distinguish it from folly 
and madness (which Montaltus makes angor animi, to separate) in which those 
functions are not depraved, but rather abolished ; [without an ague] is added by all, 
to sever it from phrensy, and that melancholy which is in a pestilent fever. (Fear 



* Seneca, Hipp. ^ Melancholicos vocamus, qiins [ animi in una contentione defixus, absque febre. 

exiiperaiitia vel pravitas Melantholiae ita male liabet, 1 " Cap. 16. 1. !. i" Eor\iin defiiiitio morbus quid non 

ut iiide insaniaiit vel in omnibus, vel in pluribiis iisque I sit potiiis quam quid sit, ex|ilicat. " Animre fiinc- 

manifeslis sive ad rectam rationem, volunlat6 perti- | tioiies imminuHiitur in fatuitate, tolluntur in mania, 
nent, vel electionem, vel intellectus operationes. depravantur solum in melancliolia. Here, de Sax 
' Pessimura et pertinacissimum morbuni qui homines cap. 1. tract, de Melan'''*. 
'.nbrutadegenerarecogit. ' Panth. Med. ^ Angor 



Mem. 3. Subs. 2.] OJ the Paris affected^ S^c. 109 

and sorrow) make it differ from madness : [without a cause] is lastly inserted, to 
specify it from all other ordinary passions of [fear and sorrow.] We properly call 
that dotage, as '-Laurentius interprets it, "when some one piincipal faculty of the 
mind, as imagination, or reason, is corrupted, as all melancholy persons have." It 
is Avithout a fever, because the humour is most part cold and dry, contrary to putre- 
faction. Fear and sorrow are the true characters and inseparable companions of most 
melancholy, not all, as Her. de Saxonia, Tract, de posthiniw de Melancholia, cap. 2. 
well excepts ; for to some it is most pleasant, as to such as laugh most part ; some 
are bold again, and free from all manner of fear and griet", as hereafter shall be 
declared. 

, SuBSECT. II. — Of tire part affected. Affection. Parties affected. 

Some difference I find amongst writers, about the principal part affected in this 
disease, whellier it be the brain, or heart, or some other member. Most are of 
opinion that it is the brain : for being a kind of dotage, it cannot otherwise be but 
that the brain must be affected, as a similar part, be it by '^ consent or essence, not 
in his ventricles, or any obstructions in them, for then it would be an apoplexy, or 
epilepsy, as '^Laurentius well observes, but in a cold, dry distemperature of it in his 
substance, which is corrupt and become too cold, or too dry, or else too hot. as in 
madmen, and such as are inclined to it: and this '^Hippocrates confirms, Galen, the 
Arabians, and most of our new writers. Marcus de Oddis (in a consultation of his, 
luoted by '^Hildesheim) and five others there cited are of the contrary part; be- 
cause fear and sorrow, which are passions, be seated in the heart. But this objec- 
tion is suflicientlv answered by '"Montaltus, who doth not deny that the heart is 
affected (as "*Melanelius proves out of Galen) by reason of his vicinity, and so is 
the midriff and many other parts. They do compati., and have a fellow feeling by 
the law of nature : but forasmuch as this malady is caused by precedent imagination, 
widi the appetite, to whom spirits obey, and are subject to those principal parts, th< 
brain must neetls ])rimarily be misaffected, as the seat of reason ; and then the hearty 
as the seat of afi'ection. '^ Cappivaccius and Mercurialis have copiously discussed 
this question, and both conclude the subject is the inner brain, and from thence it is 
communicated to tlie heart and other inferior parts, which sympathize and are n)uch 
troubled, especiallv when it comes by consent, and is caused by reason of the 
stomach, or myrach, as tiie Arabians term it, whole body, liver, or ^spleen, which 
are seldom free, pvlorus, meseraic veins. Sic. For our body is like a clock, if one 
wheel be amiss, all the rest are disordered ; the whole fabric suffers : with such ad- 
mirable art and liaiinonv is a man composed, sucli excellent proportion, as Ludt>- 
vicus Vives in his Fable of Man hath elegantly declared. \ 

-As many doubts almost arise about the -'affection, whether it be imagination or 
reason alone, or both, Hercules de Saxonia proves it out of Galen, iEtius, and 
Altomarus, that tlie sole fault is in "imagination. Bruel is of the same mind : Mon- 
taltus in his 2 cap. of Melancholy confutes this tenet of theirs, and illustrates tlie 
contrary by many examples : as of him that thought himself a shell-fish, of a nun, 
and of a desperate monk that would not be persuaded but that he was danmed ; 
reason was in fault as well as imagination, which did not correct this error : they 
make away themselves oftentimes, and suppose many absurd and ridiculous things. 
Why doth not reason detect the fallacy, settle and persuade, if she be free ? ^Avi- 
cenna therefore holds both corrupt, to whom most Arabians subscribe. The same 
is maintained by -^Areteus, -'Gorgonius. Guianerius, &.c. To end llie controversy, no 
man doubts of imagination, but tliat it is hurt and misaffected here ; tor the other 1 
determine with ^^ Albertinus Bottonus, a doctor of Padua, that it is first in '^ imagi- 



"Cnp. 4. de iiiel. "Per consensum sive per ] «> Rarii qiiisqiiani liimorpin effugit lienis, qui hoc 

essentinin. '^ oa^.. f . de iiiel. '»Sef. 7. de niorho alticilur. Piso. Qiiis affHcliis. '-' .^e«' Dmiat 

mor. vuljrar. lib. 6. I'Spicel. de melaiiclinlia. i ab Altniiiar. -• Facultas iiiiapinaiidi, noii cogitaiidi, 

'• Cv*p. 3 de met. Pars a^'^c a cerebrum sive per con- nee iiiemorandi la;sa hie. -• Lib. 3. Fen. 1. Trad. 

senSiiMi, sive per crrt:nrnni contiiisjat, et proceriim 4. cap. 8. -^ Lib. S. cap. 5. "Lib. Med. cap. 

a»;ctoritale el ratioiie slabilitiir. '8 Lib. de niel. 19. pari. 2. Tract. 15. cap. '2. ■« Hildesheini, spicel 

C> I vero viciiiitatis ratione uni nfficilur, atcepluni i 2 de Melanc. fol. 207, el fol. 127. Quaiidoque etiam 
tran.^vers ini ac sumiachus cum dorsali spina, &;r. rationalis .u aflectus inveieratu.s sit 
w Lib. I cap. 10. Sutijectuni est cerebrum inierius. | 



no Matter of Melanchoty. [Part. 1 Sec . 

■latioii, and afterwards in reason ; if the disease be inveterate, or as it is more or 
less of continuance ;" but by accident, as '■^' Here, de Saxonia adds ; *■' faith, opinion, 
discourse, ratiocination, are all accidentally depraved by the default of imagination." 
Parties affected.] To the part affected, I may here add the parties, which shall be 
more opportunely spoken of elsewhere, now only signified. Such as have the 
moon, Saturn, Mercury misaffected in their genilures, such as live in over cold or 
over hot climes : such as are born of melanclioly parents ; as offend in those six 
non-natural things, are black, or of a high sanguine complexion, '^^ that have little 
heads, that have a hot heart, moist brain, hot liver and cold stomach, have been long 
sick : such as are solitary by nature, great students, given to much contemplation, 
lead a life out of action, are most subject to melancholy. Of sexes both, but men 
more often; yet ''^ women misaffected are far more violent, and grievously troubled. 
Of seasons of the year, the autumn is most melancholy. Of peculiar times : old 
age, from which natural melancholy is almost an inseparable accident ; but tliis arti- 
ficial malady is more frequent in such as are of a ^° middle age. Some assign 40 
years, Gariopontus 30. Jubertus excepts neither young nor old from this adventi- 
tious. Daniel Sennertus involves all of all sorts, out of common experience, ^' in 
omnihus omnino corporibus cujuscunque conslilutionis dominatar. ^tius and Aretius^ 
ascribe into the number " not only ^^discontented, passionate, and miserable persons, 
swartiiy, black; but such as are most merry and pleasant, scoffers, and high colour- 
ed." " Generally," saitli Rhasis, ^' " the finest wits and most generous spirits, are 
before other obnoxious to it ;" I cannot except any complexion, any condition, sex, 
or age, but ^^ fools and stoics, which, according to ^'^ Synesius, are never troubled 
with any manner of passion, but as Anacreon's cicada, sine sanguine et dolore ; 
sinulcs fere diis sunt. Erasmus vindicates fools from this melancholy catalogue, 
because they have most part moist brains and light hearts ; ''^ they are free iVom am- 
bition, envy, shame and fear ; they are neither troubled in conscience, nor macerated 
with cares, to which our whole life is most subject. 

SuBSECT. III. — Of the Matter of Melancholy. 

Of the matter of melancholy, there is much question betwixt Avicen and Galen 
as you may read in '^Cardan's Contradictions, '''' Valesius' Controversies, Montanus, 
Prosper Calenus, Capivaccius, ""^ Bright, ■" Ficinus, that have written either whole 
tracts, or copiously of it, in their several treatises of this subject. ''^'•'' What this 
humour is, or whence it proceeds, how it is engendered in the body, neither Galen, 
nor any old writer hath sufficiently discussed," as Jacchinus thinks : the Neoterics 
cannot agree. Montanus, in his Consultations, holds melancholy to be material or 
immaterial : and so doth Arculanus : the material is one of the four humours before 
mentioned, and natural. The immaterial or adventitous, acquisite, redundant, unna- 
tural, artificial; which '''Hercules de Saxonia will have reside in the spirits alone, 
and to proceed from a " hot, cold, dry, moist distemperature, which, without matter, 
alter the brain and functions of it." Paracelsus -wholly rejects and derides this divi- 
sion of four humours and complexions, but our Galenists generally approve of it, 
subscribing to this opinion of Montanus. 

Tliis material melancholy is either simple or mixed; offending in quantity or 
quality, varying according to his place, where it settleth, as brain, sjaleen, meseraic 
veins, heart, womb, and stomach ; or differing according to the mixture of those 
natural humours amongst themselves, or four unnatural adust humours, ts uhey are 
diversely tempered and mingled. If natural melancholy abound in the body, which 

'T/ih. pnsthnmo de Mebinc. edit. 1620. Deprivatiir land, calvit. "? Vacant cnnscientiK carniflcina, 

fides, disciirsiis, opinio, &c. per viiiiim linagiiuitiories, nee piideliiint. nee verentnr, nee riilacerantur niillibiig 

ex Acciilenti. * Qui parvum caput liahent, in- ciiraniin, quilius tola vita olinoxia est. 3^IJ(). i 

sensati pleriqne .'iinl. Arist. in pliysio2;iioniia. tract. 3. contradic. 18. '''Lib. I.cont. 21. « Hrisht, 

''■' Aretciis, lih. 3. cap, 5. ™Qni prop6 statuni sunt. ca. Ifi. ■" Lib. 1. cap. 6. de saiiit. tnenda. '•'-Qiiisve 

Aret. Mediis cnnvenit setatibiis, Piso. ^' l)e ant qiialis sit liiunor ant qua; istins differentia, et quo- 

quartano. 3- Lib. 1. part. 2. cap. 11. Mpfjmus modo cisnantur in corpore, &crutandnrn, liSc eniin r* 

art Melancholiatn iion tain inoBstus sed et hilares, inulli veleruni laboravernnt, nee fieile aci ipere et 

jocosi, cachinnantes, irrisores, et, qui plerunique Galeno sententiam ob loqnendi varietatein. Leon, 

praerubri .sunt. ^jQuj sunt subtilis inpenii, et Jaccli. com. in 9. Rhasis, cap 15. cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis. 

mullte perspicacitatis de facili incidiint in Melancho- ■'•'Lib. postnin. de Melan. edit. Venetiis, 1620. c.i\p. 1 

liain, lib. 1 cont. tract. 9. ^Nnnquam sanitate et 8. Ab inteniperie calid^, humida, &c. 

mentis excidit aut dulore capitur. Erasm. ^1d 



Wein. 3. Subs. 4.J 



Species of Melancholy. 



IP: 



js cokl and dry, " so that it be more ''^ than the body is well able to bear, it must 
needs be distempered," saith Faventius, " and diseased ;" and so the other, if it be 
depraved, whether it arise from that other melancholy of choler adust, or from 
blood, produceth the like effects, and is, as Montaltus contends, if it come by adus- 
tion of humours, most part hot and dry. Some difference I find, whether this me- 
lancholy matter may be engendered of all four humours, about the colour and 
temper of it. Galen holds it may be engendered of three alone, excluding phlegm, 
or pituiia, whose true assertion ''^ Valesius and Menardus stiffly maintain, and so doth 
""Fuschius, Montaltus, "Montanus. How (say they) can white become black? 
But Hercules de Saxonia, lih. post, de mel.a. c. 8, and ■** Cardan are of the opposite 
part (it may be engendered of phlegm, etsi rarb confingat., though it seldom come it, 
pass), so is ""^Guianerius and Laurentius, c. I. with Melanct. in his book de Anima, and 
Chap, of Humours ; he calls it Asininam, dull, swinish melancholy, and saith that 
he was an eye-witness of it: so is ^"Wecker. From melancholy adust ariseth one 
kind ; from choler another, which is most brutish ; another from phlegm, which is 
dull ; and the last from blood, which is best. Of these some are cold and dry, 
others hot and dry, ^' varying according to their mixtures, as they are intended, an-d 
remitted. And indeed as Kodericus a Fons. cons. 12. 1. determines, ichors, and 
those serous matters being thickened become phlegm, and phlegm degenerates into 
choler, choler adust becomes cBruginosa mchmchoUa., as vinegar out of purest wine 
putrified or by exhalation of purer spirits is so matLe, and becomes sour and sharp; 
and from the sharpness of this bumour proceeds much waking, troublesome thoughts 
and dreams, &c. so tliat I conclude as before. If the humour be cold, it is, saith 
^^Faventinus, "a cause of dotage, and produceth milder symptoms : if hot, they are 
rash, raving mad, or inclining to it." If the brain be hot, the animal spirits are hot; 
much madness follows, with violent actions : if cold, fatuity and sottishness, ^^Capi- 
vaccius. ^^"The colour of this mixture varies likewise according to the mixture, 
be it hot or cold ; 'tis sometimes black, sometimes not, Altomarus. The same 
"^ Melanelius proves out of Galen; and Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy (if 
at least it be his), giving instance in a burning coal, " which when it is hot, shines ; 
w hen it is cold, looks black ; and so doth the humour." This diversity of melan- 
choly matter produceth diversity of effects. If it be within the ^^body, and not 
putrified, it causeth black jaundice ; if putrified, a quartan ague ; if it break out to 
tJie skin, leprosy ; if to parts, several maladies, as scurvy^ &c. If it trouble the 
mind ; as it is diversly mixed, it produceth several kinds of madness and dotage • 
of which in their place. 

SuBSEOT. IV. — Of the species or kinds of Melancholy. 

When the matter is divers and confused, how should it otherwise be, but that the 
species should be divers and confused .'' Many new and old writers have spoken con- 
fusedly of it, confounding melancholy and madness, as ^'Heurnius, Guianerius, Gor- 
donius, Salustius, Salvianus, .Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, that will have madness no 
other than melancholy in extent, differing (as I have said) in degrees. Some make two 
distinct species, as Ruffus Ephesius, an old writer, Constantinus Africanus, Aretasus, 
'^Aurelianus, ^^Paulus ^gineta : others acknowledge a multitude of kinds, and leave 
them indefinite, as iEtius in his Tetrabiblos, ^"Avicenna, Uh. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap 
18. Arculanus, cap. 10. in 'J. Rasis. Montanus, med. part. 1. *'"If natural me- 
lancholy be adust, it maketh one kind; if blood, another; if choler, a third, differ- 
ing from the first ; and so many several opinions there are about the kinds, as there 



" Secundum niagis ant mintis si in corpnrp fuerit, 
ad intcrnpeiiem |iliisqiiaiii turpiis saluhritiT ferre 
potpril : imie corpus niorbosiiiii effitnr. -"'Lih. 1. 

cmitinvrrs. cap. 21. -"Lih. I. ?ect. 4. cap. 4. 

«C(incil. 26. Jf Mb. 2. contradic.cap. II. J" De 

feb. tract. (iilT. 2. cap. r. Nnii est iiegaiidum exhac fieri 
Melanclinlicos. n In Syntax. ^' Varie adnriliir, 

et niiscetur. nude varia* amentiiim «pecies. Melanct. 
O' Humor frigidns delirii causa, furoris calidus, &c. 
K'LiI:. I. cap 10. de affect, cap. 64Njg,escit flic 

hun)or, aliquando superralefactns, aliqando super 
fiigefiicius. ca. 7. ■'■ Humor hie nisfir aliquando 



prEEter modiim calefactus, et alias refriireratus evadit 
nam recentihus carbonibus ei quid simile accidit, quy 
duriinte flHmnia pellucidissinie candent, ed extincU 
prtirsus nigrescunt. Hippocrates ■' Guianerius, 

ditr 2. cap. 7. 6' Non est mania, nisi exten.sa me- 

lancholia. 58 Cap. tj. lib. 1. -"2 Ser. 2. cap 

9. Morbus hie est omnifarius. ™ Species indefinitw 
sunt. i" Si aduratiir naturalis nielancliolia, aliE 

fit species, si sanguis, alia, si flavibilis alia, diversa I 
primis : mn.xima est inter has differentia, et tot Dut 
torum sententise, quot ipsi numero sunt. 



1 12 Species of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. 

be men lliemselves." ^'Hercules de Saxonia sets down two kinds, "material and 
iinmalerial ; one from spirits alone, the other from humours and spirits." Savana- 
rola, Ruh. 11. Tract. 6. cap. 1. le cegrilud. capitis^ will have the kinds to be infi- 
nite, one from the myracn, called myrachialis of tlie Arabians; anotlier stomachalis, 
irom the stomach ; another from the liver, heart, womb, hemrods, ''^'•' one beginning, 
inotiier consummate." Melancthon seconds him, ''^"■as the humour is diversly 
adust and mixed, so are tlie species divers ;" but what these men speak of species J 
think ought to be understood of symptoms, and so doth "^'Arculanus interpret him- 
self: infinite species, id esl^ symptoms ; and in that sense, as Jo. Gorrheus acknow- 
ledgeth in his medicinal definitions, the species are infinite, but they may be reduced 
to three kinds by reason of their seat; head, body, and hypochrondries. This 
threefold division is approved by Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy, (if it be 
his, which some suspect) by Galen, lib. 3. de loc. ajfectis^ cap. 6. by Alexander, lib. 
1. cap. 16. Rasis, lib. 1. Continent . Tract. 9. lib. 1. cap. 16. Avicenna and most of 
our new Avriters. Th. Eraslus makes two kinds ; one perpetual, which is head me- 
lancholy ; the other interrupt, which comes and goes by fits, which he subdivides 
into the other two kinds, so that all comes to the same pass. Some again make 
four or five kinds, with Rodericus a Castro, de morbis mulier. lib. 2. cap. 3. and 
Lod. Mercatus, who in his second book de mulier. affect, cap. 4. will have tliat me- 
lancholy of nuns, widows, and more ancient maids, to be a peculiar species of 
melancholy differing from the rest : some will reduce enthusiasts, extatical and de- 
moniacal persons to this rank, adding "^"love melancholy to the first, and lycanlhro- 
pia. The most received division is into three kinds. The first proceeds from the 
sole fault of the brainy and is called head melancholy ; tlie second sympathetically 
proceeds from the whole body, when the whole temperature is melancholy : the 
■third ariselh from the bowels, liver, spleen, or membrane, called inesenterium, named 
hypochondriacal or windy melancholy, which " Laurentius subdivides into three 
parts, from those three members, hepatic, splenetic, meseraic. Love melancholy, 
which Avicenna calls liisha : and Lycanthropia, which he calls cucubuthe, are com- 
monly included in head melancholy ; but of this last, which Gerardus de Solo calls 
amoreus, and most knight melancholy, with that of religious melancholy, virgimm 
et viduarum., maintained by Rod. a Castro and Mercatus, and the other kinds ol" lovfc 
melancholy, I will speak of apart by themselves in my third partition. The three 
precedent species are the subject of my present discourse, which I will analoinize 
and treat of through all their causes, symptoms, cures, together and apart; that 
every man that is in any measure affected with this malady, may know how to ex- 
amine it in himself, and apply remedies unto it. 

]t is a hard matter, I confess, to distinguish these three species one from the other, 
to express their several causes, symptoms, cures, being that they are so often con- 
founded amongst themselves, having such affinity, that they can scarce be discerned 
by the most accurate physicians ; and so often intermixed witii other diseases, that 
the best experienced have been plunged. Montanus consil. 26, names a patient that 
had this disease of melancholy and caninus appetitus both together; and consil. 23, 
with vertigo, ^Mulius Caesar Claudinus with stone, gout, jaundice. Tiincavellius 
with an ague, jaundice, caninus appetitus, &c. '^^'Paulus Regoline, a great doctor in 
his time, consulted in this case, was so confounded with a confusion of symptoms, 
that he knew not to what kind of melancholy to refer it. '"Trincavellius, Fallopius, 
and Francanzanus, famous doctors in Italy, all three conferred with about one party, 
at the same time, gave three difl'erent opinions. And in another place, Trincavellius 
being demanded what he thought of a melancholy young man to whom he was 
sent for, ingenuously confessed that he was indeed melancholy, but he knew not 
to Avhat kind to reduce it. In his seventeenth consultation there is the like dis- 
agreement about a melancholy monk. Those symptoms, which others ascribe to 
misaffected parts and humours, " Here, de Saxonia attributes wholly to distempered 
spirits, and tlwse immaterial, as I have said. Sometimes they cannot well discern 



«'^ Tract, de met. cap. 7. "Quiedam incipiens i Rasis. «" Laurentius, cnp. 4. de mel. "TCap. 13 

quiedam consummala. "Cap. de humnr.llb.de «'480. et 116. consult, consil. 12. «" lllldesheiin 

anima. Varle aduritur et miscetur ipsa melancholia, spicil 2. fol. 166. "o Trincavellius, torn. 2. consil 

Jnde varitB amentium species. e." Cap. 16. in 9. | 15 et 16. ''Cap. 13. tract, posth.de nielan. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 4.] 



Causes of Mclanchnly. 



113 



iliis disease from others. In Reinerus Solinander's counsels, (^Seci consil. 5,) he 
and Dr. Brande both agreed, that the patient's disease was hypocondriacal melancholy. 
Dr. Matholdus said it was asthma, and nothinsf else. '^Solinander ana Giiarionius, 
lately sent for to the melancholy Duke of Cleve, with others, could not define what 
species it was, or agree amongst themselves. The species are so confounded, as in 
Caesar Claudinus his forty-fourth consultation for a Polonian Count, in his judgment 
"" he laboured of head melancholy, and that which proceeds from the whole tem- 
perature both at once." I could give instance of some that have had all three kinds 
semel el simul^ and some successively. So that I conclude of our melancholy spe- 
cies, as '■'many politicians do of their pure forms of commonwealths, monarchies, 
aristocracies, democracies, are most famous in contemplation, but in practice they 
are temperate and usually mixed, (so "Polybius informeth us) as the Lac(idaemonian, 
the Roman of old, German now, and many others. What physicians say of distinct 
species in their books it much matters not, since that in their patients' bodies they 
are commonly mixed. In such obscurity, therefore, variety and confused mixture 
of symptoms, causes, how diflicult a thing is it to treat of several kinds apart; to 
make any certainty or distinction among so many casualties, (hstractions, when 
seldom two men shall be like effected per ovinia? 'Tis hard, I confess, yet never- 
theless I will adventure througli the midst of these perplexities, and, led by the clue 
or thread of the best writers, extricate myself out of a labyrinth of doubts and 
errors, and so proceed to the causes. 



SECT. II. MEMB. I. 

Sub SECT. I. — Causes of Melancholy. God a cause. 

" It is in vain to speak of cures, or think of remedies, until such time as we have 
considered of the causes," so '''Galen prescribes Glauco : and the common expe- 
rience of others confirms that those cures must be imperfect, lame, and to no pur- 
pose, wherein the causes have not first been searched, as '^Prosper Calenius well 
observes in his tract de atra bile to Cardinal CiTesius. Insomuch that "*"• Fernelius 
puts a kind of necessity in the knowledge of the causes, and without which it is 
impossible to cure or prevent any manner of disease." Empirics may ease, and 
sometimes help, but not thoroughly root out ; suhlata causa tollllur effeclus^ as the 
saying is, if the cause be removed, the effect is likewise vanquished. It is a most 
difficult thing (I confess) to be able to discern these causes whence they are, and in 
such '''variety to say what the beginning was. *^°He is happy that can perform it 
aright. I will adventure to guess as near as I can, and rip them all up, from the 
first to the last, general and particular, to every species, that so they may the better 
be described. 

General causes, are either supernatural, or natural. " Supernatural are from God 
and hi? angels, or by God's permission from the devil" and his ministers. That God 
himself is a cause for the punishment of sin, and satisfaction of his justice, many 
examples and testimonies of holy Scriptures make evident unto us, Ps. cvii. 17. 
" Foolish men are plagued for their offence, and by reason of their wickedness." 
Gehazi was strucken with leprosy, 2 Reg. v. 27. Jehoram with dysentery and fluxi 
and great diseases of the bowels, 2 Chron. xxi. 1.5. David plagued for numbering 
his people, 1 Par. 21. Sodom and Gomorrah swallowed up. And this disease if 
peculiarly specified. Psalm cxxvii. 12. "He brought down their heart through 
heaviness." Deut. xxviii. 28. " He struck them with madness, blindness, and as- 
t<mishment of heart." ^'"An evil spirit was sent by the Lord upon Saul, to vex 



" Ouarion. cons. med. 2. '3 Laboravit per essen- 
tiani et a toto corpore. '^Machi.ivel, &c. Smithiis 
de rep. Angl. cap. 8. Mb. 1. Biiscoldus, disriir. polit. 
••iscurs. 5. cap. 7. Arist. I. 3. polit. cap. iilt. Keckerm. 
a<ii, &c. 'i^Lib. 6. '6 pi-jmo artis curitivie. 

*• Nostri primum sit propositi affVctioniim c>>usas in- 
dagare ; ris ipsa hortari videtur, nam alioqui eariim 
cu.atio, mhnca et inutilis esaet. '"Path. lib. 1. 



cap. 11. Rerup^. cognoscere cansas, mcdicis imprimit 
necessariuir., sine qua nee morbiim curare, nee pre- 
cavere licet. '"Tanta enini morlii varietas ac 

differentia ut non lacile dignosc.alur, unde initiiiig 
morbus surnpserit. Melanelius 6 Galeoo MF4oij^ 

qui potuit reruin cognusccre causas *' 1 8a>u 

xvi. 14. 



15 



k2 



il4 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2. 

him." ^Nebuchadnezzar did eat grass like an ox, anc? his "heart was made like 
the beasts of tlie field.'' Heathen stories are full of such punisluuents. Lycurgus, 
because he cut down the vines in the country, was by Bacchus driven into madness ; 
so was Pentheus and his mother Agave for neglecting their sacrifice. "Censor Fi.l- 
vius ran mad for untiling Juno's temple, to cover a new one of his own, which lie 
had dedicated to Fortune, """and was confounded to death with grief and sorrow of 
heart." When Xerxes would have spoiled ^'Apollo's temple at Delphos of those 
infinite riches it posse.ssed, a terrible thunder came from heaven and struck four 
thousand men dead, the rest ran mad. ^^A little after, the like happened to Breiuius, 
lightning, thunder, earthquakes, upon such a sacrilegious occasion. If we may be- 
lieve our pontifical writers, they will relate unto us many strange and prodigious 
punishments in this kind, inflicted by their saints. How ^'Clodoveus, sometime 
king of France, tlie son of Dagobert, lost his wits for uncovering the body of St. 
Denis : and how a ''*' sacrilegious Frenchman, that would have stolen a silver image 
of St. John, at Birgburge, became IVautic on a sudden, raging, and tyrannising over his 
own flesh: of a ^^''Lord of Rhadnor, that coming from hunting late at night, put his 
dogs into St. Avan's church, (Llan Avan they called it) and rising betimes next 
morning, as hunters use to do, found all his dogs mad, himself being suddenly 
stricken blind. Of Tyridates an ^"Armenian king, for violating some iioly nuns, 
that was punished in like sort, with loss of his wits. But poets and papists may go 
together for fabulous tales; let them free their own credits: howsoever they feign 
of their Nemesis, and of their saints, or by the devil's means may be deluded ; we 
find it true, that ultor a tergo Deus^ '""He is God the avenger," as David styles 
him ; and that it is our crying sins that pull this and many other maladies on our 
own lieads. That lie can by his angels, which are his ministers, strilce and heal 
(saith ^^Dionysius) whom he will; that he can plague us by his creatures, sun, 
moon, and stars, which he useth as his instruments, as a husbandman (saith Zan- 
chius) doth a hatchet : hail, snow, winds, &c. ^^^ Ei conjurati veniunt in classica 
vend ;" as in Joshua's time, as in Pharaoh's reign in Egypt ; they are but as so 
many executioners of his justice. He can make the proudest spirits stoop, and cry 
out with Julian the Apostate, Vicisti GalUo'c : or with Apollo's priest in ^^Chrysos- 
tom, O ccehim ! 6 terra! undo hostis hie? What an enemy is this ? And pray with 
David, acknowledging his power, " 1 am weakened and sore broken, I roar for the 
grief of mine heart, mine heart panteth, Sj.c." Psalm xxxviii. 8. " O Lord, rebuke, 
me not in thine anger, neither chastise me iu thy wrath," Psalm xxxviii. 1. |''- Make 
me to hear joy and gladness, that the bones which thou hast broken, may rejoice," 
Psalm li. 8. and verse 12. *•' Resto?;e to me the joy of thy salvation, and stablish 
me with thy free spirit." For these causes belike ^^Hippocrates would have a phy- 
sician take special notice whether the disease come not from a divine supernatural 
cause, or whetlier it follow the course of nature. But this is farther discussed by 
Fran. Valesius, de sacr. philos. cap. 8. ^^Fernelius, and ^'J. Coesar Claudinus, to 
whom I refer you, how this place of Hippocrates is to be understood. Paracelsus 
is of opinion, that such spiritual diseases (for so he calls them) are spiritually to be 
cured, and not otherwise. Ordinary means in sucli cases will not avail : JYun est 
reluctandum euni Deo (we must not struggle with God.) When that monster-taming 
Hercules overcame all in the Olympics, Jupiter at last in an unknown shape wrestled 
with him ; the victory was uncertain, till at length Jupiter descried himself, and Her- 
cules yielded. No striving with supreme powers. Nil jiwat immensos Cratero 
proniiUere rnontes, physicians and physic can do no good, ^'*-'- we must submit our- 
selves unto the miglity hand of God, acknowledge our oflTences, call to him for 
mercy. If he strike us una eademque manus vulnus opetnque ferel^ as it is with 
them that are wounded with the spear of Achilles, he alone must help ; otherwise 
our diseases are incurable, and we not to be relieved. 

82Dan. V. 21. MLactant. irislit. lib. 2. cap. 8. versat, nee mora sacritegus mentis inops, atque ir 

■*• Meiiie captus, et sumino aniiiii moerore consuiiiptiis. ! semet insaiiieiis in proprios artiis ilesajvlt. ^'i Gi- 

*" Mu.iSler cosniog. lil). 4. cap. 43. Ue coelo sul)sienie- 1 raldiis Canilirensis, lili 1. c. 1. llinerar. Canihrii* 
■lantii:-, tanqtiain ins:ini de sa.xis priecipilati, &c. I "n Delrio, toiii. ,S. lili. 0. sect. 3. qiwsl 3. ■' Psal 

"•■Livliis lib. 38. "■ Gafjuin. I. 3. c. 4. Quod Dionysii .\lvl. 1. J l,ib. 8. cap. de Ilierar. 'J^ Claudian 

corpus discooperiierat, in iiisanani iiicidit. ^~ Idt-iii "' De liabili Martyre. ^ Lib. cap. 5, ,.ro«[. *■ Lib 
lib. 9- sub. Carol. 6. Sacroruni coiitenipt(U, tenipli fori- 1. de Abditis reruni i iusis. " Ri <;ions. med 19 

bus eU actis, diini D Johannis .iru'enteiini siniulacriim resp. ^'1 i'el. v t> 

rapere contendit, siiiiiilac.riiiii aversu facie dorsum fi 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.1 



JVature of Devils. 



IIA 



SiBSECT. II. — A Digression of Ike nature of Spirits., had Angels., or Devils., and 
how they cause Melancholy. 

How far llie power of spirits and devils doth extend, and whether they can cause 
/, this, or any other disease, is a serious question, and worthy to be consulered : for the 
belter understanding of which, I will make a brief digression of the nature of spirits. 
And altliough tlie question be very obscure, according to ^"Postellus, "full of contro- 
versy and ambiguity," beyond the reach of human capacity, yrt/eor excedcre vires 
inlcnlionis mece., saith '""Austin, I confess I am not able to understand \\.,finilum de 
infinilo nan jmlest stalucre., we can sooner determine witb Tully, de nat. denrunu quid 
nan sin/., quam quid sint., our subtle schoolmen. Cardans, Scaligers, profound Tliom- 
ists. Fracastoriana and Ferneliana acies., are weak, dry, obscure, defective in these 
mysteries, and all our quickest wits, as an owl's eyes at the sun's light, wax dull, 
and are not sufficient to appreliend tliem ; yet, as in the rest, I will adventure to say 
something to this point. In former times, as we read. Acts xxiii., the Sadducees de- 
nied that there were any such spirits, devils, or angels. So did Galen the physician, 
the Peripatetics, even Aristotle himself, as Pomponatius stoutly maintains, and Scali 
ger in some sort grants. Though Dandinus the Jesuit, com. in lib. 2. de animc. 
stiffly denies it; subslanlice separatee and intelligences, are the same wliicli Chris- 
tians call angels, and Platonists devils, for they name all the spirits, da^mnncs., be 
they good or bad angels, as Julius Pollux Onomasticon, lib. 1. cap. 1. observes. Epi- 
cures and atheists are of the same mind in general, because they never saw tliem. 
Plato, Plotinus, Porpliyrius, Jamblichus, Proclus, insisting in tlie steps of Trisme- 
gistus, Pythagoras and Socrates, make no doubt of it : nor Stoics, but tliat there are 
such spirits, though much erring from tlie truth. Concerning the first beginning of 
them, the 'Talmudists say tliat Adam had a wife called Lilis, before he married Eve, 
and of her he begat nothing but devils. The Turks' ^Alcoran is altogether as absurd 
and ridiculous in this point : but the Scripture informs us Christians, how Luciler, 
the chief of them, with his associates, ^fell from heaven for his pride and ambition ; 
created of God, placed in heaven, and sometimes an angel of light, now cast down 
into the lower aerial sublunary parts, or into hell, "• and delivered into chains of 
darkness (2 Pet. ii. 4.) to be kept unto damnation." 

JVature of Devils.] There is a foolish opinion which some hold, that they are 
the souls of men departed, good and more noI)le were deified, tlie baser grovelled on 
the ground, or in the lower parts, and were devils, the which with Tertullian, Por- 
phyrins the philosopher, M. Tyrius, ser. 27 maintains. "These spirits," he ^ saith, 
" which we call angels and devils, are nought but souls of men departed, which 
either through love and pity of their friends yet living, help and assist them, or else 
persecute their enemies, whom they hated," as Dido threatened to persecute ^neas : 

"Oninil)us uinl)ra locis adero : dahis iniprobe pcEiias." 
" My aiijiry glinst arising fruin tlie deep, 
Sliall liaiint tliee waliiiij;, ami disturl) thy sleep; 
At least Tiiy sliade thy piiiiisluiient shall know. 
And Fame shall siiiead Uie l)leasing news below." 

They are (as others suppose) appointed by those higher powers to keep men from 
their nativity, and to protect or punisli them as they see cause : and are called honi 
et mall Genii by the Romans. Heroes, lares, if good,lemures or larv^e if bad, by 
the stoics, governors of countries, men, cities, saith ^Apuleius, Deos appellant qui 
ex hominum numero iuste ac prudenter vita curricula gulyernato., pro nvmine., postea 
ab hominibus prcediti fanis et ceremoniis vulgo admittuntur., ut in jEgypto Osyris, &.C. 
Pro'stites., Capella calls them, " which protected particular men as well as princes,'' 
Socrates had his Dcemonium Saturninum et ignium., which of all spirits is best, ad 
sublimes cogitationes animum erigentem., as the Platonists supposed ; Plotinus his, 



9' Lib. 1. c 7. de orbis contordia. In nulla re major 
fiiit altercatio, major obsciiritas, minor opitiionum con- 
tordia, quini de dtemonibus et siibstantiis separatis. 
'"'Lib. 3. de Trinit. cap. 1. ' Pererius in Genesin. 

lib. 4. in cap. 3. v. 23. =See Strozzuis Cicogna 

omnifarise. Mag. lib. 2. c. 15. Jo. Anbanns, Hredenba- 
ehiiig sAngeliis per superhiatn separalns & Ueo, 

lai in veritate nor. stetit. Austin. <Nihilaliud 



sunt Dismones quam nnd.-e animtE quffi corpore depo- 
sito priorein miserati vilain, cognatis siiccurrnnt coni- 
moti misericordia, &c. ^ De Deo Socratis. All 

those mortals are called Gods, who, the conrse of life 
being prudently guided and governed, are honoured 
by men with temples and sacrifices, as ()siri« \m 
jtgypt, &c. 



J16 



jyature of Devils. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2 



and we christians our assistinsr angel, as Andreas Victorellus, a copious writer of 
this subject, Lodovicus de La-Cerda, the Jesuit, in his vohuninous tract de Jlngch 
Custode, Zanchius, and some divines think. But this absurd tenet of Tyreus, Pro- 
clus confutes at large in his book de Jinimn et dccmone. 

f "Psellus, a christian, and sometimes tutor (saith Cuspinian) to Michael Parapina- 
tius. Emperor of Greece, a great observer of the nature of devils, holds they are 
^corpereal, and have ''•aerial bodies, that they are mortal, live and die," (which 
Marlianus Capella likewise maintains, but our christian philosophers explode) '■'• that 
*they are nourished and have excrements, they feel pain if they be hurt (which Car- 
dan confirms, and Scaliger justly laughs him to scorn for; Si pascantur acre., cur 
non pugnnnt ob puriorcm aera f &.c.) or stroken :" and if their bodies be cut, with 
admirable celerity they come together again. Austin, in Gen. lib. iii. lib. arbit., 
approves as much, mutata casu corpora in deteriorem qualitatem aeris spissioris, so 
doth Hierome. Comment, in epist. ad Ephes. cap. 3, Origen, Tertullian, Lactantius, 
and many ancient Fathers of the Church : that in their fall their bodies were changed 
into a more aerial and gross substance. Bodine, lib. 4, Theatri Naturae and David 
Crusius, Hermetic^ Philosophia?, lib. i. cap. 4, by several arguments proves angels 
and spirits to be corporeal ; quicquid continetur in loco Corporeum est ; Jit spiritus 
continetur in loco., ergo.^ Si spiritus sunt quanti^ erunt Corporei : Jit sunt quunii., 
ergo. Sunt ftniti, ergo quanti., See. '"Bodine goes farther yet, and will have these, 
Animoi separata', genii., spirits, angels, devils, and so likewise souls of men departed, 
if corporeal (which he most eagerly contends) to be of some shape, and tliat abso- 
lutely round, like Sun and Moon, because that is the most perfect form, qmp. nihil 
habet asperitatis., nihil angulis incisum., nihil anfractihus invGlutem., nihil emincns., 
sed inter corpora perfecia est perfectissimum ; '' therefore all spirits are corporeal 
he concludes, and in their proper shapes round. That they can assume other aerial 
bodies, all manner of shapes at their pleasures, appear in what likeness they will 
themselves, that they are most swift in motion, can pass many miles in an instant, 
and so likewise '''transform bodies of others into what shape they please, and witli 
admirable celerity remove them from place to place ; (as the Angel did Habakkuk to 
Daniel, and as Philip the deacon was carried away by the Spirit, when he had bap- 
tised the eunuch ; so did Pythagoras and Apollonius remove themselves and others, 
with many such feats) that they can represent castles in the air, palaces, armies, 
spectrums, progidies, and such strange objects to mortal men's eyes, '^ cause smells, 
savours, &c., deceive all the senses ; most writers of this subject credibly believe ; 
and that they can foretel future events, and do many strange miracles. Juno's image 
spake to Camillus, and Fortune's statue to the Roman matrons, with many such. 
Zanchius, Bodine, Spondanus, and others, are of opinion that they cause a true me- 
tamorphosis, as Nebuchadnezzar was really translated into a beast. Lot's wife into 
a pillar of salt ; Ulysses' companions into hogs and dogs, by Circe's charms ; turn 
themselves and others, as they do witches into cats, dogs, hares, crows, &c. Stroz- 
zius Cicogna hath many examples, lib. iii. omnif. mag. cap. 4 and 5, whicli he there 
confutes, as Austin likewise doth, de civ. Dei lib. xviii. That they can be seen when 
and in what shape, and to whom they will, saith Psellus, Tametsi nil tale viderim, 
nee optem videre., though he himself never saw them nor desired it ; and use sonie- 
times carnal copulation (as elsewhere 1 shall '''prove more at large) with women and^ 
men. Many will not believe they can be seen, and if any man shall say, swear, and 
stiffly maintain, though he be discreet and wise, judicious and learned, that he hath 
seen them, they account him a timorous fool, a melancholy dizard, a weak fellow, 
a dreamer, a sick or a mad man, they contemn him, laugh him to scorn, and yet 
Marcus of his credit told Psellus that he had often seen them. And Leo Suavius, a 
Frenchman, c. 8, in Commentar. 1. 1. Paracelsi de vita longa. out of some Plato- 



« He lived 500 years since. ' Apiileiiis : spiritus 

animalia sunt aniinn pasgibilia, menle ratinnulia, cnr- 
pore aeria, tempore senipiterna. * Nuiriuntur, et 

excrementa liabent, quod pulsata dnieant solido per- 
cussa corpore. " Whatever occupies space is 

corporeal : — spirit occupies space, therefore, &.c. &c. 
'»4 1ih. 4. Tlieol. nat. fol. 535. " Wliich lias no 

toughness, anirles, fractures, prominences, but is the 
■lost perfect ainunjjst perfect b(>riii>« ''^Ovorianua 



in Epist. monies etiam et animalia fransferri possunts 
as the devil did Christ to the top of the pinnacle; and 
witches are often translated. See more in Strozzius 
Cicogna, lib. 3. rap. 4. omnif. mag. Per aera subdu- 
cere et in sublime corpora ferre possunt, Biarmanua. 
Percussi dolent et uruntur in conspicuos cineres, 
Agrippa, lib. 3. cap. de occiil. I'hilos. '^ Agrsppa, 

de occult. Philos. lib. 3. cap. 18. "i Part. 3. Sect 1 
Mem. 1. Subs 1. J.ove Melancholy. 



Mem. 1 . Subs. 2 . Nature of Devils. 1 17 

aisls, will have the air to be as full of them as snow falling in the skies, and that thev 
may be seen, and withal sets down the means how men may see them ; Si irrever 
bcratus ocuUs sole splcndente versus caelum continuaverint. oblutus, &c.,'* and saith 
moreover he tried it, prcEmissnrum feci experi7nenfum^ and it was true, that the Pla- 
tonists said. Paracelsus confesseth that he saw them divers times, and conferred 
with them, and so doth Alexander ab "'Alexandro, " that he so found it by expe- 
rience, when as before he doubted of it." Many deny it, saith Lavater, de spectris, 
lart i. c. 2, and part ii. c. 11, "-because they never saw them themselves;" but as he 
•eports at large all over his book, especially c. 19. part 1, they are often seen and 
heard, and familiarly converse with men, as Lod. Vives assureth us, innumerable 
records, histories, and testimonies evince in all ages, times, places, and "all travel- 
lers besides ; in the West Indies and our northern climes, J\'ihil faviiliarius quam 
in agris ct urbibus spiritus videre, midire qui vetent, jtiheanl, &.c. Hieronimus vita 
Pauli, Basil ser. 40, Nicephorus, Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomenus, '* Jacobus Boissar- 
dus in his tract de spirituum ajipari.lionihus., Petrus Loyerus 1. de spectris, Wierus 
1. 1. have infinite variety of such examples of apparitions of spirits, for him to read 
that farther doubts, to his ample satisfaction. /' One alone I will briefly insert. A 
nobleman in Germany was sent ambassador to the King of Sweden (for his name, 
the time, and such circumstances, I refer you to Boissardus, mine '^Author). After 
be had done his business, he sailed to Livonia, on set purpose to see those familiar 
spirits, \vhich are there said to be conversant with men, and do their drudgery works. 
Amongst other matters, one of tliem told him where his wife was, in what room, in 
what clothes, what doing, and brought him a ring from her, wiiich at his return, ?/on 
sine omniiwi admiratioiK'., he found to be true ; and so believed that ever after, which 
before he doubted of Cardan, 1. 19. de subtil, relates of his father, Facius Cardan, 
that after the accustomed solemnities. An. 1491, 13 August, he conjured up seven 
devils, in Greek apparel, about forty years of age, some ruddy of complexion, and 
some pale, as he thought ; he asked them many questions, and they made ready 
answer, that they were aerial devils, that ihey lived and died as men did, save that 
they were far longer lived (700 or 800 ^''years); they did as much excel men in 
dignity as we do juments, and were as far excelled again of those that were above 
them ; our ^' governors and keepers they are moreover, which ^^ Plato in Critias de- 
livered of old, and subordinate to one another, Ut enim homo homini, sic dcemon 
dcemoni dominatur, they rule themselves as well as us, and the spirits of the meaner 
sort had commonly such offices, as we make horse-keepers, neat-herds, and the 
basest of us, overseers of our cattle ; and that we can no more apprehend their na- 
tures and functions, than a horse a man''s. They knew all things, but might not 
reveal them to men ; and ruled and domineered over us, as we do over our horses ; 
the best kings amongst us, and the most generous spirits, were not comparable to 
the basest of them. Sometimes they did instruct men, and communicate their skill, 
reward and cherish, and sometimes, again, terrify and punish, to keep them in awe, 
as they thought fit, JVihil magis cupicntes (saith Lysius, Phis. Stoicorum) quam ado- 
rationem hominumP The same Author, Cardan, m his Hyperchen, out of the doc- 
trine of Stoics, will have some of these Genii (for so he calls them) to be ^' desirous 
of men's company, very affable and familiar with them, as dogs are ; others, again^ 
to abhor as serpents, and care not for them. The same belike Tritemius calls Ignios 
et sublunares, qui nunquam demergunt ad inferiora^ aut vix ullum habcnt in terris 
commercium : ''^Generally they far excel men in worth, as a man the meanest worm ; 
though some of them are inferior to those of their own rank in worth, as the black- 
guard in a prince's court, and to men again, as some degenerate, base, rational crea- 
tures, are excelled of brute beasts." 

That the} are mortal, besides these testimonies of Cardan, Martianus, &c., many 



16 "By gazing steadfastly on the sun illuminated 
with his brightest rays." leQenial. dierum. na 

Blbi visum et compertum quum prius an essent ambi- 
geret Fidera suam liberel. " Lib. I. de verit. Fidei. 
Benzo, &c. "^Lib. de Divinatiotie et magia. 

'"Cap. 8. Transportavit in Llvoniani cupiditate vi- 



hominibus, quanto hi brutis animantibus. 22 Prse- 

sides Pastores, Guhernatorcs hominiim, et illi anima- 
lium. 23 "Coveting nothing more than the admi- 

ration of mankind." '•'•'Natura familiares ut cane* 
hominibus miilti aversantiir el abhorrent. '''Ab 

honiinc plus distant quam homo ab ignobilissimo ver- 



Jendi, &c. -"Sic Hesiodus de Nymphis vivere ne, et tanien quidam ex hts ab hominibus superantur 

Jii'it. 10. aetates phaenicum vel. 9. 7. 20. 21 cus- j ut homines & ieris, &c. 

UMlcK hominum et provii ciarum, &.C. tanto meliores I 



1 18 JS'alure of Spirits. [Pait. 1. Sec, 2 

ither divines and philosophers hold, post prolixum tempiis viorluntur omnes ; The 
'^Platonists, and some Rabbins, Porphyrins and Plutarch, as appears by that relation 
of Tliainus : -'" The great God Pan is dead ; Apollo Pythius ceased; and so the 
rest. St. Hierome, in the life of Paul the Hermit, tells a story how one of them ap- 
peared lo St. Anthony in the wdderness, and told him as much. ^^ Paracelsus of 
our late writers stiffly maintains that they are mortal, live and die as otlier creatures 
Jo. Zozimus, 1. 2, farther adds, that religion and policy dies and alters with them. 
The ^^Gentiles' gods, he saith, were expelled by Constantine, and together with them. 
Imperii Romani mojestas, ct fortuna interiit, et proftigata est ; The fortune and ma- 
jesty of the Roman Empire decayed and vanished, as that heathen in ^''Minutius for- 
merly bragged, wlien the Jews were overcome by the R( mans, the Jew's God was 
likewise captivated by that of Rome ; and Rabsakeh to the Israelites, no God should 
deliver them out of the hands of the Assyrians. But these paradoxes of their power, 
corporeity, mortality, taking of shapes, transposing bodies, and carnal copulations, 
are sufficiently confuted by Zanch. c. 10, 1.4. Pererius in his comment, and Tos- 
tatus questions on the 6th of Gen. Th. Aquin., St. Austin, Wierus, Th. Erastus, 
Delrio, tom. 2, 1. 2, qu.Bst. 29 ; Sebastian Michaelis, c. 2, de spiritibus, D. Reinolds 
Lect. 47. They may deceive the eyes of men, yet not lake true bodies, or make a 
real metamorphosis; but as Cicogna proves at large, they are ^^lUusorioe. et prasti- 
giatrices transfor mat lone s^ omnif. mag. lib. 4, cap. 4, mere illusions and cozenings, 
like that tale of Pasetis obulus in Suidas, or that of Autolicus, Mercury's son, that 
dwelt in Parnassus, who got so much treasure by cozenage and stealth. His fatlier 
Mercury, because he could leave him no wealth, tauglit him many fine tricks to get 
means, ^^for he could drive away men's catile, and if any pursued him, turn them 
into what shapes he would, and so did mightily enrich himself, hoc astu maximam 
pra>dam est adsccuius. This, no doubt, is as true as the rest ; yet thus much in 
general. Thomas, Durand, and others, grant that they hsve understanding far be- 
yond men, can probably conjecture and ^^foretel many things; they can cause and 
cure most diseases, deceive our senses.; they have excellent skill in all Arts and 
Sciences ; and that the most illiterate devil is Quovis Iwvdne scientior (more know- 
ing than any man), as ^''Cicogna maintains out of others. They know the virtues 
of herbs, plants, stones, minerals, &c. ; of all creatures, birds, beasts, the four ele- 
ments, stars, planets, can aptly apply and make use of them as tliey see good ; per- 
ceiving the causes of all meteors, and the like : Dant se colorihus (as ''^Austin hath 
it) accommodant sejigiiris, adhcerent sonis., subjiciunt se odoribus, infundunt se sapo- 
Hbus, omnes sensus etiam ipsam intelligentiam dcRmoncs fallunt^i tliey deceive all our 
senses, even our understanding itself at once. ''^They can produce miraculous alter- 
ations in the air, and most wonderful effects, conquer armies, give victories, help, 
"urther, hurt, cross and alter human attempts and projects [Dei pennissu) as they see 
good themselves. '^'When Charles the Great intended to make a channel betwixt 
the Rhine and the Danube, look what his workmen did in the day, these spirits 
flung down in the night, Ut conatu Rex desisteret^ pervicere. Such feats can they 
do. But tliat which Bodine, 1. 4, Theat. nat. thinks (following Tyrius belike, and 
the Platonists,) they can tell the secrets of a man's heart, aut cogitationes Jiominum, 
is most false ; his reasons are weak, and sufficiently confuted by Zanch. lib. 4, cap. 9, 
Hierom. lib. 2, com. in Mat. ad cap. 15, Athanasius qua^st. 27, ad Antiochum Prin- 
cipem, and others. 

Orders.] As for those orders of good and bad devils, which the Platonists hold, 
is altogether erroneous, and those Ethnics boni et mail Genii., are to be exploded : 
these heathen writers agree not in this point among themselves, as Dandinus notes, 

" Cib ) et pom uti et venere cum hominibus ac tan- cap. 17. Partim quia snhtilioris sensus aciimine, par- 
den' niori, Cicoiina. 1. part. lib. 2. c 3. -' Plutarch, tiiri scientia calidiore vigent et experientia propter 
de defect, oraculorum. ■"'Lib. de Zilphis et Pig- j inaRnam longitudineni vitoe, partim ab Angelis dis- 

meis. '^^ Dii sentium a Constantio prostigati sunt, cunt, &c. '■ 1 ib 3. omnif. mag. cap. 3. '^^h 18. 

&c. -"Octovian. dial. JudiRorum deum fuisse quest. ^e Qumn tanti sit et tarn profunda opiritum 

Romanorum numinibus una cum gente captivum. scientia, mirum non est tot tantJsque res visu admi- 
■' Omnia spiritiiius olena, et ex eorum concordia et I raliiles ab ipsis patrari, et quidem rerun) ^laturaliuin 
discordia omnes boni et mali effectus pronianant. om- ope quas multo melius intellisunt, multcqHe pcritius 
nia humana reguntur: paradoxa veterum de quft Ci- suis locis et temporibus applicaii. norunt, quain homo, 
cogna. omnif. mag. 1. 2. c. 3. -ijOves quas abac- , Cicogna. 3' Aventinus, quicquid interdiu exhau- 

tur-:<t era. in quascunque formas verlebat Pausanias, riebatur, ncctu explebatur. Inde pavefucti lura 
!lvi;inua ^^Auitin in 1. 2. de Gen. ad liteiam tores, &.c. 



Mem 1. Subs. 2.1 JVature of Spirits. 119 

.9n siiit ^mali non comveniunf, some will have all spirits good or bad to us by a 
mistake, as if an Ox or Horse could discourse, he would say the Butcher was his 
enemy because he killed him, the Grazier his friend because he fed him ; a Hunter 
preserves and yet kills his game, and is hated nevertheless of his game ; nee pisca- 
torem piscis a7tiare potest^ Slc. But .lamblichus, Psellus, Plutarch, and most Plato- 
nists acknowledge bad, et ab eorum malcficiis cavendum, and we should beware of 
their wickedness, for they are enemies of mankind, and this Plato learned in Egypt, 
that they quarj-elled with Jupiter, and were driven by him down to hell.^^ That 
which ^Apuleius, Xenophon, and Plato contend of Socrates Daemonium, is most 
absurd : That which Plotinus of his, that he had likewise Beiim pro Dccmonio ; and 
that which Porphyry concludes of them all in general, if they be neglected in their 
sacrifice they are angry ; nay more,^s Cardan in his Hipperchen will, they feed on 
men's souls, Elnncnla sunt plantis elemcntum., animaUbus plantce., Iwminibiis anima- 
lia^ erunt et homines aliis, non autcm diis, nimis enim remota est eorum natura a 
nostra^ quapropter dcemonibus : and so belike that we have so many battles fought 
in all ages, countries, is to make them a feast, and their sole delight : but to return 
to that I said before, if displeased they fret and chafe, (for they feed belike on the 
souls of beasts, as we do on their bodies) and send many plagues amongst us ; but 
if pleased, then they do much good ; is as vain as the rest and confuted by Austin, 
1. 9. c. 8. de Civ. Dei. Euseb. 1. 4. prajpar. Evang. c. 6. and others. Yet thus much 
I find, that our School-men and other '" Divines make nine kinds of bad Spirits, as 
Dionysius hath done of Angels. In the first rank are those false gods of the Gen- 
tiles, which were adored heretofore in several Idols, and gave Oracles at Delphos, 
and elsewhere ; whose Prince is Beelzebub. The second rank is of Liars and 
iEquivocators, as Apollo, Pythius, and the like. The third are those vessels of 
anger, inventors of all mischief; as that Theutus in Plato ; Esay calls them ''^vessels 
of fury ; their Prince is Belial. The fourth are malicious revenging Devils ; and 
their Prince is Asmodseus. The fifth kind are cozeners, such as belong to Magicians 
and Witches ; their Prince is Satan. The sixth are those aerial devils that ""^ corrupt 
the air and cause plagues, thunders, fires, &c. ; spoken of in the Apocalypse, and 
Paul to the Ephesians names them the Princes of the air ; Meresin is their Prince. 
The seventh is a destroyer, Captain of the Furies, causing wars, tumults, combus- 
tions, uproars, mentioned in the Apocalypse ; and called Abaddon. Tlie eighth is 
that accusing or calumniating Devil, whom the Greeks call At,tt/3oxo5, tliat drives men 
to despair. The ninth are those tempters in several kinds, and their Prince is Mam- 
mon. Psellus makes six kinds, yet none above the Moon : Wierus in his Pseudo- 
monarchia Dasmonis, out of an old book, makes many more divisions ••>.nd subordi- 
nations, with their several names, numbers, ofiices, &c., but Gazaeus cited by ''^Lip- 
sius will have all places full of Angels, Spirits, and Devils, above and beneath the 
Moon,^^ aetherial and aerial, which Austin cites out of Varro 1. vii. de Civ. Dei, c. 6. 
•' The celestial Devils above, and aerial beneath," or, as some will, g-ods above, Se- 
midei or half gods beneath. Lares, Heroes, Genii, which climb higher, if they live^l 
well, as the Stoics held ; but grovel on the ground as they were baser in their lives, 
nearer to the earth : and are Manes, Lemures, Lamia?, Stc. ""^ They will have no place 
but all full of Spirits, Devils, or some other inhabitants ; Plenum Ccelum^ aer, aqua 
terra^ et omnia sub ierrct^ saith '''Gazaeus; though Anthony Rusca in his book de 
Inferno, lib. v. cap. 7. would confine them to the middle Region, yet they will have 
them everywhere. " Not so much as a hair-breadth empty in heaven, earth, or 
waters, above or under the earth." The air is not so full of flies in summer, as it 
is at all times of invisible devils : this *** Paracelsus stiffly maintains, and that they 
.ave every one their several Chaos, others will have infinite worlds, and each world 
his peculiar Spirits, Gods, Angels, and Devils to govern and punish it. 

" Singula *'> nonnulli crediint quoqiie sidera posse I " Some persons believe each star to he a world, an£ 
Dici orbes, terramque appellant sidus opacum, this earth an opaque star, over which the least of the 

Cui minimus divuni prtesit." | gods presides." 

*■ In lib. 2. de Anima text 29. Homerus discrimina- ' " Vasa irte. c. 13. ■'^ Quibus datum cr-i ru.tere t.:tra 
am ou-.nes spiritus da;mone3 vocat. •>' A Jove ad ' et niari, &c. ^* Physiol. Stoicorum 6 Senec. l.o. 1. 

tnferos pulsi, &c. ■"' De Deo Socratis adesl mihi cap. 28. ^^Usque ad luniun animas esse Kthereas 

divina sorte Dipmonium qnodd.im i prima pueritia me vocarique heroas, lares, genios. ^" Marl. Capella 

gfeculum, R»Epp dissuadet, imi)ellit nonniinquam instar <' Nihil vacuum ab his uhi vel capillum in aere vel 
ovis, Plato. ^' Aarippa lib. 3. de occul. ph. c. 18. aqua jaceas. *» Lib. de Zilp. *" Palingeniua. 

/.^nch. Pirtorus, Perer'us Ciuogna. I. 3 cap. 1. 



V40 



Digression of Spirits. 



Tart. 1. Sect. 2 



""Gregorius Tholsanus makes seven kinds of aetherial Spiri^ or Angels, according 
to the number of the seven Planets, Saturnine, Jovial, Martial, of which Cardan dis.- 
courseth lib. xx. de subtil, he calls them suhslanlias pritnas., Olpnpicos dcemonts 
IVilemliis, qui prcEmnt Zodiaco, &c., and will have them to be good Angels above. 
Devils beneath the Moon, their several names and ofHces he there sets down, and 
which Dionysius of Angels, will have several spirits for several countries, men, 
offices, &.C., which live about them, and as so many assisting powers cause their 
operations, will have in a word, innumerable, as many of them as there be Stars in 
the Skies. ^' Marcilius Ficinus seems to second this opinion, out of Plato, or from 
himself, I know not, (still ruling their inferiors, as they do those under them again, 
all subordinate, and the nearest to the earth rule us, whom we subdivide into good 
and bad angels, call Gods or Devils, as they h«lp or hurt us, and so adore, love or 
hate) but it is most likely from Plato, for he relying wholly on Socrates, qucm mori 
potius quam menliri voluisse scribit, whom he says would rather die than tell a false- 
hood, out of Socrates' authority alone, made nine kinds of them : which opinion be- 
like Socrates took from Pythagoras, and he from Trismegistus, he from Zoroastes, 
first God, second idea, 3. Intelligences, 4. Arch-Angels, 5. Angels, 6. Devils, 7. He- 
roes, 8. Principalities, 9. Princes : of which some were absolutely good, as Gods, 
some bad, some indifferent inter deos el hominrs., as heroes and daemons, which ruled 
men, and were called genii, or as ^^ Proclus and Jamblichus will, the middle betwixt 
(Jxod and men. Principalities and Princes, which commanded and swayed Kings and 
countries ; and had several places in the Spheres pei-haps, for as every sphere is 
higher, so hath it more excellent inhabitants : which belike is that GaliliEus a Gali- 
leo and Kepler aims at in his nuncio Syderio, when he will have ''^Saturnine and 
Jovial inhabitants : and which Tycho Brahe doth in some sort touch or insinuate 
in one of his Epistles: but these things ^'Zanchius justly explodes, cap. 3. lib. 4. 
P. Martyr, in 4, Sam. 28. 

So that according to these men the number of aetherial spirits must needs be infi- 
nite : for if that be true that some of our mathematicians say : if a stone could fall 
from the starry heaven, or eighth sphere, and should pass every hour an hundred 
miles, it would be 65 years, or more, before it would come to ground, by reason of 
the great distance of heaven from earth, which contains as some say 170 millions 
800 miles, besides those other heavens, whether they be crystalline or watery which 
Maginus adds, which peradventure holds as much more, how many such spirits may 
It contain ? And yet for all this ^^ Thomas Albertus, and most hold that there be far 
more angels than devils. 

Sublunary drvils^ and their Iii7ids.\ But be thev more or less. Quod supra nos 
nihil ad nos i^what is beyond our comprehension does not concern us). Howsoever 
as Marlianns foolislily supposeth, Miherii Dcpmones non curant res humanas^ they 
care not for us, do not attend our actions, or look for us, tVioeo getherial spirits have 
other worlds to reign in belike or business to foiiow. We are only now to speak 
m brief of these sublunary spirits or devus : for the rest, our divines determine that 
the Devil had no power over stars, or heavens ; ''^ Car minibus cailo possunt deducere 
htnam, &c., (by their charms (verses) they can seduce the moon from the heavens). 
Those are poetical fictions, and that they can ^"^ sister e aqua?7ijluviis, et vert ere sidcra 
ret.roy &c., (stop rivers and turn the stars backward in their courses) as Canadia in 
Horace, 'tis all false. "They are confined until the day of judgment to this sublu- 
nary world, and can work no farther than the four elements, and as God permits 
them. Wherefore of these sublunary devils, though others divide them otherwise 
according to their several places and offices, Psellus makes six kinds, fiery, aerial, 
terrestrial, watery, and subterranean devils, besides thofe fairies, satyrs, nymphs, &.c. 

Fiery spirits or devils are such as commonly wort by blazing stars, fire-drakes, 



•* r.ib 7. cap. 34 et 5. Syntax, art. niirab. s' Com- 
mmil in dial. Plat, de aiiiore, cap. 5. Ut sphara qiiae- 
libet super nns, ita praestaiitiores habent habitatores 
suae sphieriE cniisortes, ut habet nostra. ^'' Lib de 

Arnica, et da?iiiotie nie \. inter deos et homines, dica ad 
nos el iiosira lequalitei id deos ferunt. °a^ai„rni. 

na« ot Jovialns accolas. '^ ]n Inr.a detrnsi snnt 

lufia t.-slestes orbes in aerem scilicet el infra ubi Ju- 



dicio geneiali reservantur. ""^q. 36 art. 9. 

66 Vir>r. 8. Eg. ^' JEn. i. w Austin : hoc dixi, 

ne quis existiniet habiiare ibi inala dEEinonia ubi Solem 
et Lunam et Stellas Deus ordinavit, et alibi nenio ar- 
bitraretur Dienionem coelis habitare cum Angelis suis 
unde lapsiim credinius Idem. Zanch. 1. 4. c. 3. d«i 
Angel, nialis. Pererius in fien. cap. 6. lib- 8. in v<»r 9 



\ltiii . ouDs. 2.] Digression af Spirus. 12 J 

or ignes fat.ui ; which lead men often in Jlnmina aut prcBcipUia, saith Bodino, lib. 2. 
Theat. Naturae, fell. 221. Quos inquit arccre si volunt viatorcs^ clara once Deum 
appellarer aid pronam facie terram contingente adorare oportct, et hoc amuletu7n ma- 
joribus nostris acceplum ferre dehcmus^ &c., (whom if travellers wish to keep off 
they must pronounce the name of God with a clear voice, or adore him with their 
faces in contact with the ground, &c.) ; likewise they counterfeit suns and moons, 
stars oftentimes, and sit on ship masts : In navigiorum summilatibus visuntnr ; and 
are called dioscuri, as Eusebius 1. contra Philosophos, c. xlviii. informeth us, out of 
tile authority of Zeno-phanes ; or little clouds, ud niotuin nescio quern volantes ; which 
never appear, saith Cardan, but they signify some mischief or other to come .into 
men, though some again will have them to pretend good, and victory to that side 
they come towards in sea fights, St. Elmo's fires they commonly call them, and they 
do likely appear after a sea storm ; Radzivilius, the JPolonian duke, calls this appari- 
tion, Sancli Gcrmani sidus ; and saith moreover that lie saw the same after in a 
storm, as he was sailing, 1582, from Alexandria to Rhodes.^'' Our stories are full 
of such apparitions in all kinds. Some tliink they keep their residence in that Hecla, 
a mountain in Iceland, Ji^tna in Sicily, Lipari, Vesuvius, &c. These devils were 
worshipped heretofore by that superstitious rivpo/xavTita^" and the like. 
- Aerial spirits or devils, are such as keep quarter most part in the *^' air, cause many 
/tempests, thunder, and liglitnings, tear oaks, fire steeples, houses, strike men and 
beasts, make it rain stones, as in Livy's time, wool, frogs, &c. Counterfeit armies in 
tiie air, strange noises, swords, &c., as at Vienna before the coming of the Turks, 
and many times in Rome, as Scheretzius 1. de spect. c. 1. part 1. Lavater de spect. 
part. i. c. 17. Julius Obsequens, an old Roman, in his book of prodigies, ab urb. 
cond. 505. ^^ Machiavel hath illustrated by many examples, and Josephus, in his 
book de bello Judaico, before the destruction of Jerusalem. All whicli Guil. Postel- 
lus, in his first book, c. 7, de orbis concordia, useth as an eflectual argument (as in- 
deed it is) to persuade them that Avill not believe there be spirits or devils. They 
cause whirlwinds on a sudden, and tempestuous storms ; which though our meteoro- 
logists generally refer to natural causes, yet I am of Bodine's mind, Theat. Nat. 1. 2. 
they are more ot\en caused by those aerial devils, in their several quarters ; for Tem- 
vestatibus se moenm^, saith ''^ Rich. Argentine; as when a despeiate man makes awav 
with himself, which by hanging or drowning they frequently do, as Kornmanns ob- 
serves, de mirac. mort. part. 7, c. 76. tripudium ageyifes, dancing and rejoicing at the 
death of a sinner. These can corrupt the air, and cause plagues, sickness, storms, 
shipwrecks, fires, inundations. At Mons Draconis in Italy, there is a most memor- 
able example in "Jovianus Pontanus : and nothing so familiar (if we may believe 
those relations of Saxo Grammaticns, Olaus Majjnus, Damianus A. Goes) as for 
witches and sorcerers, in Lapland, Litluiania, and all over Scandia, to sell winds to 
mariners, and cause tempests, which Marcus Paulus the Venetian relates likewise of 
the Tartars. These kind of devils are much ^Melighted in sacrifices (saith Porphyry), 
held all the world in awe, and had several names, idols, sacrifices, in Rome, Greece, 
Egypt, and at this day tyrannise over, and deceive those Ethnics and hidians, being 
adored and worshipped for ^°gods. For the Gentiles' gods were devils (as "Trisnic- 
gistus confesseth in his Asclepius), and he himself could make them come to their 
images by magic spells : and are now as much " respected by our papists (saUh 
**Pictorius) under tlie name of saints." These are they which Cardan thinks desire 
so much carnal copulation with witches (/nczi^i and Swcc//i/), transform bodies, and 
jre so very cold, if they be touched ; and that serve magicians. His father had one 
of them (as he is not ashamed to relate), '^^ an aerial devil, bound to him for twenty 
and eight years. As Agrippa's dog had a devil tied to his collar; some think that 
Paracelsus (or else Erastus belies him) had one confined to his sword pummel ; 
others wear them in rings, &c. Jannes and Jambres did many things of old by 
their help ; Simon Magus, Cinops, ApoUonius Tianeus, Jamblichus, and Tritemius 

«9Perigram. Jlierosol. ""Fire worship, or divl- I bello Neapniitano, lib. 5. «Suffitibus gaiident. 

nation by fire. <>' Domus Diruunt, niurns dejitiimt. Idem .lust. Mart. Apol. pro Christiaiiis. ''■In Dei 

immisceiit se turbinibus et procellis et pulvereiii instar | imitationem, saith Eusebius. <^' Dii gentium Da-iiio- 
eolumns evehunt. L'icogna 1. 5. c. 5. e- Quest, iiia, &c. e?o ii\ eorum statuas pellexi. ''Tt nunc 

in Liv. ''^ De prfestigiis ds-monum. c. 16. Con- snb divoruin nimiine coluntur i I'ontiflciis. •^'' Lib 

velli culmina videmus, prostenii sata, &c. "' De I 11. de rerum ver. 

16 L 



122 Digression of Spiruy. [Part. 1 Sec 2 

of late, that sliowed Maximilian the emperor his wife, after she was dead ; Et ver- 
rucam in collo ejus (saith ™Godolman) so much as the wart in her neck. Delric. 
lib. ii. hath divers examples of their feats : Cicogna, lib. iii. cap. 3. and Wierus in 
his book de prccsllg. dcEmonum. Bolssardus de magis et vcncficis. 

Water-devils are those JVaiads or water nymphs wiiich have been heretofore con- 
veisant about waters and rivers. The water (^as Paracelsus thinks) is their chaos, 
wherein they live ; some call them fairies, and say that Ilabundia is their queen ; 
these cause inundations, many times shipwrecks, and deceive men diveis ways, as 
Succuba, or otherwise, appearing most part (saith Tritemius) in women's shapes. 
"' Paracelsus hath several stories of them that have lived and been married to mortal 
men, and so continued for certain years with them, and after, upon some dislike, 
have forsaken Lhem. Such a one as ^geria, wilii whom Numa was so familiar, 
Diana, Ceres, &c. "Olaus Magnus hath a long narration of one Hotherus, a king 
of Sweden, that having lost his company, as he was hunting one day, met with 
these v/ater nymphs or fairies, and was feasted by them ; and Hector Boethius, or 
Macbelii, and Banquo, two Scottish lords, that as they were wandering in the woods, 
had tlieir fortunes told them by three strange women. To these, heretofore, they 
did use to sacrifice, by that vbpoixavriM, or divination by waters. 

Terrestrial devils are those "Lares, Genii, Fauns, Satyrs, "^Wood-nymphs, Foliots, 
Fairies, Robin Goodfellows, TruUi, Sic, which as they are most conversant with 
men, so they do them most harm. Some think it was they alone that kept the 
heathen people in awe of old, and had so many idols and temples erected to them. 
Of this range was Dagon amongst the Philistines, Bel amongst the Babylonians, 
Astartes amongst the Sidonians, Baal amongst the Samaritans, Isis and Osiris amongst 
the Egyptians, Slc. ; some put our "^faries into this rank, which have been in formei 
times adored with much superstition, with sweeping their houses, and setting of a 
pail of clean water, good victuals, and the like, and then they should not be pinched, 
but find money in their shoes, and be fortunate in their enterprises. These are they 
that dance on heaths and greens, as ''^Lavater thinks with Tritemius, and as "Olaus 
Magnus adds, leave that green circle, which we commonly find in plain fields, which 
others hold to proceed from a meteor falling, or some accidental rankness of the 
ground, so nature sports herself; they are sometimes seen by old women and chil- 
dren. Hierom. Pauli, in his description of tlie city of Bercino in Spain relates how 
they have been familiarly seen near that town, about fountains and hilis ; JVonnun- 
qtiam (saith Tritemius) in sua latihula montium simpliciorcs homines ducunt^ stu- 
penda miranlibiis ostentes miracula, nolnrum sonUus, spectacula^ &c." Giraldus 
Cambrensis gives instance in a monk of Wales that was so deluded. '^Paracelsus 
reckons up many places in Germany, where they do usually walk in little coats', 
some two feet long. A bigger kind there is of them called with us hobgoblins, and 
Robin Goodfellows, that would in those superstitious times grind corn for a mess of 
ailk, cut wood, or do any manner of drudgery work. They would mend old irons 
in those Jilolian isles of Lipari, in former ages, and have been often seen and heard. 
'"'Tholosanus calls them TruUos and Getulos, and saith, that in his days they were 
common in many places of France. Dithmarus Bleskenius, in his description of 
Iceland, reports for a certainty, that almost in every family they have yet some such 
familiar spirits ; and Foelix Malleolus, in his book de crudel. dcemon. affirms as much, 
that these Trolli or Telchines are very common in Norway, '' and *'seen to do 
drudgery work;" to draw water, saith Wierus, lib. 1. cap. 22, dress meat, or any 
such thing. Another sort of these there are, \\ hich frequent forlorn *^ houses, which 
the Italians call foliots, most part innoxous, ^"^ Cardan holds; " They will make 
strange noises in the night, howl sometimes pitifully, and then laugh again, cause 
great fiame and sudden lights, fling stones, rattle cliains, shave men, open doors and 

"Lib. 3. cap. 3. De magis etveneficis, &c. Nereides. 1 treats, where they exhibit wonderful sisrhts to their 
■"Lib. de Zilphis. ''^Lib. 3. '^ Pro salute marvelling eyes, and astonish their ears by the soiin J 

honiinuin e.\cul)are se simulant, sed in eorum periii- l of bells, See. '''Lib. de Zil|ih. et Pisnisus Olaiis 

cicm omnia moliuiitur. Aust. "■' Dryades, Oriades, lib. 3. m Lib. 7. cap. 14. Qui et in famulitio viri« 



Hamadryades. '"Elvas Glaus voc. at lib. 3 

"^ Part r. cap. 19. ''Lib. 3. cap. 11. Elvarum 

choreas OIlmir lib. 3. vocat sallum adeo profundi in 
terras iinpriiriunl, ut locus iiisigni deinceps virore or- 
bicularis sit, et gramen non pereat. "Sometimes committed. "Lib. 16. de rerum varietal 
tbey Reduce too simple men into their moantaiii re- 



el fa;minis inserviunt, conclavia scopis purgant, pati- 
nas muiidant, ligna portant, equos ciirant, &c. "' Ad 
minisleria utuntur. '■- Where ireasure is .1 d (ai» 

some think) or some murder, or such like v ..an) 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. \2ii 

«hut them, fling down platters^ stools, chests, sometimes appear in the likeness of 
/larc s, crows, black dogs, &c." of which read *^ Pet ThyraGus the Jesuit, in his 
Tra-*t. de locis infestis^ part. 1. et cap. 4, who will have them to be devils or the 
souls of damned men that seek revenge, or else souls out of purgatory that seek 
ease; for such examples peruse ^Sigismundus Scheretzius, lib. de spectris, part 1. 
c. 1. which he saith lie took out of Luther most part; there be many instances. *®Pli- 
nius Secundus remembers such a house at Athens, which Athenodoius the philoso 
pher hired, which no man durst inhabit for fear of devils. Austin, dc Civ. Dei. lib. 
22, cap. 1. relates as much of Hesperius the Tribune's house, at Zubeda, near their 
city of Hippos, vexed with evil spirits, to his great hindrance, Cum afflictione anima- 
lium et servorum suorum. Many such instances are to be read in Niderius Formicar, 
lih. 5. cap. xii. 3. &c. Whether I may call these Zim and Ochim, which Isaiah, cap. 
xiii. 21. speaks of, I make a doubt. See more of these in the said Scheretz. lib. 1. 
de spect. cap. 4. he is full of examples. These kind of devds many times appear to 
men, and aflright them out of their wits, sometimes walking at **' noon-day, some- 
times at nights, counterfeiting dead men's ghosts, as that of Caligula, which (saith 
Suetonius) was seen to walk in Lavinia's garden, where his body was buried, spirits 
haunted, and the house where he died, ^^JYulla nox sine lerrore transacta, donee in- 
cendio consiimpta ; every night this happened, there was no quietness, till the house 
W9S burned. About Hecla, in Iceland, gliosis commonly walk, animas mortuorum 
simulunles., saith Job. Anan, lih. .3. de nat. deem. Olaiis. lib. 2. cap. 2. JYatal Tal- 
lopid. lib. de apparil. spir. Kornmannus de mirac. mort. part. 1. cap. 44. such sight.<5 
are frequently seen circa sepulchra et monasteria., saith Lavat. lib. 1. cap. 19. in 
monasteries and about churchyards, loca pahidinosa., ampla cexlijicia., solitaria^ e: 
ccede hominum notata, Stc. (marshes, great buildings, solitary places, or remarkable 
as the scene of some murder.) Thyreus adds, ubi gravius pcccatum est commissum^ 
impii, pauperum oppressores et nequiter insignes habitant (where some very henious 
crime was committed, there the impious and infamous generally dwell). These spirits 
often foretel men's deaths by several signs, as knocking, groanings, &c. ^Hhougli Rich. 
Argentine, c. 18. de prcEstigiis damonum., will ascribe these predictions to good angels, 
out of the authority of Ficinus and others ; prodigia in obitu principnm scepius con- 
tingunf., &c. (prodigies frequently occur at the deaths of illustrious men), as in the 
Lateran church in ^"Rouje, the popes' deaths are foretold by Sylvester's tomb. Near 
Rupes Nova in Finland, in the kingdom of Sweden, there is a lake, in which, before 
the governor of the castle dies, a spectrum, in the habit of Arion with his harp, appears, 
and makes excellent music, like those blocks in Cheshire, which (they say) presage 
death to the master of the family; or that ^' oak in Lanthadran park in Cornwall, which 
foreshows as much. Many families in Europe are so put in mind of their last by such 
predictions, and many men are forewarned (if we may believe Paracelsus) by familiar 
spirits in divers shapes, as cocks, crows, owls, which often hover about sick men's 
chambers, vel quia morientium fceditatem sentiunt, as '-^^ Baracellus conjectures, et idea 
super ledum injirmorum crocitant^ because they smell a corse; or for that (as ^'^Ber- 
nardinus de Bustis thinketh) God permits the devil to appear in the form of crows, and 
such like creatures, to scare such as live wickedly here on earth. A little before Tully's 
death (saith Plutarch) the crows made a mighty noise about him, tumulluose perstre- 
"pcntes., they pulled the pillow from under his head. Rob. Gaguinus, hist. Franc, lib 
8, telleth such another wonderful story at ihe death of Johannes de Monteforti, a 
French lord, anno 1345, tanta corvorrim multiludo cedibus morientis inscdit^ quantam 
esse in Gallia nemo judicasset (a multitude of crows alighted on the house of the 
dying man, such as no one ii^iagined existed in France). Such prodigies are very 
frequent in authors. See more of these in the said Lavater, Thyreus de locis infestis 
part 3, cap. 58. Pictorius, Delrio, Cicogna, lib. 3, cap. 9. Necromancers take 
upon them to raise and lay them at their pleasures : and so likewise, those which 
Mizaldus calls Ambulones, that walk about midnight on great heaths and desert 



!« Vel spiritus sunt hujnsmodi datniiatorutn, vel 6 
jiurgatorio, vel ipsi dsemoiies, c. 4. I'-Quidarn le- 

Inuros doniesticis instrumeniis noctii liidiint : putinas, 
^lla^■, caiilharas, et alia vasa dejii;iunt, et qiiidam 



s'Meridionales Dtemones Cicngna calls them, or Alas- 
tores, 1. 3. cap. 9. «'Sueton. c. 69. in Caligula. 
b" Strozzius Cicogna. lih. 3. tiiag. cap. 5 sn idem. c. 18. 
91 M. Carew. Survey of Cornwall, lib. 2 folio 140 



»oceB emitiunt, ejulant, risuin emittuut, &c. ut canes S'JHortoGeniali, folio 137. ^' Part I.e. 19. AhducunI 
«igri< feles variis formis, &c. «sEp;st. lib. 7. eos & recta via, et viain iUr fatientibus inter cludi"* 



124 Digression of Spirits. Part. 1. Sect. 2 

places, which (saith ^''Luvater) "draw men out of the way, and lead them all night 
a bye-way, or quite bar them of their way ;" these have several names in several 
places ; vve commonly call them Pucks. In the deserts of Lop, in Asia, such 
illusions of walking spirits are often perceived, as you may read in M. Paulus 
the Venetian his travels ; if one lose his company by chance, these devils will 
call him by his name, and counterfeit voices of his companions to seduce him. 
Hieronym. Pauli, in his book of the hills of Spain, relates of a great ^^ mount in 
.Cantabria, where such spectrums are to be seen ; Lavater and Cicogna have variety 
of examples of spirits and walking devils in this kind. Sometimes they sit by the 
highway side, to give men falls, and make their horses stumble and start as they ride 
(if you will believe the relation of that holy man Ketellus in ^Nubrigensis), that had 
an especial grace to see devils, Gratiam divinitus collat am, and talk with them, Et im- 
pavidus cum spiritihus sermonevi miscere, without offence, and if a man curse or spur 
his horse for stumbling, they do heartily rejoice at it; with many such pretty feats. 

Subterranean devils are as common as the rest, and do as much harm. Olaus 
Magnus, lib. (5, cap. 19, make six kinds of them; some bigger, some less. These 
(saith "'Munster) are commonly seen about mines of metals, and are some of them 
noxious ; some again do no harm. The metal-men in many places account it good 
luck, a sign of treasure and rich ore when they see them. Georgius Agricola, in his 
book de sahterraneis animantibus. cap. 37, reckons two more notable kinds of them, 
which he calls ''^Getuli and Cobali, both '■'' are clothed after the manner of metal-men, 
and will many times imitate their works." Their office, as Pictorius and Paracelsus 
think, is to keep treasure in the earth, that it be not all at once revealed; and be- 
sides, ^^ Cicogna avers that they are the frequent causes of those horrible earthquakes 
"which often swallow up, not only houses, but whole islands and cities;" in his 
third book, cap. 11, lie gives many instances. 

The last are conversant about the centre of the earth to torture the souls of 
damned men to the day of judgment; their egress and regress some suppose to be 
about Ji^tna, Lipari, Mons Hecla in Iceland, Vesuvius, Terra del Fuego, Si-c., because 
many shrieks and fearful cries are continually heard thereabouts, and familiar appa- 
ritions of dead men, ghosts and goblins. 

Their Offices., Operations., Study.] Tiius the devil reigns, and in a thousand 
several shapes, " as a roaring lion still seeks whom he may devour," 1 Pet. v., by 
sea, land, air, as yet unconfined, though '*" some will have his proper place tlie air ; 
all that space between us and the moon for them that transgressed least, and hell for 
the wickedest of them. Hie velut in carcere ad Jincm mundi, tunc in locum funestio- 
rum trudendi, as Austin holds de Civit Dei., c. 22, lib. 14, cap. 3 et 23; but be 
where he will, he rageth while he may to comfort himself, as ' Lactantius thinks, 
with other men's falls, he labours all he can to bring them into the same pit of per- 
dition with him. "Foremen's miseries, calamities, and ruins are the devil's ban- 
queting dishes. By many temptations and several engines, he seeks to captivate our 
souls. The Lord of Lies, saith ''Austin, " as he was deceived himself, he seeks to 
deceive others, the ringleader to all naughtiness, as he did by Eve and Cain, Sodom 
and Gomorrah, so would he do by all the world. Sometimes he tempts by covet- 
ousness, drunkenness, pleasure, pride, &c., errs, dejects, saves, kills, protects, and 

rides some men, as they do their horses. He studies our overthrow, and generally 
___ ., 

*< Lib. 1. cap. 44. Dffimonum cernunliir et audiuntiir I dis honiinihiis operantur. ^^ Mnrtalium calami- 

ibi frequentes illii^ioiies, nude viatoribus caveiidum | tales epula; sunt maloruni da^iiinnuiii, Synesius. 
ne ce dissocietil, aiit & tergo inaneaiit, voces enim ^ Daminus inendacii cl seipso deceptus, alios decipere 



fingiint socioriiiii, ut i recto ilinere abducanl, &c, 
"•^ Mons sterilis et nivosus, iibi inteiiipesla iiocte urii- 
bree apparent. "''Lib. 2. cap. 21, Offendicula fa- 

ciiint transeunlibus in viaet petulanter ridet cum vel 
liotniiieni 7el jmnentuni ejus pedes attprere faciant, 
et maxima si homo nialedictus et calcaiibiis sa^vint. 
'>* In Cosinogr. ""Vesliii more metallicorum, 



ciipit, adversarius hiimani generis. Inventor mortis, 
superbite instiiutor, radix maliliiE, scelerum caput, 
princeps omnium viliorum, fuit inde in Dei contunie- 
iiam, homiiuim perniciem : de liorum conatibus el 
operaiionibus lege Epiphaniutn. 2. Tom. lib. 2. Dio- 
nysiiun. c. 4. Amhros. Epistol. lib. 10. ep. et 84. Au- 
gust, de civ. Dei lib. 5. c. 9. lib. 8. cap. 22. lib. 9. 18. 



gestus et opera eorum imitanlur. "'■' Immisso in i lib. 10. 21. Theophil. in 12. Mat. Pasil. ep. 141. Leonem 

terra; carceres vento norribiles terrae molus efRciunt, Ser. Theodoret. in 11. Cnr. ep. 22. Chrys. hom. 53. in 
quibus s!Epe non domiis modo et turres, sed civitates 12. Gen. Greg, in 1. c. John. Uarlhol. de prop. 1. 2. c. 
iTitegriB et insulse haustse sunt. '""Hierom. in 3. 20. Zancli. 1. 4. de malis angelis. I'erer. in Gen. I. 8. 

Ephes. Idem Michaelis. c. 4. de spiritibus. Idem in c. 6. 2. Origen. saepe prasliis intersunt, itinera el 
Thyreus de locis iiifeslis. 'Lactantius 2. de I negotia nostra qufecumqiie dirigunt, clandestinis sob- 

Uigitie error'" cap. 15. lii nialigni spiritns per oinnem ' sidils optatos sjepe prasbent succisaus, Pet. yar. in 
.erram vagantur. et solatium perditionifi sua: perden- i iiam. &c. Ruscam de Infcno. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. 125 

.seeks our destruction ; and although he pretend many times numan good, anu vin- 
dicate himself for a god by curing of several diseases, agris sanit.atem^ et ccecis 
himinis usum restiluendo, as Austin declares, lib. 10, de civit Dei., cap. 6, as Apollo 
.-Esculapius, Isis, of old have done ; divert plagues, assist them in wars, pretenc? 
then- happiness, yet nihil his hnpurius., scelestiiis, nihil humano gencri infestiiis, 
nothing so impure, nothing so pernicious, as may well appear by their tyrannical 
uid bloody sacrifices of men to Saturn and Moloch, which are still in use among 
those barbarous Indians, their several deceits and cozenings to keep men in obe- 
dience, their false oracles, sacrifices, their superstitious impositions of fasts, penury, 
&.C. Heresies, superstitious observations of meats, times, &c., by which they ""cru 
cify the souls of mortal men, as shall be showed in our Treatise of Religious Me- 
lancholy. Modi CO adhuc tempore sinitur malignari, as ^Bernard expresseth it, by 
God's permission he rageth a while, hereafter to be confined to hell and darkness, 
" M'hich is prepared for him and his angels," Mat. xxv. 

How far their power doth extend it is hard to determine ; what the ancients held 
of their effects, force and operations, I will briefly show you : Plato in Critias, and 
after him his followers, gave out that these spirits or devils, " were men's governors 
and keepers, our lords and masters, as we are of our cattle." ^''They govern pro- 
vinces and kingdoms by oracles, auguries," dreams, rewards and punishments, pro- 
phecies, inspirations, sacrifices, and religious superstitions, varied in as many forms 
as there be diversity of spirits ; they send wars, plagues, peace, sickness, health, 
dearth, plenty, ''Adstanfes hie jam nobis, spectanfes, et arbitrantes., &c. as appears by 
those histories of Thucydides, Livius, Dionysius Halicarnassus, with many others 
that are full of their wonderful stratagems, and were therefore by those Roman and 
Greek commonwealths adored and worshipped for gods with prayers and sacrifices, 
&c. 'In a word, JVUiil magis qucErunt quam mctum et admirationem hominum ; ®and 
as another hath it, Did non potest,, quam impotenti ard.ore in homines dominium^ et 
Divinos cultus mnligni spiritus offectent.^° Tritemius in his book de septem secun- 
dis, assigns names to such angels as are governors of particular provinces, by what 
authority I know not, and gives them several jurisdictions. Asclepiades a Grecian, 
Rabbi Achiba the Jew, Abraham Avenezra, and Rabbi Azariel, Arabians, (as 1 find 
them cited by "Cicogna) farther add, that they are not our governors only, Sfd ex 
eoriim concordid et discordia, boni et mali affectus promanant, but as they agree, so 
do we and our princes, or disagree ; stand or fall. Juno was a bitter enemy to Troy, 
Apollo a good friend, Jupiter incUfferent, jilqua Venus Tcucris., Pallas iniquafnii . 
some are for us still, some against us, Prtmente Deo, fcrt Deus alter opcm. Reli- 
gion, policy, public and private quarrels, wars are procured by them, and they are 
'^delighted perhaps to see men fight, as men are with cocks, bulls and dogs, bears, 
&cc., plagues, dearths depend on them, our bene and male esse, and almost all o"r 
other peculiar actions, (for as Anthony Rusea contends, lib. 5, cap. 18, every ma;? 
hath a good and a bad angel attending on him in particular, all his life long, which 
Jamblichus calls dcemnnem,) preferments, losses, weddings, deaths, rewards and 
ptmishments, and as '^ Proclus will, all offices whatsoever, alii gcnetricem, alii 
op'/icem potesiatem habent, &c. and several names they give them according to their 
offices, as Lares, Indegites, Preestites, &c. When the Arcades in that battle at Che- 
rona;, which was fought against King Phdip for the liberty of Greece, had deceitfully 
carried themselves, long after, in the very same place, Diis Grcscia; ultoribus (saith 
mine author) they were miserably slain by Metellus the Roman : so likewise, in 
smaller matters, they will have things fall out, as these boni and mali genii favour 
or dislike us : Saturni non conveniunt Jovialibus, &c. He that is Saturninus shall 
never likely be preferred. '''That base fellows are often advanced, undeserving 
Gnathoes, and vicious parasites, whereas discreet, wise, virtuous and worthy men 

4 Et veliit mancipia circumfert Psellus. s i,ib. de ttiehnnour of being divinely worshipped." " Oinnif 
trans, milt. Malar,, pp. " Ciistodes sunt hominiiiii, mag. lib. 2. cap. 2."!. '-Liidus deorum sumus. 

et eonim, ut nos animaliuni : turn et prnvinciis prEepo- '-'Lib. de aniina et deemono- n Quoties fit, iil 

Bili regiint aui!uriis, soniniis, nraciilis, pramiis, &;c. Principes novitiiim aiilicuni divitiis et dijiiitatibus 
■> Lipsius, Physiol. Stoic, lib. 1. cap. 19. " Leo pene obriiant, et iniiltoriim aiinoniiTi niinistriiiii. qui 

Suavis idem et Trileiiiitis. » " They seek nothing non semel pro hern peticiilum siiblit, ne lernntio (lo- 

inore earnestly than the fear and admiration of men." , nent, &c. Idem. Quod I'hilosophi non remunerentur 
'""It is scarcely possible to describe the impotent ' cum scurra et ineplus oh insulsumjocuia saepe pne- 
ferduur with which these malignant spirits aspire to mmm reportet, inde fit, &.c. 

1.2 



126 Digression of Spirits. , Part. 1. 3eC. 1 

are neglected and unrewarded ; they refer to those domineering spirits, or suhordi- 
nate Genii; as they are inclined, or favour men, so they tlirive, are ruled an(hover- 
conie ; for as '^Libanius supposeth in our ordinary conflicts and contentions. Genius 
Genio cedU et oblcmperat, one genius yields and is overcome by another. All par- 
ticular events almost they refer to these private spirits ; and (as Paracelsus acids) 
they direct, teach, inspire, and instruct men. Never was any man extraoniinary 
famous in any art, action, or great commander, that had not famillarcm dcumonerr 
to inform him, as Nnma, Socrates, and many such, as Cardan illustrates, cap. 128. 
Arcanis prudentice civilis, ^^Spe.c'iall siquidmi gratia, se a Deo donari asserunt magi, 
a Gcniis ccelestibus instrui, ab lis doceri. But these are most erroneous paradoxes. 
incptcE et fabulosce nugcp,, rejected by our divines and Christian churches. 'Tis tiue 
they have, by God's permission, power over us, and we find by experience, that 
they can 'Miurt not our fields only, cattle, goods, but our bodies and minds. At 
Hammel in Saxony, Jin. 1484. 20 Junii, the devil, in likeness of a pied piper, carried 
away 130 children that were never after seen. Many times men are '^ affrighted out 
of tiici" wits, carried away quite, as Scheretzius illustrates, lib. 1, c. iv., and seve- 
rally molested by his means, Plotinus the Platonist, lib. 14, advers. Gnos. laughs 
them to scorn, that hold the devil or spirits can cause any such diseases. Many 
think he can work upon the body, but not upon the mind. But experience pro- 
nounceth otherwise, that he can work both upon body and mind. Tertullian is 
of this opinion, c. 22. '^" That he can cause both sickness and health," and that 
secretly. '^° Taurellus adds " by clancuiar poisons he can infect the bodies, and hinder 
the operations of the bowels, though we perceive it not, closely creeping into 
them," saith ^' Lipsius, and so crucify our souls : El nociva melancholia furiosos 
ejficil. For being a spiritual body, he struggles with our spirits, saith Rogers, and 
suggests (according to ^^ Cardan, verba sine voce, species sine visu, envy, lust, anger 
&.C.) as he sees men inclined. 

The manner how he performs it, Biarmannus in his Oration against Bodine, suffi- 
ciently declares. ^^" He begins first with the phantasy, and moves that so strongly, 
that no reason is able to resist. Now the phantasy he moves by mediation of hu- 
mours ; although many physicians are of opinion, that the devil can alter the mind, 
and produce this disease of himself. Quibusdam medicorum visum, saith ^^Avicenna, 
quod Melancholia contingat a dcemonio. Of the same mind is Fsellus and Rhasis 
the Arab. lib. 1. Tract. 9. Cont. ^^"That this disease proceeds especially from the 
devil, and from him alone." Arculanus, cap. 6. in 9. Rhasis, JTilianus Montaltus, in 
his 9. cap. Daniel Sennertus, lib. 1. part. 2. cap. 11. confirm as much, that the devil 
can cause this disease ; by reason many times that the parlies affected prophesy, 
speak strange language, but non sine intcrventu humoris, not without the humour, as 
he interprets himself; no more doth Avicenna, si contingat a dcsmonio, sujjicit nobis 
ut convertat complexionem ad choleram nigram, et sit causa ejus propinqua cholera 
nigra; the immediate cause is choler adust, which ^^Pomponatius likewise labours 
to make good : Galgerandus of Mantua, a famous Physician, so cured a dajmoniacal 
woman in his time, that spake all languages, by purging black choler, and thereupon 
belike this humour of Melancholy is called Balneum Diaboli, the Devil's Bath; the 
devil spying his opportunity of such humours drives them many times to despair, 
fury, rage, Stc, mingling himself among these humours. This is that which Tertul- 
lian avers, Corporibus infligunt acerbos casus, animceque repenlinos, membra distor- 
qiient, occulte repentes, &c. and which Lemnius goes about to prove, Immiscent se. 
mali Genii pr avis humoribus, atque atrce bili, &c. And "Jason Pratensis, " that the 

i^I/ib. de cruelt. Cadaver. "i Boissardus, c. 6 i neqiiit, primum movit phantasiam, et ita obfirmat va- 

ma;;ia. »■ Godelmanus, cap. 3. lib. 1. de Masjis. ' nis conceptibus aut ut ne quern faciiltati jEstimativK 

Jem Zanchius, lib. 4. cap. 10 et 11. de nialis anjielis. • rationi locum relinquat. Spiritus inalus invadit ani- 
"■ Nociva Melancholia furiosos efficit, el quaiul6que i mam, turbat sen.=!us, in furorem conjicit. Austin, de 
penitus interficit. G. Picolominens Idemque Zanch. vit. Beat. '^■' Lib. 3 Fen. 1. Tract. 4. c. 18. --"'A 

cap. 10. ib. 4. si Deus permittat, corpora nostra mo- Usemone maxime proficisci, et SEepe solo. -lo Lib. 

vere possunt, alterare, quovis morboruin et malorum de incant. -■ Ca^p. de mania lib. de morbis cere- 

genere afficere, imo et in ipsa penetrare et sfRvire. hri ; Dajinones, quurn sint tenues et incomprehensi- 
'* Inducere potest morbos et sanitates. -o Visce- biles spiritus, se insinuare corporibus hunianis pos- 

rum actiones potest inhibere latenter, et venenis no- sunt, et occulte in visceribus operti, valeiudinem vi- 
bis isnotis corpus inficere. 'i jfrepentes corporibus tiare, somniis aiiimas terrcre et mentes fiiroribus 
occult6 morbos flngunt, mentes terrent, membra dis- quatere. Insinuant se melancholicorum penetralibu>, 
lorquent. Lips. I'tiil. Stoic. 1. 1. c. 19. ''- De reriim intus ibiqiie coiisidiiiit et deliciantur tanquam in regi- 
rar. 1. 16. c 93 ■'^ Quum mens immediate decipi one clarissimnruui sideriini, coguntque afmum furij\«. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] JYature of Spirits. 127 

^evil, being a slender incomprehensible spirit, can easily insinuate and wind himself 
into human bodies, and cunningly couched in our bowels vitiate our healths, terrify 
our souls with fearful dreams, and shake our minds with furies." And in anotiier 
place, '' These unclean spirits settled in our bodies, and now mixed with our melan- 
clioly humours, do triumph as it were, and sport themselves as m another heaven." 
Thus he argues, and that they go in and out of our bodies, as bees do in a hive, 
and so provoke and tempt us as they percefve our temperature inclined of itself and 
most apt; to be deluded. ^^Agrippa and ^Lavater are persuaded, that this humour 
invites the devil to it, wheresoever it is in extremity, and of all other, melancholy 
persons are most subject to diabolical temptations and illusions, and most apt to en- 
tertain them, and the Devil best able to work upon them. But whether by obsession, 
or possession, or otherwise, I will not determine ; 'tis a difficult question. Delrio 
the Jesuit, Tom. 3. lib. 6. Springer and his colleague, mall, malef. Pet. Thyreus the 
Jesuit, lib. de damoniacis, de locis infestis, dc Terrificationibus nocturnis., Kieroni- 
mus Mengus Flagel. dam. and others of that rank of pontifical writers, it seems, by 
their exorcisms and conjurations approve of it, having forged many stories to that 
purpose. A nun did eat a lettuce ''"without grace, or signing it with the sign of the 
cross, and was instantly possessed. Durand. lib. 6. Rational!, c. 8G. numb. 8. relates 
that he saw a wench possessed in Bononia with two devils, by eating an unhallowed 
pomegranate, as she did afterwards confess, when she was cured by exorcisms. And 
therefore our Papists do sign themselves so often with the sign of the cross, JVe dce- 
mon ingredi ausif., and exorcise all manner of meats, as being unclean or accursed 
otherwise, as Bellarmine defends. Many such stories I find amongst pontifical writ- 
ers, to prove their assertions, let them free their own credits ; some few 1 will recite 
in this kind out of most approved physicians. Cornelius Gemma, lib. 2. de nat. mi- 
rac. c. 4. relates of a young maid, called Katherine Gualter, a cooper's daughter, ./Sn. 
1571. that had such strange passions and convulsions, three men could not some- 
times hold her; she purged a live eel, which he saw, a foot and a half long, and 
touched it himself; but the eel afterwards vanished; she vomited some twenty-four 
pounds of fulsome stuff" of all colours, twice a day for fourteen days; and after that 
she voided great balls of hair, peices of wood, pigeon's dung, parchment, goose dung, 
coals ; and after them two pounds of pure blood, and then again coals and stones, of 
which some had inscriptions bigger than a walnut, some of them pieces of glass, 
brass, &c. besides paroxysms of laughing, weeping and ecstasies, &.c. Et hoc {inquit) 
cum horore indi., this [ saw with horror. They could do no good on her by physic, 
but left her to the clergy. Marcellus Donatus, lib. 2. c. I. de med. mirab. hath such 
another story of a country fellow, that had four l^'nives in his belly, Instar serrce den- 
tatos, indented like a saw, every one a span long, and a wreath of hair like a globe, 
with much baggage of like sort, wonderful to behold : how it should come into his 
guts, he concludes, Ccrfe nan alio qua7n dofmonis astuiia et dolo, (could assuredly 
only have been through the artifice of the devil). Langius, Epist. med. lib. 1. Epist. 
38. hath many relations to this effect, and so hath Christopherus a Vega : Wierus, 
Skenkius, Scribonius, all agree that they are done by the subtilty and illusion of the 
devil. If you shall ask a reason of this, 'tis to exercise our patience; for as ^'Ter- 
tullian holds. Virtus non est virtus., nisi comparem habet aliquein., in quo superando 
vhn suam osicndat 'tis to try us and our faith, 'tis for our offences, and for the pun- 
ishment of our sins, by God's permission they do it, Carnifices vindictcB jusicc Dei 
as ^^Tolasanus styles them, Executioners of his will ; or rather as David, Ps. 78. ver.49. 
'\He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, indignation, wrath, and vexation, 
by s^enclinw out of evil angels : so did he afflict Job, Saul, the Lunatics and da?moniacal 
persons whom Christ cured. Mat. iv. 8. Luke iv. 11. Luke xiii. Mark ix. Tobit. viii. 3 
&c. This, I say, happeneth for a punishment of sin, for their want of faith, incredu 
lity, weakness, distrust, &c. 

28Lib 1. cap. C. occult. Philos. part 1. cap. 1. de j demone obsessa. dial. soGrea;. pag. c. 9. 3i p«. 

•pectris ^'i Sine cruce et sanctificatione sic ft | null, de pnific. Dei. ^Lib. 2S. caj). 26. torn. U. 



128 J^ature of Devils. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. 

SuBSECT. III. — Of Witches and Magicians, how they cause Melanchclv. 

You have heard what the devil can do of himself, now^ you shall liear what he can 
perform by liis instruments, who are many times worse (if it be possible) than he 
himself, and to satisfy their revenge and lust cause more mischief, Malta en\m mala 
non egisset dcBtnon, nisi provocatus a sagis, as ^^Erastus thinlis ; much harm had 
never been done, had he not been provoked by witches to it. He had not appeared 
in Samuel's shape, if the Witch of Endor had let him alone ; or represented those 
serpents in Pharaoh's presence, had not the magicians urged him unto it ; JYec morbos 
vel hominibus., vel brutis infigeret (Erastus maintains) si saga: quiesccrcnt ; men and 
cattle might go free, if the witches would let him alone. Many deny witches at all, 
or if there be any they can do no harm ; of this opinion is Wierus, lib. 3. cap. 53. de 
prcEStig. daim. Austin Lerchemer a Dutch wiiter, Biarmanus, Ewichius, E.uwaldus, 
our countryman Scot ; with him in Horace, 

• Somnia, terrores Macicos, miractila, nagas, I ^.^7' '=''." y"" """^'i. in'li?nant at the schemes 
Noclurnos l.emures, portentaque Thessala risu L'» "'■'g'" '"'■"'■^; visionary dreams, 

ir.„ ;.,;,..>. >> Portentous wonilers. wilcliin;; iinps of llell, 

h'xci piuiit. n^. ■ , ., I, . , . 11-1 

' I 1 he iiij;ntly gohlm, anil enihanting spein 

Fhey laugh at all sucli stories ; but on the contrary are most lawyers, divines, phy- 
sicians, philosophers, Austin, Hemingius, Danseus, Chyti-aeus, Zanchius, Aretius,- 
&c. Delrio, Springer, ''^Niderius, lib. .?. Fornicar. Guiatius, Bartolus, consil. 6. torn. 1. 
Bodine., dcRmoniant. lib 2. cap. 8. Godelman, Damhoderius, &c. Paracelsus, Erastus, 
Scribanius, Camerarius, &c. The parties by whom the devil deals, may be retkiced 
to these two, such as command him in show at least, as conjurors, and magicians, 
whose detestable and horrid mysteries are contained in their book called '^Arbatell; 
diemonis enim advocati prcesto sunt., seque exorcismis et conjurationibas quasi cogi 
patiuniur.1 ut miscrum magorum genvs, in impictate detincant. Or such as are com- 
manded, as witches, that deal ex parte implicite., or cxplicite., as the ^'^king hath well 
defined ; many subdivisions there are, and many several species of sorcerers, witches, 
enchanters, charmers, &c. They have been tolerated lieretofore some of them ; and 
magic hath been publicly professed in former times, i-n ^'Salamanca, ^* Cracow, and 
other places, though after censured by several ^° Universities, and now generally con- 
tradicted, though practised by some still, maintained and excused, Tanquam res se- 
crcta qu,cB nnn nisi viris magnis et peculiari bencficio de Coelo instructis communicatnr 
(I use '"'BtEsartus his words) and so far approved by some princes, Ut nihil ausi ag- 
gredi in poUlicis., in sacris, in consiliis., sine eonmi arbilrio ; they consult still with 
them, and dare indeed do nothing without their advice. Nero and Heliogabalus, 
Maxentius, a-nd Julianus Apostata, were never so much addicted to majjic of old, as 
some of our modern princes and popes themselves are now-a-days. Erricus, King 
of Sweden, had an '" enchanted cap, by virtue of which, and some magical mur- 
mur or whispering terms, he could command spirits, trouble the air, and make the 
wind stand which way he would, insomuch that when there was any great wind oi 
storm, the common people were wont to say, the king now had on his conjuring cap 
But such examples are mfinite. That which they can do, is as much almost as the 
devil himself, who is still ready to satisfy their desires, to oblige them the more untc 
him. They can cause tempests, storms, which is familiarly practised by witches »n 
Norway, Iceland, as 1 liave proved. They can make friends enemies, and enemies 
friends by philters; *' Tnrpes amores conciliaix., enforpe love, tell any nian where his 
friends are, about what employed, though in llie most remote places ] and if they 
will, '"'"bring their sweethearts to them by niglit, upon a goat's back flying in the 
air.'? Sigismund Scheretzius, part. 1. cap. 9. de spect. reports confidently, that hr 
conferred with sundry such, that had been so carried many miles, and that he heard 
witches themselves confess as much ; hurt and infect men and beasts, vines, corr 
cattle, plants, make women abortive, not to conceive. ** barren, men and women un- 



53 De Lamiis. '•" El quomodo \etiefici tiant enar- 

rat. 3^De quo phira legas in Bnissardo, lib. 1. de 

prsstig. sSRox .lacohus, naemonnl. 1. 1. c. 3. 

"An university in Spain in old Castile. '*The 

chief town in Poland. ■'•'Oxford and Paris, see 

«nem P. Lombardi. •"' Prefat de magis et vene- 



ficis. '" Rotatum Pileum habebat, quo ventox 

violentos cieret, aerein tutbaret, el in qiiam partem 
&c. <'^ Kraslus. <» Minjsterio hirci nocliirni 

^' Steriles nnptos el inhabiles, vide Petrum de Palliide 
lib. 4. distinct. M. Paiilum Guiclanduin 



d^em 1. Subs. 3/ Causes of Melancholy. 129 

apt and unable, married and unmarried, fifty several ways, saith Bodine, lib. 2. c. 2. 
fl) in the air, meet when and where they will, as Cicogna proves, and Lavat. de spec, 
part. 2. c. 17. "steal young children out of their cradles, ministerio dcBmonum., and 
put deformed in their rooms, which we call changelings," saith ""^Scheretzius, part. 1. 
c. (5. make men victorious, fortunate, eloquent; and therefore in those ancient mono 
machies and combats they were searched of old, *Hhey had no magical charms ; they 
can make ^^ stick frees, such as shall endure a rapier's point, musket shot, and never 
be wounded : of which read more in Boissardus, cap. 6. de Magid^ the manner of 
the adjuration, and by whom 'tis made, where and how to be used in expeditionihus 
bellicis, prceliis., due.lUs., &c., with many peculiar instances an'< examples ; they can 
walk in fiery furnaces, make men feel no pain on the rackjrt'',/ alias torlur as senlire ; 
they can stanch blood, ''^represent dead men's shapes, alter and turn themselves and 
others into several forms, at their pleasures. ''^Agaberta, a famous witch in Lapland, 
would do as much publicly to all spectators, Modb Pusilla, modo anus, modb procera 
lit qitciLUS, modo vacca, avis, cohiier, Sec. Now young, now old, high, low, like a 
cow, like a bird, a snake, and what not ? She could represent tc others what forms 
they most desired to see, sliow them friends absent, reveal secrets, maxinid omnium 
admiratione, &c. And yet for all this sublilty of theirs, as Lipsius well observes, 
Physiolog. Stoicor. lib. 1. cap. 17. neither these magicians nor devils themselves can 
take away gold or letters out of mine or Crassus' chest, et Clientelis suis largiri, for 
they are base, poor, contemptible fellows most part; as ^° Bodine notes, they can 
do nothing inJudicum decreta aut poenas, in regum concilia vcl arcana, nihil in rem 
nummariam aut thesauros, they cannot give money to their clients, alter judges'" de- 
crees, or councils of kings, these niinuti Genii cannot do it, altiores Genii hoc sibi 
adscrvarunt, the higher powers reserve these things to themselves. Now and then 
peradventure there may be some more famous magicians like Simon Magns, ^'Apol- 
lonius Tyaneus, Pasetes, Jamblicus, ^^Odo de Stellis, that for a time can build castles 
in the air, represent armies, &c., as they are ^*said to have done, command wealth 
and treasure, feed thousands with all variety of meats upon a sudden, protect them- 
selves and their followers from all princes' persecutions, by removing from place to 
place in an instant, reveal secrets, future events, tell what is done in far countries, 
make them appear that died long since, and do many such miracles, to the world's 
terror, admiration and opinion of deity to themselves, yet the devil forsakes them at 
last, they come to wicked ends, and rarb aut nunquam such impostors are to be 
found. The vulgar sort of them can work no such feats. But to my purpose, they 
can, last of all, cure and cause most diseases to such as they love or hate, and this 
of ** melancholy amongst the rest. Paracelsus, Tom. 4. de morbis amentium. Tract. 1. 
in express words affirms ; MuUi fascinantur in melancholiam, many are bewitched 
into melancholy, out of his experience. The same saith Danaeus, lib. 3. de sortiariis. 
Vidi, inquit, qui Melancholicos morbos gravissimos induxerunt : I have seen those 
that have caused melancholy in the most grievous manner, ^^ dried up women's paps, 
cured gout, palsy ; this and apoplexy, falling sickness, which no physic could help, 
solu tactu, by touch alone. Ruland in his 3 Cent. Cura 91. gives an instance of one 
David Helde, a young man, who by eating cakes which a witch gave him, mox deli- 
rare caepit, began to dote on a sudden, and was instantly mad : F. H. D. in ^''Hildes- 
heim, consulted about a melancholy man, thought his disease was partly magical, and 
partly natural, because he vomited pieces of iron and lead, and spake such languages 
as he had never been taught; but such examples are common in Scribanius, Hercules 
de Saxonia, and others. The means by which they work are usually charms, images, 
as that in Hector Bcethius of King DufTe ; characters stamped of sundry metals, and 
at such and such constellations, knots, amulets, words, pliilters, &c., which generally 
make the parties affected, melancholy ; as "Monavius discourseth at large in an epistle 



^Infantes matribus suffurantur, aliis suppositivis 
n locum veroriim conjectis. ■'^Milles. ■" D. 

I.iithpr, in primuin prseceptniti, et Leon. Varius, \\h. 1. 
4e Fascino. ■'*' Lavat- Cicog. ■'^ Boissardus de 

Vlaeis. ^oDa-mon. lib. 3. rap. 3. divide Hhi- 

mstratuin, vita ejus ; Boissarduin de Magis. ^'^Nu- 
hrigeiises lef;e lib. 1. c. 19. Vide .Suidam de Paset. 
De Cruent. Cadaver. ™ Erastus. Adolphus Scri- 

»a-'ins. w Virg, JEneii. 4, Incantatricein descr> 

17 



bens: Hrec se r.arminibug promittit solvere mentes. 
Qiias velit, ast aliis liuras immitlere curaa. s=Go- 

delniannus, cap. 7. lib. 1. Nutricum mammas praesic- 
caiit. solo tactu pndagram, Apoplexiam, Paralysin, el 
alios morbos, quos mediciiia curare non poterat. 
^Factiis inde Maniacus, spic. 2. fol. 147. w Om- 

nia philtra etsi inter se difFerant, hoc habent commune, 
quod hominem elliciant melancholicum. epist 33L 
Scholtzii. 



130 Catises of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

of his to AcoImus, j^iving instance in a Bohemian baron that was so troubled by a 
philter taken. Not that there is any power at all in those spells, charms, characters, 
anil barbarous words ; but that the devil doth use such means to delude them. TJt 
fidelcs inde magos (saith '^^Libanius) in officio retineat., turn in consortium malef ado- 
rum vocel.. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Stars a cause. Signs from Physiognomy., Metoposcopy.) Chiromancy 

Natural causes are either primary and universal, or secondary and more particu- 
lar. Primary causes are the heavens, planets, stars, &c., by their influence (as our 
astroloifers hold) producing this and such like effects. I will not here stand to dis- 
cuss obiter., whetber stars be causes, or signs; or to apologise for judical astrology. 
If either Sextus Empericus, Picus Mirandula, Sextus ab Heminga, Pererius, Erastus, 
Chambers, &c., have so far prevailed with any man, that he will attribute no virtue 
at ail to the heavens, or to sun, or moon, more than he doth to their signs at an inn- 
keeper's post, or tradesman's shop, or generally condemn all such astrological apho- 
risms approved by experience : I refer him to Bellantius, Pirovanus, Marascallerus, 
Gocienius, Sir Christopher Heidon, &c. If thou shall ask me what I think, I must 
answer, nam ct doctis hisce erroribus versatus sum., (for I am conversant with these 
learned errors,) they do incline, but not compel ; no necessity at all : ^°agunt nan 
cogant : and so gently incline, that a wise man may resist them ; sapiens domlnabilur 
astris : they ride us, but God rules them. All this (methinks) ^"Joh. de hidagine 
hath comprised in brief, Quceris a me quantum in nobis operantiir asira ? &c. "■ Wilt 
thou know how far the stars work upon us ? I say they do but incline, and that S( 
gently, that if we will be ruled by reason, they have no power over us ; but if wi* 
follow our own nature, and be led by sense, they do as much in us as in brute beasts, 
and we are no better." So that, I hope, I may justly conclude with ®' Cajetan, Cae- 
lum est vehiculam divincB virtutis, &c., that the heaven is God's instrument, by me- 
diation of which he governs and disposeth these elementary bodies ; or a great book, 
whose letters are the stars, (as one calls it,) wherein are written many strange things 
for such as can read, " '•'■ or an excellent harp, made by an eminent workman, on 
which, he that can but play, will make most admirable music." But to the purpose. 

®^ Paracelsus is of opinion, " that a physician without the knowledge of stars can 
neither understand the cause or cure of any disease, either of this or gout, not so 
much as toothache ; except he see the peculiar geniture and scheme of the party ef- 
fected." And for this proper malady, he will have the principal and primary cause 
of it proceed from the heaven, ascribing more to stars than humours, ®^"and that the 
constellation alone many times produceth melancholy, all other causes set apart." 
He gives instance in lunatic persons, that are deprived of their wits by the moon's 
motion ; and in another place refers all to tlie ascendant, and will have the true and 
chief cause of it to be sought from the stars. Neither is it his opinion only, but of 
many Galenists and philosophers, though they do not so peremptorily maintain as 
much. " This variety of melancholy symptoms proceeds from the stars," saith 
**Melancthon : the most generous melancholy, as that of Augustus, comes from the 
conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in Libra : the bad, as that of Catiline's, from tht 
meeting of Saturn and the moon in Scorpio. Jovianus Pontanus, in his tentii book, 
and thirteenth chapter de rebus coelestibus, discourseth to tliis purpose at large, Ex 
atra bile varii generantnr morbi., &c., ''^"•many diseases proceed from black choler, 
as it shall be hot or cold ; and though it be cold in its own nature, yet it is apt to he 
heated, as water may be made to boil, and burn as bad as fire ; or made cold as ice : 



68 De cruent. Cadaver. ^^ Astra regiint homi- 

nes, et rnuit astra Deus. s" ChirDin. HI). Qusris 4 

me qiianliitn operantiir astra ? dico, in nos nihil asIra 
argere, sed aninios prteclivea trahere : qui sic tanien 
liberi sunt, ut si ducein sequantur ralionem, nihil ef- 
ficiant. sin vero naturam, id agere quod in brutis fere. 
61 Ctelum vehiculum divins virtutis, cujus mediante 
motu, lumine et iiiflupntia, Deus I eleinentaria corpora 
ordinal et disponit Th.de Vio. Cajetanus in Psa. 104. 
«' Mnndug isle quasi lyra ab excellentissimo quodain 
artiflre concinnata, queni qui norit mirahiles eliciet 
barnionias. J. Dee. Apiiorisino 11. "3 Medicus sine 

eiBli peritia nihil est, &.c. nisi genesiin sciverit, ne 



tantillum poterit. lib. de podaa;. ^ Constellatio it 

causa est; et influentia cceli inorhum hunc movet, in- 
terdum omnibus aliis auiotis. Et alibi. Origo eju.s 4 
CobIo petenda est. Tr. de niorbis amentium. '^'^Lib. 

daanima, cap. de huinorib. Ea varietas in Melancho- 
lia, habet cailestes causas (f f^ et Tj. in Q (5 r?' et (J 
in Vy. 66 Ex atra bile varii p-eiierantur morbi pe. 

rii.de ut ipse inultum calidi aut frigidi in se liabueril 
quum utrique siiscipiendo quam aptissinia sit, tamelij 
suapte nalura frigida sit. Annon aqua sic afficitur a 
calore ut ardeat ; et a frigore. ut in glaciein concres- 
ca 1 et ha;c varietas distinctionum, alii flent, rideni 
Slc 



Mem. 1. Subs, 4.] Causes of Melancholy. 131 

and thence proceed such variety of symptoms, some mad, some solitary, some ia»ign, 
some rage," &c. The cause of all whicli intemperance he will have chiefly and pri- 
marily proceed from the heavens,'^''"' from the position of Mars, Saturn, and Mercury." 
Bis aphorisms be these, ''**'•'• Mercury in any geniture, if he sliall be found in Virgo, or 
Pisces his opposite sign, and that in the horoscope, irradiaieu by those quartile aspects 
of Saturn or Mars, the child shall be mad or melancholy." Again, ^^"•He that shall 
have Saturn and Mars, the one culminating, tlie other in the fourth house, when he 
shall be born, shall be melancholy, of which he shall be cured in time, if Mercury 
behold them. ™ If tlie moon be in conjunction or opposition at the birth time v.'ith 
the sun, Saturn or Mars, or in a quartile aspect with them, (e 7naJo cueli Zoco, Leovitnis 
adds,) many diseases are signified, especially the head and brain is like to be misaf- 
fected with pernicious humours, to be melancholy, lunatic, or mad," Cardan adds, 
quarto, lima natos, eclipses, eartliquakes. Garcfeus and Leovitius will have tlie chief 
judgment to be taken from the lord of the geniture, or where there is an aspect be- 
tween the moon and Mercury, and neither behold the horoscope, or Saturn and Mars 
shall be lord of the present conjunction or opposition in Sagittarius or Pisces, of the 
sun or moon, such persons are commonly epileptic, dote, da^moniacal, melancholy ; 
but see more of tliese aphorisms in the above-named Pontanus. Garcaeus, cap. 23. 
de Jud. genitiir. Schoner. lib. 1. cap. 8, which he hath gathered out of "Ptolemy, 
Albubater, and some other Arabians, Junctine, Ranzovius, Lindhout, Origen, &.c. But 
these men you will reject peradventure, as astrologers, and therefore partial judges; 
then hear the testimony of physicians, Gaienists themselves. ^^Carto confesseth the 
influence of stars to have a great hand to this peculiar disease, so doth Jason Praten- 
sis, Lonicerius prccfat. de Apoplcxid.i Ficinus, Fernelius, &c. ''^P. Cnemander ac- 
knowledgeth the stars an universal cause, the particular from parents, and the use of 
the six non-natural things. Baptista Port. jnag. I. I.e. 10, 12, 15, will have them 
causes to every particular individi.um. Instances and examples, to evince the truth of 
those aphorisms, are common amongst those astrologian treatises. Cardan, in his thirty- 
seventh geniture, gives instance in Alatth. Bolognius. Camerar. hor. natalit. ccntur. 7. 
genit. 6. ef 7. of Daniel Gare, and others ; but see Garcaeus, cap. 3.3. Luc. Gauricus, 
Tract. 6. de Jlzemenis., &.c. The time of this melancholy is, when the significators 
of any geniture are directed according to art, as the hor : moon, hylech, &c. to 
the hostile beams or terms of ^ and o* especially, or any fixed star of their nature, 
or if k by his revolution or transitus, shall ofiend any of those radical promissora 
in the geniture. 

Otlier signs there are taken from physiognomy, metoposcopy, chiromancy, which 
because Joh. de ludagine, and Rotman, the landgrave of Hesse his mathematician, 
not long since in his Chiromancy ^ Baptista Porta, in his celestial Physiognomy, 
have proved to hold great affinity with astrology, to satisfy the curious, 1 am the 
more willing to insert. 

The general notions ^"^ physiognomers give, be these ; " black colour argues natural 
melancholy, so doth leanness, hirsuteness, broad veins, much hair on the brows," 
saith '^Gratanarolus, cap. 7, and a little head, out of Aristotle, high sanguine, red 
colour, shows head melancholy ; they that stutter and are bald, will be soonest me- 
lancholy, (as Avicenna supposeth,) by reason of the dryness of their brains ; but he 
that will know more of the several signs of humour and wits out of physiognomy, 
let him consult with old Adamantus and Polemus, that comment, or rather para- 
phrase upon Aristotle's Physiognomy, Baptista Porta's four pleasant books, Michael 
Scot de secretis naturce, John de Indagine, Montaltus, Antony Zara. anat. ingeniorum, 
sect. 1. memb. 13. et lib.i. 

Chiromancy hath these aphorisms to foretel melancholy. Tasneir. lib. 5. cap. 2, 

«' Hanc ad iiitemperantiam gigripndam plurimum iiiiim melancholicorum symptoma siderum infliientis. 

confert rT et I7 positus, &c. ^^ ^ Qiiolies aliciijus '^^rte Medica. accediint ad hiis causas affeclionei 

genitura in 1t\ et J^ adverso signn posiliis, horosco- siderum. Plurimum iucitant et provocant iiifluentis 

pum partiliter tenneret atque etiam a i^ vel T^ H ra- ca>lestes. Velciirio, lib. 4. cap. 15. '^ Hildesheim, 

din percussus fuerit. natus ab insania vexahitur. spicel. 2. de mel. '^ Joh. de Indag. cap. 9 

<" Qui )-> et rf habet, alterum in culrnine, allerum imo Montaltus, cap. 22. " Caput parrum qui habeni 

cobIo, cum in lucem venerit. melancholicus erit, i. qua cerebrum et spirilus plerumque insuslos, facile inci- 

eanebitur, si ^ illos irradiarit. 'o Hac cnnfigu- dent in Melancholiam rubicund]. iEtius. Idem Men- 

ratione natus, Aut Lunaticus, aut mente captus. taltus, c. 21. 6 Galeno. 
" PtoloniaiUA centiloquio, et quadripartito tribuit om- 1 



132 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. 

who liath comprehended the sum of John de Indagine : Tvi^assus, Corvinus, and 
others in his book, thus hath it ; '^ " The Saturnine line going from the rascetta 
through the hand, to Saturn's mount, and there intersected by certain Httle lines, 
argues melancholy; so if the vital and natural make an acute angle. Aphorism 100. 
The saturnine, epatic, and natural lines, making a gross triangle in the hand, argue 
as much ;" which Goclenius, cap. 5. Chiros. repeats verbatim out of him. In general 
they conclude all, that if Saturn's mount be full of many small lines and intersec- 
tions, ""such men are most part melancholy, miserable and full of disquietness, 
care and trouble, continually vexed with anxious and bitter thoughts, always sor- 
rowful, feaiful, suspicious; they delight in husbandry, buildings, pools, marshes, 
springs, woods, walks," &c. ThaddiEus Haggesius, in his Metoposcopia, hath cer- 
tain aphorisms derived from Saturn's lines in the forehead, by which he collects a 
melancholy disposition ; and ''* Baptista Porta makes observations from those other 
parts of the body, as if a spot be over the spleen ; '^'^ or in tlie nails ; if it appear 
black, it signilieth much care, grief, contention, and melancholy ;" the reason he 
refers to the humours, and gives instance in himself, that for seven years space he 
had such black spots in his nails, and all that while was in perpetual law-suits, con- 
troversies for his inheritance, fear, loss of honour, banishment, grief, care, &c. and 
when his miseries ended, the black spots vanished. Cardan, in his book de Ubris 
proj)riis, tells such a story of his own person, that a little before his son''s death, he 
had a black spot, which appeared in one of his nails ; and dilated itself as he came 
nearer to his end. But I am over tedious in these toys, which howsoever, in some 
iiVcn's too severe censures, they may be held absurd and ridiculous, I am the bolder 
to insert, as not borrowed from circumforanean rogues and gipsies, but out of the 
writings of worthy philosophers and physicians, yet living some of them, and reli- 
gious professors in famous universities, who are able to patronize that which they 
have said, and vindicate themselves from all cavillers and ignorant persons. 

Sub SECT. V. — Old age a cause. 

Secondary peculiar causes efficient, so called in respect of the other precedent, 
are either congenitcR.1 internee., innata.., as they term them, inward, innate, inbred ; or 
else outward and adventitious, which happen to us after we are born : congenite or 
born with us, are either natural, as old age, or prater naturam (as ^Fernelius calls 
it) that distemperature, Avhich we have from our parent's seed, it being an hereditary 
disease. The first of these, which is natural to all, and which no man living can 
avoid, is ^'old age, which being cold and dry, and of the same quality as melancholy 
is, must needs cause it, by diminution of spirits and substance, and increasing of 
adust humours ; therefore **^Melancthon avers out of Aristotle, as an undoubted truth, 
Srnes plerunqjie delirasse in senect/t., that old men familiarly dote, oh atram bilem. 
for black choler, which is then superabundant in them : and Rliasis, that Arabian 
physician, in his Cont. lib. 1. cap. 9, calls it ^^" a necessary and inseparable accident," 
to all old and decrepit persons. After seventy years (as the Psalmist saith) ^^" all is 
trouble and sorrow," and common experience confirms the truth of it in weak and 
old persons, especially such as have lived in action all their lives, had great employ- 
ment, much business, much command, and many servants to oversee, and leave oil 
ex abrupto ; as ^fcharles the Fifth did to King Philip, resign up all on a sudden ; they 
are overcome with melancholy in an instant : or if they do continue in such courses, 
they dote at last, [senex bis puer.,) and are not able to manage their estates through 
common infirmities incident in their age ; full of ache, sorro\v and grief, children again. 
dizzards, they carle many times as they sit, and talk to themselves, they are angry, 
waspish, displeased with every thing, " suspicious of all, wayward, covetous, hard 

'sSaturniiia b. Rascetta per mediam maiium decur- Idem macula; in ungulis nisjrfe, lites, rixas, melancho- 
rens, usque ad radicem montis Saturiii, & parvis I liam significant, ab humnre in corde tali. "> Lib. I 
lineis inteiaecta, arguit melancliolicos. Aplioris. 78. Path. cap. II. "' Venit enini properata ma'iis 

" Agitanlur miseriis, rontinuis inquietudinihus, neqiie | innpina senectus : et dolor tetatem jussit inesse meam 
■inquam isolitudine liberi sunt, anxie affigunturama- I Boethius, met. 1. de consol. Philos. "'^ Cap. de 

rissimis intra cogitationibus, semper tristes, suspitiosi, 1 humoribus, lib. de Aniuia. ""^ Necessarium acrl 

meticulosi: coiiitaliones sunt, velle afrriim colere, den.-< decrepilis, et inseparabile. "< Psal. xc. 1# 

•tagna amant et paliides, &c. Jo. de Indagine, lib. 1. >^Meteran. Belg. hist. lib. 1. 
« Caeleslid Physiognom. lib. 10. '"Cap. 14. lib. 5. I 



i»irim. 1. Subs. 6.1 Causes of Melancholy. 133 

jsaith Tully,) self-willed, superstitious, self-conceited, braggers and admirers of them- 
selves," as ^''Balthasar Castalio hath truly noted of them.*'. This natural infirmity is 
most eminent in old women,, and such as are poor, solitary, live in most base esteem 
and beggary, or such as are witches ; insomuch that Wierus, Baptista Porta, Ulncu 
Molitor, Edwicus, do refer all that witches are said to do, to imagination alone, ant 
tliis humour of melancholy. And wliereas it is controverted, whether they can be- 
witch cattle to death, ride in the air upon a coulstaff out of a chimney-top, trans- 
form themselves into cats, dogs, &c., translate bodies from place to place, meet in 
companies, and dance, as they do, or have carnal copulation with the devil, they 
ascribe all to this redundant melancholy, which domineers in them, to ^^somnilerous 
potions, and natural causes, the devil's policy. JYon Icedunt omnind (saith Wierus) 
aut. quid mirum facAunt^ i^de LamiiSj lib. 3. cap. 36), ut pjifatur, solum viliatam habent 
phantasiam ; they do no such wonders at all, only tlieir ^^brahis are crazed. """•They 
think they are witches, and can do hurt, but do not." But this opinion Bodine, 
Erastus, Danaeus, Scribanius, Sebastian Michaelis, Campanella de Sensu rerum., lib. 4. 
cap. 9. ^'Dandinus the Jesuit, lib. 2. de Anima explode ; ^^Cicogna confutes at large. 
Tliat witches are melancholy, they deny not, but not out of corrupt phantasy alone, 
so to delude themselves and others, or to produce such effects. 

SuBSECT. VI. — Parents a cause hy Propagation. 

That other inward inbred cause of Melancholy is our temperature, in whole or 
part, whicli we receive from our parents, whicli ^Ternelius calls Pro'ter naturam^ 
or unnatural, it being an hereditary disease; for as he justifies ^* Quale parentum 
maxime patris semen obtigeritj tales evadunt similares spermatic (e que partes., quocun- 
que etiam morbo Pater quimi generat tenelur., cum semine transfert in Prolcm ; such 
as the temperature of the father is, such is the son's, and look wnAt disease the 
father had when he begot him, his son will have after him; ^'"and is as well inhe- 
ritor of his infirmities, as of his lands. And where the complexion and constitution 
of the father is corrupt, there (^° saith Roger Bacon) the complexion and constitution 
of the son must needs be corrupt, and so the corruption is derived from the father 
to the son." '.Now this doth not so much appear in the composition of the body 
according to that of Hippocrates, ^''" in habit, proportion, scars, and other lineaments ; 
but in manners and conditions of the mind, Et patrum in natos abeunt cum semine 
mores. 

Seleucus had an anchor on his thigh, so had his posterity, as Trogus records 
1. 15. Lepidiis, in Pliny 1. 7. c. 17, was purblind, so was his son. That famous family 
of .lEnobarbi were known of old, and so surnamed from their red beards ; the Aus- 
trian lip, and those Indian flat noses are propagated, the Bavarian chin, and goggle 
eyes amongst the Jews, as ®** Buxtorfius observes ; their voice, pace, gesture, looks, are 
likewise derived with all the rest of their conditions and infirmities ; such a m.other 
such a daugliter; their very ^^ affections Lemnius contends " to follow their seed, and 
the malice and bad conditions of children are many times wholly to be imputed to 
tlieir parents;" I need not therefore make any doubt of Melancholy, but that it is 
an hereditary disease. '°° Paracelsus in express words affirms it, lib. de morb. amen- 
tium to. 4. tr. 1 ; so doth ' Crato in an Epistle of his to Monavius. So doth Bruno 
Seidelius in his book de morbo incurab. Montaltus proves, cap. 11, out of Hippo- 
crates and Plutarch, that such hereditary dispositions are frequent, et hanc {Jnquit) 
Jieri rear ob participatam melancholicam intemperantiam (speaking of a patient) I 



"s Sunt morosi anxii, et iracundi et difliciles senes, 
Bi qiiieriiiius, etiam avari, Tull. de senectute. "' Lib. 
2. de Aulico. Senes avari, morosi, jaclabundi, plii- 
lauii, deliri, superstitiosi, suspiciosi, &c. Lib. 3. de 
Laniiis, cap. 17. et 18. >■» Solanum, opium lupiadeps, 
lacr. asmi, &c sanjiuis infantum, &c. ""J Cornipla 

est iisal) huinire Melancliolico phantasia. Nymanus. 
*oPulanl se liedere quando non ladunt. "Qui 1i:ec 
in imagiiiationis vim referre conaii sunt, atrae bilis, 
inanem proisus laborem susceperunt. "'Lib. 3. 

cap. 4. omnif. mafr. "^ Lib. 1, cap. 11. path. ^^^Ut 



corrupt! sunt, generant filios corruptae complex iotiis, 
et compositionis, et filii eorum eadem de causa se 
corrumpunt, et sic derivatur cnrruplio a pairibus ad 
filios. "^ Non tarn (inquit Hippocrates) j;ii)hos el 

cicatrices oris et corporis liabitum agiioscis ex iis, sed 
verun; incessum gestns, mores, morbos, &.c. "" Sy ■ 
nagog. Jud. ""Aflectus parentum in t'oetus tran- 

seunt, et puerorum malicia parenlibus impuianda, lib 
4. cap. 3. de occult, nat. niirac. '""Ex pituiiosis 

pituitosi, ex biliosis biliosi, ex lienosis et melancho- 
iicis melancholici. ' Epist. 174. in Scoltz. Nascitur 



arlbritici Epilep. &c. ssut fjiji non tam posses- j nobiscum ilia aliturque et una. cum parentibus liabe 

sionum quam morborum tietedes sint. ""^ Epist. de mus malum hunc assem. Jo. Pelesius, lib. 2. de cur* 
•cretifi artis et nature, c. 7. Nam in hoc quod patres I humanorum affectuuni. 

M 



Idi Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 

think he became so by participation of Melancholy. Daniel Sennertus, lib. I part 
2 cap. 9, will have his melancholy constitution derived not only from the father to 
the son, but to the whole family sometimes ; Quandoqiie tolls favuUls hereditati' 
vam^ '■' Forestus, in his medicinal observations, illustrates this point, with an ■example 
of a merchant, his patient, that had this inhrmity by inheritance ; so doth Rodericus 
a Fonseca, torn. 1. consid. (59, by an instance of a young man tliat was so affected 
ex maire melajicholica^ had a melancholy mother, el victu melanchoUco. and bad diet 
together. Ludovicus Mercatus, a Spanish physician, in that excellent Tract which 
he hath lately written of hereditary diseases, tom. 2. oper. lib. 5, reckons np leprosy, 
as those ''Galbots in Gascony, hereditary lepers, pox, stone, gout, epilepsy, &c. 
Amongst the rest, this and madness after a set time comes to many, which he calls 
a miraculous thing in nature, and sticks for ever to them as an incurable habit. And 
that which is more to be wondered at, it skips in some families the fatlier, and goes 
to the son, ''"or takes every other, and sometimes every third in a lineal descent, 
and doth not always produce the same, but some like, and a symbolizing disease." 
These secondary causes hence derived, are commonly so powerful, that (as '^Wol- 
phius holds) sccpe mutant decreta siderum^ they do often alter the primary causes, 
and decrees of the heavens. For these reasons, belike, the Church and common- 
wealth, human and Divine laws, have conspired to avoid hereditary diseases, forbid- 
ding such marriages as are any whit allied ; and as Mercatus adviseth all families to 
take such, si fieri, possit quce maxime distant natura, and to make choice of those 
that are most differing in complexion from them ; if they love their own, and respect 
the common good. And sure, I think, it hath been ordered by God's especial pro- 
vidence, that in all ages there should be (as usually there is) once in ^600 years, a 
transmigration of nations, to amend and purify their blood, as we alter seed upon 
our land, and that there should be as it were an inundation of those northern Goths 
and Vandals, and many such like people which came out of that continent of Scan- 
dia and Sarmatia (as some suppose) and over-ran, as a deluge, most part of Europe 
and Africa, to alter for our good, our complexions, which were much defaced with 
hereditary infirmities, which by our lust and intemperance we had contracted. A 
sound generation of strong and able men were sent amongst us, as those northern 
men usually are, innocuous, free from riot, and free from diseases ; to qualify and 
make us as those poor naked Indians a:? generally at this day ; and those about 
Brazil (as a late ''writer observes), in the Isle of Maragnan, free from all hereditary 
diseases, or other contagion, whereas without help of physic they live commonly 
120 years or more, as in the Orcades and many other places. Such are the commoi) 
effects of temperance and intemperance, but I will descend to particular, and show 
by what means, and by whom especially, this infirmity is derived unto us. 

Filii ex senibus nnti., rarb sunt firmi temperamcnti^ old men's children are seldom 
of a good temperament, as Scoltzius supposeth, consult. 177, and therefore most apt 
to this disease; and as ^Levinus Lemnius farther adds, old men beget most part 
wayward, peevish, sad, melancholy sons, and seldom merry. He that begets a child 
on a full stomach, will either have a sick child, or a crazed son (as "Cardan thinks), 
'.ontradict. med. lib. 1. contradict. 18, or if the parents be sick, or have any great 
^>ain of the head, or megrim, headache, (Hieronimus Wolfius '"doth instance in a 
child of Sebastian Castalio's) •, if a drunken man get a child, it will never likely have 
a good brain, as Gellius argues, lib. 12. cap. 1. Ebrii gigniint Ebrios., one drunkard 
begets another, saith "Plutarch, si/mp. lib. I. quest. 5, whose sentence '^Lemnius 
approves, 1. I.e. 4. Alsarius Crutius, Gen. de qui sit med. cent. 3. fol. 182. Ma- 
crobius, lib. 1. Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen. 21. Tract 1. cap. 8, and Aristotle himself, 
sect. 2. prob. 4, foolish, drunken, or hair-brain women, most part bring forth children 
like unto themselves, morosos et langaidos, and so likewise he that lies with n men- 



" Lib. 10. obs^?rvat. 15. s Maginus Geog. -i StEpe 
non euiuleni, sed similem producit affectum, et illteso 
parente transit, in nepotem. ^ Dial. pia;fix. gen 



Damianus i Goes de Seandia. s Lib. 4, c. U. de 

occult, nat. niir. Tetricos plenimque filios senes pro. 
generant et Iristes, rarios exhilara.os. ^ Coitus 



tuns I.eovitii. " Bodin. de rep. cap. de periodis reip. super repletioiiem pessimus, et fill, -jui turn gignuntur, 
' Claudius Abaville, Capuchion, in his voyage to Ma- \ ant inorbosi sunt, aut stolidi lODial. prifis 

ragnan. 1614. cap. 45. Nfuio fere Kirrotus. sano ontines | Leovito. >' L de ed. Iilieri.v ''^De -.cciit. nat. 

»t robusto corpore, vivunt annos. 120, 110. sine Medi- : mir. temiilentse et Ktolids niul-»re» li leros ».'eM>niqu< 
tina. Idem Hector Boethius de insulis Orchad. et | producunt aibi similes. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 6.] Causes of Melancholy. 135 

«truous woman. Intemperanfia veneris^ quam in nautis prcEsertim insectutur '^ Lem- 
iiiiis, qui uxores ineunt^ nulla menstrui decursus ratione hahita nee observato inter- 
lunio^ prcBcipua causa cst^ noxia, pernitiosa^ concuhi Itun hunc cxitialem ideo, et pes- 
tiferum vocat. '"' Rodoriciis a Castro Lucitanus, dclrstanlur ad vnum omnes med.ci^ 
turn et quartd bind conccpti^ infcelices pleriiinque et amcn/cs, deliri, stolidly morbosi, 
impuri,, invalidi, tetra lue sordldi minime v it ales, omnibus bonis corporis at que animi 
(iestifuti : ad laborem nati, si seniores, inquit Eustathius, iit Hercules, et alii. '"Judcei 
maxime insectantur foediim hunc, et iinmundum apiid Christianos Concubilum, tit 
illicitum abhorrent, ct apud suos prohibent ; et quod Christian! totics leprosi, avienles, 
tot morbili, impetigincs, alphi, psora., cutis et faciei de color ati ones, tarn multi morbi 
epidemici, acerbi, et venciiosi sint, in hunc immundum co7icubitum rejici.unt, et cru- 
deles in pignora vocant, qui quartd lund profluentc hdc mensium illuvie concubitum 
hunc non perhorrescunt. Damnavit olim divina Lex et morte mulctavit hujusinodi 
homines, Lev. 18, 20, et inde nafi, si qui dcformes aut mutiVu pater dilapidatus, quod 
non contineret ab '^ immundd muliere. Gregorius Magnus, petcnti Augustino nunquid 
ajjud '^ Britannos hujusmodi concubitum toleraret, severe prohibuit viris suis turn 
misceri foeminas in consuetis suis menstruis, Sic. I spare to English this which 1 
have said. Another cause some give, inordinate diet, as if a man eat garlic, onions, 
last overmuch, study too hard, be over-sorrowful, dull, heavy, dejected in mind, 
perplexed in his thoughts, fearful. Sec, " their children (saith '^Cardan subtil, lib. 18) 
will be much subject to madness and melancholy ; for if the spirits of the brain b" 
fusled, or misaffected by such means, at such a time, their children will be fusled i" 
the brain : they will be dull, heavy, timorous, discontented all their lives." Some 
are of opinion, and maintain that paradox or problem, that wisg men beget com- 
monly fools ; Suidas gives instance in Aristarchus the Grammarian, duos reliquii 
filios Jlristarchum et Aristachorum, ambos stultos ; and which '" Erasmus urgeth in 
his Moria, fools beget wise men. Card. subi. I. 12, gives this cause, Qiioniam spi- 
ritus sapienium ob studium resolvuntur, et in cerebrum fenintur a cordc : because 
their natural spirits are resolved by study, and turned into animal ; drawn from tk" 
heart, and those other parts to the brain. Lemnius subscribes to that of Cardan, an. 
assigns this reason, Quod persolvant debitum languide, et obscitanter, unde fa^lus <i 
parentum generositate desciscit : they pay their debt (as Paul calls it) to their wivf^> 
remissly, by which means their children are weaklings, and many times idiots and 
fools. 

Some other causes are given, which properly pertain, and do proceed from the 
mother : if she be over-dull, heavy, angry, peevish, discontented, and melancholy, 
not only at the time of conception, but even all the while she carries the child in 
her womb (saith Fernelius, path. 1. 1, 11) her son will be so likewise affected, and 
worse, as ^Lemnius adds, 1. 4. c. 7, if she grieve overmuch, be disquieted, or by 
any casualty be affrighted and terrified by some fearful object, heard or seen, she en- 
dangers her child, and spoils the temperature of it ; for the strange imagination of a 
woman works effectually upon her infant, that as Baptista Porta proves, Physiog. 
ccelestis 1. 5. c. 2, she leaves a mark upon it, which is most especially seen in such 
as prodigiously long for such and such meats, the child will love those meats, saith 
Fernelius, and be addicted to like humours : ^'" if a great-bellied woman see a hare, 
her child will often have a hare-lip," as we call it. Garccpus, de Judiciis gemfura- 
rum, cap. 33, hath a memorable example of one Thomas Nickell, born in the city 
of Brandebnrg, 1551, ^^" that went reeling and staggering all the days of his life, a?, 
if he would fall to the ground, because his mother being great with child saw a 
drunken man reeling in -the street. Such another 1 find in Martin Wenrichius, com. 
de ortu monstrorum, c. 17, I saw (saith he) at Wittenberg, in Germany, a citizen that 
locked like a. carcass; I asked him the cause, he replied,^ "His mother, when she 



"Lib. 2. c. 8. de occult, nat. mir. Good Master 
Schoolmaster do not English this. '4 De nat. mul. 

lib. 3. cap. 4. '^ Buxdornhiiis, c. 31. Synag. .Iiid. 

Ezek. 18. 16 Drusius obs. lib. 3. cap. 20. " Beda. 
Eccl. hist. lib. 1. c. 27. respons. 10. i*^ Nam spiritus 



129. mer. Socrates' children were fools. Sabel. 
™ De occiil. nat mir. Pica morbus muliernm '■'• Bap- 
tista Porta, loco praed. Ex leporiiin intuiln plerique 
infaiiles edunt bifido snperiore labello. - Quasi 

mox in terram collapsiirus, per oiiiiie vitam incedebal 



cerebri si turn male afficiantur. ta.- ^s procreant. et j cum mater gravia ebrlum honiinem sic incedenteni 
quale-i fiierm' affecUis, tales 6 lonim ; tx tristil)us I viderat. '.^Civem facie cadaverosa. qui dixit, fcc 

•"Istes. PT fucundis jucundi nascuntur fee. 'spol. I 



136 Causes of Mdancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. 

bore him in her womb, saw a carcass by chance, and was so sore affrighted with it, 
that ex eo foetus ei assimilatus^ from a ghastly impression the child was like it." 

So many several ways are we plagued and punished for our faLher''s defaults; in 
somueh that as Fernelius truly saith, ^^'^ It is the greatest part of our felicity to be 
well born, and it were happy for human kind, if only such parents as are sound oj 
body and mind should be suffered to marry." An husbandman will sow none but 
the best and choicest seed upon his land, he will not rear a bull or a horse, except 
he be right shapen in all parts, or permit him to cover a mare, except he be well 
assured of his breed ; we make clioice of the best rams for our sheep, rear the 
neatest kine, and keep the best dogs, Quanto id diligentms in procreandis liheris 
observandum f And how careful then should we be in begetting of our children ? In 
former times some ''^ countries have been so chary in this behalf, so stern, that if a child 
were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away ; so did tlie Indians 
of old by the relation of Curtius, and many other well-governed commonwealths, 
according to the discipline of those times. Heretofore in Scotland, saith ■^''Hect. 
Boethius, '■• if any were visited with the falling sickness, madness, gout, leprosy, or 
any such dangerous disease, which was likely to be propagated from the father to 
the son, he was instantly gelded ; a woman kept from all company of men ; and if 
by chance having some such disease, she were found to be with child, she with her 
brood were buried alive : and this was done for the common good, lest the whole 
nation should be injured or corrupted. A severe doom you will say, and not to be 
used amongst Christians, yet more to be looked into than it is. For now by our 
too much facility in this kind, in giving way for all to marry that will, too much 
liberty and indulg'ence in tolerating all sorts, there is a vast confusion of hereditary 
diseases, no family secure, no man almost free from some griev^ous infirmity or other 
wlien no choice is had, but still the eldest must marry, as so many stallions of the 
race ; or if rich, be they fools or dizzards, lame or maimed, unable, intemperate, 
dissolute, exhaust through riot, as he said, ^^jura h(jeredltario sapere jubenlur ; they 
must be wise and able by inheritance : it comes to pass that our generation is cor- 
rupt, we have many weak persons, both in body and mind, many feral diseases"^ 
raging amongst us, crazed families, parentes^ peremptores ; our fathers bad, and we 
are like to be worse., 



MEMB. II. 

SuBSECT. I. — Bad Diet a cause. Substance. Quality of Meats. 

AccoRDiivG to my proposed method, having opened hitherto these secondary 
causes, which are inbred with us, I must now proceed to the outward and adventi- 
tious, which happen unto us after we are born. And those are either evident, re- 
mote, or inward, antecedent, and the nearest : continent causes some call them. 
These outward, remote, precedent causes are subdivided again into necessary and not 
necessary. Necessary (because we cannot avoid them, but they will alter us, as 
they are used, or abused) are tliose six non-natural things, so much spoken of 
amongst physicians, which are principal causes of this disease. For almost in every 
consultation, whereas they sliall come to speak of the causes, the fault is found, and 
this most part objected to the patient; Peccavit circa res sex non nalurules : he hath 
still oflended in one of those six. Montanus, consil. 22, consulted about a melan- 
choly Jew, gives that sentence, so did Frisemelica in the same place ; and in his 244 
counsel, censuring a melancholy soldier, assigns that reason of his malady, ^^"lie 

>t Optimum bene nasci, maxima para fa;licitatis in prolem transmittitnr, laborantes inter eos, ingenti 

tiostriE bene nasci ; qiiamobrem pra!clere hiimano j facta indagiiie, inventos, ne {jens foeda contaui'me 

generi consulliini videretur, si solis parentis bene ' leederetiir, ex iis nata, castraveriint, mulieres hiijAis 

liabiti et sani, liberis operani darenl. '■'^ Infantes modi procul a viroriim cnnsnrtio abiegarunl, quofl »i 

.DArmi praecipilio necati. Bohemus, lib. 3. c. 3. Apiid liarum aliqua concepisse inveniebatur, simnl cum 

Lacnnes olini. Lipsius, episl. 85. cent, ad Helgas, foBtii nnndum edito, det'odiebatiir viva. ''■ Eiiphoi 

Dionysio Villerio, si qnns aliqiia membrorum parte mio Satyr. '^ Fecil omnia delicla qure fieri pos 

■nutiles notaverint, necnri jubent. -tii ib. 1. De sunt circa res sex non natiirales, et eas fnerunt causa 

7ettiruin Scotorum moiibus. Morbo corn ."ali, de- extrinsecs, ex quibus postea orltt sunt obstructione* 
Mentia, mania, lepra. &c. aut siniila labt- /v facil<' 



Mem. 2 Subs. 1. Causes of Melancholy. 137 

tjffended in all those six non-natural things, which were the outward caus from 
which came those inward obstructions ; and so in the rest. 

These six uon- natural tilings are diet, retention and evacuation, which are more 
material than the other because they make new matter, or else are conversant in 
keeping or expelling of it. The other four are air, exercise, sleeping, waking, anc 
perturbations of the mind, which only alter the matter. The first of these is diet, 
which consists in meat and drink, and causeth melancholy, as it offends in substance, 
or accidents, that is, quantity, quality, or the like. And well it may be called a ma« 
lerial cause, since that, as ^^ Fernelius holds, "it hath such a power in begetting ot 
diseases, and yields the matter and sustenance of them ; for neither air, nor pertur- 
bations, nor any of those ot'ner evident causes take place, or work this eftect, except 
the constitution of body, and preparation of humours, do concur. That a man may say 
this diet is the mother of diseases, let the father be what he will, and from this alone 
melancholy and frequent other maladies arise." Many physicians. I confess, have 
written copious volumes of this one subject, of the nature and qualities of all mannei 
of meats ; as namely, Galen, Isaac the Jew, Halyabbas, Avicenna, Mesne, also fouT 
Arabians, Gordonius, Villanovanus, Wecker, Johannes Bruerinus, sitologia de Esculen- 
tis et Pocukntis, Michael Savanarola, Tract 2. c. 8, Anthony Fumanellus, lib. de rcgi- 
mine senum.. Curio in his comment on Schola Salerna, Godefridus Steckius arte mcd.. 
Marcilius Cognatus, Ficinus, Ranzovius, Fonseca, Lessius, Magninus, regim. sanitatis, 
Frietagius, Hugo Fridevallius, &c., besides many other in *" English, and almost every 
peculiar physician, discourseth at large of all peculiar meats in his chapter of melan- 
choly : yet because these books are not at liand to every man, I will briefly touch 
what kind of meats engender this humour, through their several species, and which 
are to be avoided. How they alter and cliange the matter, spirits first, and after hu- 
mours, by which we are preserved, and the constitution of our body, Fernelius and 
others will show you. I hasten to the thing itself: and first of such diet as offends 
in substance. 

Beef.] Beef, a strong and hearty meat (cold in the first degree, dry in the second, 
saith Gal. I. 3. c. 1. de alim.fac.) is condemned by him and all succeeding Authors 
to breed gross melancholy blood : good for such as are sound, and of a strong con 
stitution, for labouring men if ordered aright, corned, young, of an ox (for all geldeJ 
meats in every species are held best), or if old, ^' such as have been tired out wi h 
labour, are preferred. Aubanus and Sabellicus commend Portugal beef to be the nir/st 
savoury, best and easiest of digestion ; we conmiend ours : but all is rejected, f ,nd 
unfit for such as lead a resty life, any ways inclined to Melancholy, or dry of com- 
plexion : Talcs (Galen thinks) de facile melancholicis cegritudinibus capiuntur. 

Pork.] Pork, of all meats, is most nutritive in his own nature, ^^but altogi.'ther 
unfit for such as live at ease, are any ways unsound of body or mind : too moist, 
full of humours, and therefore noxia delicatis., saith Savanarola, ex earum usu ul 
dubitetur an febris quartana generetii.r : naught for queasy stomachs, insomuch that 
frequent use of it may breed a quartan ague. 

Goat.] Savanarola discommends goat's flesh, and so doth ^Bruerinus, /. 13. c. lii, 
calling it a filthy beast, and rammish : and therefore supposeth it will breed rank and 
filthy substance ; yet kid, such as are young and tender, Isaac accepts, Bruerinus and 
Galen, I. I. c. I. de alimerdorum facullatibus. 

Hart.] Hart and red deer ^■' hath an evil name : it yields gross nutriment : a strong 
and great grained meat, next unto a horse. Which although some countries eat, as 
Tartars, and they of China; yet ''^Galen condemns. Young foals are as commonly 
eaten in -Spain as red deer, and to furnish their navies, about Malaga especially, often 
used ; but such meats ask long baking, or seething, to qualify them, and yet all will 
not serve. 

Venison.) Falloio Deer.] All venison is melancholy, and begets bad blood ; a 



58 Path. I. 1. c. 2. Maximam in gignendis morbis vim 
obtinet, pabulum, malerianique tiiorbi sugaerens : nam 
ncc ab aere, nee i perturhationibus, vel aliis evidenli- 
bus causis morbi sunt, nisj consentiat corporis prspa- 
ratio, et hiimorum constilulio. Ut seme! dicam, una 
fula est omnium morborum mater, etiamsi alius est 
genitor. Ab hac morbi eponte sspd eniauant, nulla 



alia cogente causa. soCogan, Eliot, Vauhan, 

Vener. ^i prjetagius. sjjgaag, a -Non 

laudatur quia melaiicholicnm praebet alimentuni. 
3' Male a!il cerrina (inquit Fiietagius) crassissimuni 
et atribi'arium suppeditat alimentum. ^''I.ib. d« 

snbtiliss. dieia. Kquina care etasinina equinis dand& 
est hominibus el asininis. 



1ft M 2 



138 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. I. Sect 2 



pleasaiil meal : in great esteem with us (for we liave more parks in England than 
there are in all Europe besides) in our solemn feasts. 'Tis somewhat better hunted 
than otherwise, and well prepared by cookery ; but generally bad, and seldom to be 
used. 

Hare.] Hare, a black meat, melancholy, and hard of digestion, it breeds incuhis., 
often eaten, and causetli fearful dreams, so doth all venison, and is condemned by a 
jury of physicians. Mizaldus and some otliers say, that hare is a merry meat, and 
hat it will make one fair, as Martial's Epigram testiries to Gellia; but this is per r/c- 
:«VZcM<J, because of the good sport it makes, merry company and good discourse that 
is commonly at the eating of it, and not otherwise to be understood. 

Conies. \ ^''Conies are of the nature of hares. Magninus '"ompares them to beef, 
pig, and goat, Reg. sanit. part. 3. o. 17 ; yet young rabbits by all men are approved 
to be good. 

Generally, all such meats as are hard of digestion breed melancholy. Areteus, 
lib. 7. cap. 5, reckons up lieads and feet, "'bowels, brains, entrails, marrow, fat, blood, 
skins, and tliose inward parts, as heart, lungs, liver, spleen, &c. They are rejected 
by Isaac, lib. 2. part. 3, Magninus, part. 3. cap. 17, Bruerinus, lib. 12, Savanarola, 
Rub. 32. Tract. 2. 

Milk.] Milk, and all tliat comes of milk, as butter and cheese, curds, Sec, increase 
melancholy (wliey only excepted, wiiich is most wholesome): ^^some except asses' 
milk. The rest, to such as are sound, is nutritive and good, especially for young 
children, but because soon turned to corruption, ''^not good for those that have un- 
clean stomachs, are subject to headache, or have green wounds, stone, &c. Of all 
cheeses, I take lliat kind wliich we call Banbury cheese to be the best, ex veluslis 
pessi7nus, the older, stronger, and harder, the worst, as Langius discourseth in his 
Epistle to Melanclhon, cited by Mizaldus, Isaac, ^?. 5. Gal. 3. de cibis boni sncci., &.c. 

Fowl.] Amongst fowl, '*° peacocks and pigeons, all fenny fowl are forbidden, as 
ducks, geese, swans, herons, cranes, coots, didappers, waterliens, with all those teals, 
curs, sheldrakes, and peckled fowls, that come hither in winter out of ScancHa, Mus- 
covy, Greenland, Friezlaiul, wliich half the year are covered all over witli snow, and 
frozen up. Though these be fair in fealiiers, pleasant in taste, and liave a good out- 
side, like hypocrites, white in plumes, and soft, their flesh is hard, black, unwhole- 
some, dangerous, melancholy meat ; Gravant et j^ulrrfaciant sloraacluim., saith Isaac^ 
fart. 5. de vol., their young ones are more tolerable, but young pigeons he quite dis- 
approves. 

Fishcf.] Khasis and ■" Magninus discommend all fisli, and say, they breed visco- 
sities, slimy nutriment, little and luimourous nourisliment. Savanarola adds, cold, 
moist : and phlegmatic, Isaac ; and therefore unwliolesome for all cold and melan- 
choly complexions : others make a difference, rejecting only amongst fresh-water 
fish, eel, tencli, lamprey, crawfish (which Bright approves, cap. G), and such as are 
bred in muddy and standing waters, and have a taste of mud, as Franciscus Boiisue- 
tus poetically defines, Lib. de aquatilibus. 

" Nam pisces oiiines, qui sinsiim, laciisqiie frequentaiil, I " All fish, that stanilin;; pools, and lakes frequent, 
Semper phis succi ileterioris lialienl." | Do ever yield had juice and nourishment." 

Lampreys, Paulus .Jovius, c. 34. de piscibus fluvial., higlily magnifies, and saith, 
None speak against them, but inrpli et scrupulosi, some scrujnilous persons ; but 
^^eels, c. 33, " he abhorrelh in all places, at all times, all physicians detest tliem, es- 
pecially about the solstice." Gomesius, Jib. 1. c. 22, de sale, doth immoderately extol 
sea-fish, which others as much vilify, and above tlie rest, dried, soused, iiuhirate fish, 
as ling, fumados, red-herrings, sprats, stock-fish, liaberdine, poor-john, all ^nell-fish. 
"Tim. Bright excepts lobster and crab. Messarius commends salmon, which Brue- 
rinus contradicts, lib. 22. c. 17. Magninus rejects conger, sturgeon, turbot, mackarel, 
skate. 

Carp is a fish of Avhich I know not what to determine. Franciscus Bonsuetus 



'oParuin ohsunt h natura Leporiim. Bruerinus, 
. 13. cap. 25. pulloruni tenera et optima. '■>'• Ulanda- 
oilis succi nauseam provncant. '•'*> Piso. Allouiar. 

'J Curio. Frieta^'ius, Mafiiiinus, part. 3. cap. 17. Mercu- 
"ialis, de affect, lih 1. c. lU. excepts all milk meats in 
Hypochondriacal Melancholy. ■'" Wecker, Syntax. 



theor. p. 2. Isaac, Uriier. lib. 15. cap 30. et 31. 

■•' Cap. 18. part. 3. <'^Omni loco et omni temprre 

medici detestantur anjiuillas pursertiiii cjr-a solft;. 
tium. Daniuaiitur turn sanis tuiii Kgri.'> ~< C:if 6 

in liis Tract of Melancholy. 



MeMi. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Melancholy. l3iS 

accounts it a muddy fish. Hippolitus Salvianus, in liis Book de Pischim naiura el 
pra'parailone., whicli was printed at Rome in folio, 1S54, with most elegant pictures, 
esteems carp no better than a slimy watery meat. Paulus Joviiis on the other side 
disallowing tench, approves of it; so doth Dubravius in his Books of Fish-ponds. 
Freitagius ''^extols it for an excellent wholesome meat, and puts it amongst the tishes 
of the best rank ; and so do most of our country gentlemen, that store their ponds 
almost )vith no other fish. But this controversy is easily decided, in my judgment, 
by Bruerinus, /. 22. c. 13. The diilerence riseth from the site and nature of pool^^^,^ 
■■^ sonietnnes muddy, sometimes sweet; they are in taste as the place is from whence 
they be taken. In like manner almost we may conclude of other fresh fish. But 
see more in Rondoletius, Bellonius, Oribasius, llh. 7. caj). 22, Isaac, /. 1, especially 
Hippolitus Salvianus, who is instar omnium solus., &c. Howsoever they may be 
wholesome and approved, mucli use of them is not good ; P. Forestus, in his medi- 
cinal observations, ''^ relates, tliat Carthiisirin friars, whose living is most part fish, 
arp more subject to melancholy than any other order, and that he found by experi- 
ence, being sometimes their physician ordinary at Delft, in Holland. He exemplifies 
It with an instance of one Buscodnese, a Carthusian of a ruddy colour, and well 
-king, tiiat by solitary living, and fish-eating, became so misaflected. 

Herbs.] Amongst herbs to be eaten 1 find gourds, cucumbers, coleworts, melons, 
disallowed, but especially cabbage. It causelh troublesome dreams, and sends up 
bl.ick vapours to tlie brain. Galen, loc. ajfect. I. 3. c. 6, of all herbs condemns cab- 
bage ; and Isaac, lib. 2. c. 1. AnivuE gravilatem facll.i it brings heaviness to the soul. 
Some are of opinion that all raw herbs and salads breed melancholy blood, except 
bugloss and lettuce. Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2, speaks against all herbs and worts, 
except borage, bugloss, fennel, parsley, dill, balm, succory. Maguinus, regim. sanl- 
tads., pari. 8. caj). 31. Omnes her bee sinipliciler mahe., via cihi ; all herbs are simplj' 
evil to feed on (as he thinks). So did that scoffing cook in "Plautus hold : 

" Non eso ctEiiiim condio ut alii coqui snient, I " L'ke other cooks I do not su|M'er dress. 
Qui iiiilii condita prata in palinis profyriint, . ^''^' '"" ^^''"''^ meadows into a plattor, 

Boves qui convivas faciunt, lierl.asque aggertint." ^"i' "!^ '•^ "" '"^"^ °' "'•'''' "'"^f^ "'i'" '^«''^es, 

"^ I Willi herbs and grass to feed them latter." 

Our Italians and Spaniards do make a whole dinner of herbs and salads (which 
our said Plautus calls ccenas terreslras^ Horace, ccenas sine sanguine), by which 
means, as he follows it, 

*" " Hie homines tani breveni vitam colunt I " Tlieir lives, that eat such lierbs, must needs be short, 

Qui herbas hujusmodi in alvum snum congerunt, | And 'lis a fearful thing for to report, 

Formidolnsnm dictu, non esu mod6, I That men shoiilij feed on such a kind of meat, 

Qnas herhas jiecudes nnn edunt, homines edunt." | Which very jiiments would refuse to eat." 

••^They are windy, and not fit therefore to be eaten of all men raw, though quali- 
fied with oil, but in broths, or otherwise. See more of these in every ^"husbandman . 
and herbalist. 

Roots.] Roots, Eisi qxiorundam gentium opes sint, saith Bruerinus, the wealth of 
some countries, and sole food, are windy and bad, or troublesome to the head : as 
onions, garlic, scallions, turnips, carrots, radishes, parsnips : Crato, lib. 2. consil. 1'., 
disallows all roots, tliough ''some approve of parsnips and potatoes. "Magninus ^ 
of Crato's opinion, ^^'•'' They trouble the mind, sending gross fumes to the brain, 
make men mad, especially garlic, onions, if a man liberally feed on them a year to- 
gether. Guianerius, trad. 15. cap. 2, complains of all manner of roots, and so doth 
^ Bruerinus, even parsnips themselves, which are the best. Lib. 9. cap. 14. 

Fruits.] Paslinacarum usus succos gignit improbos. Crato, consil. 21. lib. 1, ut 
terly forbids all manner of fruits, as pears, apples, plums, cherries, strawberries, nuts, 
medlars, serves, &c. Sanguinem inficiunt., saith Villanovanus, they infect the blood, 
and putrefy it, Magninus holds, and must not therefore be taken via cibi, aut quan- 
tilale magnA, not to make a meal of, or in any great quantity. ^Cardan makes tha* 



« Optima rmtrit omnium judicio inter prims notse 
pisces giistu prtestanli. ■'SNon est duhium, quin 

pro variorum situ, ac natiira, magnas aliiiienlorum 
Bortiantur differentias, alibi suaviores, alibi lutulen- 
tlores. -icGbservat. 10. lib. 10. -i; Psendoliis 



^^ In Mizaldo de Ilorto, P. Crescer.t. Herhastein, &c 
fi' Cap. 13. part. 3. Bricht, in his Tract of Mel. 
^■^Intellectum turbant, producunt insaniani. f-'Au- 

divi (inquit Magnin.) quod si quis ex iis per annum 
continue coinedat, in insaniani caderet. cap. 13. Ini- 



act. 3. seen. 2. ■<*< Plautus, ibid. ''<' Qnare rec- probi succi sunt. cap. 12. ^^ De reruni varietal. 

tius valedutini su!C quisque consulet, qui lapsus prio- In Fessa plerumque morbosi, quod fruclus comei'uiil 
rum parentum memor, eas plane vel oniisent vel ter in die. 
parce desustari'. Kersleius, cap. 4, de vero usu n^jd. I 



140 Causes of Melancholy. (Part. 1. Sec 2 

B rai.se of their continual sickness at Fessa in Africa, " because liiey live so much on 
fruits, eating them tiirice a day." Laurentius approves of many fruits, in his Tract 
of Melancholy, which others disallow, and amongst the rest apples, which some 
likewise connnend, sweetings, pairmains, pippins, as good against melancholy; but 
to him that is any way inclined to, or touched with this malady, ^'^ Nicholas Piso in 
his Practics, forbids all fruits, as windy, or to be sparingly eaten at least, and not 
raw. Amongst otlier fruits, ^''Bruerinus, out of Galen, excepts grapes and figs, but I 
find them likewise rejected. 

Pulse.] All pulse are naught, beans, peas, vetches. Sec, they fill the brain (saith 
Isaac) with gross fumes, breed black thick blood, and cause troublesome dreams. 
And therefore, that which Pythagoras said to his scholars of old, may be for ever ap- 
plied to melancholy men, A fabis abstinete, eat no peas, nor beans ; yet to such as 
will needs eat them, I would give this counsel, to prepare them according to those 
rules that Arnoldus Villanovanus, and Frietagius prescribe, for eating, and dressing, 
fruits, herbs, roots, pulse, &c. 

Spices.] Spices cause hot and head melancholy, and are for that cause forbidden 
Vy ;-ur physicians to such men as are inclined to this malady, as pepper, ginger, cin- 
namo.j, cloves, mace, dates, &c. honey and sugar. "Some except honey; to those 
that are cold, it may be tolerable, but ^^Dulcia se in bileni vertunf., (sweets turn into 
bile,) they are obstructive. Crato therefore forbids all spice, in a consultation of his, 
for a melancholy schoolmaster. Omnia aromatica ct quicquid sanguineyn adurit : so 
doth Fernelius, consil. 45. Guianerius, tract 15. cup. i. Mercurialis, cons. 189. To 
these I may add all sharp and sour things, luscious and over-sweet, or fat, as oil, 
vinegar, verjuice, mustard, salt; as sweet things are obstructive, so these are cor- 
rosive. Gomesius, in his books, de sale., I. 1. c. 21, highly commends salt ; so doth 
Codronchus in his tract, de sale Msjinthii., Lenm. I. 3. c. 9. de occult, nat. mir. yet 
common experience finds salt, and salt-meats, to be great procurers of this disease. 
And for that cause belike those Egyptian priests abstained from salt, even so much, 
as in their bread, ut sine pcrturbatione anima esset, saith mine author, that their souls 
might be free from perturbations. 

Bread.] Bread that is made of baser grain, as peas, beans, oats, rye, or *^over-hard 
baked, crusty, and black, is often spoken against, as causing melancholy juice and 
wind. Joh. Mayor, in the first book of his History of Scotland, contends much for 
the wholesomeness of oaten bread : it was objected to him then living at Paris in 
France, that his countrymen fed on oats, and base grain, as a disgrace ; but he doth 
ingenuously confess, Scotland, Wales, and a third part of England, did most part use 
that kind of bread, that it was as wliolesome as any grain, and yielded as good nou- 
rishment. And yet Wecker out of Galen calls it horse-meat, and fitter for juments 
than men to feed on. But read Galen himselt". Lib. 1. De cibls boni et mall succi^ 
more largely discoursing of corn and bread. 

Wine^ All black wines, over-hot, compound, strong thick drinks, as Muscadine, 
Malmsey, ^licant, Rumney, Brownbastard, Metheglen, and the like, of which they 
have thirty several kinds in Muscovy, all such made drinks are hurtful in this case, 
to such as are hot, or of a sanguine choleric complexion, young, or inclined to head- 
melancholy. For many times the drinking of wine alone causeth it. Arculanus, 
c. it), in d.Rhasis, puts in ''"wine for a great cause, especially if it be immoderately 
used. Guianerius, tract. 15. c. 2, tells a story of two Dutchmen, to whom he gave 
entertainment in his house, " that '^' in one month's space were both melancholy by ' 
drinking of wine, one did nought but sing, the other sigh. Galen, I. de causis morb. 
:. 3. Matthiolus on Dioscorides, and above all other Andreas Bachius, I. 3. 18, 19, 
20, have reckoned upon those inconveniences that come by wine : yet notwithstand- 
ing all this, to such as are cold, or.sluggish melancholy, a cup of wine is good physic, 
and so doth Mercurialis grant, consil. 25, in that case, if the temperature be cold, as 
to most melancholy men it is, wine is much commended, if it be moderately used, i/ 

Cider., Perry.] Cider and perry are both cold and windy drinks, and for that 
cause to be neglected, and so are all those hot spiced strong drinks. 

» Cap. de Mel. "Lib. 11. c. 3. »' Bright, I quia gignit adustatn. Scliol. Sa.. «> vimitn liirbi- 

«. 6. excepts honey. »* Hor. apiid Scoltziiim, dum. ei Ex vini parentis bibitinne, duo Alefliai> 

'Oiif'il. 186 6a Ne comedas crustam, chuleraiu | in uno mense inelaiichulici facti sunt. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.1 



Causes of Melancholy. 



141 



Beer.] Beer, if it be over-new or over-stale, over-stiong, or not socklen, smell of 
the cask, sliarp, or sour, is most unwholesome, frets, and galls, &c. Henrirus Ayre- 
rus, in a ^^consultation of his, for one that laboured of hypochondriacal melancholy, 
diicommends beer. So doth ''^ Crato in that excellent counsel of his. Lib. 2. coras/Z. 21, 
as too windy, because of the hop. But he means belike that thick black Bohemian 
boer used in some other parts of ^''Germany. 



" nil spissiue' ilia 

Diiiii hibitur, nil chirius esl duin niingitur, unde 
Constat, quOd multas faeces in coipore linquat." 



' Nnthinj; comes in so thick, 
Nothing goes out so thin. 
It must needs follow then 
The dregs are left within." 



As that ^^ old poet scoffed, calling it Slygice monstrum conforme paludi, a monstrous 
drink, like the river Styx. But let them say as they list, to such as are accustomed 
unto it, " 'tis a most wholesome (so ^Tolydor Virgil calleth it) and a pleasant drink," 
it is more subtile and better, for the hop that rarefies it, hath an especial virtue 
against melancholy, as our herbalists confess, Fuchsius approves, Lib. 2. sec. 2. instit. 
cap. 11, and many others. 

Waters.] Standing waters, thick and ill-coloured, such as como forth of pools, 
and moats, where hemp hath been steeped, or slimy fishes live, are most unwhole- 
some, putrefied, and full of mites, creepers, slimy, muddy, unclean, corrupt, impure, 
by reason of the sun's heat, and still-standing'; they cause foul distemperatures in the 
body and mind of man, are unfit to make drink oi', to dress meat with, or to be ^' used 
about men inwardly or outwardly. They are good for many domestic uses, to wash 
horses, water cattle, Slc, or in time of necessity, but not otherwise. Some are of opi- 
nion, that such fat standing waters make the best beer, and that seething doth defecate 
it, as ^^ Cardan holds. Lib. 1 3. subtil. " It mends the substance, and savour of it," but 
it is a paradox. Such beer may be stronger, but not so wholesome as the other, as 
"^Jobertus truly justifieth out of Galen, Paradox, dec. 1. Paradox 5, that the seething 
of such impure waters doth not purge or purify them, Pliny, lib. 31. c. 3, is of the 
same tenet, and P. Crescentius, agricult. lib. 1. et lib. 4. c. l\. et c. 45. Pamphilius 
Herilachus, I. 4. de nat. aquarum, such waters are naught, not to be used, and by the 
testimony of ""Galen, '■' breed agues, dropsies, pleurisies, splenetic and melancholy pas- 
sions, hurt the eyes, cause a bad temperature, and ill disposition of the whole body, 
with bad colour." This Jobertus stiffly maintains, Paradox, lib. 1. part. 5, that it 
causeth blear eyes, bad colour, and many loathsome diseases to such as use it: this 
which they say, stands with, good reason; for as geographers relate, the water of 
Astracan breeds worms in such as drink it. "Axius, or as now called Verduri, the 
fairest river in Macedonia, makes all cattle black that taste of it. Aleacman now 
Peleca, another stream in Thessaly, turns cattle most part white, si potui ducas, 
L. Aubanus Rohemus refers that "^ struma or poke of the Bavarians and Styrians to the 
nature of their waters, as "Munster doth that of Valesians in the Alps, and "'' Bodine 
supposeth the stuttering of some families in Aquitania, about Labden, to proceed 
from the same cause, " and that the filth is derived from the water to their bodies." 
So that they that use filthy, standing, ill-coloured, thick, muddy water, must needs 
have muddy, ill-coloured, impure, and infirm bodies. And because the body works 
upon the mind, they shall have grosser understandings, dull, foggy, melancholy spi- 
rits, and be really subject to all manner of infirmities. 

To these noxious simples, we raav reduce an infinite number of compound, artifi 
cial, made dishes, of which our cooks afford us a great variety, as tailors do fashions 
in our apparel. Si :;h are '^puddings stuffed with blood, or otherwise composed; 
baked, meats, soused indurate meats, fried and' broiled buttered meats ; condite, pow- 
dered, and over-dried, '^all cakes, simnels, buns, cracknels made with butter, spice, 
Stc, fritters, pancakes, pies, sausages, and those several sauces, sharp, or over-sweet, 



"^Hildesheim, spicel. fol. 273. ^^Crassum gene- 

ral sanKuinen.. 64^^1,0111 Datitzic in Spruce, Haiii- 

our;;h, Leips''' ^Henricus Abrincensis. ej po- 

tiis turn salii'--=s turn jucundns, 1. 1. "■ Galen, 1. 1. 

de san. tuend Cavendae sunt aquas qiife ex stagnis 
Ifjiuriuntur, et qua; turbidae and mal6 olentes, &c. 
•"Innoxiuin reddit et bene olentum. '!< Contendit 

hfec vitia coctione noii eniendari. ™Lib. de honi- 

tale aqutp, hydropem auget, fehres pulridas, spleneni, 
<ii8ses, nocet oculis, malum hatiitum corporis et tolo- 



rem. " Mag. Nigritatem inducit si pecora bibe- 

rint. ■'^AquEee.x nivibus coacla; sinimosos faciunt. 

'3 Cosmog. 1. 3. cap. 36. ''Method, hist, cap 5 

Balbutiuiit Lalidoni in Aquitania ob aquas, atqiie hi 
morbi ab acquis in corpora derivantnr. '"Ednlia 

ux sanguine et sulfocato paria. Hildesheim. ''Cu 

pedia vero, placentae, beliaria, c(unnientaqne alia cu- 
riosa pistoruineet coquorun), gu.^iui servienliuin conci- 
liant inorbos turn corpori tuin aiiimo insanibiles Phil* 
Judteus, lib. de victimis. P. Jov. vita ejug. 



142 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

of v\ Inch scienlla popince., as Seneca calls it, hath served those "Apician tricks, and 
perfumed dishes, wliich Adrian the sixtli Pope so much admired in the accounts of 
his predecessor Leo dccimus ; and which prodigious riot and prodigality have in- 
vented in this age. These do generally engender gross humours, fill the stomach 
with cnulities, and all those inward parts witii obstructions. Montanus, consil. 22. 
gives instance, in a melancholy Jew, that by eating such tart sauces, made dishes, 
and salt meats, with which he was overnmch delighted, became melancholy, and was 
evil affected. Such examples are familiar and common. 

SuBSECT. IJ. — Quantity of Diet a Cause. 

There is not so much harm proceeding from the substance itself of meat, and 
5uality of it, in ill-dressing and preparing, as there is from the quantity, disorder of 
ime and place, unseasonable use of it, '"intemperance, overmuch, or overlittle taking 
of it. A true saying it is, Pltires crapula quavi gladiits. This gluttony kills more 
llian the sword, this omnivorantia ct honvcida gula., this all-devouring and murdering 
gut. And that of ™ Pliny is truer, " Simple diet is the best; heaping up of several 
meats is pernicious, and sauces worse ; many dishes bring many diseases." ^"Avicen 
cries out, "That nothing 4s worse than to feed on many dishes, or to protract the 
time of meats longer than ordinary ; from thence proceed our infirmities, and 'tis the 
fountain of all diseases, wdiich arise out of the repugnancy of gross humours." 
Thence, sailh ^' Fernelius, come crudities, wind, oppilations, cacochymia. plethora, 
cachexia, bradiopepsia, ^^Hinc siihitoi mortes, atque inlestata sencctus^ sudden death. 
&c., and what not. 

As a lamp is choked with a multitude of oil, or a little fire with overmuch wood 
quite extinguished, so is the natural heat with immoderate eating, strangled in the 
body. Pernltiosa sentina est abdomen insaturahile : one saith. An insatiable paunch 
is a pernicious sink, and the fountain of all diseases, both of body and mind. *^Mer- 
curialis will have it a peculiar cause of this private disease ; Solenander, consil. 5. 
sect. 3, illustrates this of Mercurial is, with an example of one so melancholy, ah 
intempestivis commessationibus^ unseasonable feasting. "''Crato confirms as much, in 
that often cited Counsel, 21. lib. 2, putting superfluous eating for a main cause. But 
what need I seek farther for proofs ? Hear ** Hippocrates himself, Lib. 2. Aphor. 10. 
" Impure bodies the more they are nourished, the more they are hurt, for the nourish- 
ment is putrefied with vicious humours." 

And yet for all this harm, which apparently follows surfeiting and drunkenness, 
see how we luxuriate and rage in this kind; read what Johannes Stuckius hath 
written lately of this subject, in his great volume J)e J3ntiquorum Conviviis., and of 
our present age; Qudm ^''^portcntosce cccn*^, prodigious suppers, " Q/<i dwm invUant 
ad coenam ejferunt ad sepuJchnim., what Fagos, Epicures, Apetios, Heliogables, our 
times afibrd ? Lucullus' ghost walks still, and every man desires to sup in Apollo ; ~ 
iEsop's costly dish is ordinarily served up. ^^Magis ilia juvant, qua pluris emun- 
tur. The dearest cates are best, and 'tis an ordinary thing to bestow twenty or 
thirty pounds on a dish, some thousand crowns upon a dinner : *^^Mully-Hamet, king 
of Fez and Morocco, spent three pounds on the sauce of a capon : it is nothing in 
our times, we scorn all that is cheap. "We loathe the very ^"light (some of us, aa 
Seneca notes) because it comes free, and we are offended with the sun's heat, and 
those cool blasts, because we buy them not." This air we breathe is so common, 
we care not for it; nothing pleaseth but what is dear. And if we be ^' witty in any- 
thing, it is ad gtilam : If we study at all, it is erudito luxu, to please the palate, and 

" As lettuce steeped in wine, birds fed with fennel 1 titas nimia. ssimpiira corpora quanto tnagi» 

nnd sugar, as a Pope's concubine used in Avignon. | niitris, tanto magis Isdis : piitrefaL-it eniin alimentuir. 
.St 'ptian. '"Aiinnse negotiutn ilia face.ssit, et de viliosus humor. oo vid. Goclen. de porlentosif 

te /ipio Dii immundum stabuhim facit. Pelellus. 10. c. I coenis, &c. puteani Com. "' Amb. lib. de Jeju. 

'0 Lib. 11. c. 52. Homini cibus utilissiinus simplex, acer- cap. 14. " They who invite us to a supper, only con- 
valio cirborum pestifera, et condimenta perriiciosa, duct us to our tonih." »» Juvenal. "The highest- 

multos inorbos mulla fercula ferunt. '■"31. Dec. priced dishes afford the greatest gratilicaiion.* 

2. c. Nihil delerius quam si teinpus justo longius '-^ Guiccardin. "i Na. qua-st. 4. ca. ult. faslidio es. 

comedendo firotrahalur, et varia cihorum genera con- lumen gratuitnm, dolet quod sole, quod spiriruti. 
jungantur : inde morborum scaiurigo, quie ex repug- emere non possimus, qu6d hie a6r non cnipfiis e\ 
naniia humorum oritur. *" Path. I. 1. c. 14. '''Ouv. facili, &c. adeo nihil placet, nisi quod caruin e.sl 
9a?.. 5. "iVJKija reii!eli() cib.-irum facit mclan.'Jio- S'lngeniosi ad Gulain. 

icum M Coniestio sup-irflua ci >i, et polus quan- i 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Diet^ a Cause. 143 

U) satisfy the gut. " A cook of old was a base knave (as ^Livy complains), but now 
great man in request ; cookery is become an art, a noble science : cooks are gen- 
tlemen :" Venter Deus : They wear " their brains in their bellies, and their guts in 
their heads," as ^^Agrippa taxed some parasites of his time, rushing on their own 
lestruction, as if a man should run upon the point of a sword, usque clum rwnjpantur 
cnmcdunt, '' They eat till they burst ■.■" "^All day, all night, let the physician say 
what he will, imminent danger, and feral diseases are now ready to seize u})on them 
that will eat till they vomit, Edunt ut vomanf^ vomut ul edayif^ saith Seneca; which 
Dion relates of Vitellius, SoJo transitu cihorum nutriri judicatus : His meat did 
pass through and away, or till they burst again. ^^Strage animantluni ventrcm one 
rant^am] rake over all the world, as so many °® slaves, belly-gods, and land-serpents, 
Ef totus orhis ventri nirnis angustus.) the whole world cannot satisfy their appetite. 
^" Sea, land, rivers, lakes, &.C., may not give content to their raging guts." ^To 
make up the mess, what immoderate drinking in every place? Senem potumpotu 
trahebat anus., how they flock to the tavern : as if they were fruges consumere nati, 
born to no other end but to eat and drink, like Ofiellius Bibulus, tliat famous Roman 
parasite, Qui dum vixit, aut hibit aut minxit ; as so many casks to hold wine, yea 
worse than a cask, that mars wine, and itself is not marred by it, yet these are brave 
men, Silenus Ebrius was no braver. Et quce fuerunt vitia., mores sunt : 'tis now the 
fashion of our times, an honour : JVunc verb res ista eo rediit (as Chrysost. serm. 
30. in V. Ephes. comments) Ut effeminatcB ridendcEque ignavice loco habeutur., nolle 
inebriari ; 'tis now come to that pass that he is no gentleman, a very milk-sop, a 
clown, of no bringing up, that will not drink ; fit for no company ; he is your only 
gallant that plays it off finest, no disparagement now to stagger in the streets, reel, 
rave, &c., but much to his fame and renown ; as in like case Epidicus told Thesprio 
his fellow-servant, in the ^^Poet. jEdipol f acinus improbum, one urged, the other 
replied. Jit jam alii fccere idem., erit illi ilia res honori., 'tis now no fault, there be so 
many brave examples to bear one out ; 'tis a credit to have a strong brain, and carry 
his liquor well ; the sole contention who can drink most, and fox his fellow the 
soonest. 'Tis the summum bonum of our tradesmen, their felicity, life, and soul, 
Tanta dulcedine afectant., saith Pliny, lib. 14. cap. 12. Ut magna pars nan aliud 
vitce proimium intelligat., their chief comfort, to be merry together in an alehouse or 
lavern, as our modern Muscovites do in their mede-inns, and Turks in their coffee- 
houses, which much resemble our taverns ; they will labour hard all day long to be 
drunk at night, and spend totius anni labores., as St. Ambrose adds, in a tippling 
feast; convert day into night, as Seneca taxes some in his times, Perveriunt officia 
anoctis et lucis ; when we rise, they commonly go to bed, like our antipodes, 

" Nosque ubi primus equis oriens afflavit anhelis, 
lllis sera rubens ascendit luinina vesper." 

So did Petronius in Tacitus, Heliogabalus in Lampridius. 

89 "Noctes vieilibat ad ipsum I "He drank the nicht away 

Mane, diem totum stertebat." | Till rising dawn, then snored out all the day." 

Snymdiris the Sybarite never saw the sun rise or set so much as once in twenty 
years. Verres, against whom Tidly so much inveighs, in winter he never was extra 
tectum vix extra lectum, never almost out of bed, '""still wenching and drinking; so 
did he spend his time, and so do myriads in our days. They have gipnnasia bibo- 
num., schools and rendezvous ; these centaurs and lapitha? toss pots and bowls as so 
many balls ; invent new tricks, as sausages, anchovies, tobacco, caviare, pickled 
oysters, herrings, fumadoes, &.c. : innumerable salt meats to increase their appetite.^ 
and study how to hurt themselves by taking antidotes '"to carry their drink the 
better; ^and when nought else serves, they will go forth, or be conveyed out, to 
empty their gorge, that they may retm-n to drink afresh." They make laws, insanas 
leges, contra bibendi fallacias, and ^ brag of it when they have done, crowning that 

"Olim vile mantipium, nunc in omni lestimatione, ' de miser, curial. sepiautus. m fjor. lib. 1. 

/luncarshaberica-pta. &c. "3 Epist. 28, I. 7. Quorum Sat. 3. looDiei brevitas conviviis, noctis longi- 

in ventre ingenium, in patinis, &c. s^ In lucem tudo stupris conterebratur. ' Et quo plus capiant, 

coenat. Strtorius. 9ss<e„eca. 9" Mancipia irritanienta excogitantur. 2 Fores pnrlai;tur ut ad 

guije, dapcs non sapore sed sumptu ifstinianteB. cnnvivinm reportentuc. replaii ut exhaurianl. el ex- 

Seneca, consol. ad Helvidium. "■ Sevieiitia guttura hnuriri ut bibant. Anibros. ^ ing^ntia vasa velul 

latiare non pogeunl fluvii et miria, Mneat Sylvius, ad ostentationem, &.c. 



144 Diet^ a Cause. 'Part. 1 Sect. 2. 

man that is soonest gone, as their drunken predecessors have done, *quid ego 

video ? Ps. Cum corona Pseudnlum ebrinm iuum . And when tliey are dead, 

will have a can of wine with ^Maron's old woman to be engraven on their tombs. 
5o tiiey triumph in villany, and justify tlieir wickedness ; with Rabelais, that French " 
Lucian, drunkenness is better for the body than physic, because there be more old 
drunkards than old physicians. Many such frothy arguments they have, ^inviting 
and encouraging others to do as they do, and love them dearly for it (no glue like 
to that of good fellowship). So did Alcibiades in Greece ; Nero, Ronosus, Helio- 
gabalus in Rome, or Ale^abalus rather, as he was styled of old (as '' Ignatius proves 
out of some old coins). So do many great men still, as ® Hereshachius observes. 
When a prince drinks till his eyes stare, like Ritias in the Poet, 



"a thirsty soiii ; 

He took chaiienge and emiirac'd the bowl : 
Spumantem vino paterani.") I Wiih pleasure swill'd the ^'old, nor ceased to draw 

I Till he the hotlom of the brininier saw." 

and comes off clearly, sound trumpets, fife and drums, the spectators will applaud 
him, "the '"bishop himself (if r.v _ "''■' **»«»nfi not) with his chaplain will stand by 
and do as much," O dignum principe hausnirn^ 'twas done like a prince. " Our 
iJutchmen invite all comers with a pail and a dish," Velut. infundihida iniegras ohhas 
exhaiiriunf^ et in monslrosis pocuUs^ ipsi monstrosi monsfrosius cpolantf " making 
barrels of their bellies." Incredihih dictu, as "one of their own coimtrymen com- 
plains : ^^ Quantum liquoris immodestissima gens capiat^ &c. " How they love a man 
that will be drunk, crown him and honour him for it," hate him that will not pledge 
hirp, stab him, kill him : a most intolerable offence, and not to be forgiven. "" He 
is a mortal enemy that will not drink with him," as Munster relates of the Saxons. 
So in Poland, he is the best servitor, and the honestest fellow, saith Alexander Ga- 
guinup, ''*"that drinketh most healths to the honour of his master, he shall be 
rewarded as a good servant, and held the bravest fellow that carries his liquor best," 
when a brewer's horse will bear much more than any sturdy drinker, yet for his 
noble exploits in this kind, he shall be accounted a most valiant man, for '^ Ta7n infer 
epulas forlis vir esse potest, ac in bello, as much valour is to be found in feasting as 
in fighting, iind some of our city captains, and carpet knights will make this good, and 
prove it. Thus they many times wilfully pervert the good temperature of their 
bodies, stifle their wits, strangle nature, and degenerate into beasts.) 

Sf)me again are in the otlier extreme, and draw this mischief 6n their heads by 
too ceremonious and sti'ict diet, being over-precise, cockney-like, and curious in their 
observation of meats, times, as that Medlcina stat.ica prescribes, just so many ounces 
at dinner, which Lessius enjoins, so much at supper, not a little more, nor a little 
less, of such meal, and at such hours, a diet-drink in the morning, cock-broth, China- 
broth, at dinner, plum-broth, a chicken, a rabbit, rib of a rack of mutton, wing of a 
capon, the merry-thought of a hen, &,c. ; to sounder bodies this is too nice and most 
absurd. Others offend in over-much fasting: pining adays, saith '^Guianerius, and 
waking anights, as many Moors and Turks in these our times do. " Anchorites, 
monks, and the rest of that superstitious rank (as the same Guianerius witnesseth, 
that he hath often seen to have happened in his time) through immoderate fasting, 
have been frequently mad." Of such men belike Hippocrates speaks, 1 Aphor. 5, 
when as he saith, '''"they more offend in too sparing diet, and are worse damnified, 
than they that feed liberally, and are ready to surfeit. 



4 Plaiitus. 6 Lib.3. Anthol.c.20. « Gratiam | contra qui non vult, et csede et fiistibiis expiant. 

conciliarit polando. ' Notis ad Ciesares. « LjJ). de i "^Qiii potare recusat, hostis habetnr, et rsede nunniin- 



educandis principiim liberis. " Vir^. jE. 1. '"Idem 
Rtreniii potatnris Episcopi Sacellaniis, cum ingentern 
pateram exhaurit princeps. " Bohenius in Saxonia. 
Adeo in)moderate el immodeste ab ipsis bibitur, ut in 



quani res expiatur HQui melius bibii pro salute 

domini, melior habetnr ministfr. 'oGrscc. Poeta 

apud StobEBum, ser. 18. "'■ (l\u de die jejunant, et 

nocte vigilant, facile cadunt in nielancholiam ; et qui 



conipotationibus suis no!i cyathis solum et caiithari.s i naturie modum excedunt, c. 5. tract. 15. c. 2. Long_ 
■at iufundere posf<int, sed impletum mulctrale appo- I famis tolerantia, ut iis ssepe accidit qui tanto cum 



nant, et scutella iiijerta hortanturquemlibet ad libitum 

Sotare. '- Uictu increilibile, quantum hujusce 

quorice iramodesta gens capiat, plus potanteni ami- 
KiMimum habent, at eerto coronant, ininjicissimum 6 



fi-rvore Deo servire cupittnt per Jejunium, quod ma- 
niaci efficiaiitur, ipse vidi saipe. I'ln tenui ViclM 

legri delinquunt, ex quo fit ut majori afficiantur detrl 
iDento, majorque til error tenui quam pleniore victu 



em. 2. Subs. 3.] Causes of Melancholy. 148 

Sub SECT. III. — Custom of Diet, Delight., Ajppetite, JVecessity, how they cause a. 

hinder. 

No rule is so general, which admits not some exception ; to this, theretore, whict- 
hath been hitherto said, (for I shall otherwise put most men out of conmions,) and 
those inconveniences wliich proceed from the substance of meats, an intemperate or 
unseasonable use of them, custom somewhat detracts and qualities, accordmo- to that 
of Hippocrates, 2 Aphoris. 50. "^^ Such things as we have been long accustomed to, 
though they be evil in their own nature, yet they are less offensive." Otherwise it 
might well be objected that it were a mere 'tyranny to live after those strict rules 
of physic; for custom ^°doth alter nature itself, and to such as are used to them it 
makes bad meats wholesome, and unseasonable times to cause no disorder. Cider 
and perry are windy drinks, so are all fruits windy in themselves, cold most part, 
yet in some shires of **' England, Normandy in France, Guipuscoa in Spain, 'tis their 
'•ommon drink, and they are no whit offended with it. In Spain, haly, and Africa, 
they live most on roots, raw herbs, camel's ^^milk, and it agrees well with them : 
which to a stranger will cause much grievance. h\ Wales, lactir.iniis vescuntvr. as 
Humphrey Llwyd confesseth, a Cambro-Briton liimself, in his elegant epistle to 
. braham Ortelius, they live most on white meats : in Holland on fish, roots, ^^ butter*, 
and so at this day in Greece, as ^^Bellonius observes, they had much rather feed on 
fish than flesh. With us. Maxima pars victus in carne consistit., we feed on flesh 
most part, saith ^^Polydor Virgil, as all northern countries do; and it would be very 
ofTensive to us to live after their diet, or they to live after ours. We drink beer, they 
wine*; they use oil, we butter ; we in the north are ^® great eaters ; they most sparing 
in those hotter countries ; and yet they and we following our own customs are well 
pleased. An Ethiopian of old seeing an European eat bread, wondered, quomodo 
stercoribus vescentes viverimus, how we could eat such kind of meats : so much 
differed his countrymen from ours in diet, that as mine "author infers, si quis illorum 
vicium apud nos cemulari vellet ; if any man should so feed with us, it would be all 
one to nourish, as Cicuta, Aconitum, or Hellebore itself. At this day in China the 
common people live in a manner altogether on roots and herbs, and to the wealthiest, 
horse, ass, mule, dogs, cat-flesh, is as delightsome as the rest, so ^'^ Mat. Riccius the 
Jesuit relates, who lived many years amongst them. The Tartars eat raw meat, 
and most commonly ^® horse-flesh, drink milk and blood, as the Nomades of old. Et 
lac concrefum cum sanguine potat equina. {They scoff at our Europeans for eating 
bread, which they call tops of weeds, and horse meat, not fit for men ; and yet Sca- 
liger accounts them a sound and witty nation, living a hundred years ; even in the 
civilest country of them they do thus, as Benedict the Jesuit observed in his travel's, 
from the great Mogul's Court by land to Pekin, wliich Riccius contends to be tl.3 
same with Cambulu in Cataia. In Scandia their bread is usually dried fish, and so 
likewise in the Shetland Isles; and their other fare, as in Iceland, saith ''^ Dithmarus 
Bleskenius, butter, cheese, and fish ; their drink water, their lodging on the ground. 
In America in many places their bread is roots, their meat palmitos, pinas, potatoes. 
&c., and such fruits. There be of them too that familiarly drink ^'salt sea-water all 
their lives, eat ^^raw meat, grass, and that with delight. With some, fish, serpents, 
spiders: and in divers places they ^eat man's flesh, raw and roasted, even the Em- 
peror ^^ Montezuma himself. In some coasts, again, ^^ one tree yields them cocoa- 



's Quteiongo tempore consueta sunt, etiamsi dete- 
riora, minus in assuetis molestare snlent. ''•> Qui 

iriedice vivit, miserfe vivit. -o Consuetudo altera 

naliira. '•'' Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, Wor- 

cestershire. 2'-I,eo Afer. 1. 1. solo c.ainelorum 

lacte contenti, nil prmterea deliciaruni anibiiint. 
wpiandri viniim butyro dilutum bihuiit (nauseo refe- 
'ens) uliique butyruni inter omnia fercula et bellaria 
Tcum ohtinet. Sleph. prsefat. Herod. 24 Delec- 

.iintur GrEEci piscibus niagis quam carnibus. 25 Lib. 
I. hist. Atig. '^fi P. Jnvius descript. Britonum. They 
nit, eat and drink all day at dinner in Ireland, Mus- 
covy, and those nortliern parts. 27 Snidas, vict. 
Herod, nihilo cum eo melius quam si quis Cicutam, 
Aconiti.in, &c. ''» Expedlt. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 3. 
^or'TO'uni herbarum et olerum, apud Sinas quam 

19 K 



apud nos longe frequentior usus, complures qiiippe de 
vulgo reperias nulla alia re vel tenuitatis, vel reli- 
pionis causa vescentes. Equus, Mulus, Asellus, &c. 
jequS fer6 vescuntur ac pahula omnia. Mat. Riccius, 
lib. 5. cap. 12 '^"Tartari mulis. eqiiis vescuntur 

et crudis carnibus, et fruges contemnunt, dicentes, 
hoc jumentorum pabulum et boniim, non hominum. 
s^IslandijE descri|itione victus corum butyro, lacte, 
caseo consistit : pIsces loco panis habent, potus aqua, 
atit serum, sic viviint sine medicina multa ad aniioii 
200. a' Laet. Occident. Ind. descrip. lib. 11. cap. 10 
Aquam marinam bibere sueti absque nox&. sa Dg. 
vies 2. voyage. ^a paiagones. ^4 Henzo et 

Fer. Corteslus, lib. novus orbis inscrip seizing. 

cnTten, c. 56. Palme instar tolius orbis arboribui 
longe piEstantior. 



l4fi Retention and Evacuation, Causes. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

nuts, meat and drink, fire, fuel, apparel ; with his leaves, oil, vinegar, cover foi 
houses, &.C., and yet these men going naked, feeding coarse, live commonly a hun 
dred years, are seldom or never sick ; all which diet our physicians forbid. In West- 
phalia they feed most part on fat meats and vvourts, knuckle deep, and call it ''^cerr- 
hrum lovis : in tlie Low Countries with roots, in Italy frogs and snails are used. Tlie 
Turks, saith Busbequius, delight most in fried meats. In Muscovy, garlic and onions 
are ordinary meat and sauce, which would be pernicious to such as are unaccustomed 
to them, delightsome to others; and all is ^'because they liave been brought up unto 
•t. Husbandmen, and such as labour, can eat fat bacon, salt gross meat, hard cheese, 
&.C., (O dura messorum ilia)., coarse bread at all times, go to bed and labour upon a 
full stomach, which to some idle persons would be present death, and is against the 
rules of physic, so that custom is all in all. Our travellers find this by common ex- 
perience wlien they come in far countvies, and use their diet, they are suddenly 
offended,^* as our Hollanders and Englishmen when they touch upon the coasts of 
Africa, those Indian capes and islands, are commonly molested with calentures, 
fluxes, and much distempered by reason of their fruits, ^^Peregrina., etsi suavia, 
Solent vescentibus per turba Hones insignes adferre, strange meats, though pleasant, 
cause notable alterations and distempers. On the other side, use or custom miti- 
gates or makes all good again. Mithridates by often use, which Pliny wonders at, 
was able to drink poison; and a maid, as Curtius records, sent to Alexander from 
K. Porus, was brought up with poison from her infancy. The Turks, saith Bello- 
nius, lib. 3. c. 15, eat opium familiarly, a drachm at once, which we dare not take in 
grains. '"'Garcius ab Horto writes of one whom he saw at Goa in the East Indies, 
that took ten drachms of opium in three days ; and yet consultb loquebalur^ spake 
understandingly, so much can custom do. ■" Theophrastus speaks of a shepherd 
that could eat hellebore in substance. And therefore Cardan concludes out of Galen. 
Consuetudinem ulcunqne fcrendam, nisi valde malum. Custom is howsoever to be 
kept, except it be extremely bad : he adviseth all men to keep their old customs, and 
that by the authority of '''* Hippocrates himself, Dandum aliquid tempori., cElati, re- 
gioni.) consuetudini, and therefore to ''^continue as they began, be it diet, bath, exer- 
cise, &c., or whatsoever else. 

Another exception is delight, or appetite, to such and such meats : though they 
be hard of digestion, melancholy ; yet as Fuchsius excepts, cap. 6. lib. 2. Instit. sect. 2. 
*^"The stomach doth readily digest, and willingly entertain such meats we love 
most, and are pleasing to us, abhors on the other side such as we distaste." Which 
Hippocrates confirms, Aphoris. 2. 38. Some cannot endure clieese, out of a secret 
antipathy ; or to see a roasted duck, which to others is a *^ delightsome meat. 

The last exception is necessity, poverty, want, hunger, which drives men many 
times to do that which otherwise they are loth, cannot endure, and thankfully to 
accept of it : as beverage in ships, and in sieges of great cities, to feed on dogs, cats, 
rats, and men themselves. Three outlaws in '"^Hector Boethius, being driven to their 
shifts, did eat raw flesh, and flesh of such fowl as they could catch, in one of the 
Hebrides for some few months. These things do mitigate or disannul that which 
hath been said of melancholy meats, and make it more tolerable ; but to such as are 
wealthy, live plenteously, at ease, may take their choice, and refrain if they will, 
these viands are to be forborne, if they be inclined to, or suspect melancholy, as 
they tender their healths : Otherwise if they be intemperate, or disordered in theii 
diet, at their peril be it. Qui monet amat, .Ave et cave. 

He who advises is your friend 
Farewell, and to your health attend. 

SuBSEcr. IV. — Retention and Evacuation a cause., and how. 

Of retention and evacuation, there be divers kinds, which are either concomitant, 
assisting, or sole causes many times of melancholy. '"Galen reduceth defect and 
abundance to this head ; others ■**" All that is separated, or remains.". 



Lips, epist. sixeneris apsuescere multum. 

•SRepentinse mutationes nnxam pariunt. Hippocrat. 
Aphorism. 21. Epist. 6. set.. 3. Brueriiius, lit). 1. 

cap. 23. Sinipl. iiied. c. 4. 1. I. ■"• Heurnius. 

/. 3. e. 19. prax. ined. ■•' .\phiiris. 17. In 

dubiis coneuetudinem sequatur adolescene, et inceptis 



perseveret. <■• Qui cum voluptate assumuntur cihi 
ventriciihis avidlus rnmplectitur, expeditiusqiie con 
coquit, et quiP displicent aversatur. ■"> Noth:n| 

asrainsi ;i good stomaoh. as 'he sayinf? is. *' ^ib 

Hist. Scot. <■• 30. artis. ' ■"Qua .ixcerniintur au 
subgiciuiit. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Retention and Evacuation, Causes. 47 

Cosfiveness.] In the first rank of tliese, I may well reckon up costivene.% lind 
keeping in of onr ordinary excrements, which as it often causeth other diseases, so this 
of melancholy in particular. ''^Celsus, hb. 1. cap. 3, saith, " It produceth inflamma- 
tion of the head, dulness, cloufliness, headache," &c. Prosper Calenus, lib. de aird 
bile, will have it distemper not the organ only, ^°" but the mind itself by troubling 
of it :*' and sometimes it is a sole cause of madness, as you may read in the first 
book of ^'Skenkius's Medicinal Observations. A young merchant going to Nordeling 
fair ill Germany, for ten days' space never went to stool ; at his return he was 
^^grievously melancholy, thinking that he was robbed, and would not be persuaded 
but that all his money was gone ; his friends thought he had some philtrum given 
him, but Cnelius, a physician, being sent for, found his ^^ costiveness alone to be the 
cause, and thereupon gave him a clyster, by which he was speedily recovered. 
Trincavellius, consult. 35. lib. 1, saith as much of a melancholy lawyer, to whom 
he administered physic, and Rodericus a Fonseca, consult. 85. torn. 2, ^^of a patient 
of his, that for eight days was bound, and therefore melancholy affected. Other 
retentions and evacuations there are, not simply necessary, but at some times ; as 
Fernelius accounts them. Path. lib. 1. cap. 15, as suppression of haemorrhoids, 
monthly issues in women, bleeding at nose, immoderate or no use at all of Venus : 
or any other ordinary issues. 

^'Detention of h.nemorrhoids, or monthly issues, Villanovanus Breviar. lib. 1. cap 
18. Arculanus, cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis, Vittorius Faventinus, pract. mag. Tract. 2. cap. 
15. Bruel, Slc. put for ordinary causes. Fuchsius, 1. 2. sect. 5. c. 30, goes farther, 
and saith, ''^'•' That many men unseasonably cured of the haemorrhoids have been 
corrupted with melancholy, seeking to avoid Scylla, they fall into Charybdis. Galen, 
/. de hum. commrn. 3. ad text. 2(), ilUistrates this by an example of Lucius Martius, 
whom he cured of madness, contracted by this means: And ^'Skenkius hath two 
other instances of two melancholy and mad women, so caused from the suppression 
of their months. The same may be said of bleeding at the nose, if it be suddenly 
stopped, and have been formerly used, as ^^Villanovanus urgeth : And ^^ Fuchsius, 
lib. 2. sect. 5. cap. 33, stilHy maintains, '' That without great danger, such an issue 
may not be stayed." 

Venus omitted produceth like effects. Mathiolus, epist. 5. /. penult., °°"avoucheth 
of his knowledge, that some through bashfulness abstained from venery, and there- 
upon became very heavy and didl ; and some others that were very timorous, me 
lancholy, and beyond all measure sad." Oribasius, med. collect. I. 6. c. 37, speaks 
of some, *' " That if they do not use carnal copulation, are continually troubled 
with heaviness and headache ; and some in the same case by intermission of it." 
Not use of it hurts many, Arculanus, c. 6. in 9. Rhasis, et Magninus, part. 3. cap. 5, 
think, because it ^^" sends up poisoned vapours to the brain and heart." And so 
doth Galen himself hold, " That if this natural seed be over-long kept (in some 
parties) it turns to poison." HieronymusMercurialis, in his chapter of Melancholy, 
cites it for an especial cause of this malach, ^^Priapismus, Satyriasis, &c. Haliabbas, 
5. Theor. c. 36, reckons up this and many other diseases. Villanovanus Breviar. I. 1. 
c. 18, saith, " He knew ®^many monks and widows grievously troubled with melan- 
choly, and that from this sole cause. ^^Ludovicus Mercatus, I. 2. de muliemm ajject. 
cap. 4, and Rodericus a, Castro, de morbis mulier. I. 2. c. 3, treat largely of this sub- 
ject, and will have it produce a peculiar kind of melancholy in stale maids, nuns, 
and widows, Ob suppressionem mensiiim et venerem omissam, timidcE, mcestce, anxicc.^ 
vcrecundce, suspiciosce, languentes, consilii inopes, cum sumnia vitcp et rervm melio- 
rum desperatione, &c., they are melancholy in the highest degree, and all for want 

^'Ex ventre suppresso, inflammationes, capitis do-, coitu abstinentes, turpidog, pigrooque factos ; nonnuU 
lores, calieines crescunt. '" ExcreiTienta retenta j los etiam nielancholicos, prfeter modiim nioestos, limi- 

.nentis agitationem parere snient. ^' Cap. de Mel. ' dosqiie. ''' Nfmnulli nisi cr<!aiit assidu6 capitis 



^ Tani delirus, ut vix se liomiiieiii agnoseeret. ^ Al- 
viis astrictus causa. 54 per octo dies alvum siccuni 

habet, et nihil reddit. ^6 Sive per nares, sive liae- 

a:'>"hoidPS. "> Mniti inteinpestiv6 ab hn-niorrhoidi- 

bus cjrati, melai/cholia corrupt! sunt. Incidit in Scyl- 
lain, &c. 57 i,ib. 1. de Mania. sb Breviar. 1.7. 

c. 18. 69 IS' on sine niagno incommodo ejus, cui 

languis & naribus promanat, noxii sanguinis vacuatio 
wpiidiri potest. '"Novi quosdam prae pudote & 



gravitate infestantur. Dicit se novisse quosdam tristes 
el ita factos ex inlermissione Veneris. 6. Vapores 

venenatos niiltit dperina a(l cor fit cerebrum, tlperma 
plus diu relenturn, transit in venenum. ^^Craveg 

producit corporis et aninii Eegritudintrs. ^ Ex sper- 
mate supra modum retento nionachos et vidua? ine- 
lancholicos sie^e fieri vidi. ^ Melancholia urta A 

vasis seniinarilis in utero. 



148 Retention and Evar.uation, Causes. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

of husbands^"^ ^lianus Montaltiis, cap. 37. de melanchol.., confirms as much out of 
Galen; so cloth Wierus, Chrrsloferus a Vega de art. med. lih. 3. c. 14, relates many 
such examples of men and women, that he had seen so melancholy. Ftelix Plater 
in the first book of his Observations, ^^" tells a story of an ancient gentleman in 
Alsatia, that married a young wife, and was not able to pay his debts in lliat kind 
for a long time together, by reason of his several infirmities : but she, because of this 
inhibition of Venus, fell into a horrible fury, and desired every one that came to see 
her, by words, looks, and gestures, to have to do with her, Stc."- "Bernardus Pater- 
nus, a physician, saith, •' lie knew a good honest godly priest, that because he would 
neither willingly marry, nor make use of the stews, fell into grievous melancholy 
fits." Hddesheira, spicel. 2, hath such another example of an Italian melancholy 
priest, in a consultation had ^/iwo 1580. Jason Pratensis gives instance in a married 
man, that from his wife's death abstaining, ^'" after marriage, became exceedingly me- 
lancholy," Rodericus a Fonseca in a young man so misaffected, Tom. 2. consult. 85. 
To these you may add, if you please, that conceited tale of a Jew, so visited in like 
sort, and so cured, out of Poggius Florentinus. 

Intemperate Verms is all but as bad in the other extreme. Galen, I. 6. de morhis popu- 
lar, sect. 5. text. 26, reckons up melancholy amongst those diseases wliich are ^®'' ex- 
asperated by venery :" so doth Avicenna, 2, 3, c. II. Oribasius, loc. cltat. Ficinus, 
lib. 2. de sanitate tuendf'i. Marsilius Cognatns, Montaltus, cap. 27. Guianerius, 
Tract. 3. cap. 2. Magninus, cap. 5. part. 3, '"gives the reason, because ''"it infri- 
gidates and dries up the body, consumes the spirits ; and would therefore have all 
such as are cold and dry to take heed of and to avoid it as a mortal enemy." Jac- 
chinus m 9 Rhasis., cap. 15, ascribes the same cause, and instanceth in a patient of 
his, that married a young wife in a hot summer, '^'•' and so dried himself with cham- 
ber-work, that he became in short space from melancholy, mad :" he cured him by 
moistening remedies. The like example I find in La;lius a Fonte Eugubinus, consult. 
129, of a gentleman of Venice, that upon tlie same occasion was first melancholy, 
afterwards mad. Read in him the story at large. 

Any other evacuation stopped will cause it, as well as these above named, bn i\ 
bile, "ulcer, issue, &c. Hercules de Saxonia, lib. 1. c. 16, and Gordonius, vfi.t'y 
this out of their experience. They saw one wounded in the head who as long as 
the sore was open, Lucida habuit mentis, inlervalla, was well ; but when it wai* 
stopped, Rediit melancholia.^ his melancholy fit seized on him again. 

Artificial evacuations are much like in efl^ect, as hot houses, baths, blood-letting 
purging, unseasonably and immoderately used. '''Baths dry too much, if used in es 
cess, be they natural or artificial, and ofl^end extreme hot, or cold ; ''" one dries, the 
other refrigerates overmuch. Montanus, consil. 137, saith, they over-heat the liver. 
Joh. Struthius, Sligmat. artis. I. 4. c. 9, contends, ■'^"•that if one stay longer than or- 
dinary at the bath, go in too oft, or at unseasonable times, he putrefies the humours 
in his body." To this purpose writes Magninus, I. 3. c. 5. Guianerius, Tract. 15. 
c. 21, utterly disallows all hot baihs in melanclioly adust. ""I saw (saith he) a man 
that laboured of the gout, who to be freed of this malady came to the bath, and was 
instantly cured of his disease, but got another worse, and that was madness." But 
this judgment varies as the humour doth, in hot or cold : baths may be good for one 
melancholy man, bad for another ; that which will cure it in this party, may cause 
it ui a second. 

Phlebotomy.] Phlebotomy, many times neglected, may do much harm to the body, 
when there is a manifest redundance of bad humours, and melancholy blood ; and 
when these humours heat and boil, if this be not used in time, the parties affected, 

•'•'Nohilia senex Alsatiis jiivenem iixorem duxit, at (corpus, spiritvis cnnsumit, &c. caveant ab hoc sicci, ve- 
Hie colico dolore, et iiniltis inorbis correptus, non po- I liit iiiiniico iriortaU. '-i Ita exsiccatiis ut 6 melancho- 
tuit priEstare officimn iiiariti, vix itiiio niatrimonio j lico statim fiieril insaniis, ab hiiinectanlibus curatus 
ej.rotiis. Ula in horrfiiidiim fiiroriim inciilil, ob Ve- '-'Ex cauterio et ulcere exsiccato. '• Gord. c. 10 

nerem cohibitam ut oiniiimn earn invisenlium con- i lib. 1. Uiscoinnieiids cold baths as noxious. '-'Sic- 
gressum, voce, vultu, gestii expeteret, et qiuim non cum reddunt corpus. '''Siquis loncius moretuf 

onsentirent, molossos Anylicanos inagno expeiiil cla- I in iis, aut niuiis frequenter, aut iuiportunft utatur, 
more. e? vidi sacerdotern optimum et pium, qui humores putrefacit. "t E20 anno superiore, qunn. 

quod nollet uti Venere, in inelaucholica symptoinata dam euttosuni vidi adiistum, qui ut liberareiur de gut- 
incidit. <i»Ob abstinentiam ii concubitu iiicidit in ta, ad balnea accessit, et de giitta '.iberatus, maniactu 

nie'anr.holiarn. ''"Quk d. coitii exacerbantur. factus eat 

^feuperstuuiu I oituiTi causam ponunl. '" Cx8ircat 



(VIem. 2. Subs. 5.] 



Bad Air, a Cause. 



149 



so inflamed, are in great danger to be mad ; but if it be unadvisedly, impo.-tunely 
immoderately used, it dotli as much harm by refrigeratinof the body, dulling the 
spirits, and consuming them: as Job. '** Curio in his 10th chapter well reprehends, such 
kind of letting blood doth more hurt than good: ™"The humours rage much more 
than they did before, and is so far from avoiding melanclioly, that it increaseth it, and 
weakeneth the sight." *' Prosper Calenus ol)serves as much of all phlebotomy, except 
they keep a very good diet after it ; yea, and as *' Leonartis Jacchinus speaks out of 
his own experience, ^^^ The blood is much blacker to many men after their letting 
of blood than it was at first." For this cause belike Salust. Salvinianus, I. 2. c. 1, 
will admit or hear of no blood-letting at all in this disease, except it be manifest it 
proceed t'rom blood : he was (it appears) by his own words in that place, master of 
an hospital of mad men, ^'"'and found by long experience, that this kind of evacua- 
tion, either in head, arm, or any other part, did more harm than good." To this, 
opinion of his, ^^Fcelix Plater is quite opposite, •■' though some wink at, disallow and 
quite contradict all phlebotomy in melancholy, yet by long experience I have found 
innumerable so saved, after tliey had been twenty, nay, sixty times let blood, and to 
live happily after it. It was an ordinary thing of old, in Galen's time, to take at once 
from such men six pounds of blood, which now we dare scarce take in ounces : $ed 
viderint ?ncdici, ;" great books are written of this subject. 

Purging upward and downward, in abundance of bad humours omitted, may oo 
for the worst ; so likewise as in the precedent, if overmuch, too frequent or violent, 
it ^weakeneth tlieir strength, saith Fuchsius, I. 2. sect. 2 c. 17, or if they be strong 
or able to endure pliysic, yet it brings them to an ill habit, they make their bodies 
no better than apotliecaries' shops, this and such like infirmities must needs follow 

SuBSECT. V. — Bad Jlir, a cause of Melancholy. 

Air is a cause of great moment, in producing this, or any other disease, being thai 
it is still taken into our bodies by respiration, and our more inner parts. ^®" If i( be 
impure and foggy, it dejects the spirits, and causeth diseases by infection of the 
heart.'" as Paulus hath it, lib. 1. c. 49. Avicenna, lih. 1. Gal. de san. ttiendd. Mer- 
curialis, Montaltus, &c. "Fernelius saith, "A thick air thickeneth the blood and hu- 
mours." **^Lemnius reckons up two main things most profitable, and most pernicious 
to our bodies ; air and diet : and this peculiar disease, nothing sooner causeth *^^(Jo- 
bertus holds') " than the air wherein we breathe and live." ^°Such as is the air, such 
be our spirits ; and as our spirits, such are our Inunours. It offends commonly if it 
be too ^' hot and dry, thick, fuliginous, cloudy, blustering, or a tempestuous air. 
Bodine in his fifth Book, i}e repub. cap. 1, 5, of his Method of History, proves that 
hot countries are most troubled witli melancholy, and that there are therefore in 
Spain, Africa, and Asia Minor, great numbers of mad men, insomuch that they are 
compelled in all cities of note, to build peculiar hospitals for them. Leo ^^Afer, lib. 3. 
de Fessa urbe., Ortelius and Zuinger, confirm as much : they are ordinarily so choleric 
in their speeches, that scarce two words pass without railing or chiding in commor 
talk, and often quarrelling in their streets. ^^Gordonius will have every man take 
notice of it : " Note this (saith he) that in hot countries it is far more familiar than 
in cold." Altliough this we have now said be not continually so, for as ^^Acosta 
truly saith, under tlie Equator itself, is a most temperate habitation, wholesome air, 
a paradise of pleasure : the leaves ever green, cooling showers. But it holds in such 
as are intemperately hot, as ^^Johannes a Meggen found in Cyprus, others in Malta, 



TsOn Schola Salernitana. "Calefactio el ebiil- 

Jitin |)er venre incisionein, magis sjepe incitatur et 
aiiv:elur, majore impetu liuniores per corpus disctir- 
iiiiit. *■" Ljb. de flatiileiita Melancholia. Fri'qiiens 

saiifiuinis missio corpus exlenuat. "i In 9 Rliasis, 

airam bilern parit, et visum debilitat. "-Multo 

igrior spectatur sanguis post dies quosdam, quCtm 
(uit ab initio. '•3 Non laudo eos qui in desipientia 

inceiit secandam esse venam frontis, quia spiriius de- 
bililatur inde, et ei;o ionga experientia oliservavi in 
proprio Xeiiodochio, quf)d desipieiites ex phlehotouiia 
magis teduntur, et nia^is disipiunt, et inelanctiolici 
fffipe fiunt inde pejores *^Ve mentis alienat. 

cap. 3. ctsi multos h'^c improb&ssn sciam, innumeros 

N 



hac ratione sanatos Ionga observatione cognovi, qui 
vigesies, sexagies venas tnndendo, &c. "* Vires 

debilitat. "^Impurus a6r spiritus dej'icit, infecto 

corde gignit morbos. ^'Sanguineni densal, et 

humores, P. 1. c. 13. se LUi. 3. cap. 3. »?Lib. 

de quartana. Ex aSre anihiente conlrahitur humor 
melancholicns. ""Qualis aer, talis spirit\is! et 

ciijusinodi spiritus, humores ^' jElianns Montal- 

tus, c. 11. calldus et siccus, frigidus et siccus, paludj^- 
nosus, crassus. "-'Mulla hie in Xenodocliiis fana^ 

ticorum niillia quae striciissini6 catenata servantur 
"J I,ib. med. part. 2. c. 19. Intelliae, quod in ralidii 
regionibus, frequenter accidit n)ania, in frigidis au- 
tem tarde. *« Lib. 2. "sHodopericon, cap. 7 



150 



Causes of Mdanchoty. 



[Part. 1. Sec 



Aupi Ua, and the ^ Holy Land, where at some seasons of the year is nothnig but dust, 
their rivers dried up, tlie air scorching hot, and earth inflamed; insomuch that many 
pilgrins going barefoot for devotion salve, from Joppa to Jerusalem upon the hoi 
sands, often run mad, or else quite overwhehned with sand, profiindis arenis^ as in 
many .parts of Africa, Arabia Deserta, Bactriana, now Cliarassan, when the west wind 
blows '■''Inuoluli arenis Iranspunles necanlur. "^ Hercules de Saxonia, a professor in 
Venice, gives this cause wliy so many Venetian women are melancholy. Quod diu 
sub sole degant^ they tarry too long in the sun. Montanus, consil. 21, amongst other 
causes assigns this ; Wliy that Jew his patient was mad, Qiiod iam mulhun expusuit se 
calori et frigori : he exposed himself so much to heat and cold, and for that reason in 
Venice, there is little stirring in those brick paved streets in summer about noon, tbey 
are most part tlien asleep : as they are likewise in the great Mogol's countries, and all 
over the East hidies. At Aden in Arabia, as ^^ Lodovicus Vertomannus relates in his tra- 
vels, they keep their markets hi the night, to avoid extremity of iieat ; and in Ormus, 
like cattle in a pasture, people of all sorts lie up to the chin in water all daylong. At 
Bragain Portugal •, Burgos in Castile; Messina in Sicily, all over Spain and Italy, their 
streets are most part narrow, to avoid the sunbeams. The Turks wear great turbans 
adfugandos soils radios^ to refract the sunbeams ; and much inconvenience that hot 
air of Bantam in Java yields to our men, tliat sojourn there for traffic ; where it is 
so hot, ""''•'• that they that are sick of the pox, lie commonly bleaching in the sun, to 
dry up their sores." Such a complaint I read of those isles of Cape Verde, fourteen de- 
grees from the Equator, they do male audire : 'One calls them the nnhealthiest clime 
of the world, for fluxes, fevers, frenzies, calentures, which commonly seize on seafar- 
ing men that touch at them, and all by reason of a hot distemperalure of the air. The 
hardiest men are oflended with this heat, and stiflfest clowns cannot resist it, as Con- 
stantine aflirms, Agricull. I. 2. c. 45. They that are naturally born in such air, may 
not ^endure it, as Niger records of some part of Mesopotamia, now called Diarbecha 
Quilmsdam in locis scc.rienti cestui adeo suhjecta es/, ut. pleraque animalia fcrvore solis 
et cceli extinguantur, 'tis so hot there in some places, that men of the country and 
cattle are killed with it ; and ^Adricomius of Arabia Felix, by reason of myrrh, frank- 
incense, and hot spices there growing, the air is so obnoxious to their brains, tliat 
the very inhabitants at some times cannot abide it, much less weaklings and strangers. 
■•Amatus Lusitauus, cent. 1. curat. 45, reports of a young maid, that was one Vincent 
a currier's daughter, some thirteen years of age, that would wash her hair in the heat 
of the day (in July) aud so let it dry in the sun, ^"to make it yellow, but by that 
means tarrying too long in the heat, she inflamed her head, and made herself mad." 
Cold air in the other extreme is almost as bad as hot, and so doth Monlaltus esteem 
of it, c. 1 1, if it be dry withal. In those northern countries, the people are therefore 
generally dull, heavy, and many witches, which (as I have before quoted) Saxo Gram- 
maticus, Olaus, Baptista Porta ascribe to melancholy. But these cold climes are 
more subject to natural melancholy (not this artificial) which is cold and dry : for 
which cause ^Mercurius Britannicus belike puts melancholy men to inhabit just un- 
der the Pole. The worst of the three is a 'thick, cloudy, misty, hg^y air, or such 
as come from iens, moorish grounds, lakes, muckhills, draughts, sinks, where any 
carcasses, or carrion lies, or from whence any stinking fulsome smell comes : Galen, 
Avicenna, Mercurialis, new and old physicians, hold that such air is unwholesome, 
and engenders melancholy, plagues, and what not ? ^\lexandretta, an haven-town in 
the Mediterranean Sea, Saint John de Ulloa, an haven in Nova-Hispauia, are much 
condemned for a bad air, so are Durazzo in Albania, Lithuania, Ditmarsh, Pomptinae 
Paludes in Italy, the territories about Pisa, Ferrara, &c. Komney Marsh with us ; the. 
Hundreds in Essex, the fens in Lincolnshire. Cardan, (Ze rerwn varietate., I. 17, c. 96, 
finds fault with the sight of those rich, and most populous cities in the Low Coun 



"Apulia sEstivo calnre maximd fervet, ita ul ante 
finem Mali pene exiisla sit. i>'"Tliey perish in' 

clouds of sand." Mafjiiiiis I'ers. n» Pantheo sen 

Piact. med. I. 1. tap. 16. Venetjc mulieres quis diu 
8ub sole vivunt, aliquando u)el:incho!lr!e evadunt. 
""Navig. lib. 2 cap. 4. commercia nocte, liorasecuiida 
'>b nimios, qui .sa-viunt intRrdiu n?stU9 exerceiit. 
^Jo Morbo Gallico laboraiites, exponunt ad solem ut 
vnrbus exsiccent. > Sir Richard Hawkins in hi* 



Observations, sect. 13. ^ Hippocrates, 3. Aphoris- 

uiorum idem ait. 3 Idem Maniniis in Persia 

^ Descrip. Ter. sanctae. s^tiuuui ad solis radioK 

in leoiie loiipam inoram tralieret, ul capillos slavoi 
redderet, in inaiiiani incidit. 6 (lundus alter el 

idem, sen Terra Australis inc^^nits ' Crassm 

ettuipidus aer, tristem elficit animam. 'Cow- 

tnon'.y called Scandaroon in Asia Miaor. 



Mem. 2 Subs, 6.] Bad Air, a Cause. HI 

tries, as Bruges, Ghent, Amstertlam, Leyden, Utrecht, &c. the air is bad ; anu so at 
Stockliohn in Sweden; Kegiuni iu lialy, Salisbury with us, Hull and Lynn: they 
may be commodious for navigation, this new kind of fortification, and many other 
good necessary uses ; but are they so wliolesome ? Old Rome hath descended from 
the hills to the valley, 'tis the site of most of our new cities, and held best to build 
in plains, to take the opportunity of rivers. Leander Albertus pleads hard for the air 
and site of Venice, though the black moorish lands appear at every low water : the 
sea, fire, and smoke (as he thinks) qualify the air; and ''some suppose, that a thick 
foggy air helps the memory, as in them of Pisa in Italy ; and our Camden, out of 
Plato, commends the site of Cambridge, because it is so near the fens. But let the 
site of such places be as it may, how can tiiey be excused that have a delicious seat, 
a pleasant air, and all that nature can afford, and yet through their own nastiness, 
and sluttishness, immund and sordid manner of life, suffer tlieir air to putrefy, and 
themselves to be chocked up .' Many cities in Turkey do male aiulire in this kind . 
Constantinople itself, where commonly carrion lies in the street. Some find the same 
fault in Spain, even in Madrid, tiie king's seat, a most excellent air, a pleasant site; 
but the inhabitants are slovens, and the streets uncleanly kept. 

A troublesome tem])cstuuus air is a? bad as impure, rough and foul weather, im- 
petuous winds, cloudy dark uays, as it is commonly with us, Ccelutu visu /(jcdum, 
'"Polydore calls it a filthy sky, et in quo facile generanlur nubes ; as TuUy's brother 
Quintus wrote to him in Rome, being then Quaestor in Britain. "• In a thick and 
cloudy air (saith Lemnius) men are tetric, sad, and peevish : And if the western 
winds blow, and thai there be a calm, or a fair sunshine day, there is a kind of 
alacrity in men's minds ; it cheers up men and beasts : but if it be a turbulent, rough, 
cloudy, stormy weather, men are sad, lumpish, and much dejected, angry, waspish, 
dull, and melancholy." This was "Virgil's experiment of old, 

Verum iibi lempestas, et coeli tnobilis hiiinor I "But wlien the face of Heaven changed U 

Mulavere vices, et Ju|)iler hiiniidiis Austro, | To tempests, rain, from season fair . 

Vertuntiir species anirnoruni, el pectore motus | Our minds are altered, and in our hreasis 

Coticipiunt alios" | Forthwitli some new conceits appear." 

And who is not weather-wise against such and 'such conjunctions of planets, moved 
ni fonl weather, dull and heavy in such tempestuous seasons .'' ^^Gelidum contristal 
Jlquarius annum : the time requires, and the autumn breeds it; winter is like unto 
it, ugly, foul, squalid, the air works on all men, more or less, but especially on such 
as are melancholy, or inclined to it, as Lemnius holds, '^"-They are most moved 
with it, and those which are already mail, rave downright, either in, or against a 
tempest. Besides, the devil many times takes his opportunity of such storms, and 
when the humours by the air be stirred; he goes in with them, exagitates our spirits, 
and vexeth our souls; as the sea waves, so are the spirits and humours in our bodies 
tossed with tempestuous winds and storms." To such as are melancholy therefore, 
Montanus, consil. 24, will have tempestuous and rough air to be avoided, and consil. 
27, all niglit air, and would not have them to walk abroad, but in a pleasant day. 
Lemnius, l. 3. c. 3, discommends the south and eastern winds, commends the north. 
Montanus, consil. 31. '''"Will not any windows to be opened in the night." Consil. 
229. et consil. 230, he discommends especially the south wind, and nocturnal air : 
So doth '^Plutarch. The night and darkness makes men sad, the like do all sub- 
terranean vaults, dark houses in caves and rocks, desert places cause melancholy iu 
an instant, especially such as have not been used to it, or otherwise accustomed. 
Read more of air in Hippocrates, yE//?/s, I. 3. a c. 171. ad 175. Oribasius, del. 
ad 21. Avicen, /. 1. can. Fen. 2. doc. 2. Fen. 1. C.-123 to the 12, &c. 

SuBSECT. VI. — Immoderate Exercise a cause., andhoio. Solitariness, Idleness. 

'Nothing so good but it may be abused : nothing better than exercise (if oppor- 
tunely used) for the preservation of the body : nothing so bad if it be unseasonable, 

' Atlas gpo<;raphicus memoria, valent Pisani, quod I afire cito offenduiitur, et niulti insani apud Belgas ante 
crassiore fruanturaere. '"Lib. 1 hist. lib. 2. cap. 41. tempestales sa-viunt, aliter quieti. Spiritus quoqiie 
Aura deiisa ac caligiiiosa .etrici homines exislunt, et ; afris et niali penii aliqiiando se tempestatibus inge- 
subsiristes, et cap. 3. stante siibsolano et Zepliyro, j runt, et meiiti liuniana' se bitenter insinuant, eainqiie 



maxima in mentibus honiinum alarritas existit, men 
Itsqiie erectio uhi teUim solis splendore nitescit. Ma- 
xima dejectio microrqiie si quando aura caliginosa est. 
"Gcor. "Hor. >''Mens quibus vacillai, ab 



vexaiit, exagitant, et ul ductus marini, humanuni cor- 
pus ventis agitatur. '•' Aer iioctu densalur, et cogil 
mcestitiam. ''Lib. de Iside et Osyride. 



152 Causes of Melancholy. Part. 1. Sec. 2 

violent, ov overmuch. Fernelius out of Galen, Pa//t. lib. I.e. 16, saith, '^''Tliai 
much exercise and weariness consumes the spirits and substance, refrigerates the 
body; and such humours which Nature wouUI have otherwise concocted and ex- 
pelled, it stirs up and makes them rage : whicli being so enraged, diversely affect and 
trouble the body and mind." So doth it, if it be unseasonably used, upon a full 
stomach, or when tlie body is full of crutiities, which Fuchsius so mucii inveighs 
against, lib. 2. ijislil. sec. 2. c. 4, giving that for a cause, why school-boys in Ger- 
many are so often scabbed, because they use exercise presently after meats. " Bayerus 
puts in a caveat against such exercise, because " it '* corrupts the meat in the stomach, 
and carries the same juice raw, and as yet undigested, into the veins (saith Lemnius), 
which there putrefies and confounds the animal spirits." Crato, consil. 21. I. 2, 
'" protests against all such exercise after meal, as being the greatest enemy to con- 
coction that may be, and cause of corruption of humours, which produce this, and 
many other diseases. Not without good reason then doth Salust. Salvianus, /. 2. c. 1, 
and Leonartus Jacchinus, in 9. Rhasis., Mercurialis, Arcubanus, and many other, set 
down '^"immoderate exercise as a most forcible cause of melancholy. 

t ^Opposite to exercise is idleness (the badge of gentry) or watit of exercise, the 
ane of body and mind, the nurse of naughtiness, stepmother of discipline, the chief 
author of all mischief, one of the seven deadly sins, and a sole cause of this and 
many other maladies, the devil's cushion^ as ^'Gualter calls it, his pillow and chief 
reposal. '' For the mind can never rest, but still meditates on one thing or other, 
except it be occupied about some honest business, of his own accord it rusheUi into 
melancholy. ^^As too much and violent exercise offends on the one side, so doth an 
idle life on the other (saith Crato), it fills the body full of phlegm, gross humours, 
and all manner of obstructions, rheums, catarrhs," 8t.c. Rhasis, cont. lib. 1. tract. 9, 
accounts of it as the greatest cause of melancholy. '■^^"I have often seen (saith he) 
that idleness begets tliis humour more than anything else." Montaltus, c. 1, seconds 
him out of his experience, ^'^ '•' They that are idle are far more subject to melancholy 
tlian such as are conversant or employed about any oflice or business." ^^ Plutarch 
reckons up idleness for a sole cause" of the sickness of the soul : "• There are they 
(saith he) troubled in mind, that have no other cause but this." Homer, Iliad. 1, 
brings in Achilles eating of his own heart in his idleness, because he might not fight. 
Mercurialis, consil. 86, for a melancholy young man urgeth, ^'^it as a cliief cause ; why 
was he melancholy .? because idle. Nothing begets it sooner, increaseth and conti- 
rmeth it oftener than idleness.'^' A disease familiar to all idle persons, an inseparable 
companion to such as live at ease, Pingui otio desidiose agcntes., a life out of action, 
and have no calling or ordinary employment to busy themselves about, that have small 
occasions ; and though they have, such is their laziness, dulness, they will not compose 
themselves to do aught; they cannot abide work, though it be necessary; easy as to 
dress themselves, write a letter, or the like; yet as he that is benumbed with cold 
sits still shaking, that might relieve himself with a little exercise or stirring, do they 
complain, but will not use the facile and ready means to do themselves good ; and 
so are still tormented with melancholy. Especially if they have been formerly 
brought up to business, or to keep much company, and upon a sudden come to lead 
a sedentary life ; it crucifies their souls, and seizeth on them in an instant ; for whilst 
they are any ways employed, in action, discourse, about any business, sport or re- 
creation, or in company to their liking, they are very well ; but if alone ^r idle, 
tormented instantly again ; one day's solitariness, one hour's sometimes, doth them 

'^Multa defalieatio, spiritus, virininque substantiam I poris exercitatio iiocet cnrporihiis, ita vita deses, e' 
pxhiuirit, Ht corpus refii^erat. Hiiiiiores corriiptos qui ! otiosa : otiUMi, aiiiuial pituitosum reddit, visceium 
aliii'i d. ii.ilura loncDqui et douiari poss-int, et demuin ' obstrncliones et crebras fluxiones. et morhos concital 
lilaiidg exi ludi, iriilat, et (piasi in furorem asjit, qui ! •» Et vide quod una do rebus quae inagis general nie 
poslea iiiota camcrina, tetro vapore corpus vari6 la- , lancholiam, est otiosilas. -'-i Reponitur olium at 

cessuiit, animurii((ue. " hi VenI iiiecuin : I-ibro sic j aliis causa, et hoc h nobis observaluin eos liuic male 
u.3cri|)to. '"Inslit. ad vit. Christ, cap. 44. cibos maeis obnoxjos qui plane otiosi sunt, quam eos qu' 

crudos 111 vena.^ rapit, qui pntrescenles illic spiritus I aliquo munere versanlur exequendo. ^^'DeTran- 

ttninialis inticiunt. ■•' Crudi liicc hiinioris copia per ! quil. anima;. Sunt qua ipsum otium in animi conjici\ 

»enas aggredilur, iinde morbi innlliplices. 'Olni- i ffigritiidinein. ■'■•Nihil est quod seqiie nielancholi- 

modicuiTi exerclliuni. -' Hoin. 31. in 1 Cor. vi. am alat ac auseat, ac otiuni el abstinenlia 4 corporii 

Nam qua mens honiiiiis qiiiscere nnn possil, sed con- et animi exercitalionihus. - Nihil magis exctecal 

linuo circa varias cogitutiones discurrat, nisi honesto intelleclum. quam olium. Gordonius de observat. Vll 
aliqiin iiegotio occnpelur. nd melancholiani spoiile hum. lib. 1. 
d«labilur. '-^Crato. consil. 21. Ul iinmodica cot. I 



Mtm. 2, Subs. 6.] Idleness a Cause. 153 

more harm, than a week's physu. labour, and company can do good. Melar.choly 
scizeih on them forthwith being ah^ne, and is such a torture, that as wise Seneca 
well saith, Malo mild male quam moH'iler esse, I had rather be sick tlian idle. This 
idleness is either of body or mind. That of body is nothing but a kind of benumb- 
ing laziness, mtermitting exercise, whicli, if we may believe '^^ Fernelius, " causeth 
cradities, obstructions, excremental humours, quencheth the natural heat, dulls the 
•■■pirits, and makes them unapt to do any thing whatsoever." 

.,„,.., , .. , „,. . .. . ,, I " for, a neglected field 

-i"' Neglectis urenda fil.x innascitur agris." j g,,^,, f,„ j^g g^^'^g ^t,,^^,,, ^„j j^j^^jg^ ^(^1^ „ 

As fern grows in untilled grounds, and all manner of weeds, so do gross humours in 
an idle body, Ignavum corriimpunt otia corpus. A horse in a stable that never tra- 
vels, a hawk in a mew that seldom flies, are both subject to diseases ; which left unto 
tliemselves, are most free from any such incumbrances. An idle dog will be mangy, 
and how shall an idle person think to escape ? Idleness of the mind is much worse 
than this of the body ; wit without employment is a disease ''^JErugo animi, rubigo 
ingenii: the rust of the soul, '"a plague, a liell itself. Maximum animi nocumcntum, 
Galen calls it. ^^" As in a standing pool, worms and filthy creepers increase, [el vi- 
tium capivnl ni movecmtiir aqvcB, the water itself putrefies, and air likewise, if it be not 
continually stirred by the wind) so do evil and corrupt thoughts in an idle person," 
the soul is contaminated. In a connnonwealth, where is no public enemy, there is 
likely civil wars, and they rage upon themselves: this body of ours, when it is idle, 
and knows not how to bestow itself, macerates and vexeth itself with cares, griefs, 
false fears, discontents, and suspicions ; it tortures and preys upon his own bowels, 
and is never at rest. Thus much I dare boldly say, '•' He or she that is idle, be they 
of what condition they will, never so rich, so well allied, fortunate, happv, let them 
have all things in abundance and felicity that heart can wish and desire, all content- 
ment, so long as he or she or they are idle, they shall never be pleased, never well 
in body and mind, but weary still, sickly still, vexed still, loathing still, weeping, sigh- 
ing, grieving, suspecting, offended with the world, with every object, wishing them- 
selves gone or dead, or else carried away with some foolish phantasy or other. And 
this is the true cause that so many great men, ladies, and gentlewomen, labour of 
this disease in country and city; for idleness is an appendix to nobility; they count 
it a disgrace to work, and spend all their days in sports, recreations, and pastimes, 
and will therefore take no pains ; be of no vocation : they feed liberally, fare well, 
want exercise, action, employment, (for to work, I say, they may not abide,) and 
company to their desires, and thence their bodies become full of gross humours, 
wind, crudities; their minds disquieted, dull, heavy, &.c. care, jealonsy, fear of some 
diseases, sullen fits, weeping fits seize too ^^ familiarly on them. For what will not feai 
and phantasy work in an idle body ? what distempers will they not cause ? when the 
children of ^^ Israel murmured against Pharoah in Egypt, he commanded his officers 
to double their task, and let them get straw themselves, and yet make their full num- 
ber of bricks ; for the sole cause why they mutiny, and are evil at ease, is, " they 
are idle." When you shall hear and see so many discontented persons in all places 
where you come, so many several grievances, unnecessary complaints, fears, suspi- 
cions, ''" the best means to redress it is to set them awork, so to busy their minds ; for 
for the truth is, they are idle. Well diey may build castles in the air for a time, and 
soodi up themselves with phantastical and pleasant humours, but in the end they will 
prove as bitter as gall, they shall be still I say discontent, suspicious, ^^ fearful, jealous, 
sad, fretting and vexing of themselves; so long as they be idle, it is impossible to please 
them. Olio qui nescil uti, phis habel negotii quam qui negolium in ncgotio, as that 
''Agellius could observe: He that knows not how to spend his time, hath more busi- 
ness, care, grief, anguish of mind, than he that is most busy in the midst of all his 
business Oliosus animus nescit quid volet: An idle person (as he follows it) knows 

''^Patli. lib. 1, cap. 17. exercitationis intermissio, | Sen. sspjow this leg, now that arm, now theU 

inertem calorerii, languidos spiritus, et ignavos, et ad , head, heart, &t,. ^j gxod. v. ^- (For they canno' 
omiies actinnes sejiiiinres reddil, rriiditates, obsructio- < well tell what aileth them, or what they would have 
lies, et excrenientoriiin proventus facit. ^^ Hor. | themselves) my heart, my head, my husband, my son, 

Ser. 1. Sat. 3. sogeneca. 3' Moerorem animi, I &.C. ^e prov. xviii. IMgriim dejiciet timor. Heau< 

et maciem, Plutarch calls it. '- Sicut in stagno { tonlimorumenon. s? Ljb. 19. c. 10. 

generaiitur verme ^, sic et otioso lualx cogitationes | 

20 ; 



154 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. '4 

not vviien ht is well, what he would have, or whither he would go, Quum illut 
ventum cst^ illinc lubct^ he is tired out with everytliing, displeased with all, weary of 
his life -. JYcc bene domi^ nee milUice, neither at home nor abroad, errat, et prceter vi- 
tain vittilur, he wanders and lives besides himself. In a word. What the mischievous 
effects of laziness and idleness are, 1 do not find any where more accurately expres- 
sed, than in these verses of Pliilolaches in the ^"Comical I oet, which for their 
elegancy I will in part insert. 



'Nn^ariim ieciium esse arbitror similem ego hominem, 
Qiiaiiilo hie iiiitiis est : Ei rei arjiumenia dicam. 
iKdos ijiiaiulo sum ad anuissiiii ex|)iililx>, 
Qiiisqiie liiiidat fahniiii, atque exeinpliim expetit, &c. 
At ul)i illC) ii)i?;rat iiequatii homo iiidiligensque, &c. 
'I'l/iniH'stas venit, conlringit tegulas, iinbricesqiie, 
I'ulrit'arit aer operam fabri, &.c. 
Dicaiii lit homines similes esse ajdiuni arbitremini, 



Fabri parentes fuiidanieiitum substriiunt liberorum, 
Expoliiitit, doceiil literas, nee parcuiit siimptui, 
1'j!.'o aiitem sub fabroruin potestate frugi fui, 
Postqiiani autem inigravi in inf,'enium meum, 
Perdidi operani fabroruin illicC) oppidi), 
Venil ignavia, ea niihi tempestas fiiit, 
Adventuqne siio grandineni et imbrem attulit, 
Ilia mihi virtnteni deturbavit, &c. 



^•>A young man is like a fair new house, the carpenter leaves it well built, in good 
repair, of solid stuff; but a bad tenant lets it rain in, and for want of reparation, fall 
to decay, &c. Our parents, tutors, friends, spare no cost to bring us up in our youth, 
in all manner of virtuous education ; but when we are left to ourselves, idleness as a 
tempest drives all virtuous motions out of our minds, et nihili sumus., on a sudden, 
by sloth and such bad ways, we come to nought." 

Cousin german to idleness, and a concomitant cause, which goes hand in hand 
with it, is '^'^nimia soUludo, too much solitariness, by the testimony of all physicians, 
cause and symptom botli ; but as it is here put for a cause, it is either coact, en- 
forced, or else voluntary. Enforced solitariness is commonly seen in students, 
monks, friars, anchorites, that by their order and course of life must abandon all 
company, society of other men, and betake themselves to a private cell : Otio super- 
sLilioso seclusi, as Bale and Hospinian well term it, such as are the Carthusians of 
our time, that eat no flesh (by their order), keep perpetual silence, never go abroad. 
Such as live in prison, or some desert place, ?.iid cannot have company, as many of 
our country gentlemen do in solitary houses, they must eitlier be alone without 
companions, or live beyond tlieir means, and entertain all comers as so many hosts, 
or else converse with their servants and hinds, such as are unequal, inferior to them, 
and of a contrary disposition : or else as some do, to avoid solitariness, spend their 
time with lewd fellows in taverns, and in alehouses, and thence addict themselves to 
some unlawful disports, or dissolute courses. Divers again are cast upon this rock 
of solitariness lor want of means, or out of a strong apprehension of some infirmity, 
disgrace, or through bashfulness, rudeness, simplicity, they cannot apply themselves 
to others' company. JYullum solum infellci gratius soUtudlne^ uhl millns sit qui 
miseriam exprobret ; this enforced solitariness takes place, and produceth his effect 
soonest in such as have spent their time jovially, peradventure in all honest recrea- 
tions, in good company, in some great family or populous city, and are upon a sud- 
den confined to a desert country cottage far off, restrained of their liberty, and barred 
from their ordinary associates ; solitariness is very irksome to such, most tedious, 
and a sudden cause of great inconvenience. 

Voluntary solitariness is that which is familiar with melancholy, and gently brings 
on like a syren, a shoeiiig-horn, or some sphynx to this irrevocable gulf, ''"a primary 
cause, Piso calls it; most pleasant it is at first, to such as are melancholy given, to 
lie in bed whole days, and keep their chambers, to walk alone in some solitary grove, 
betwixt wood and water, by a brook side, to meditate upon some delightsome and 
pleasant subject, which shall affect them most; a7nabiUs insania, el mentis gratissi- 
mus error: a most incomparable delight it is so to melancholize, and build castles in 
the air, to go smiling to themselves, acting an i jfinite variety of parts, which they sup- 
pose and strongly imagine they represent, or that they see acted or done : Blandcs 
quidem ah initio., saith Lemnius, to conceive and meditate of such pleasant things, 
sometimes, ■"" present, past, or to come," as Rhasis speaks. So delightsome these 
toys are at first, they could spend whole days and nights without sleep, even 'vhole 
years alone in such contemplations, and fantastical meditations, which are like un lo 
dreams, and they will hardly be drav.'n from them, or willingly interrupt, so pleasant 

'"Plantus, Prol. Mostel. 3^ Piso, Montaltus, Mer- j causa, occasionem nactiim est. « Jucunda reruin 
eurialis, &c. ^ Aquibus malum, veliit A primaria | prsRsentiuni, pra:terilarum, et futurarum nieditatio. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Idleness, a Came. !55 

tneir vain conceits are, that they hinder their ordinary tasks and necessary ousniess, 
iney cannot address themselves to them, or almost to any study or employment, 
these fantastical and bewitching thoughts so covertly, so feelingly, so urgently, so 
continually set upon, creep in, insinuate, possess, overcome, distract, and detain tliem, 
they cannot, I say, go about their more necessary business, stave off or extricate 
themselves, but are ever musing, melancholizing, and carried along, as he (they say 
that is led round about a heath with a Puck in the night, they run earnestly on in 
this labyrinth of anxious and solicitous melancholy meditations, and cannot well or 
willingly refrain, or easily leave off, winding and unwinding themselves, as so n^any 
clocks, and still pleasing their humours, until at last the scene is turned upon a sud- 
den, by some bad object, and they being now habituated to such vain meditations 
and solitary places, can endure no company, can ruminate of nothing but harsh and 
distasteful subjects. Fear, sorrow, suspicion, subruslicus piidor, discontent, cares, 
and weariness of life surprise them in a moment, and they can think of nothing else, 
continually suspecting, no sooner are their eyes open, but this infernal plao-ue oi 
melancholy seizelh on them, and terrifies their souls, representing some dismal ob- 
ject to their minds, whicli now by no means, no labour, no persuasions they can 
avoid, hceref latcri Icthalis aric§do, (the arrow of death still remains in the side), they 
may not be rid of it, ''^they cannot resist. I may not deny but that there is some 
profitable meditation, contemplation, and kind of solitariness to be embraced, which 
the fathers so highly commended, ''^Ilierom, Chrysostom, Cyprian, Austin, in 
whole tracts, which Petrarch, Erasmus, Stella, and others, so much magnify in their 
books ; a paradise, a heaven on earth, if it be used aright, good for the body, and 
better for the soul : as many of those old monks used it, to divine contemplations, 
as Simulus, a courtier in Adrian's time, Dioclesian the emperor, retired themselves, 
&.C., in that sense, Vatia solus scit vivere, Vatia lives alone, which the Romans were 
wont to say, when they commended a country life. Or to the bettering of their 
knowledge, as Demccritus, Cleanthes, and those excellent philosophers have ever 
done, to sequester themselves from the tumultuous world, or as in Pliny's villa Lau- 
rentana, Tully's Tusculan, Jovius' study, that they might better vacare studiiset Deo, 
serve God, and follow their studies. Methinks, therefore, our too zealous innovators 
were not so well advised in that general subversion of abbeys and religious houses, 
promiscuously to fling down all ; they might have taken away those gross abuses 
crept in amongst them, rectified such inconveniences, and not so far to have raved 
and raged against ttose fair buildings, and everlasting monuments of our forefathers' 
devotion, consecrated to pious uses ; some monasteries and collegiate cells might 
have been well spared, and their revenues otherwise employed, here and there one, 
in good towns or cities at least, for men and women of all sorts and conditions to 
live in, to sequester themselves from the cares and tumults of the world, that were 
not desirous, or fit to marry ; or otherwise willing to be troubled with common 
aflairs, and know not well where to bestow themselves, to live apart in, for more con- 
veniency, good education, better company sake, to follow their studies (I say), to the 
perfection of arts and sciences, common good, and as some truly devoted monks of 
old had done, freely and truly to serve God. For these men are neither solitary 
nor idle, as the poet made answer to the husbandman in iEsop, that objected idle- 
ness to him ; he was never so idle as in his company ; or that Scipio Africanus in 
"Tuily, JYunquam minus solus, quam cum solus; nunquam minus otiosus, quam quum 
essci otiosus; never less solitary, than when he was alone, never more busy, than 
when he seemed to be most idle. It is reported by Plato in his dialogue de Amore, 
m that prodigious commendation of Socrates, how a deep meditation coming into 
Socrates' mind by chance, he stood still musing, eodem vestigia cogitahundus, frons 
morning to noon, and when as then he had not yet finished his meditation, perstabai 
cogitans., he so continued till the evening, the soldiers (for he then followed th« 
camp) observed him with admiration, and on set purpose watched all night, but he 
persevered immoveable ad exhoriim solis, till the sun rose in the morning, and then 

"Facilis descensus Averni: Sed revocarp gradum, I solum scorpionibus infectnm, sacco amictiis, humi 
siiperasque evadere ad auras, Hie labor, hot opus est. | Cubans, aqua et herbis viclitans, Ronianis pra;iulil 
Virg. ■•sHieronimus, ep. 72. dixit oppida et urbes deliciis. *'Offic. 3. 

irlderi sibi tetroB carceres, soIsMidineni Paradisum • I 



loo Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2 

salufing the sun, Avent his ways. In what humuur constant Socrates did thus, I 
unow not, or how he might be affected, but tins would be pernicious to another 
man; what intricate business might so really possess him, I cannot easily guess; but 
this is oliosum oliiuh, it is far otherwise with these men, j> .cording to Seneca, Omnia 
nobis mala solitiulo persuade!.; this solitude undoeth us, piignat cum vild sociali; 'tis 
a destructive solitariness. Tliese men are devils alone, as the saying is, Horn) solus 
aui Deus, aut DiBinon: a man alone, is either a saint or a devil, ?nens ejus aut Ian 
guescit, aut tumescit ; and '*^V(b soli in this sense, woe be to him that is so alone. 
These wretches do frequently degenerate from men, and of sociable creatures be-' 
come beasts, monsters, inhumane, ugly to behold, Misanthrnpi; they do even loathe 
themselves, and luite the company of men, as so many Timons, Nebuchadnezzars, 
by too much indulging to these pleasii\g humours, and through their own default. 
So that which Mercurialis, consil. 11, sometimes expostulated with his melancholy 
patient, may be justly applied to every solitary and idle person in particular. '"'JVa- 
tura de te videtur conqueri posse, &c. "Nature may justly complain of thee, that 
whereas she gave thee a good wholesome temperature, a sound body, and God hath 
given thee so divine and excellent a soul, so many good parts, and profitable gifts, 
thou hast not only contemned and rejected, but hast corrupted them, polluted them, 
overthrown their temperature, and perverted those gifts with riot, idleness, solitari- 
ness, and many other ways, thou art a traitor to God and nature, an, enemy to thy- 
self and to the world." Perditio tiia ex te; thou hast lost thyself wilfully, cast 
away thyself," thou thyself ait the efficient cause of thine own misery, by not resist- 
ing such vain cogitations, but giving way unto them." 



'^i 



SuBSECT. VII. — Sleeping and Waking, Causes. 



^HAT I have formerly said of exercise, I may now repeat of sleep. Nothing better 
than moderate sleep, nothing worse than it, if it be in extremes, or unseasonably 
used. It is a received opinion, that a melancholy man cannot sleep overmuch; 
Somnus supra modum prodesf, as an only antidote, and nothing offends them more, 
or causeth this malady sooner, than waking, yet in some cases sleep may do more 
harm than good, in that phlegmatic, swinish, cold, and sluggish melancholy which 
Melancthon speaks of, that thinks of waters, sighing most part, &,c. "It dulls the 
spirits, if overmuch, and senses; fills the head full of gross humours; causeth dis- 
tillations, rheums, great store of excrements in the brain, and all the other parts, as 
*^Fuchsius speaks of them, that sleep like so many dormice. OF if it be used in the 
day-time, upon a full stomach, the body ill-composed to rest, or after hard meats, it 
increaseth fearful dreams, incubus, night walking, crying out, and much unquietness; 
such sleep prepares the body, as ^^one observes, " to many >erilous diseases." Pur. 
as I have said, waking overmuch, is both a symptom, and an ordinary cause. It 
causeth dryness of the brain, frenzy, dotage, and makes the body dry, lean, hard, 
and ugly to behold," as ^"Lemnius hath it. "The temperature of the brain is cor- 
rupted by it, the humours adust, the eyes made to sink into the head, clioler in- 
creased, and the whole body inflamed :" and, as may be added out of Galen, 3. de 
sanitate tiiendo, Avicenna 3. 1. ^'"It overthrows the natural heat, it causeth crudi- 
ties, hurts concoction," and what not ? Not without good cause therefore Crato, 
consil. 21. lib.2\ Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de delir. et JV/an/a, Jacchinus, Arculanus on 
Rhasis, Guianerius and Mercurialis, reckon up this overmuch waking as a principal 
cause. 



*■'' Eccl. 4. ^^Natiira de te videtur conqueri posse, parat corpus talis somnus ad multas perir.ulosas scgri- 

^uod cum ab ea teinperatissiiiiiim corpus adeptiis sis, tudiiies. ^' Instit. ad vitam optimani, cap. 26. tere- 

'.aiii pra-clariini 4 Deo ac utilelioiuiin, non contenip- bro siccitatem adferl, phrenesin et delirium, corpus 

sisli iiiodo, verum corrupisti, sedasti, prodidisti. opti- aridiim facit, sqiialidnm, slrigosum, huniores adurit, 

mam temperaturam otio, crapiila, el allis vita; errnri- temperamentuiii cerebri corrunifiit, macieni inducit* 

bus, &c. ■" Path. lib. cap. 17. Fernel. corpus exsiccat corpus, bilem accendit, profundos reddit ocu- 

i'lfri^idat, omnes sensus, meiilisque vires torpore de- los, calorem augit. ^' Natiiralem calorem dissiptt 

jilitat. ■"' Lib. 9. sect. 2. cap 4. Magnain excre- \atsn. concoctiotie cruditates facit. Altenuant ywa 

mentorum vim cerebro et aliis partibus coiiservat. num vigilatse corpora noctes. 
»Jo. Rcizius, lib. de rebus C iion naluralibus. Pise- 



Mom. 3. Subs. 1.] Perturbations of the Mind. IW 

MEMB. III. 

SvRSECT, I. — Passions and Perturbations of the Mind, how they cause Melancholy 

As that gymnosopnist in YPl"tarch made answer to Alexander (demanding which 
spake best), Every one of hiVfellows did speak better than the other : so may I say 
of these causes ; to him that shall require which is the greatest, every one is more 
previous than other, and this of passion the greatest of all. A most frequent and 
ordinary cause of melancholy, ^fiilmen pertiirbationum (Piccolomineus calls it) this 
thunder and lightning of perturbation, which causeth such violent and speedy altera- 
tions in this our microcosm, and many times subverts the good estate and tempera- 
ture of it. For as the body works upon the mind by his bad humours, troubling 
the spirits, sending gross fumes into the brain, and so per consequens disturbing the 
soul, and all the faculties of it, 



' Corpus onustuiii, 



Heslernis vitiis aiiiinuin quoque praegravat una," 

with fear, sorrow. Sec, which are ordinary symptoms of this disease : so on the other 
side, the mind most effectually works upon the body, producing by his passions and 
perturbations miraculous alterations, as melancholy, despair, cruel diseases, and 
sometimes death itself Insomuch that it is most true which Plato saith in his 
Charmides, omnia corporis mala ab anima procedere ; all the "^mischiefs of the body 
proceed from the soul : and Democritus in ^^Plutarch nrgeth, Dmnnatam iri animam 
a corpore, if the body should in this behalf bring an action against the soul, surely 
the soul would be cast and convicted, that by her supine negligence had caused such 
inconveniences, having authority over the body, and using it for an instrument, as a 
smith doth his hammer (saith ^'Cyprian), imputing all tl>ose vices and maladies to the 
mind. Even so doth ^'^Philostratus, won coinquinatur corpus^ nisi consensuawmcE ; 
the body is not corrupted, but by the soul. Lodovicus Vives will have such turbu- 
lent commotions proceed from ignorance and indiscretion.^^ All philosophers im- 
ute the miseries of the body to the soul, that should have governed it better, by 
jommand of reason, and hath not done it. The Stoics ?ire altogether of opinion (as 
^Lipsius and ^' Piccolomineus record), that a wise man should be aTraSjj?, without all 
manner of passions and perturbations whatsoever, as ^^ Seneca reports of Cato, the 
''''Greeks of Socrates, and "lo. Aubanus of a nation in Africa, so free from passion, 
or ratlier so stupid, that if they be wounded with a sword, they will only look back 
"' Lactantius, 2 inslif., will exclude " fear from a wise man :" others except all, somt 
the greatest passions. But let them dispute how they will, set down in Thesi, give 
precepts to the contrary; we find that of ^^Lemnius true by common experience 
" No mortal man is free from these perturbations : or if he be so, sure he is either 
god, or a block. They are born and bred with us, we have them from our parents 
by inheritance. Jl parentibus habemiis malum hiinc assem^ saith '''Pelezius, JYascitur 
una nobiscum, alilurque, 'tis propagated from Adam, Cain was melancholy, ^^'as 
Austin hath it, and who is not.'' Good discipline, education, philosophy, divinity (I 
iTannot deny), may mitigate and restrain these passions in some few men at somie 
times, but most part they domineer, and are so violent, *^ that as a torrent {iorrens velut 
aggere rupto) bears down all before, and overflows his banks, sternit agrns, sternii 
sata, (lays waste the fields, prostrates the crops,) they overwhelm reason, judgment, 
and pervert, the temperature of the body ; Fertur '°equis anriga, nee audit currua 
habenas. /Now such a man (saith '"Austin) " that is so led, in a wise man's eye, is 
no better man he that stands upon his head. It is doubted by some, Gravioresne 
morbi a perturbationibus, an ab humoribus, whether humours or perturbations cause 



5'^ Vita Alexan. ssGrad. 1. c. 14. "Hor. 

"Ine body oppressed by yesterday's vires weighs 
down thi- spirit also." ;>■■ Perlurbationes clavi 

sunt, qiiibus corpnri animus seu palibulo a(fif;itur. 
Jainh. de mist. '**'Lih. de sanitat. tuend. '^ Pro- 

log Ac. virtute Christi ; Quce utiiur corpore, ut fabcr 
luulleo » Vila Apolionij, Ub.4. "'-Tib. de 

anim. ab inconsiderantia, at iunoranlia omnes animi 
motiis. so De phvsiol. Stoic. ei Grad. 1. t,. 3'2. 

•«EDi8l. 104 ea^lianus. <« I.ih. 1. cap. 6. si 



quis ense percusserit eos, f antum respiciunt. *^ Ter- 
ror in sapiente e.'se mm debfi. "• De occult nat. 
mir. 1. 1. c. 16. Nemo niortalium qui affectibus non 
ducatur : qui noii movetur, ant saxum, aut Deus est. 
" Instit. I. 2. de linmanorum afTect. morbornmque 
curat. '*Epist. 10.5. I'-'CJranaieiisis. 'O Vir;,' 
" De civit. Dei. I. 14. c 9. (irsili? in oc\ilis homiiium 
qui in vers is pedibus ambiilit, i alls in oculissapientum, 
cui passiones doipi»a>itur. 



() 



158 Causes oj Melancholy. [Pail. i. 5ect. 2. 

.he more grievous maladies. But we find that of our Saviour, Mat. xxvi. 4 1, most 
true, "-The spirit is willing, the ilesh is weak," we cannot resist; and this of "Philo 
Judreus, " Perturbations often offend the body, and are most frequent causes of 
melancholy, turnino: it out of the hinges of his health.'? Vives compares them to 
"'■'Winds upon the sea, some only move as those great gales, but others turbulent 
quite overturn the ship. Those which are light, easy, and more seldom, to our 
thinking, do us little harm, and are therefore contemned of us : yet if they be re- 
iterated, '^"as the rain (saith Austin) doth a stone, so do these perturbations pene- 
trate the mind : '^and (as one observes) '^produce a habit of melancholy at the last, 
which having gotten the mastery in our souls, may 'vell be called diseases. 

How these passions produce this effect, '"^Agrippa ^'ath handled at large, Occult. 
Philos. I. 11. c. 63. Cardan, I. 14. subfil. Lemnius, I. 1. c. 12, de occult, nat. niir. et 
lib. 1. cap. 16. Siiarez, McL disput. 18. sect. 1. art. 25. T. Bright, cap. 12, of his 
Melancholy Treatise. Wright the Jesuit, in his Book of the Passions of tlie Mind^ 
&.C. Thus in brief, to our imagination cometh by the outward sense or memory, 
some object to be known (residing in the foremost part of the brain), which he mis- 
conceiving or amplifying presently communicates to tlie heart, the seat of all affec- 
tions. The pure spirits forthwith flock from tlie brain to the heart, by certain secret 
channels, and signify what good or bad object was presented; "which immediately 
bends itself to prosecute, or avoid it; and withal, draweth with it other humours to 
help it : so in pleasure, concur great store of purer spirits ; in sadness, much melan- 
choly blood ; in ire, choler. If the imagination be very apprehensive, intent, and 
violent, it sends great store of spirits to, or from the heart, and makes a deeper im- 
pression, and greater tumult, as the humours in the body be likewise prepared, and 
the temperature itself ill or well disposed, the passions are longer and stronger; so 
that the first step and fountain of all our grievances in this kind, is '''Iccsa maginatio, 
which misinforming the heart, causeth all these distemperatures, alteration and confu- 
sion of spirits and humours. By means of which, so disturbed, concoction is 
hindered, and the principal parts are much debilitated ; as "Dr. Navarra well declared, 
being consulted by Montanus about a melancholy Jew. The spirits so confounded, 
the nourishment must needs be abated, bad humours increased, crudities and thick 
spirits engendered with melancholy blood. The other parts cannot perform their 
functions, having the spirits drawn from them by vehement passion, but fail in sense 
and motion ; so we look upon a thing, and see it not ; hear, and observe not ; which 
otherwise would much affect us, had we been free. I may therefore conclude with 
^Arnoldus, Maxima vis est phantasies., et hide uni fere^ nan out em corporis intem- 
periei^ omnis melancholice causa est ascribenda : " Great is the force of imagination, 
and much more ought the cause of melancholy to be ascribed to this alone, tlian to 
the distemperature of the body." Of which imagination, because it hath so great 
a stroke in producing this malady, and is so powerful of itself, it will not be im- 
proper to my discourse, to make a brief digression, and speak of the force of it, and 
how it causeth this alteration. Which manner of digression, howsoever some dis- 
like, as frivolous and impertinent, yet I am of ^'Beroaldus's opinion, "•Such digres- 
sions do mightily deliglit and refresh a weary reader, they are like sauce to a bad 
stomach, and I do therefore most willingly use them." 

SuBSECT. II. — Of the Force of Imagination. 

. What imagination is, I have sufficiently declared in my digression of the anatomy 
of the soul. I will only now point at the wonderful effects and power of it ; which. 



'^Lib. de Decal. passiones inaxime corpus offendiint 
et animain, et freqiientissiiiiie causs melancliolue. 
dimnventes ab ingeiiio et simitaie pristitiii, 1, 3. de 
aniiiia. '-iFrienaet siimiili aniiiii, veliit in mari 

quKdam aurse leves, qiuedaiii placidse, qusdam tiir- 
buler.j;t> : sic in corpore iiuiBdam affectiones excitant 
tantuin, quaedain ita movent, ut de statu jiidicli depel- 
lant. '< Ut gulta lapideni, sic paiilatim hs pene- 



Ihe countenance to good or evil, and distraction o 
the mind causeth distemperature of the body.* 
isSpiritus etsanijiiis i l*sa Imaginatione containinan- 
tnr, humores enim niutati actiones aninii iinmulanl, 
Piso. '^Miintani, consil. 22. Ua; vero qiinmodo 

canseiit melancholiani, ciariim ; et quod conco'tionem 
impediant, et membra principaliadebililent 'oBre- 
viar. 1. 1. cap. 18. "' Solent liujusmodi egressiones 



trant animum. '^ llsii valentes recte morbi animi favorabiliter oblectare. et lectorem la.ssum jiiciinde 

vocanlur. '^Imaginatio movet corpus, ad cujus refovere, stoinaehuinque nauseantem, qundam quanl 

aiotum excitantur humores, et spiritus vltales, qnibus condimento reficere, et ego libenter excurro. 
Altei'itur " Eccles. xiii. 26. "The heart altera i 



AT:Tn. 3. Subs. 2.] Of the Force of ImaginaiiOK. 159 

as it is eminent in all, so most especially it rageth in melancholy persons, in keep- 
ing the species of objects so long, mistaking, amplifying them by continual and 
"^strong meditation, until at length it producetli in some parties real effects, causeth 
this, and many other maladies. And although this pliantasy of ours be a subordinate 
faculty to reason, and should be ruled by it, yet in many men, through inward or 
'>ut\vard distemperatures. defect of organs, which are unapt, or otherwise contami- 
nated, it is likewise unapv, or hindered, and hurt. This we see verified in sleepers, 
which by reason of humours and concourse of vapours troubling the phantasy, ima 
gine many times absurd and prodigious things, and in such as are troubled with 
incubus, or witch-ridden (as we call it), if they lie on their backs, they suppose an 
old woman rides, and sits so hard upon them, that they are almost stifled for want of 
breath; when there is nothing offends, but a concourse of bad humours, wliich 
trouble the phantasy. This is likewise evident in such as walk in the niglit in their 
sleep, and do strange feats : ^^ these vapours move the phantasy, the phantasy the appe- 
tite, which moving the animal spirits causeth tlie body to walk up and down as ii 
they were awake. Fracast. I. 3. de intellect, refers all ecstasies to this force of imagi- 
nation, such as lie whole days together in a trance : as that priest whom ^^Celsus 
speaks of, that could separate himself from his senses when he list, and lie like 
a dead man, void of life and sense. Cardan brags of himself, that he could do 
as much, and that "when he list. Many times such men when they come to thera- 
selvies, tell strange tilings of heaven and hell, what visions they have seen ; as that 
St. Owen, in Matthew Paris, that went into St. Patrick's purgatory, and the monk o*" 
Evesham in the same author. Those common apparitions in Bede and Gregory, 
Saint Bridget's revelations, Wier. I. 3. de lamiis, c. 11. Caesar Vanninus, in his Dia- 
logues, &c. reduceth (as I have formerly said), with all those tales of witches' 
progresses, dancing, riding, transformations, operations,_ &c. to the force of ^^imagi- 
nation, and the *'' devil's illusions. The like effects almost are to be seen in such as 
are awake : how many chima;ras, antics, golden mountains and castles in the air do 
they build unto themselves } I appeal to painters, mechanicians, mathematicians. 
Some ascribe all vices to a false and corrupt imagination, anger, revenge, lust, am- 
bition, covetousness, which prefers falsehood before that which is right and good, 
deluding the soul with false shows and suppositions. ^'Bernardus Penottus will 
have heresy and superstition to proceed from this fountain ; as he falsely imagineth, 
so he believeth ; and as he conceiveth of it, so it must be, and it shall be, contra 
gentes^ he will have it so. But most especially in passions and affections, it shows 
strange and evident effects : what will not a fearful man conceive in the dark ? What 
strange forms of bugbears, devils, witches, goblins ? Lavater imputes the greatest 
cause of spectrums, and the like apparitions, to fear, which above all other passions 
begets the strongest imagination (saith ^^Wierus), and so likewise love, sorrow, joy, 
&c. Some die suddenly, as she that saw her son come from the battle at Cannae, &c. 
Jacob the patriarch, by force of imagination, made speckled lambs, laying speckled 
rods before his sheep. Persina, that Ji^thiopian queen in Heliodorus, by seeing the 
picture of Persius and Andromeda, instead of a blackamoor, was brought to bed of a 
fair white child. In imitation of whom belike, a hard-favoured fellow in Greece, be- 
cause he and his wife were both deformed, to get a good brood of children, Elcgan- 
tissimas Imagines inthalamo collocavit, &c. hung the fairest pictures he could buy for 
money in his chamber, "• That his wife by frequent sight of them, might conceive and 
bear such children." And if we may believe Bale, one of Pope Nicholas the Third's 
concubines by seeing of ^^a bear was brought to bed of a monster. "If a woman 
(saith ''"Lemnius), at the time of her conception think of another man present v.i c.b- 
eent, the child will be like him." Great-bellied women, when they long, yield us 
prodigious examples in this kind, as moles, warts, scars, harelips, monsters, especially 

*2Ah imaainatione oriuiitiir affeotiones, quihiis ani- vero eariim sine sensn permanent, qute iimbia coope- 

ma conipinritiir, aut turbata deturbatiir, .lo. Sarisbur. rit diabolus, ut niilli sint coiispicua, et post, unibui 

Matolog. lib. 4. c. 10. «* Scalig. exercit. "Qui sublata, propriis corporibus eas restituit, 1. 3. c. 11. 

qiir.tis volebat, iiiortuo similis jacehat auferens se ft Wier. f' Denario luedico. **• Solet tinior, 

iensibus, et quiirr pungerelur dolorem non sensit. prie omnibus affectibus, fortes imaginationes gignrie, 

«* Idem Nymannus orat. de Imaginat. ee Verbis post amor, &c. 1. 3. c. 8. taEx viso urso, tai-'oi 

et linctionibus se conserrant deenioni pcssima; mu- penerit. ''"Lib. 1. cap. 4. de octnlt. nat. 'nir. ^i 

ieres qui iis ad opus snum iititiir, et earuni phantasi- i. r amplexns et siiavia cogilet de iino, aut aiio \'i- 

tw; jegil, aucitqiie ad loca ab ipsis desiderata, corpora sew" ejus effigies solet in futu eluoere. 



160 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

wiused in their children by force of a depraved phantasy in them : fysam speciem quam 
ammo e[figlat., firJul inducit : Slie imprints that s'amp upon her child which she *■ cot- 
reives unto herself. And therefore Lodovicus Vives, Uh. 2. de Christ, fcem.., gives a 
special caution to great-bellied women, ®^That they do not admit such absurd con- 
ceits and cogitations, but by all means avoid those horrible objects, heard or seen, 
or filthy spectacles." Some will laugh, weep, sigh, groan, blush, tremble, sweat, at 
such tilings as are suggested unto tliem by their imagination. Avicenna speaks of 
one that could cast himself into a palsy when he list; and some can imitate the tunes 
of birds and beasts that they can hardly be discerned : Dagebertus' and Saint Francis' 
scars and wounds, like those of Christ's (if at the least any such were), ^^Agrippa 
supposeth to have happened by force of imagination : that some are turned to wolves, 
from men to women, and women again to men (which is constantly believed) to the 
same imagination ; or from men to asses, dogs, or any other shapes. ^* Wierus as- 
cribes all those famous transformations to imagination ; that in hydrophobia they 
seem to see the picture of a dog, still in their water, '^^that melancholy men and sick 
men conceive so many phantastical visions, apparitions to themselves, and have such 
absurd apparitions, as that they are kings, lords, cocks, bears, apes, owls ; that they 
are heavy, light, transparent, great and little, senseless and dead (as shall be showed 
more at large, in our ""sections of symptoms), can be imputed to nought else, but to 
corrupt, false, and violent imagination. It works not in sick and melancholy jnen 
only, but even most forcibly sometimes in such as are sound : it makes them sud- 
denly sick, and '''alters their temperature in an instant. And sometimes a strong 
conceit or apprehension, as ^^Valesius proves, will take away diseases : in both kinds 
it will produce real effects. Men, if they see but another man tremble, giddy or sick 
of some fearful disease, their apprehension and fear is so strong in this Jcind, that they 
will have the same disease.. Or if by some soothsayer, wiseman, fortune-teller, or 
physician, they be told they shall have such a disease, they will so seriously appre- 
hend it, that they will instantly labour of it. A thing familiar in China (sailh Ric- 
cius the Jesuit), ^^'^ If it be told them they shall be sick on such a day, when that 
day comes they will surely be sick, and will be so terribly afflicted, that somethnes 
they die upon it. Dr. Cotta in his discovery of ignorant practitioners of physic, 
cap. 8, hath two strange stories to this purpose, what fancy is able to do. The one 
of a parson's wife in Northamptonshire, .^n. 1607, that coming to a physician, and 
told by him that she was troubled with the sciatica, as he conjectured (a disease she 
was free from), the same night after her return, upon his words, fell into a grievous 
fit of a sciatica : and such another example he hath of another good wife, that was 
so troubled with the cramp, after the same manner she came by it, because hej^^hy- 
siciandid but name it. Sometimes death itself is caused by force of phantasy. '4^ have 
heard of one that coming by chance in company of him that v/as thought to be sick 
of the plague (which was not so) fell down suddenly dead. Another was sick of 
the plague with conceit. One seeing his fellow let blood fails down in a swoon 
Another (saith '""Cardan out of Aristotle), fell down dead (which is familiar to wo- 
men at any ghastly sight), seeing but a man hanged. A Jew in France (saith ' Lo- 
dovicus Vives), came by chance over a dangerous passage or plank, that lay over a 
brook in the dark, without harm, the next day perceiving what danger he was in. 
fell down dead. Many will not believe such stories to be true, but laugh commonly, 
and deride when they hear of them ; but let these men consider with themselves, as- 
^ Peter Byarus illustrates it, If they were set to walk upon a plank on high, they 
would be giddy, upon which they dare securely walk upon the ground. Many 
(saith Agrippa), ^" strong-hearted men otherwise, tremble at such sights, dazzle, and 

«' Qiiidnon fffitui adhuc matri unito, suhitaspiritiium I s^Fr. Vales. I. 5. cont. 6. nonnnnqiiam etiam morbl 
vibratioiiH per iiervos, qiiiluis matrix cerebro con- diuturiiicnnsequuntur, qiiandoque curantiir. »>» Ex- 
juncta est, iiiipriiuit inipresnatie imaKinalio ■> ul si pfdit. in Sinas, 1. 1. c. 9. tantiim porro inuiti prsedicto- 
imaginetnr malum eranaluiii, illins notas secum pro- ribiis hisce trihuunt ut ipse metns fidem facial : nam 
ferel fretus : Si jeporem, inCans edilur supremo labello si priedicinm iis fuerit tali die eos morbo corripiend(»a, 
hilido, et dis.^eclo : Vehemeiis coj;ilatio niovet renim ii nbi dies advenerit, in mnrbum incidiint, et vi metiis 
upecies. Wier. lib. 3. cap. 8. 'J- Ne diim iiternm i afflitti, cum sgritudine, aliquando etiam cum morle 

gestent, admittant absurdas cogitationes, sail et visu, I colhutantur. i"" Subtil. 18. ' Lib. 3. rie anima. 

audituque fa^da et horrenda devitent. WQccult. ' cap. de mcl. ^i^ib. de Peste. 3 Lib. 1, cap. 6.3. 

Phiios. i<b, 1. cap. 61. "i Lib. 3. de Lamiis, cap. 10. Ex alto despicientes aliqui prre timore contremiscint, 

"^ Agrippa, lib 1. cap. 64. »« Sect. 3. memb L sub- cali(!ant, iiifirmantur ; sic Riiig\iltiis, febres, morol 

sect 3 "Malleus malefic, fiil. 77. corpus niutari comiliales quandoque aequuntur, quandoque recediiut 

Mttest in diversasKgritudines, ex forti appreliensione. I 



Mem. 3. Subs. 3.] Division of Perturbations. 161 

are sick, if they look but down from a high place, and what moves them but con- 
ceit .?" As some are so molested by phantasy ; so some again, by fancy alone, and 
good conceit, are as easily recovered. We see commonly the tooth-ache, gout, fall 
iug-sickness, biting of a mad dog, and many such maladies cured by spells, words, 
characters, and charms, and many green woxmds by that now so much used Unguen- 
tum Armarium, magnetically cured, which CroUius and Goclenhis in a book of late 
hath defended, Libavius in a just tract as stiffly contradicts, and most men controvert 
All the world knows there is no virtue in such charms or cures, but a strong conceit 
and opinion alone, as ■* Pomponatius holds, " which forceth a motion of the humours, 
spirits, and blood, which takes away the cause of the malady from the parts affected." 
The like we may say of our magical effects, superstitious cures, and such as are done 
by mountebanks and wizards. ••' As by wicked incredulity many men are hurt (so 
saith *Wierus of charms, spells, &.C.), we find in our experience, by the same means 
many are relieved." An empiric ollentimes, and a silly chirurgeon, doth more 
strange cures tlian a rational physician. Nymannus gives a reason, because the pa- 
tient puts his confidence in him, ^ which Avicenna '•'prefers before art, precepts, and 
all remedies wliatsoever." 'Tis opinion alone (saith '^ Cardan), that makes or mars 
physicians, and he doth the best cures, according to Hippocrates, in whom most trust. 
So diversely doth this phantasy of ours affect, turn, and wind, so imperiously command 
our bodies, which as another ^"Proteus, or a chameleon, can'take all shapes; and is 
of such force (as Ficinus adds), that it can work upon others, as well as ourselves." 
How can otherwise blear eyes in one man cause the like affection in another ^ Why 
doth one mane's yawning ®make another yawn ? One man's pissing provoke a second 
many times to do the like } Why doth scraping of trenchers offend a third, or hack- 
ing of flies-} Why doth a carcass bleed wheii the murderer is brought before it, some 
weeks after the murder hath been done .? Why do witches and old women fascinate 
and bewitch children : but as Wierus, Paracelsus, Cardan, Mizaldus, Valleriola, Ca3sar 
Vanninus, Campanella, and many philosophers think, the forcible imagination of the 
one party moves and alters the spirits of the other. Nay more, they can cause and 
cure not only diseases, maladies, and several infirmnies, by this means, as Avicenna, 
de anim. I. 4. sect. 4, supposeth in parties remote, but move bodies from their places, 
cause thunder, lightning, tempests, which opinion Alkindus, Paracelsus, and some 
others, approve ol". So that I may certainly conclude this strong conceit or imagina- 
tion is astrum ho7Jiinis, and the rudder of this our ship, which reason should steer, 
but, overborne by phantasy, cannot manage, and so surfers itself, and this whole vessel 
of ours to be overruled, and often overturned. Read more of this in Wierus, /. 3. 
de Lamiis, c. 8, 9, 10. Franciscus Valesius, med. cont.rov. I. 5. cant. 6. Marcellus 
Donatus, I. 2. c. \. de hist. med. mirabil. Levinus Lemnius, de occult, nat. mir. I. 1 
c. 12. Cardan, Z. 18. de rerum var. Corn. Agrippa, de occult, philos. cap. 04, 65 
Camerarius, 1 cent. cap. 54. horarum subcis. Nymannus, morat. de Imag. Lauren 
tins, and him that is insfar omnium, Fienus, a famous physician of Antwerp, that 
wrote three books de viribus imaginationis. I have thus far digressed, because this 
imagination is the medium deferens of passions, by whose means they work and 
produce many times prodigious effects : and as the phantasy is more or less intend'^d 
or remitted, and their humours disposed, so do perturbations move, -more or less, and 
take deeper impression. 

SuBSECT. HI. — Division of PfHirbations. 

Perturbations and passions, which trouble the pht*itasy, though they dwell be- 
tween the confines of sense and reason, yet they rather follow sense than reason, be- 
cause they are drowned in corporeal organs of sense. They are commonly '"reducec' 
into two inclinations, irascible and concupiscible. The Thomists suodivide them into 

* Lib. de Incantatione, Imaginatio subitum humorum, I ' Plures sanat in queni plures confldunt. lib. de sapi- 
et snirituum molum infert, unde varlo affertu rapitur I entia. ''Marcelius Ficinus, 1. 13. c. 18. de theolog 

•anKuis, ac un4 inotbificas causas parlibus affectis | Platonica. Imaginatio est tanqunra Proteus vcl Cha- 
eripit. 6i,ib. 3. c. 18. de prsestig. Ut impia ere- j meleon, corpus proprium et alicnum nonnunquam 

duiitatequis Iffditur, sic et levari eundem credibile est, 1 afficiens. ''Cut oscitaiites oscitont, Wierua 

iisuque observatum. " iEgri persuasio et fiducia, i ^oT. W. Jesuit. 

DMinl arti et consilio et medicinae praeferenda. Avicen. ' 

21 o 2 



1 62 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 Si^c. '-^ 

elever., six ii the coveting, and five in the invading. Aristotle reduceth ad to plea- 
sure and pain, Plato to love and hatred, " Vives to good and bad. If good, it is pre- 
«ient, and then we absolutely joy and love; or to come, and tlien we desire and hojie 
for it. If evil, we absolute hate it ; if present, it is by sorrow ; if to come fear. These 
four passions '^ Bernard compares " to tire wheels of a chariot, by whicli we are car- 
ried in this world." All other passions are subordinate unto these four, or six, as 
some will : love, joy, desire, hatred, sorrow, fear; the rest, as anger, envy, emula- 
tion, pride, jealousy, anxiety, mercy, shame, discontent, despair, ambition, avarice, 
&.C., are reducible unto the first; and if they be immoderate, they '^consume the 
spirits, and melancholy is especially caused by them. Some few discreet men theu 
are, that can govern themselves, and curb in these inordinate atlections, by religion, 
philosophy, and such divine precepts, of meekness, patience, and the like ; but mosi 
part for want of government, out of indiscretion, ignorance, they suHer themselves 
wholly to be led by sense, and are so far from repressing rebellious inclinations, that 
they give all encouragement unto them, leaving the reins, and using all provocations 
to further them : bad by nature, worse by art, discipline, "custom, education, and a 
perverse will of their own, they follow on, wheresoever their unbridled affections 
will transport them, and do more out of custom, self-will, than out of reason. Con- 
tumax iH)luntas^ as Melancthon calls it, malum facit : this stubborn will of ours per- 
verts judgment, which sees and knows what should and ought to be done, and yet 
v'ill not do it. Mancipia gulcR., slaves to their several lusts and appetite, they pre- 
cipitate and plunge 'Hliemselves into a labyrinth of cares, blinded with lust, blinded 
with ambition ; '"'■''They seek that at God's hands which they may give unto them- 
selves, if they could but refrain from those cares and perturbations, wherewith they 
continually macerate tlieir minds." ^ But giving way to these violent passions of fear, 
grief, shame, revenge, hatred, malice, &c., they are torn in pieces, as Actaeon was 
with his dogs, and '"crucify their own souls. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Sorrow a Cause of Melancholy. 

Sorroxo. Insanus dolor.] L\ this catalogue of passions, which so much torment 
the soul of man, and cause this malady, (for I will briefly speak of them all, and in theii 
order,) the first place in this irascible appetite, may justly be challenged by sorrow. 
An inseparable companion, "*'•'• The mother and daughter of melancholy, her epitome, 
symptom, and chief cause :" as Hippocrates hath it, they beget one another, and tread 
in a ring, for sorrow is both cause and symptom of this disease. How it is a symp- 
tom shall be shown in its place. That it is a cause all the world acknowledgeth. 
Dolor nonnullis insanice, causa fait., et aliorum morhorum msanabiliujn., saith Plutarch 
to Apollonius ; a cause of madness, a cause of many other diseases, a sole cause of 
this mischief, '^Lemnius calls it. So doth Rhasis, conf. I. 1. tract. 9. Guinerius, 
Tract. 15. c. 5, And if it take root once, it ends in despair, as ^"Foslix Plater ob- 
serves, and as in ^'Cebes' table, may well be coupled with it. ^^Chrysostom, in liis 
seventeenth epistle to Olympia, describes it to be " a cruel torture of the soul, a most 
inexplicable grief, poisoned worm, consuming body and soul, and gnawing the very 
heart, a perpetual executioner, continual night, profound darkness, a whirlwind, a 
tempest, an ague not appearing, heating worse than any fire, and a battle that hath no 
end. It crucifies worse than any tyrant ; no torture, no strappado, no bodilv punish- 

"3. de Aninia. '2Ser. 35. H(e qiiatiior passiones boles atri humoris sunt, et in circuliim se procreant. 

mnttanquain rotiein curru,qiiibus veliiniur hoc niundo. Hip. Aphoris. 23. I. 6. Ide m Montallus, ...ip. 19, Vie- 

''H.iniui qiiippe inimoderatione, spiritiis marcescunt. torius FaventUMTSi'ifrkcl. iiuag. '"M'llti ex niterore 
Feme). 1. 1. I'ath. c 18. " Mala consuetndiiie depra- , et metu luic delapsi sunt. I^enin., lib. 1. cap. 10. 
vatur ingeniuui ne bene facial. Prosper Caleiius, 1. de ; '■^'' Multa cura et tristitia faciunt accedere nielancho- 

alra bile. Plura faciunt hnuiines ^coiisuetudine quam Ham (cap. 3. de mentis alien ) si altas iidices ajral, ip 

6 ratione. A teneiis assuescere niultum est. A'ideo veram fixamque degenerat Mielancholiam et in de.spe- 

meliora proboque deteriora sequor. Ovid. '^Nenio rationeni desiriit. '-' Ille luctus. ejus verO soror 

Isditiir nisi Jlseipso. '^ MnUi ge j,, inquietudiiiem desperatio siniul ponitur. ^-Aniiiiarum crudele 

praicipitant ambitione et cupidllatlbus exciecati, non tormentum, dolor inexplicabilis, tinea non solum ossa, 

intelli^unt se illud k diis petere, quod sibi ipsis si ve- sed corda pertingens, perpetuus carnifex, vires anims 

lint prKstare possint, si curis et perturbationibus, qui- consumens, jut'is no.x, et tenebrffi profundie, tempostas 

bus assidue se macerant, imperare velleiit. i' Tanto et turbo et febris non ajiparens, onini ijine validiiu 

■tudio niiseriarum causas. et alimenta dolornm qua-ri- 'ncendens ; Innsior. et pugna' finem non liabons 

mils, vitamque secus fiMicissimam, tristein et misera- Crucem circumlfert dolor, facieuique omni tyraiinc 

bilem pfficinius. Petrarch, prsfat. de Rnmediis, &c. crudelioreni pree se fert. 
'* Timor et inoestitia, si diu perseverent, causa et so- 



Vlcni. 3. Subs, 5.] 



Fear., a Cause. 



163 



ment is like unto it. 'Tis the eagle without question which the poets feigned to'gnaw 
'^Promeliieus' heart, and "no heaviness is like unto the heaviness of the heart," 
Eccles. XXV. 15, 16. ^''" Every perturbation is a misery, but grief a cruel torment," 
a domineering passion : as in old Rome, when the Dictator was created, ^11 inferior 
magistracies ceased ; when grief appears, all other passions vanish. " It dries up the 
bones," saith Solomon, ch. 17. Pro., "makes them hollow-eyed, pale, and lean, fur- 
row-faced, to have dead looks, wrinkled brows, shrivelled cheeks, dry bodies, and 
quite perverts their temperature that are misaflected with it. As Eleonara, that exiled 
mournful duchess (in our ^* English Ovid), laments to her noble husband Humphrey; 
Duke of Gloucester, 

I, _ , , ., .t<-ii. Sorrow hath so despoil 'd me of all grace, 

' Sawest thou those eyes in whose sweet cneeriul look 

Duke Humphrey once such joy and pleasure took, 



Thou couldst not say this was my Eluor's face. 
Like a foul Gorgon," &.c. 



^^"it hinders concoction, refrigerates the heart, takes away stomach, colour, and 
sleep, tliickens tlie blood, ^''(Fernelius, I. 1. c. 18. de morb. causis.) contaminates the 
spirits." ^^(Piso.) Overthrows the natural heat, perverts the good estate of body 
and mind, and makes them weary of tlieir lives, cry out, howl and roar for very 
anguish of their souls. David confessed as much. Psalm xxxviii. 8, " I have roared 
for the very disquietness of my heart." And Psalm cxix. 4, part 4 v. " My soul 
melteth away for very heaviness," v. 38. " I am like a bottle in the smoke." An- 
tiochus complained that he could not sleep, and that his heart fainted for grief, 
^* Christ himself, Vir dolorum., out of an apprehension of grief, did sweat blood. 
Mark xiv. " His sool was heavy to the death, and no sorow was like unto his." 
Crato, consil. 21. I. 2, gives instance in one that was so melancholy by reason of 
^ grief ; and Montanus, consil. 30, in a noble matron, ^'" that had no other cause of 
this mischief" I. S. D. in Hildesheim, fully cured a patient of his that was much 
troubled with melancholy, and for many years, ''^but afterwards, by a little occasion 
of sorrow, he fell into his former fits, and was tormented as before." Examples are 
common, how it causeth melancholy, ^^desperation, and sometimes death itself; 
for (Eccles. xxxviii. 15,) "Of heaviness comes death; worldly sorrow causeth 
death." 2 Cor. vii. 10, Psalm xxxi. 10, "My life is wasted with heaviness, and my 
years with mourning." Why was Hecuba said to be turned to a dog ? Niobe into 
a stone .^ but that for grief she was senseless and stupid. Severus the Emperor'*'* 
died for grief-; and how ^^many myriads besides.? Tanta illi est. feritas, tanta est 
insanla luctus?^ 'sl\ lelan cthon gives a reason of it, ^'"the gathering of much melan- 
choly blood about the heart, which collection extinguisheth the good spirits, or at 
least duUeth them, sorrow strikes the heart, makes it tremble and pine away, with 
great pain ; and the black blood drawn from the spleen, and diffused under the ribs, 
on the left side, makes those perilous hypochondriacal convulsions, which happen 
to them that are troubled with sorrow." 

SuBSECT. V. — Fear^ a Cause. 

Cousin german to sorrow, is fear, or rather a sister, Jidus .Achates, and continual 
companion, an assistant and a principal agent in procuring of this mischief; a cause 
and symptom as the other. In a word, as ''^Virgil of the Harpies, I may justly say 
of them both, 

"Tristius haud illis monstrum, nee Sfevior ulla I "A sadder monster, or more cruel plague so fell, 
Pcstis et ira Deum stygiis sese extulit undis." | Or vengeance of the gods, ne'er came from Styx or Hell." 

This foul fiend of fear was worshipped heretofore as a god by the I^acedaemo- 
nians, and most of those other torturing "^ affections, and so was sorrow amongst 

23 Nat. Comes Mythol. 1. 4. c. 6. 24Tully 3. Tusc. 
oinnis perturbatio miseria et carnificina est dolor. 
's M. Drayton in his Her. ep. -^ Crato consil. 21. 

lib. 2. moestitia universum infrigidat corpus, calorem 
innatuin extinguit, appetitum destruit. 27 cor re- 

frigerat tristitia, spiritus exsiccat, innatumque calorem 
obruit, vigilias inducit, concoctionem laberfactat, san- 
guinem incrassat, exageratque melancholicum suc- 
cum. 28Spifi[„ggt sanguis hoc conlaminatur. 

Piso. 29j|arc. vi. 16. II. so Msrore maceror, 

marcesco et conseriesco miser, ossa atque pellis sum 
misera macritndice. Plaut. si Malum ineeptum 

et actum iL tristi'ia sola. ^ Hildesheim, spicel. 2. 

de me anrholia, maerore animi postea accedente, in 



priora symptomata incidit. S3 vives, 3. df anima, 

c. de maerore. Sabin. in Ovid. s^Herodian. 1. 3. 

mEerore magis quern morbo consumptus est. ss Bolh- 
wellius atribilarius obiit Brizarrus Genuensis hist. &c. 
"^So great is the fierceness and madness of melan- 
choly. 27 Moestitia cor quasi percussum constringi- 
tur, iremit et languescit cum acri sensu dolorin. In 
tristitia cor fugiens altrahit ex Splene lentum humo- 
rem melancholicum, qui effusus sub costis in sinistro 
latere hypocondriacos flatus facit, quod sffpe accidil 
iis qui diuturna cura et moestitia conflictantur. Me- 
lancihon. 3^ l,ib. 3. JEri. 4. SJ Et nietuni ideo 

deam sacrarunt ut bonam memem concederet. Varrcs 
Lactantius, Aug. 



164 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. 

the rest, under the name of Angerona Dea, they stood in such awe of them, as 
Aujstin, de Civitat. Dei., lib. 4. cap. 8, noteth out of Varro, fear was commonly 
'"adored and painted in their temples with a lion's head ; and as Macrobius records, 
I. 10. Saturnallum ; '''' In the calends of January, Angerona had her holy day, to 
whom in the temple of Volupia, or goddess of pleasure, their augurs and bishops did 
yearly sacrifice ; tliat, being propitious to them, she might expel all cares, anguish, 
and vexation of the mind for that year following." Many lamentable efl'ects this 
fear causeth in men, as to be red, pale, tremble, sweat, "^it makes sudden cold and 
heat to come over all the body, palpitation of the heart, syncope, &c. It amazeth 
many men that are to speak, or show themselves in public assemblies, or before 
some great personagcs./as TuUy confessed of himself, that he trembled still at the 
beginning of his speech ; and Demosthenes, that great orator of Greece, before 
Philippus. It confounds voice and memory, as Lucian wittily brings in Jupiter 
Tragoedus, so much afraid of his auditory, when he was to make a speech to the 
rest of the Gods, that he could not utter a ready word, but was compelled to use 
Mercury's help in prompting. , Many men are so amazed and astonished with fear, 
they know not where they are, what they say, ""^ what they do, and that which is 
worst, it tortures them many days before with continual alfrights and suspicion. It 
hinders most honourable attempts, and makes their hearts ache, sad and heavy. 
They that live in fear are never free, ^^ resolute, secure, never merry, but in continual 
pain : that, as Vives truly said, JVulla est miseria major quitm metus, no greater 
misery, no rack, nor torture like unto it, ever suspicious, anxious, solicitous, they 
are childishly drooping without reason, without judgment, ''^"especially if some 
terrible object be ofTered," as Plutarch hath it. It causeth ol'tentimes sudden mad- 
ness, and almost all manner of diseases, as I have sufTiciently illustrated in my 
*® digression of the force of imagination, and shall do more at large in my' section 
of ■*' terrors. Fear makes our imagination conceive what it list, invites the devil to 
come to us, as "" Agrippa and Cardan avouch, and tyrannizeth over our phantasy more 
than all other affections, especially in the dark. We see this verified in most men, 
as "'^Lavater saith. Qua; mctuunt, fingunt ; what they fear they conceive, and feign 
unto themselves ; they think they see goblins, hags, devils, and many times become 
melancholy thereby. Cardan, subtil, lib. 18, hath an example of such an one, so 
caused to be melancholy (by sight of a bugbear) all his life after. Augustus Caesai 
durst not sit in the dark, nisi aliquo assidente, saith ^"Suetonius, JVunquam tenebris 
evigilavit. And 'tis strange what women and children will conceive unto them- 
selves, if they go over a church-yard in the night, lie, or be alone in a dark room, 
how they sweat and tremble on a sudden. Many men are troubled with future 
events, foreknowledge of their fortunes, destinies, as Severus the Emperor, Adrian 
and Domitian, Quod scirct ultimum vita' diern^ saith Suetonius, valde solicilus, much 
tortured in mind because he foreknew his end; with many such, of which T shall 
speak more opportunely in another place.^' Anxiety, mercy, pity, indignation, &.C., 
and such fearful branches derived from these two stems of fear and sorrow, I volun- 
tarily omit; read more of them in ^^Carolus Pascalius, ^^Dandinus, &c. 

Sub SECT. VI. — Shame and Disgrace., Causes. 

Shame and disgrace cause most violent passions and bitter pangs. Ob pudorem 
et dedecus publicum, ob errorum commissum scBpe moventur gencrosi animi (Foelix 
Plater, lib. 3. de alienat mentis.) Generous minds are often moved with shame, to 
despair for some public disgrace. And he, saith Philo, lib. 2. de provid. dei., *''" that 
subjects himself to fear, grief, ambition, shame, is not happy, but altogether miserable, 



*Liliiia Girald. Syntag. 1. de diis nilscellaniis. 
*' Calendis Jan. feria; sunt diva; Anijerona", ciii pon- 
tifice8 in sacello Volupiffi sacra faeiiint, quod angores 
et animi solicitudines propitiata propellat. ''-Ti- 

mor inducit frigus, cordis palpitationem, vocis defec- 
tum atqiie pallorem. Agrippa, lib. 1. cap. 63. Tiniidi 
semper spiritus habent frigidos. Mont. « Effusas 

fernens fugientes agmine turmas ; quia mea nunc 
inflat cornua Fauniis aitl Alciat. ■'^Metus non 



'•''Lib. de fortitudine et virtute Alexandri, ubi propft 
res adfuit tprribilis. ''6 Sect. 2. Mem. 3. Subs. 2. 

4' Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Subs. 3. « Subtil. 18. lib. 

timor attraliit ad se Diemonas, timer et error niultum 
in honiinibus possunt. -is Lib. 2. Spectris ca. 3. 

fortes rar6 spectra vident, quia minus timent. f'*' Vita 
ejus. 61 Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Suba. 7. 62 De virl. 

et vitiis. 63 Com. in Arist. de Anima. 64 (Jul 

mentem suhjecit tinioris doniinationi, ciipiditatis, do- 



lolum mcmoriam conslernat, sed et institutum animi 1 loris, ambitionis, pudoris, felix non est. «ed omnintt 
omne e,' 'uudabilem conatum impedit. Thucidides. 1 miser, assiduis laborius torquetiir et misert^. 



Arem. 3. Suds. 6.j Shame and Disgrace^ Causes. 165 

toiUired with continual laDoiir, care, and misery^ It is as forcible a batterer as any 
• if the rest : '^'•Q'lany men neglect the tumults of the world, and care not for glory 
and yet they are afraid of infamy, repulse, disgrace, [Tul. offic. 1. 1,) they can se 
verely contemn pleasure, bear grifif indifferently, but they are qtiite '^'^ battered and 
broken with reproach and obloquy :" (^siquidem vita ei fama pari passu ambulant) 
and are so dejected many times for some public injury, disgrace, as a box on the ear 
by their inferior, to be overcome of their adversary, foiled in the field, to be out in a 
speech, some foul fact committed or disclosed, &c. that they dare not come abroad 
all their lives after, but melancholize in corners, and keep in holes. The most 
generous spirits are most subject to it; Spiritus altos frangit et gcnerosos : Hiero- 
nymus. .4!'Mplle, because he could not understand the motion of Euripus, for grief 
and shame drowned himself: CceJius Rodiginus antiquar. lee. lib. 29. cap. 8. Home- 
rus piidore co7isumptus., was swallowed up with this passion of shame ^'"because 
he could not unfold the fisherman's riddle." v^pliocles killed himself, ^^"for that a 
tragedy of his was hissed off" the stage :" VoTer. max. lib. 9. cap. 12. Lticretia 
stabbed herself, and so did *® Cleopatra, '•'• when she saw that she was reserved for a 
triumph, to avoid the infamy." iAntonius the Roman, ^°" after he was overcome of 
his enemy, for three days' space sat solitary in the fore-part of the ship, abstaining 
from all company, even of Cleopatra herself, and afterwards for very shame butchered 
himself," Plutarch, vita ejus. " Apollonius llhodius ^'wilfully banished himself, 
forsaking his country, and all his dear friends, because he was out in reciting his 
poems," Plinius, lib. 7. cap. 23. Ajax ran mad, because his arms were adjudged to 
Ulysses. In China 'tis an ordinary thing for such as are excluded in those famous, 
trials of theirs, or should take degrees, for shame and grief to lose their wits, ^'^Mat 
Riccius expedit. ad Sinas., I. 3. c. 9. Hostratus the friar took that book which 
Reuclin had writ against him, under the name of Epi-st. obscurorum virormn., so to 
heart, that for shame and grief he made away with himself, ^'^Jovius in elogiis. A 
grave and learned minister, and an ordinary preacher at Alcrnar in Holland, was (one 
day as he walked in the fields for his recreation) suddenly taken with a lax or loose- 
ness, and thereupon compelled to retire to the next ditch; but being ^^ surprised at 
unawares, by some gentlewomen of his parish wandering that way, was so abashed, 
that he did never after show his head in public, or come into the pulpit, but pined 
away with melancholy: [Pet. Forestus med. observat. lib. 10. observat. 12.) So 
shame amongst other passions can play his prize. 

I Know there be many base, impudent, brazen-faced rogues, that will ^^JVulld 
pallescere culpa, be moved with nothing, take no infamy or disgrace to heart, laugh 
at all ; let them be proved perjured, stigmatized., convict rogues, thieves, traitors, 
lose their ears, be whipped, branded, carted, pointed at, hissed, reviled, and derided 
with ^''Ballio the Bawd in Plauius, they rejoice at it, Cantores probos ; "babe and 
Bombax," what care they .'' We have too many such in our times, 



0^ 



-" Exclaniat Melicerta perisse 
-Fronteiii de rebus."''' 



Yet a modest man, one that hath grace, a generous spirit, tender of his reputation, 
M'ill he deeply wounded, and so grievously afi(?cted with it, that he had rather give 
myriads of crowns, lose his life, than suffer the least defamation of honour, or blol 
in his good name. 'And if so be that he cannot avoid it, as a nightingale. Que can- 
tando victa moritur., (saith ^^Mizaldus,) dies for shame if another bird sing better, he 
languisheth and pineth away in the anguish of his spirit. 

65 Mjlli conteinnuiit niuiidi strepit'im. reputaiit pro | duntur. ^^ Hostratus ciicullatus adeo praviter ob 

nihi o fjloriam, sed timenl infamiam, offeiisioneni, re- Reuclini librum, qui iiiscribitur, Epislolse obscurorum 
pulsaui. Voluptatem severissiiiiS conteinnunt, in do- virorum, dolore siinul et pudore sauciatus, ut seipsutn 
lore hunt molliores, gloriani nepligunt, franguntur ' iuterfecerit. ^* Propter ruborem confnsus, statim 

infamia. sBGravius contumeliani feriinus quam j cepit delirare, &c. ob suspicionem, quod vili ilium 

detrirnentum, ni abjecto niinis aniiiio simus. Plut. in I criniine accusarent. '■'Herat. ^^ Ps. Inipudice 
Timol. "Quod piscatoris enigma solvere non i E. ita est. Ps. sceleste. B. dicis vera Ps. Verbero. B, 

posset. M Ob Tragffidiani explosam, mortem sibi 

gladio concivit. wcum vidit in triumphum se 

servari, causa ejus isnoniiniR vitandie mortem sibi 
concivit. Plut. "<> Bello victus, per tres dies sedit 

ii. prora navis, abstinens ah omni consortio, etiam 
Cieopati'E, postea se interfecit. ei Cum male re- 

citasset Argoiiautica, ob pudorem exulavit. '''■ Qui- 
dam pre verecundia simul et dolore in insaniam incl- 
dukit, eo quod a titeralorum gradu in examine exclu- 



quippeni Ps. furcifer. B. factum optiine. Ps. socl 
fraude. B. sunt mea istaec Ps. parricida B. perge t«l 
Ps. sacrilege. B. fateor. Ps. perjure B. vera dicis. Ps 
per!i!ties adolescentum B. acerrime. Ps. fur. B. babe 
rs. fugitive. B. bombax. Ps. fraus populi. B. Plants- 
sinie. Ps. impure leno, cosnum. B cantnres probos. 
Pseudoius. ad. 1 Seen. 3. "'Melicerta exclaims, 

"all shame lias vanished from human transactions.' 
Pereius. Sat. V. «» Cent. 7. « Plinio. 



166 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2 

SuBSECT. VII. — Envy, Malice, Hatred, Causes. 

Envy and malice are two links of this chain, and both, as Guianerius, Tract. 15. 
cap. 2, proves out of Galen, 3 Aphorism, com. 22, '^*" cause this malady by them- 
selves, especially if their bodies be otherwise disposed to melancholy." 'Tis Va- 
lescus de Taranta, and Foelix Platerus' observation, ™"Envy so gnaws many men's 
hearts, that they become altogether melancholy." And therefore belike Solomon, 
Prov. xiv. 13, calls it, " the rotting of the bones," Cyprian, vulnus occullum ; 

'1 " Siciili non invenfere tyranni 

Majus tornientuiii" 

The Sicilian tyrants never invented the like torment. It crucifies their souls, withers 
their bodies, makes them hollow-eyed, '^ pale, lean, and ghastly to behold. Cyprian, 
ser. 2. de zelo et livore. "" As a moth gnaws a garment, so," saith Chrysostom, 
" doth envy consume a man ;" to be a living anatomy : a " skeleton, to be a lean 
and '""pale carcass, quickened with a "fiend. Hall in Charact." for so often as an 
envious wretch sees another man prosper, to be enriched, to thrive, and be fortunate 
in the world, to get honours, offices, or the like, he repines and grieves. 

'" " intabescitque videndo 

Successus homiiuiin suppliciuiiiqiie suum est." 

He tortures himself if his equal, friend, neighbour, be preferred, commended, do 
well ; if he understand of it, it galls him afresh ; and no greater pain can come to 
him than to hear of another man's well-doing ; 'tis a dagger at his heart every such 
object. He looks at him as they that fell down in Lucian's rock of honour, with an 
envious eye, and will damage himself, to do another a mischief: Jltque cadet subito, 
dum super hoste cadat. As he did in ^Esop, lose one eye willingly, that his fellow 
miglit lose both, or that rich man in "Quintilian that poisoned the flowers in his 
garden, because his neighbour's bees sliould get no more honey from them. His 
whole life is sorrow, and every word he speaks a satire : nothing fats him but other 
men's ruins. For to speak in a word, envy is nought else but Tristitia de bonis 
alienis, sorrow for other men's good, be it present, past, or to come : et gaudium de 
adversis, and "^joy at their harms, opposite to mercy, '''which grieves at other men's 
mischances, and misafFects the body in another kind ; so Damascen defines it, lib. 2. 
de art hod. fid. Thomas, 2. 2. quasi. 36. art. I. Aristotle, Z. 2. Rhet. c. 4. et JO. 
Plato Philebo. TuUy, 3. Tusc. Greg. JYic. I. de virt. animce, c. 12. Basil, de Invi- 
dia. Pindarus Od. 1. ser. 5, and we find it true. 'Tis a common disease, and almost 
natural to us, as ^Tacitus holds, to envy another man's prosperity. And 'tis in most 
men an incurable disease. *'" I have read," saith Marcus Aurelius, " Greek, Hebrew, 
Chaldee authors ; I have consulted with many wise men for a remedy for envy, 1 
could find none, but to renounce all happiness, and to be a wretch, and miserable 
for ever." 'Tis the beginning of hell in this life, and a passion not to be excused. 
'^"(.Every other sin hath some pleasure annexed to it, or will admit of an excuse; 
envy alone wants both. Other sins last but for awhile ; ihe gut may be satisfied, 
anger remits, hatred hath an end, envy never ceaseth." Cardan, lib. 2. de sap. 
Divine and humane examples are very familiar; you may run and read them, as that 
of Saul and David, Cain and Abel, angebat ilium non propriuin peccatum, sedfratris 
prosperitas, saith Theodoret, it was his brother's good fortune galled him. Rachel 
envied her sister, being barren, Gen. xxx. Joseph's brethren him. Gen. xxxvii. 
]Javid had a touch of this vice, as he confesseth, ^ Ps. 37. *^ Jeremy and ^Habbakulj, 

"^ Multos vide m\is propter invidiam et odium in in venenum niella convertens. 's Statuis cereis 

melancholiam incidissft : et illos polissimum quorum Basilius eos comparat, qui liquefiunt ad pra'sentiam 
corpora ad lianc apta sunt. '"Invidia affligil lio- | solis, qua alii (jaudent et ornaiitur. Muscis alii, quae 



mines adeo et corrodit, ut hi nielancholici penilus fiaiit. 
" Hor. '-His vultus minax, torvus aspectus, pallor 
in facie, in labils tremor, stridor in dentibus, &c. 
'•■lit tinea corrodit vestimentum sic, invidia; eum 
qui zelatur consumit. '■■* Pallor in ore sedet, macies 



ulceribus gaudent, aniffina prauereiint sistunt in feti- 
dis. "i* Misericordia etiam qua; trislilia quffidaiD 

est, saepe miserantis corpus male afficit Agrippa. 1. 1. 
cap. fi3. "'Insituin mortalibus a r.atura recenteni 

aliorem fselicitatem iesris oculis intueri, hist. I. 2 



in corpore toto. Nusquam recta acies, livent rubigine ' Tacit. ■*' Legi Chalda-os, Gra'.os, llebrtEos, con- 

dentes. '^Dijidoij expressa Imago, toxicum cha- sului sapientes proremedio invidiie. hoc enim inveni, 

ritatis, venenum amiciliffi, abyssus mentis, non est eo renunciare felicitati, et perpetub miser ease ''^Onane 
monstrosius monstrum, damnosius damnum, urit, tor- I peccatum aut excusationem secum habet, aut vohip 
ret, discruciat niacie et squalore conficit. Austin, tatem, sola iiividia utraque caret, reliqua vitia fineui 
Domin primi. Advent. "''Ovid. lie pines away habent, ira defervescit, gula saliatur, odi ••m firem 

at ibe sight of another's success it is his special i habet, invidii nunquam quiescit. mi t^bat m« 

•.oiture. '' Declam. 1.^ Univil ^-es maleticissuccis I Kmulatio propter stultos. i*^Hier. 12. 1. "^Hal.J 



Mem. 3 Subs. 8.] Emulatum^ Hatred, 8fc. 167 

they repined at others' good, but in tlie end they corrected themselves, Ps. 75, " frel 
not thyself," &c. Domitian spited i\giicola for his worth, ^®" that a private man 
should be so much glorified. '^''Cecinna Avas envied of his fellow-citizens, because 
he was more richly adorned. But of all others, ^^" women are most weak, ob pvl~ 
dintudinem invkice sunt fcemincB (^Musceiis) aut amat, aid odit, nihil est tertium 
( Granatensis.) (They love or bate, no medium amongst them. Tmplacabiles ple- 
rumquc lasce rmilieres, Agrippina like, ^^" A woman, if she see her neighbour more 
r^at or elegant, richer in tires, jewels, or apparel, is enraged, and like a lioness sets 
upon her husband, rails at her, scoffs at her, and cannot abide her ;" so the Roman 
ladies in Tacitus did at Solonina, Cecinna's wife, ®°" because she had a better horse, 
and better furniture, as if she had hurt them Avith it; they were much offended. In 
like sort our gentlewomen do at their usual meetings, one repines or scoffs at 
another's bravery and happiness. Myrsine, an Attic wench, was murdered of her 
fellows, ^'"because she did excel the rest in beauty," Constantine. Agrlcult. Z. 11 
c. 7. Every village will yield such examples. 

SuBSECT. VIII. — Emulation, Haired, Faction, Desire of Revenge, Causes. 

Out of this root of envy ®^ spring those feral branches of faction, hatred, livor, 
emulation, which cause the like grievances, and are, serrce animce, the saws of the 
soul, ^^ consternaiionis pleni affectus, affections full of desperate amazement; or as 
Cyprian describes emulation, it is '*^''' a moth of the soul, a consumption, to make 
another man's happiness his misery, to torture, crucify, and execute himself, to eat 
his own heart. Meat and drink can do such men no good, they do always grieve, 
sigh, and groan, day and night without intermission, their breast is torn asunder:" 
and a little after, ^^" Whomsoever he is whom thou dost emulate and envy, he may 
avoid thee, but thou canst neither avoid him nor thyself; wheresoever thou art he is 
with thee, thine enemy is ever in thy breast, thy destruction is within thee, thou art 
a captive, bound hand and foot, as long as thou art malicious and envious, and canst 
rot be comforted. It was the devil's overthrow ;" and whensoever thou art thoroughly 
affected with this passion, it will be thine. Yet no perturbation so frequent, no 
passion so common. 

^ „,,,., I A potter emulates a potter: 

** Ka/ x.(PAfAo\t: ni^Aust hothi icctt Tinlovi retHacv, \ One siiiilh envies another : 

Ka.t Tii'Ji/jji Trlai^S T^'cviei »st« ac.'tToc ao/JW. | A beggar emulates a beggar ; 

I A singing man his brother. 

Every society, corporation, and private family is full of it, it takes hold almost of 
all sorts of men, from the prince to the ploughman, even amongst gossips it is to be 
seen, scarce three in a company but there is siding, faction, emulation, between two 
of them, some simuUas, jar, private grudge, heart-burning in the midst of them. 
Scarce two gentlemen dwell together in the country, (if they be not near kin or 
linked in marriage) but there is emulation betwixt them and their servants, some 
quarrel or some grudge betwixt their wives or children, friends and followers, some 
contention about wealth, gentry, precedency, &c., by means of which, like the frog,, 
in "jEsop, " that would swell till she was as big as an ox, burst herself at last ;" 
they will stretch beyond their fortunes, callings, and strive so long that they con- 
sume their substance in law-suits, or otherwise in hospitality, feasting, fine clothes, 
to get a few bombast titles, for amhitiosa pavpertate lahoramus omnes, to outbrave 
one another, they will tire their bodies, macerate their souls, and through conten- 
tions or mutual invitations beggar themselves. Scarce two great scholars in an age, 



e^Invidit privati nomen supra principis altolli. ] facere niiseriani, et velut quosdam pectori suo admo- 
•^ Tacit. Hist. lib. 2. part. 6. fsPeritiirie dolore et vere carnifices, cogitationibus et sensibus suis adhi- 

liividia, si quern viderint ornatiorem se in publicum bt^re tortores, qui se inteslinis cruciatihus lacerent. 
prodiisse. Platina dial, amorum. "« Ant. Guianerius, Non cibus talibus lietus, non potus potest esse jucun- 
lib. 2. cap. 8. vim. M. Aurelii feinina vicinam elegan- dus ; snspiratur semper et gemitur, et doletur dies et 
-ius se vestitam videns, leaenje instar in virum insur- noctes, pectus sine interniissione laceratur. s-^Quis- 
git, &c ""Quod insigni equo et ostro veheretiir, ' quis est ille quem smularis, cui invides is tesubter- 



juanquam nullius cum injuria, ornatum ilium tan- 

■juam lassae gravabantur. s" Quod pulchriludine 

amnes excelleret, puellje inriignats occiderunt. 

Late patet invidiie foicundfe pernilies, et livor radix 



fugere potest, at tu non te ubicunque fugeris adversa 

rius tuus tecum est, hostis tuus semper in pectore tuo 

est, periiicies intus inclusa, ligatus es, victiis, zelo do- 

minaiite captivus : .iCC solatia tibi iilla subveniunt* 



i>mnium malorum, fons cladiun., inde odium surgit ' hinc diabohis inter initia statim niundi, e; periit pri- 
emutatio Cyprian, ser 2. de Livore. as Valerius, mns, et perdidil, Cyprian, ser. 2 dc zelo et li7ore 

■ 3. cap, 9. '-iQualis est aninii tinea, qua; tabes si^Hesiod op dies. "' Rama cupida sequaiidi b^vem, 

MctoiiB zeia.e in alte"" vet al'orum felicitatem suam se distendebat, tec. 



168 



Causes of Melcmcliohj. 



fPail. 1. Sec 2 



out with hitler invectives tliey fall foul one on the oilier, and their adlierenis; Scotisis 
Thonii.sts, Reals, Noniinals, Plato and Aristotle, Galenists and Paracelsians, Stc, it 
holds in all professions. 

Honest ''^einnlalion in studies, in all callings is not to he disliiced, 'lis ingeniorum 
CVS. as one calls it, the whetstone of wit, the luu'se of wit and valour, and those 
nol)le l{onians out of this spirit did brave exploits. There is a modest ambition, as 
Theniistocles was roused up wilii the glory of Milliades; Achilles' trophies moved 
Alexander, 

»'■*" Aml)ir(; ^ciiippr sliill;i CKiirKlciili.i est, 
Aiiiliiit; iiiiiii|Ii;mii iIl'sus arn)gaiiliii (;.st." 

'Ti'^ a sluggish huni'^.r not to emulate or to sue at all, to withdraw himself, neglect, 
refrain from such places, honours, ollices, ihrougii sloth, niggardliness, fear, bashful- 
iiess, or otherwise, lo which by his birth, place, fortunes, education, he is called, apt, 
fit, and well able to xmdergo ; but when it is innn(Klerate, it is a plague and a miserable 
pain. What a deal of money did Henry VIII. and Francis I. king of France, spend 
at that '""fannnis interview ? and how many vain courtiers, seeking each to outbrave 
other, spent themselves, their livelihood and fortunes, aiul died beggars ' 'Adrian 
the Emperor was so galled with it, thai he killed all his equals; so did Nero. This 
passion made ^Dionysius the tyrant banish Plato and Philoxenus the poel, because 
they (hd excel and eclipse his glory, as he tlunight ; the Romans exile Coriolainis, 
confine Camillus, murder Scipio; the Greeks by ostracism to expel Aristides, Nicias, 
Alcibiades, imprison Theseus, make away Phocion, Stc. Wlien Richard I. and 
Philip of France were fellow soldiers together, at the siege of Aeon in the Holy 
Land, and Richard had approved himself lo be the more valiant man, insonuich that 
all men's eyes were upon him, it so galled Philip, Franaim urrlxil Rrg'is vlclnria^ 
saith mine ^author, /'crat cpgre ferehal Ricliardi glori'im^'nl carpcre ilicta, ca/iunniari 
facia; that he cavilled at all ids proceedings, and fell at length to open deliance-, he 
could contain no longer, but hasting home, invaded Ids territories, and professed 
open war. "■ Haired stirs up contention," Prov. x. 12, and they break out at last 
into immortal enmity, into virulency, and more than Valinian hate and rage; ''they 
persecute each other, their friends, followers, and all their posterity, with bitter taunts 
liostile wars, scurrile invectives, libels, calumnies, lire, sword, and the like, and will 
not be reconciled. Witness that Guelph and Ghibelline faction in Italy; that of the 
Adurni and Fregosi in Genoa; that of Ciieius Papirius, and Quintus ^"'abius in Rome; 
Cnssar and Pompey; Orleans and Burgundy in France; York and Lancaster in 
England : yea, this passion so rageth^ many times, that it subverts not men only, 
and families, but even populous cities. ® Carthage and Corinth can witness as much, 
nay, nourishing kingdoms are brought into a wilderness by it. This hatred, malice, 
faction, and desire of revenge, invented tirst all those racks and wheels, strappadoes, 
brazen bulls, feral engines, prisons, inquisitions, severe laws to macerate and torment 
one another. How happy might we be, and G\\i\ our lime with blessed days and 
sweet content, if we could contain ourselves, and, as we ought lo do, put up mjuries, 
learn humility, meekness, patience, forget and forgive, as in "God's word we are 
enjoined, compose such final controversies amongst ourselves, moderate our passions 
in this kind, "and think better of others," as ^Paul woidd have us, "than of our- 
selves : be of like alleclion one towards another, and not avenge ourselves, but have 
peace with all men." But being that we are so peevish and perverse, insolent and 
proud, so factious and se(hlious, so malicious and envious; we do invicem angariare. 
maul and vex one another, torture, disquiet, and precipitate ourselves into that gulf 
of woes and cares, aggravate our misery and melancholy, heap upon us hell and 
eternal damnation. 



"" ffliiiulatio aUt jnjienia . Paterciilus poster. Vol. 
•"Grotiiis. Epij;. lil). 1. " Aiiiliitinn always is a foolish 
confidence, never a plotlifiil arroirance." '""Anno 

1519. Iietween Arties and (-iume. ' Sparlian. 

' Plutarch. ' Johannes Ileraldus, I. 2 c. 12. de 

oello sat. 4 Nulla dies taninin poterit leniie fu- 

.orein. jEteina bella pace sublata gernnl. Jurat 
tdiuiii, nee ante invisuiii esse desinit, quam esse 



desiit. Paterciilus, vol. 1. 6 ita stevit hEc stysria 

ministra ut iirhes sulivertat allquarido, deleat pnpulos, 
provincias alionnl florenles redi^'at in solitudines, 
niortales vero n'tseros in profunda iniserianiin valle 
niiserabiliter iuiinergat. « (,'arlhaf!o leniula Ro- 

inani imperii fundilus Interiit. Saliist. C'util. '' Paul. 
3. Col. * Rom. 12. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 9.j ^nger^ a Lavse. 169 

Sun SECT. IX. — Anger, a Cause. 

Anger, a perturbation, which carries llie spirits outwards, preparmg the body to 
mehiiicholy, and inachiess itself: Ira furor hrevis es/, 'f anger is temporary madness^" 
and as ^Piccoioniineus accounts it, one of the three most violent passions. '"Areteus 
sets it down for an especial cause (so doth Seneca, ep. 18. /. 1,) of this malady. "Mag- 
niniis gives the reason, Ex frequent i ir a supra modum calefmnt. j it overheats their 
boches, and if it be too frequent, it breaks out into manifest madness, saith St. Ambrose 
'Tis a known saying. Furor fit Iczsa Scepius palienlia, the most patient spirit that is. 
if he lie often provoked, will be incensed to madness; it will make a devil of a saint : 
and therefore Basil (belike) in his Homily de Ira, calls it lenchras ralionis, viorbum 
animo'^ et dccmonem pessimum; the darkening of our understanding, and a bad angel. 
''' Lucian, in Jihdicalo, lorn. 1, will have this passion to work this effect, especially in 
old men and women. "Anger and calumny (saith he) trouble them at first, and after 
a while break out into madness : many things cause fury in women, especially if they 
love or hate overnuich, or envy, be much grieved or angry ; these things by little and 
little lead them on to this malady." From a disposition they proceed to an habit, 
for there is no dillerence between a mad man, and an angry man, in the time of his 
fit; anger, as Lactantius describes it, L. de Ira Dei., ad Donaluin, c, 5, is ^^scEva uniim 
le7npestas,&LC.,a cruel tempest of the mind; '■'•making his eye sparkle fire, and stare 
teeth gnash in his head, his tongue stutter, his face pale, or red, and what more rilthy 
imitation can be of a nuul man .'" 

U"()r:i tiiiiiciil irn, fcrvt smut siinguiiie ven:e, 
l.iiiniiiii (Jor^'i'tM'j oteviO.' iiiij;iie iMic:iiit." 

They are void of reason, inexorable, b'lir.J, i<ke beasts and monsters for the time, say 
and do they know not what, ciu'se, swear, ra'i, tight, and what not.'' How can a mad 
man do more .' as he said in the comedy, '^Jrc^ciindia non s^im upud me, J am not 
mine own man. If these fits be innnoderate, continue long, or be frequent, without 
doubt they provoke madness. Montanus, consil. 21, had a melancholy Jew to hip 
patient, he ascribes this for a principal cause : Irascehalur levihus de ca.usis, he was 
easily moved to anger. Ajax had no other beginning of his madness; and Charles 
the Sixth, that lunatic French king, fell into this misery, out of the extremity of his 
passion, desire of revenge and malice, "* incensed against the duke of Britain, he could 
neither eat, driidc, nor sleep for some days together, and in tlie end, about the calends 
of July, 1392, he became mad upon his horseback, drawing his sword, striking such 
as came near him promiscuously, and so continued all the days of his life, jEmil., lib. 
10. Gal. hisl. ^gesijipus de exid. urhis Hieros., 1. I.e. 37, hath such a story of Herod, 
that out of an angry fit, became mad, '^ leaping out of his bed, he killed Jossippus, 
and played many such bedlam pranks, the whole court could not rule him for a long 
time after : sometimes he was sorry and repented, much grieved for that he had done. 
Poslquam deferhuil ira, by and by outrageous again. In hot choleric bodies, nothing 
so soon causeth madness, as this passion of anger, besides many other diseases, as 
Pelesius observes, cap. 21. /. 1. de hum. a feci, ca^isis ; Savguinem imminuit , fel auget: 
and as '^Valesius controverts, Med. controv., lib. 5. contro. 8, many times kills them 
quite out. If this were the worst of this passion, it were more tolerable, '^"but it 
ruins and subverts whole towns, ^'^ cities, families, and kingdoms;" JYulIa pesfis hu- 
mano generi pluris slelil., saith Seneca, de Ira, HI). 1 . No plague hath done mankind 
( so much harm. Look into our histories, and you shall almost meet with no other 
subject, but vdiat a company ^' of hare-brains have done in their rage. We may do 
well therefore to put this in our procession amongst the rest; "From all blindness 
of heart, from pride, vain-glory, and hypocrisy, from envy, hatred and malice, anger, 
and all such pestiferous perturbations, good Lord deliver us." 



9 Grad. 1. c. 54. '"Ira et in niffiror et injrens aninii 
conslernalio iiielancliolicos facit. Areteiis. Ira niiiiio- 
dica trignit insaniaiii. " Reg. satiit. parte 2. c 8. in 

apertaiii iiisaniatn iiiox (inciter iraius. '■'Glllierto 

Cc)gn,ito inlerprele. Miiltls. et prscscrtiin senibus ira 
'.inpotens iiisaniain fecit, et iinporlnna calnninia, litec 
'liitin (lerlnrltat aniinuni, panlalini vergii ad iiisaniam. 
Porro iniiliernin corpora tiinlta infesiaiit, et in lintic 
luorlMMii addncnnt, pra'cipiie si que oderint aut iiivi- 
d iaiit, &.C. lisc paulatiiii in insaniani tandem evadunC. 



22 P 



'^Sipva aninii tempestas tantos excitans. flnctns ut 
statiin ardescant oculi os treniat, lingua titubet, dentes 
cniirrepanl, &(•. '■'Ovid. '•'' Terence. '*'\n- 

fensus Uriiannise Duci, et in nitinnein versus, nee 
cibuni cepit, nee quietem, ad Caleiidas .lu'.ias 1392 
cnmites occidit. '' Indignatione nimia furens, aiii- 

inique iinpntens, exiliit de lecto, furenteiu non capie- 
bat aula, &c. '*• An ira possit honiinein interiniere. 

''J Abernclhy. -" As Troy. sBev.T nieinorem Junonis ot 
iram. '''' Stultoruiu regiiin el pupulorum coniinet asiua. 



170 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

SuBSECT. X. — Discontents., Cares., Miseries, Sfc. Causes. 

Discontents, cares, crosses, miseries, or whatsoever it is, that shall cause any 
molestation of spirits, grief, anguish, and perplexity, may well be reduced to this 
head, (preposterously placed here in some men's judgments they may seem,) yet in 
that Aristotle in liis ''Mihetoric defines lliese cares, as he doth envy, emulation, Stc. 
still by grief, 1 tliink I may well rank them in this irascible row ; being that they are 
as the rest, both causes and symptoms of this disease, producing the like inconvoni 
ences, and are most part accompanied with anguisli and pain. The common etymo- 
logy will evince it, Cnra quasi cor uro., Dementes euro;., insomnes curcp.., damnosoi curce. 
Irislcs., mordacps., carnijiccs., &c. biting, eating, gnawing, cruel, bitter, sick, sad, un- 
quiet, pale, tetric, miserable, intolerable cares, as tlie poets ^^call them, worldly cares 
and are as many in number as the sea sands. ^^ Galen, Fernelius, F'jbUx Plater, Vales- 
cus de Taranta, Stc, reckon afflictions, miseries, even all these contentions, anJ 
vexations of the mind, as principal causes, in that they take away sleep, hinder con 
coction, dry up the body, and consume the substance of it. Tliey are not so man} 
in number, but their causes be as divers, and not one of a thousand free from them, 
or that can vindicate himself, whom that Me dea., 

''s-'Per lioiiiinmii capita iiiolliter ainl)Uluiis, I "Over men's heads walking aloft, 

Plaiilas pt;(liiiu teiieras lialjens :" | With tender feet treading so soft," 

Homer's Goddess Ate hath not involved into this discontented ^^rank, or plagued 
with some misery or otiier. Hyginus,/«Z'. 220, to this purpose hath a pleasant tale. 
Dame Cura by chance went over a brook, and taking up some of the dirty slime, 
niaile an image of it ; Jupiter eftsoons coming by, put life to it, but Cnra and JupUei 
could not agree what name to give him, or who should own him ; the matter wa! 
referred to Saturn as judge; he gave this arbilrement : his name shall be Homo al 
humo, Cum eum possideat quamdiuvival., Care shall have him whilst he lives, Jupi- 
ter his soul, and Telliis his body when he dies. But to leave tales. A general cause, 
a continuate cause, an inseparable accident, to all men, is discontent, care, misery; 
were there no other particular affliction (which who is free from ?) to molest a man 
in this life, the very cogitation of that common misery were enough to macerate, and 
make him weary of his life; to tliink that he can never be secure, but still in dangei, 
sorrow, grief, and persecution. For to begin at the hour of his birth, as ^' Pliny doth 
elegantly describe it, "he is born naked, and falls ^^'a whining at the very first: he 
is swaddled, and bomul up like a prisoner, cannot help himself, and so he continues 
to his life's end." Cujusque ferce pabulum., saith ^^ Seneca, impatient of heat and cold, 
impatient of labour, impatient of idleness, exposed to fortune's contumelies. To a 
naked mariner Lucretius compares him, cast on shore by shipwreck, cold and com- 
fortless in an unknown land : ™ no estate, age, sex, can secure himself from this com- 
mon misery. " A man that is born of a woman is of short continuance, and full of 
trouble," Job xiv. 1, 22. "And while his flesh is upon him he shall be sorrowful, 
and while his soul is in him it shall mourn. All his days are sorrow and his travels 
griefs: his heart also taketh not rest in the night." Eccles. ii. 23, and ii. 11. "All 
that is in it is sorrow and vexation of spirit. ^' Ingress, progress, regress, egress, 
much alike : blindness seizeth on us in the beginning, labour in the middle, grief in 
the end, error in all. What day ariseth to us without some grief, cave, or'angv.ish .' 
Or what so secure and pleasing a morning have we seen, that hath not been overcast 
before the evening ?" One is miserable, another ridiculous, a third odious. One 
complains of this grievance, another of that. Jiliquando nervi., aliquando pedes vex- 
anli (Seneca) nmic distillatio, nunc epatis morbus; nunc deest,nunc superest sanguis: 
now ibe head aches, then the feet, now the lungs, then the liver, &c. Huic srnsua 
exuberat., sed est pudori degener sanguis., 8j.c. He is rich, but base born ; he is noble, 

22 Lib. 2. Invidia est dolor et amhitio est dolor, &c. | hominem nudum, et ad vagitum edit, natura. Flensat 
^siiisonines Clandianiis. Tristes, Virg. Mordaces, Luc. initio, devinctus jaret, &c. vsActK^u ^iuv yiyiy.iv, 

Edaces, llor. niORSt.T, amara>, Ovid dainnosie, inquietae, ,^^l (funevruc cri^-jurjum i(Jyivo! utO'^ceTrm TcKviait 
Mart^Urentes Kodentes. Mant. &c. ^^Galen, L3. ^^.^ ,i^g..^>^ -^ Lachrvmans natus sum, ei 

e. ; . de locis affectis, honnnes sunt maxime melancho- f.„,, ....^..^ ,„„rior, &c. ■» Ad Marinum. " Hoe- 
.01, quando v.g.his mult.s. et solicu.idinibus, el lal.o- ,,,i„^f ,„ j^^,;,,,,, ^,^^.j,^^ progressun, labor, exiium 
.ib-is, et curis iuer.nt c.rcumventi. ^■■Lucian. Po- j^,^ ^..^^^ „„,^.^ . traiiquillnm qum.o, quein 

.i"« „i ■''^'""'•' ""Peifec a ronfusa, et perturba- | ,aboriosu.n aut anxium d.en. et;imus1 Pelr.rcU 

none plena, Cardan. '''Lib. 7. nat. hist. cap. I. j ° 



Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] 



Discontents^ Cares, Sfc. 



171 



but poor; a third hath means, but ho wants health perach enture, or wit to manage 
his estate; children vex one, wife a second, &c. JYiwio facile cum conditione sua 
..oncordat, no man is pleased with his fortune, a pound of sorrow is familiarly mixed 
w^th a Oram of content, little or no joy, little comfort, but ^^ everywhere danger, con- 
tention, anxiety, in all places : go where thou wilt, and thou shalt find discontents, 
cares, woes, complaints, sickness, diseases, incumbrances, exclamations : " If thou 
look into the market, there (saith ''^Chrysostom) is brawling and contention; if to 
the court, there knavery and flattery, &lc. ; if to a private man's house, there's cark 
and care, heaviness," '&c. As he said of old, ''^A"/7 homine in terra spirat miserum 
magis almdf'.'No creature so miserable as man, so generally molested, '^in mise- 
ries of body, in miseries of mind, miseries of heart, in miseries asleep, in miseries 
awake, in miseries wheresoever he turns," as Bernard found, JYunquid icntatio est vita 
liumana. super terrain? A mere temptation is our life, (Austin, confess, lib. 10. cap. 
28,) catena perpetuorum malormn., et quis potest molestias et dijjicultates pati ? Who 
can endure the miseries of it ? ^'^ " hi prosperity we are insolent and intolerable, de- 
jected in adversity, in all fortunes foolish and miserable. ^' (n adversity I wish for 
prosperity., and in prosperity J' am atVaid of adversity. What mediocrity may be 
found.? Where is no temptation ? What condition of life is free.? ^** Wisdom hath 
labour annexed to it, glory, envy; riches and cares, children and incumbrances, plea- 
sure and diseases, rest and beggary, go together : as if a man were therefore born (as 
the Platonists hold) to be punished in this life for some precedent sins." Or that, as 
'^ Pliny complains, ^' Nature may be rather accounted a step-mother, than a mother 
unto us, all things considered : no creature's life so brittle, so full of fear, so mad, so 
furious ; only man is plagued with envy, discontent, griefs, covetousness, ambition, 
superstition." Our whole life is an Irish sea, wherein there is nought to be expected 
but tempestuous storms and troublesome waves, and those infinite, 

«"Taiituiii malorum pelasiis aspicio 
Ul noil sit inde enataiidi copia," 

no halcyonian times, wherein a man can hold himself secure, or agree with his pre- 
sent estate ; but as Boethius infers, ■" There is something in every one of us which 
before trial we seek, and having tried abhor : ''^ we earnestly wish, and eagerly covet, 
and are eftsoons weary of it." Thus between hope and fear, suspicions, angers, 
'^'^ Inter spemque mrlumque., timores inter et iras., betwixt falling in, falling out, &.C., we 
bangle away our best days, befool out our times, we lead a contentious, discontent, 
tumultuous, melancholy, miserable life ; insomuch, that if we could foretell what was 
to come, and it put to our choice, we should rather refuse than accept of this painful 
life. In a word, the world itself is a maze, a labyrinth of errors, a desert, a wilder- 
ness, a den of thieves, cheaters, Sec, full of fllthy puddles, horrid rocks, precipi- 
tinms, an ocean of adversity, an heavy yoke, wherein infirmities and calamities over- 
take, and follow one another, as the sea waves ; and if we scape Scylla, we fall foul 
on Charybdis, and so in perpetual fear, labour, anguish, we run from one plague, one 
mischief, one burden to another, duram servientes serviluiem., and you may as soon 
separate weight from lead, heat from fire, nioistness from water, brightness from the 
sun, as misery, discontent, care, calamity, danger, from a man. Our towns and cities 
are b»U so many dwellings of human misery. " In which grief and sorrow ''''(as hf 
right well observes out of Solon) innumerable troubles, labours of mortal men, ant. 
all manner of vices, are included, as in so many pens." Our villages are like mole- 
hills, and men as so many emmets, busy, busy still, going to and fro, in and out, and 



"-Ilbique pericnlum, iibique dolor, ubique naufra- 
giiiiii, in hoc ainbitii q\iocunque ine vertaiii. Lipsius. 
•'■'lioiii. 10. Si in forum iveris, ibi rixae, et piignse ; si 
.u curiam, ibi fraus, adulatio : si in doniiim priva- 
Uun, &c. siijomer. soMultis repletiir liomo 

.iiiseriis, corporis miseriis, aniini niiseriis, diim dor- 
mit, diim vigilat, qiiocunqne se verlit. Lusiisque re- 
rum, temporumque nascimur. s'ln blandiente 
fortuna intolerandi, in calamitatibus lugnbres, semper 
stuiti et miseri. Cardan. 3? Prospera iu adversis 
desidero. et adversa prosperis timeo, quis inter lia-c 
medius locus, ubi iion fit linmaniB vits tentatiot 
*^ Cardan, consol Sapientia? Labor annexus, gloria; in- 
vidia, divitiis curse, soholi soliciludo, voluptati morbl, 
luieii paupertas, 'Jt quasi Tiucndorum scelerum causa 



nasci hominem possis cum Piatonistis agnoscere. 
^^Lib. 7. ca]). 1. Non satis testimare, an melior parens 
natura lioniini, an tristior noverca fuerit: Nulli fra- 
gilior vita, paver, confusio, rabie.s major, uni animan- 
tium ambitio data, hictus, avaritia, uni superstitio. 
''"Euripides. "I perceive such an ocean of troubles 
before me, that no means of escape remain." ■*> De 
consol. 1. 2. Nemo facil6 cum conditione sua concor- 
dat, inest singulis quod imperiti petant, experti horre- 
ant. ■!- Esse in honore juvat, mox displicfct. ■••' Hor. 
■" Horrheus in 6. Job. Urbes et oppida nihil aliud sunt 
quani hiimanarnm Ecrumnarum domicilla i|uib!is luctu* 
et mturor et iriorlalinni varii intinltiqui; labores, el 
oninis generis vilia, quasi septis includuptur. 



172 Causes of Melanctioiv. ""^art. 1. Sect. 2 

crossing one another's projects, as the lines of several sea-cards cm each other in a 
fjiobe or map. '• Now light and merry, but ""'(as one follows it) by-and-by sorrowful 
and heavy ; now hoping, tlien distrusting ; now patient, to-morrow crying out ; now 
pale, then red ; running, sitting, sweating, trembling, halting," &.c. Some few amongst 
the rest, or perhaps one of a thousand, may be PuUus Jovis, in the world's esteem. 
GallincB filius albce^ an happy and fortunate man, ad invidiam ftllx^ because rich, 
fair, well allied, in honour and office ; yet peradventure ask himself, and he will say- 
that of all others ""^ he is most miserable and unliappy. A fair shoe. Hie soccus nouns, 
elcgans, as he "^said, sed nescis uhi urat^ but thou knowest not where it pincheth, 
It is not another man's opinion can make me happy: but as ""^ Seneca well hath it, 
^Ile is a miserable wretch that doth not account himself happy, though he be sove- 
eign lord of a world : he is not happy, if he think himself not to be so ; for what 
availeth it what thine estate is, or seem to others, if thou thyself dislike it ?" A com- 
mon liumour it is of all men to think well of other men's fortunes, and dislike thcii 
own: *^Cui placet aUerius, sua nimirum est odio sors ; but ^° qui fit Meccenas, &.C., 
h43w comes it to pass, what's the cause of it ? Many men are of such a perverse 
nature, they are well pleased with nothing, (saith ^' Theodoret,) " neither with riches 
nor poverty, they complain when tliey are well and when tiiey are sick, grumble at 
all fortunes, prosperity and adversity ; they are troubled in a cheap year, in a barren, 
plenty or not plenty, notliing pleaseth them, war nor peace, with children, nor with- 
out." This for the most part is tlie humour of us all, to be discontent, miserable, 
and most unhappy, as we think at least ; and show me him that is not so, or that 
ever was otherwise. Ouintus ftletellus his felicity is infinitely admired amongst the 
Romans, insomuch that as ^^ Faterculus mejitioneth of him, you can scarce find of 
any nation, order, age, sex, one for happiness to be compared unto him : he had, in 
a word, Bona animi^ corporis et fortunes, goods of mind, body, and fortune, so had 
P. Mutianus, ^^ Crassus. Lampsaca, that Lacedemonian lady, was such another in 
" Pliny's conceit, a king's wife, a king's mother, a king's daughter : and all the world 
esteemed as much of Polycrates of Samos. The Greeks brag of their Socrates, 
Phocion, Aristides ; the Psophidians in particular of their Aglaus, Omni vita felix, 
ah omni periculo immunis (which by the way Pausanias held impossible ;) the Romans 
of their ^* Cato, Curius, Fabricius, for their composed fortunes, and retired estates, 
government of passions, and contempt of the world : yet none of all these were 
happy, or free from discontent, neither Metellus, Crassus, nor Polycrates, for he died 
a violent death, and so did Cato ; and how much evil doth Lactantius and Theodoret 
speak of Socrates, a weak man, and so of the rest. There is no content in this life, 
but as ^^ he said, " All is vanity and vexation of spirit ;" lame and imperfect. Hadst 
thou Sampson's hair, Milo's strength, Scanderbeg's arm, Solomon's wisdom, Absa- 
lom's beauty, Croesus' wealth, Pasetis ohulum, CcEsar's valour, Alexander's spirit, 
Tully's or Demosthenes' eloquence, Gyges' ring, Perseus' Pegasus, and Gorgon's 
head, Nestor's years to come, all this would not make thee absolute ; give thee con- 
tent, and true happiness in this life, or so continue it. Even in the midst of all our 
mirth, jollity, and laughter, is sorrow and grief, or if there be true happiness amongst 
us, 'tis but for a time, 

'^'"Desinat in piscem mulier formosa supern6:" | " A handsome woman with a fish's tail," 

d fair morning turns to a lowering afternoon. Brutus and Cassius, once renowned 
both eminently happy, yet you shall scarce find two (saith Paterculus) quos fortuna 
malurius destUurit, whom fortune sooner forsook. Hannibal, a conqueror all his 
life, met with his match, and was subdued at last, Occiirrit forti, qui mage fortis 
erit. One is brought in triumph, as Caesar into Rome, Alcibiades into Athens, coronis 

*^ Nat. Chytreus de lit. Europsp. Ltetus nunc, mox tris- i graviter ferunt, atqne ut semel dicam, nihil ens delee- 
lis ; nunc sperans, paiilo post diffidens ; patiens hodie, tat, &c. " Vix uUiiis gentis, iHtatis, orilinis, homi- 

cras fjiilans; nunc pallens, rubens, curiens, sedens, nem invenies cujus felicitatem fortunsc Metelli com- 
claudicans, tremens, &c. ^^ Sua cuique calaniilas j pares. Vol. 1. sa p Crassus Mutianus, quinquo 



prsecipua. ■" Cn. OrKciniis. -"fEpist. 9. 1. 7. 

Miser est qui se beatissimum non judical, licet inipo- 
ret mumlo non est beatus, qui se non pulat: quid 
enim refert quails status luus sit, si tibi videtur ma- 
• us. i^Hor. ep. 1. 1. 4. m Hor. Ser. 1. Sat. 1. 

" Lib. de curat, griec. affect, cap. 6. de provident. 
Multls nihil placet atque adeo et divitias damnant, et 
oaupcrtatena d<> mnrbiM exoostulant, bene valentes 



habulsse dicitur rerum bonarum maxima, quod esse, 
ditissimus, quod esset nobillsslmus, eloqueniissimus 
Juriscnnsultissimus, Pontifex maxirnus. m Lib. 7. 

Regis filla. Regis uxor. Regis mater. s-' Qui nihB 

unquam mali aut dixit, aut fecit, aut seniil, qui l:en* 
semper fecit, quod aliter facerc non poiuii «* Solo- 
mon. Eccles. 1. 14. " Hor ah. Poet 



Vlem. 3. Subs 10.] Discontents, Cares, Sfc 173 

aureis do?iatus, crowned, honoured, admired ; by-and-by his statues demolished, he 
liissed out, massacred, &c. ^^ Magnus Gonsalva, that famous Spaniard, was of the 
prince and people at first honoured, approved ; forthwith confined and banished. 
Admirandas actiones ; graves plerunquc sequuntur invidice, et acres cahwinice : 'tis 
Polybius his observation, grievous enmities, and bitter calumnies, commonly follow 
renowned actions. (One is born rich, dies a beggar ; sound to-day, sick to-morrow ; 
now in most flourisinng estate, fortunate and happy, by-and-by deprived of his goods 
by foreign enemies, robbed by thieves, spoiled, captivated, impoverished, as they of 
"" Rabbah put under iron saws, and under iron harrows, and under axes of iron, and 
cast into the tile kiln," 

50 " Quid me felicem toties jactistis amici, 
Qui cecidit, stabili non erat ille gradu." 

He that erst marched like Xerxes with innumerable armies, as rich as Croesus, now 
shifts for himself in a poor cock-boat, is bound in iron chains, with Bajazet the 
Turk, and a footstool with Aurelian, for a tyrannising conqueror to trample on. So 
many casualties there are, that as Seneca said of a city consumed with fire, Una dies 
interest inter maximam civitatem et nullam, one day betwixt a great city and none : 
so many grievances from outward accidents, and from ourselves, our own indiscre- 
tion, inordinate appetite, one day betwixt a man and no man. And which is worse, 
as if discontents and miseries would not come fast enough upon us : homo homini 
dcemon, we maul, persecute, and study how to sting, gall, and vex one another witii 
mutual hatred, abuses, injuries; preying upon and devouring as so many ®' ravenous 
birds ; and as jugglers, panders, bawds, cozening one another ; or raging as "wolves, 
tigers, and devils, we take a delight to torment one another ; men are evil, wicked, 
malicious, treacherous, and ''^naught, not loving one another, or loving themselves, 
not hospitable, charitable, nor sociable as they ought to be, but counterfeit, dissem- 
blers, ambidexters, all for their own ends, hard-hearted, merciless, pitiless, and to 
benefit themselves, they care not what mischief they procure to others. ®^ Praxinoe 
and Gorgo in the poet, when they had got in to see those costly sights, they then 
cried bene est, and would thrust out all the rest : when they are rich themselves, in 
honour, preferred, full, an(J have even that they would, they debar others of those 
pleasures which youth requires, and they formerly have enjoyed. He sits at table 
in a soft chair at ease, but he doth remember in the mean time that a tired waiter 
stands behind him, " an hungry fellow ministers to him full, he is athirst that gives 
him drink (saith '''^Epictelus) and is silent whilst he speaks his pleasure: pensive, 
sad, when he laughs." Plcno se prolnit auro : he feasts, revels, and profusely 
spends, hath variety of robes, sweet music, ease, and all the pleasure the world can 
afford, whilst many an hunger-starved poor creature pines in the street, wants clothes 
to cover him, labours hard all day long, runs, rides for a trifle, fights peradventure 
from sun to sun, sick and ill, weary, full of pain and grief, is in great distress and 
sorrow of heart. He loathes and scorns his inferior, hates or emulates his equal, 
envies his superior, insults over all such as are under him, as if he were of another 
species, a demi-god, not subject to any fall, or human infirmities. Generally they 
love not, are not beloved again : they tire out others' bodies with continual labour, 
they themselves living at ease, caring for none else, sihi nati ; and are so far many 
times from putting to their helping hand, that they seek all means to depress, oven 
most worthy and well deserving, better than themselves, those whom they are by the 
laws of nature bound to relieve and help, as much as in them lies, they will let 
them caterwaul, starve, beg, and hang, before they will any ways (though it be in 
their power) assist or ease : ^® so unnatural are they for the most part, so unregardful ; 
so hard-hearted, so churlish, proud, insolent, so dogged, of so bad a disposition 
And being so brutish, so devilishly bent one towards another, how is it possible bu 
that we should be discontent of all sides, full of cares, woes, and miseries ' 

If this be not a sufficient proof of their discontent and misery, examine every con- 



s'^ Jovius,vit4ejua. 59 2 Sam. xii. 31. eoBoethius, 
Mb. 1. Met. Met. 1. s: Omnes hie aut captantur, 

aut captant : aut cadavers qus laceranlur, aut corvi 
)ui lacerant. Petron. 4-Homoonine monstrum 

est, ille nam susperat fera;!, luposqne et ursos peclore 
ohscuro teirit. Hens. «■' Quod Paterculiis de populo 
Romiiio durante bello Punico per annos 115, aut bel 



p2 



lum inter eos, aut belli praparatio, aut infida pax, 
idem ego de mundi accolis. <>' Theocritus Edyll. \^ 
6iQui sedet in mensa, non meniinit sibi otioso minis- 
trare negotiosos, edenti esurientes, bibenti sitientes, 
(fee. f'''Quando in adolescentia suaipsi vixeriiit, 

lautius et liberiiis voluptales suas expleveiint, ill] 
gnatis impeniint duriores continentiae leges. 



174 Causes of Melancholy. I^i*art. 1. Scc. 2 

ditictii and calling apart. C Kings, princes, monarchs, and magistrates seem to be most 
happy, but look into their estate, ycu shall '''find them to be most encumbered with 
cares, in perpetual fear, agony, suspicion, jealousy : that, as ^^he said of a crown, if 
they knew but the discontents that accompany it, they would not stoop to take it 
up. Qucm mihi rcgem dabis (saith Chrysostom) non cur'is plenum? What king 
canst thou show me, not full of cares? '^'•'"■Look not on his crown, but consider 
his affliction!5 ; attend not his number of servants, but multitude of crosses.''' JVlhil 
uliud polestas culminis., quam lempestas menlis., as Gregory seconds him ; sovereignty 
If a tempest of the soul : Sylla like they have brave titles, but terrible fits : svlen- 
dorem fitulo, cruciatum animo : which made '"Demosthenes vow, si vel ad tribunal^ 
vcl ad interilum duccretur : if to be a judge, or to be condemned, were put to his 
choice, he would be condemned. Rich men are in the same predicament; what 
dieir pains are, siiilti nesciunt, ipsi se'ntiunt : they feel, fools perceive not, as I shall 
prove elsewhere, and their wealth is brittle, like children's rattles : they come and 
go, there is no certainty in them: those whom they elevate, they do as suddtnly 
depress, and leave in a vale of misery. The middle sort of men are as so many 
asses to bear burdens ; or if they be free, and live at ease, they spend themselves, 
and consume their bodies and fortunes with luxury and riot, contention, emulation, 
&.C. The poor I reserve for another '" place and their discontents. 
:!^or particular professions, 1 hold as of the rest, there's no content or security in 
any; on what course will you pitch, how resolve .^ to be a divine, 'tis contemptible 
in the world's esteem ; to be a lawyer, 'tis to be a wrangler ; to be a physician, 
'"'pudet lotii, 'tis loathed ; a philosopher, a madman ; an alchymist, a beggar ; a poet, 
esurit^ nn hungry jack; a musician, a player; a schoolmaster, a drudge; an hus- 
bandman, an emniet ; a merchant, his gains are uncertain ; a mechanician, base ; a 
chirurgeon, fulsome; a tradesman, a "liar; a tailor, a thief; a serving-man, a slave; 
a soldier, a butcher; a smith, or a metalman, the pot's never from his nose ; a cour- 
tier a parasite, as he could find no tree in the wood to hang himself; I can show no 
state of life to give content. The like you may say of all ages ; children live in a 
perpetual slavery, still under that tyrannical government of masters ; young men, 
and of riper years, subject to labour, and a thousand cares. of the world, to treachery, 
falsehood, and cozenage, 

'■■ "Incedit per ignes, I "you incautious tread 

Suppositos ciiieri doloso," | On fires, with faitliless asnes overhead." 

^^old are full of aches in their bones, cramps and convulsions, silicernia, dull of 
hearing, weak sighted, hoary, wrinkled, harsh, so much altered as that they cannot 
know their own face in a glass, a burthen to themselves and others, after 70 years, 
" all is sorrow" (as David hath it), they do not live but linger. If they be sound, 
they fear diseases ; if sick, weary of their lives : JVon est vivere, sed valere vita. 
One complains of want, a second of servitude, ''^another of a secret or incurable 
disease; of some deformity of body, of some loss, danger, death of friends, ship- 
wreck, persecution, imprisonment, disgrace, repulse, " contumely, calumny, abuse, 
injury, contempt, ingratitude, unkindness, scoffs, flouts, unfortunate marriage, single 
life, too many children, no children, false servants, unhappy children, barrenness, 
banishment, oppression, frustrate hopes and ill-success, &c. 

'8 " Talia de genere hoc adeo sunt niulta, loquacem ut I " But, every various instance to repeat, 

Delassare valent Fabium." | Would tire even Fabius of incessant prate." 

Talking Fabius will be tired before he can tell halt of them ; they are the subject 
of whole volumes, and shall (some of them) be more opportunely dilated elsewhere. 
In the meantime thus much I may say of them, that generally they crucify the soul 
of man, '® attenuate our bodies, dry them, wither them, shrivel them up like old 
apples, make them as so many anatomies ^"(^ossa afque pellis est totus, ita curis macet) 
they cause tempus fcedum et squalidum, cumbersome days, ingrataque tempore/^ 
slow, dull, and heavy times : make us howl, roar, and tear our hairs, as sorrow did 



67 Lugubris Ate luctuque fero Regum tumidas obsi- 
det arces. Res est inquieta fa?licitas. espius aloes 

quam mellis habet. Non hunii jacentem tolleres. 
Valer. I. 7. c. 3. •'"Non diadenia aspicias, sed 

vitatn afflictiono refertam, non catervas satellitum. 
Bed curaruni multitudineni. '"As Plutarch re- 



el urina, medicorum ferciila prima. "Nihil lu- 

crantur, nisi adniodum mentiendo. Tull. OfRc. '■• Hor. 
I. 2. od. 1. ""Rarus Mix idemque senex. Seneca 

in Her. ateo. 'e Ornifto tPgros, exules, mendicos, 

quos nemo audet foelices dicere. Card. lib. 8. c. 46. de 
rer. var. '■ Spretaeque injuria formae. ■"• Hor. 



^te'h " Sect. 2. nienib. 4. subsect. 6. '-i Sterr.us I ''^Attenuanl visileDcortiusraiserabile cursR. 6opiaiKii« 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1).] Ambition, a Cause. 175 

in ^' Cebes' table, and groan for the very anguish of onr souls. Our hearts fail us as 
David's did, Psal. xl. 12, " for innumerable troubles that compassed hnn ;" and we 
are ready to confess with Hezekiah, Isaiah Iviii. 17, " behold, for felicity I had bitter 
grief;" to weep with Heraclitus, to curse the day of our birth with Jeremy, xx. 14, 
and our stars with Job : to hold that axiom of Silenus, ^^" better never to have bee** 
born, and the best next of all, to die quickly :" or if we must live, to abandon the 
world, as Timon did ; creep into caves and holes, as our anchorites ; cast all into 
the sea, as Crartes Thebanus ; or as Theombrotus Ambrociato's 400 auditoia, preci- 
pitate ourselves to be rid of these miseries. 

SuBSECT. XI. — Concupiscible Appetite, as Desires, Amhition, Causes. 

These concupiscible and irascible appetites are as the two twists of a rope, mutu 
ally mixed one with the other, and both twining about the heart : both good, as Austin 
holds, I. 14. c. 9. de civ. Dei, ^^"if they be moderate; both pernicious if they be 
exorbitant. This concupiscible appetite, howsoever it may seem to carry with it a 
show of pleasure and delight, and our concupiscences most part affect us with con- 
tent and a pleasing object, yet if they be in extremes, they rack and wring us on the 
other side. A true saying it is, "Desire hath no rest;" is infinite in itself, endless; 
and as ^■^ one calls it, a perpetual rack, ^' or horse-mill, according to Austin, still 
going round as in a ring. They are not so continual, as divers, jTc //cms alomos denu- 
merare possem, saith ^'^ Bernard, quam motus cordis ; nunc hcec, nunc ilia cogito, you 
may as well reckon up the motes in the sun as them. *'" It extends itself to every- 
thing," as Guianerius will have it, " that is superfluously sought after :" or to any 
°^ fervent desire, as Fernelius interprets it ; be it in what kind soever, it tortures if 
immoderate, and is (according to ^^ Plater and otliers) an especial cause of melancholy. 
Mulluosis concupisccntiis dilaniantur cogitationes niece, ^''Austin confessed, that he was 
torn a pieces with his manifold desires : and so doth ®' Bernard complain, " that he 
could not rest for them a minute of an hour : this I would have, and that, and then 
I desire to be such and such." 'Tis a hard matter therefore to confine them, being 
they are so various and many, impossible to apprehend all. I will only insist upon 
some feAV of the chief, and most noxious in their kind, as that exorbitant appetite 
and desire of honour, which we commonly call ambition ; love of money, which is 
covetousness, and that greedy desire of gain : self-love, pride, and inordinate desire 
of vain-glory or applause, love of study in excess ; love of women (which will re- 
quire a just volume of itself), of the othe^ I will briefly speak, and in their order. 
//"-Ambition, a proud covetousness, or a dry thirst of honour, a great torture of the 
mind, composed of envy, pride, and covetousness, a gallant madness, one ^ defines 
it a pleasant poison, Ambrose, "a canker of the soul, an hidden plague :" ^''Bernard, 
" a secret poison, the father of livor, and mother of hypocrisy, the moth of holiness, 
and cause of madness, crucifying and disquieting all that it takes hold of" ^^ Seneca 
calls it, rem soUcitam, timidam, vanam, ventosam, a windy thing, a vain, solicitous, 
and fearful thing. For commonly they that, like Sysiphus, roll this restless stone 
of ambition, are in a perpetual agony, still ^^ perplexed, semper taciti, tritesque recedvnt 
(Lucretius), doubtful, timorous, suspicious, loath to offend in word or deed, still cog- 
ging and collogueing, embracing, capping, cringing, applauding, flattering, fleering, 
visiting, waiting at men's doors, with all aflability, counterfeit honesty and humility."* 
If that will not serve, if once this humour (as ^'' Cyprian describes it) possess his 
thirsty soul, amhitionis salsvgo uhi hibulam animam possidet, by hook and by crook 
he will obtain it, " and from his hole he will climb to all honours and offices, if it 



81 Hkc qu£E crines evellit, serumna. ^ Optimum molestius inquietat, secretum virus, pest's occulta, &c. 

non Tiasci, aut cito niori. '■sBoniE si rectaiii ra- epist. 126. ^^ Ep. 68. "•''Nihil infelicius his, 

tionem sequuntur, mala; si exorbitant. "Tho. quantus iis titnor, quanta duhitatio, quantus conatus, 

Biiovie. Prob. 18. ""Molani asinariam. ''6 Tract. | quanta solicitvuio, nulla illis A. molestiis vacua hora. 
de Inter, c. 92. ^t Circa quainlibet rem miindi lia-c ' '-"^ Semper attonitus, semper pavidus quid .licat, faci- 

passio fieri potest, qua; superfine diligatur. Tract 15. atve : ne displiceat humilitatem simulat, lionestatem 
c. 17. s"*Ferventius desideriiim. s'' Imprimis nientitur. i" Cypr. Prolog, ad ser. To. 2. cunctos 

ver6 Appetitus. &c 3. de alien, ment. "o Conf. I honorat, universis inclinat, subsequitur. obseqiiitur 

1. c. 29. "I Per diversa loca vagor, nullo temporis | frequentar rnrias, visitat, optiniates amplexatur, ap 

momento quiesco. talis et talis esse cnpio, illud atqiie plaudit, adiilalur: per fas et nefas 6 latebris, in om 
IWu"* habere desidero. "- Aribros. 1. 3. super Lu- 1 nem gr:idum uhi aditus patet se ingerit, discurrit. 

caw «ru"o animae. s^ Nihil animum crucial, nihi; | 



176 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 Sec. %. 

be possible for him to get up, flattering one, bribing another, he will leave no means 
unessay'd to win all." "^ It is a wonder to see how slavishly these kind of men sub- 
ject themselves, when they are about a suit, to every inferior person ; what pains 
Ihey will take, run, ride, cast, plot, countermine, protest and swear, vow, promise, 
what labours undergo, early up, down late ; how obsequious and affable they are, 
bow popular and courteous, how thev grin and fleer upon every man they meet ; 
with what feasting and inviting, how they spend themselves and their fortunes, in 
seeking that many times, which they had much better be without; a« ^'Cyneas the 
orator told Pyrrhus : Avith what waking nights, painful hours, anxious thouglits, and 
bitterness of mind, inter spemque metwnque^ distracted and tired, ihey consume the in- 
terim of their time. There can be no greater plague for the present. If they do ob- 
tain their suit, which with such cost and solicitude they have sought, they are not 
50 freed, their anxiety is anew to begin, for they are never satisfied, nihil aliiid nisi 
•mperium spirant., their thoughts, actions, endeavours are all for sovereignty and ho- 
nour, like '"^ Lugs Sforsia that huffing Duke of Milan, "a man of singular wisdom, 
out profound ambition, born to his own, and to the destruction of Italy," though it 
De to their own ruin, and friends' undoing, they will contend, they may not cease, 
DUt as a dog in a wheel, a bird in a cage, or a squirrel in. a chain, so ' Budaeus com- 
pares them ; ^they climb and climb still, with much labour, but never make an end, 
never at the top. A knight would be a baronet, and then a lord, and then a viscount, 
and then an earl, Stc. ; a doctor, a dean, and then a bishop; from tribune to pra;tor; 
from badiffto major; first this office, and then that; as Pyrrhus in ^Plutarch, they 
will first have Greece, then Africa, and then Asia, and swell with Aesop's frog so 
long, till in the end they burst, or come down with Sejanus, ad Gemonias scalas, and 
break their own necks ; or as Evangelus the piper in Lucian, that blew his pipe so 
long, till he fell down dead. If he chance to miss, and have a canvass, he is in a 
hell on the other side ; so dejected, that he is ready to hang himself, turn heretic, 
Turk, or traitor in an instant. Enraged against his enemies, he rails, swears, fights, 
slanders, detracts, envies, murders : and for his own part, si appetitum explere nnn 
potest,, furore corripitur; if he cannot satisfy his desire (as ''Bodine writes) he runs 
mad. So that both ways, hit or miss, he is distracted so long as his ambition lasts, 
he can look for no other but anxiety and care, discontent and grief in the meantime, 
* madness itself, or violent death in the end. The event of this is common to be seen 
in populous cities, or -in princes' courts, for a courtier's life (as Budfeus describes it) 
"is a ® gallimaufry of ambition, lust, fraud, imposture, dissimulation, detraction, envy, 
pride ; " the court, a common conventicle of flatterers, time-servers, politicians, St-c. ;" 
or as ^Anthony Perez will, " the suburbs of hell itself" If you will see such dis- 
contented persons, there you shall likely find them. ^And which he observed of the 
markets of old Rome, 

"Qui nprjiirum convenire vult hominRm, mittn in Oomitium ; 
Qui mendacem et gloriosiim, apud Cliiasina; sacriini ; 
Bites, diimnosos marilos, sub basilicd quierito, &c," 

Perjured knaves, knights of the post, liars, crackers, bad husj^ands, &c. Reep their 
several stations ; they do still, and always did in every commonwealth. 

Sub SECT. XII. — OiXapynpia, Covetousness., a Cause. 

' Plutarch, in his '"book whether the diseases of the body be more grievous than 
those of the soul, is of opinion, " if you will examine all the causes of our miseries 
m this life, you shall find them most part to have had their beginning from stubborn 
anger, that furious desire of contention, or some unjust or immoderate affection. 

w'Turbre cogit ambitio reffem inservire, iit Homerus alicujns, honest* vel inhnnestse, phantasiam la-dunt ; 

Agameninnnein querentem indiicit. s^ Plutarclius. nnde niniti anibiliosi, philauti, irati, avari, insaiii, &c. 

Quin conviveiniir, et in otio nos obiectemur, qiioiiiani FcrHx Plater, 1. 3. de mentis alien. ' Aulica vita 

in promptu id nobis sii. cfec. nKijovius hist. I. 1. cblluvies anibilionis, cupidiiatls. siiniilatinnis, impo* 

vir singulari prudentia, sed profunda ambitinne, ad tura;, fraiidis, invidiae, superbia' Titannicsediversoriiim 

exitium Italia; nalus. ' Ut hedera arbori adlisret, aula, et commune conventiculum assentandi ariifir.um, 

air ambiiio, &c. '^ Lib. 3. de conteinptu rerum &c. BudtEiis rie asse. lib. 5. "^In his Aphor. 

f'jriuitaruni. Maa;no conatu et inipelu nioventur, super 1 b piautus Currul. Act. 4. See. 1. '"Tom. 2. Si 

Mtitem centre rotati, noii proficiunt, nee ad finem per- examines. oi?;nes niiserise catisas vel a fiiriosn contrn- 

veniunt. 'Vita Pyrrhi. < Ambitio in insa- dendi studio, vel ab itijusta cupiditate,origin6 Iraxisnn 

niam facile delahitur,si excediit. Patrilius, I 4. tit. 20. scies. Idem fere Chrysostouuis com. in « « «(5 H->- 

<le regis instil. '■Lib. 5. de rep. cap. 1. ^\m- man. ser. 11. 

urim.s vero appetitus, seu concupiscentia nimia rei I 



ivlein. 3. Subs. 12.] Covetousness^ a Cause. 177 

as covetousness, Stc." From whence " are wars and contentions amongst you ?' 
" Si. James asks : I will add usury, fraud, rapine, simony, oppression, lymg, swear 
ing, braring false witness, See. are they not fi-om this fountain of covetousness, that 
greedintss in getting, tenacity in keeping, sordity in spending ; that they are so wicked, 
''^''*' unjusi against God, their neighbour, themselves;" all comes hence. '*^he desire 
of moijey is the root of all evil, and they that lust after it, pierce themselves through 
\vith many sorrows," 1 Tim. vi. 10. Hippocrates therefore in his Epistle to Crateva. 
an herbalist, gives him this good counsel, that if it were possible, "'' amongst other 
herbs, he. should cut up that weed of covetousness by the roots, that there be no re- 
mainder left, and then know this for a certainty, that together with their bodies, thou 
maycst quickly cuj-e all the diseases of their minds." For it is indeed the pattern, 
linage, epitome of all melancholy, the fountain of many miseries, much discontented 
•"are and woe ; this " inordinate, or immoderate desire of gain, to get or keep money," 
lis '^ Bonaventure defines it : or, as Austin describes it, a madness of the soul, Gregory 
H torture ; Chrysostom, an insatiable drunkenness ; Cyprian, blindness, speciosujii 
suppUcium^ a plague subverting kingdoms, families, an '^incurable disease ; Budaeus 
an ill habit, '^"yielding to no remedies :" neither .^Esculapius nor Flutus can curp 
tliem : a continual plague, saith Solomon, and vexation of spirit, another hell. I know 
there be some of opinion, that covetous men are happy, and worldly, wise, that there 
is more pleasure in getting of wealth than in spending, and no delight in the world 
like unto it. 'Twas '^Bias' problem of old, "With what art thou not weary ? with 
getting money. What is most delectable ? to gain." What is it, trow you, that makes 
a poor man labour all his lifetime, carry such great burdens, fare so hardly, macerate 
nnnself, and endure so much misery, undergo such base offices with so great patience, 
to rise up early, and lie down late, if there were not an extraordinary delight in get' 
ting and keeping of money ? What makes a merchant that hath no need, satis super^ 
que domi.1 to range all over the world, through all those intemperate '^ Zones of heat 
and cold ; voluntarily * venture his life, and be content with such miserable famine, 
jiasty usage, in a stinkmg ship; if there were not a pleasure and hope to get money, 
which doth season the rest, and mitigate his indefatigable pains .^/What makes them 
go into the bowels of the earth, an hundred fathom deep, endangering their dearest 
lives, enduring damps and filthy smells, when they have enough already, if they could 
be content, and no such cause to labour, but an extraordinary delight they take in 
riches. This may seem plausible at first show, a popular and strong argument ; but 
let him that so thinks, consider better of it, and he shall soon perceive, that it is far 
otherwise than he supposeth ; it may be haply pleasing at the first, as most part all 
melancholy is. For such men likely have some lucida infervalla., pleasant symptoms 
intermixed ; but you must note that of '^ Chrysostom, " 'Tis one thing to be rich, 
another to be covetous : "generally they are all fools, dizards, mad-men, ^"miserable 
wretches, living besides themselves, sine arte fnicn'di, in perpetual slavery, fear, 
suspicion, sorrow, and discontent, plus aloes quam mcllis habent ; and are indeed, 
'' rather possessed by their money, than possessors :" as ^' Cyprian hath it, inancipati 
pecuniis ,• bound prentice to their goods, as ^ Pliny ; or as Chrysostom, servi diviti- 
arum^ slaves and drudges to- their substance ; and we may conclude of them all, as 
•" Valerius doth of Ptolomaeus king of Cyprus, " He was in title a king of that island, 
but in his mind, a miserable drudge of money : 

"potiore metallis 



libertate carens" 



wanting his liberty, which is better than gold. Damasippus the Stoic, in Horace: 
proves that all mortal men dote by fits, some one way, some another, but that 
covetous men ^' are madder than the rest; and he that shall truly look into their 

'1 Cap. 4. 1. 12 ut sit iniquus in deum, in proxi- currit mercator ad Indos. Hor. i*Qua re non ea 

amr.i, in seipsnm. "Si vero, Crateva, inter csete- lassus? lucrum faciendo : quid maxinie delectnbilel 



rs?. herbarum radices, avaritiae radicem secare posses 
■tmarani, ut nuUae reliquiae essent, probe scito, &c. 
'■■ Cap. 6. Dietffi saluiis : avaritia est amor imnioderatus 
pecuniae vel acquirenda?, vel retitiendfe. '^Ferum 

prnfecto diruuique ulcus animi, remediis non cedens 
niedendo exasperatur. ""Malus est morbus male- 

tine atficit avaritia siquidem censeo, &c. avaritia diffi- 
cilliis curatur q^iam insania : qiioniam har tnnes fere 
jiedici lahnrant. [lib ep. Abderit- ' oxtremos. 

23 



lucrari. v '" Horn. 2. aliud avarus aliud dives. 

"oDivitiiB ut spina; aninaim honiinis tinioribus, solici 
tudinibus, angoribus mirifice pungunt, vexant, cru- 
ciant. Greg, in horn. ^i Epjst. ad Donat. cap. a 

■'"- Lib. 9. ep. 30. ^JAb. 9. cap. 4. insula; rex titulo, 

sed animopecuniae miserahile mancipium. 2J Hor 

10. lib. 1. '^Danda est hellebori niulto pars nidil 

ma avaris. 



178 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sect. 9 



estates, aad examine their symptoms, shall find no better of them, but that they are 
all ^'^fools, as Nabal vvas. Re ef nomine (1. Reg. 15). For what greater folly can 
tht-re be, or "madness, tlian to macerate himself when he need not? and when, as 
Cyprian notes, -*"he may be freed from his burden, and eased of his pains, will go 
on still, his wealth increasing, when he hath enough, to get more, to live besides 
himself," to starve his genius, keep back from his wife ^^and children, neither letting 
them nor other friends use or enjoy that wliich is theirs by right, and which they 
much need perhaps ; like a hog, or dog in the manger, he doth only keep it, because 
it sliall do nobody else good, hurting himself and others : and for a little momentary 
pelf, damn his owa soul ? They are commonly sad and tetric by nature, as Achab'a 
spirit was because he couid not get Naboth's vineyard, (1. Reg. 22.) and if he lay 
out his money at any time, though it be to necessary uses, to his own children's 
good, he brawls and scolds, his heart is heavy, much disquieted he is, and loath to 
part from it : Miser ahstinet et timet iiti, Hor. He is of a wearish, dry, pale consti- 
tution, and cannot sleep for cares and worldly business ; his riches, saith Solomon, 
will not let him sleep, and umiecessary business which he heapeth on himself; or if 
ne do sleep, 'tis a very unquiet, interrupt, unpleasing sleep : with his bags in his 
arms, 

"coiipestis uiidiqiie sacc 

Indormil inhiaiis," 

And though he be at a banquet, or at some merry feast, " he sighs for grief of heart 
(as ^"Cyprian hath it) and cannot sleep though it be upon a down bed; his wearish 
body takes no rest, ^' troubled in his abundance, and sorrowful in plenty, unhappy 
for the present, and more unhappy in the life to come." Basil. He is a perpetual 
drudge, ^^ restless in his thoughts, and never satisfied, a slave, a wretch, a (kist-worm, 
semper quod idoJo suo immolel, sedulus observatj Cypr. prolog, ad sermon., still seek- 
ing w.hat sacrifice he may ofler to his golden god, per /as et nefas^ he cares not how, 
his trouble is endless, '■^^cresc.unt divitice., tamen curltB nescio quid semper ahest rei : 
his wealth increaseth, and the more he hath, the more ^"^ he wants : like Pharaoh's 
lean kine, which devoured the fat, and were not satisfied. ^^Austin therefore defines 
covetousness, quarumlibel rerun inhonesfam et insaliabilem cupiditatem., a dishon- 
est and insatiable desire of gain ; and in one of his epistles compares it to hell ; 
^" which devours all, and yet never hath enough, a bottomless pit," an endless 
niisei-v ; in quern scopulum avaritia> cadaverosi scnes ufplurimum impingunl., and that 
which is their greatest corrosive, they are in continual suspicion, fear, and distrust. 
He thinks his own wife and children are so many thieves, and go about to cozen 
him, his servants are all false : 



"Rem su:im periisse, seque eradicarier, 
Et divuni atqiie homimiin claniat conlinub (idem, 
Ue euo ligillo si qua exit foras." 



' If his doors creek, then ont he cries anon. 
His goods are gone, and he is quite undone." 



Timidus Plutus, an old proverb. As fearful as Plutus : so doth Aristophanes and 
Lucian bring him in fearful still, pale, anxious, suspicious, and trusting no man, 
''f'^They are afraid of tempests for their corn; they are afraid of their friends lest 
they should ask something of them, beg or borrow ; they are afraid of their enemies 
lest they hurt them, thieves lest they rob them ; they are afraid of war and afraid of 
peace, afraid of rich and afraid of poor ; afraid of all." Last of all, they are afraid of 
want, that they shall die beggars, which makes them lay up still, and dare not use that 
they have : what if a dear year come, or dearth, or some loss ? and were it not that 
•hey are loth to "-lay out money on a rope, they would be hanged forthwith, and 
sometimes die to save charges, and make away themselves, if their corn and cattle 



!»Luke. xii. 20. StJille, hac nocte eripiam animam 
tuain. "Opesquideni niortalihus sunt dementia 

Tlieog. •""Ell. 2 lib. 2. Exonerare cum se possit 

et relevare pnndHribus pergit niagis fortunis augenti- 
hus pertinaciter im-uhare. '■" Non amicis, nori 1i- 

beris, non ipsi silii qiiidquam impertit, possidet ad hoc 
tantum, ne possidere alteri liceat, &c. Hieron. ad 
Paulin. tani dcest quod haliet quam quod non habet. 
MEpist. 2. lib. 2. Sus-pirat in con vivio, bibat licet gem- 
tois et torn molliore marcidnin corpus condiderit, vigi- 
lat in pluina. ■" Ansnistatur ex abnndantia. con- 

iristalur ex opulcntia, inlVli.x prH-seniihus bonis, in- 
frljcioi ir luluris. 3.;ii|oruui cogitatio nunqaam 



cessat qui pecuniae supplere diligunt. Guianer. tract. 
15. c. 17. s-'Hor. 3. Od. 21. Quo plus sunt polae, 

plus sitiunter aquse. <^ Hor 1. 2. Sat. 6. O si an- 

gulns ille proximus accedat, qui nunc deformal agcl- 
iuin. 3o[,,b. 3 de lib. arbit. luiinoritur studiis, el 

amore senescit habendi. W'Avanis vir inferno est 

similis, &c. nioduni non habet, hoc egentior quo pluia 
habet. =^ Erasm. Adag. chil. 3. cent. 7. pro. 72 

Nulli fidentes omnium formidanl opes, ideo pa\idiiin 
malum vocat Euripides : metuunt tenipeslates oh fru- 
inentum, amicos tie rogeiit, inimicus ne Irt-dniil. fure* 
ne rapiant, helium tinient, p:i( eui liuient, summon, 
medios, infinos, ^'■H;ill Char, 



Mem. 3. Subs. 13.] Love of Gaming^ tsc. 179 

miscarry; though ihey have abundance left, as ^''Agellius notes. '"'Valerhis makes 
mention of one that in a famine sold a mouse for 200 pence, and famished himself* 
sucli are their cares, ■" griefs and perpetual fears. These symptoms are elegantly ex- 
pressed by Theophrastus in his character of a covetous man ; ''^'■Mying in bed, he 
asked his wife whether she shut the trunks and chests fast, the capcase be sealed, 
and wliether the hall door be bolted \ and though she say all is well, he riseth out 
of his bed in his shirt, barefoot and barelegged, to see whether it be so, with a dark 
lanthorn searching every corner, scarce sleeping a wink all night." Lucian in that 
pleasant and witty dialogue called Gallus, brings in Mycillus the cobfer disputing 
with his cock, sometimes Pythagoras ; where after much speech pro and con, to 
prove the happiness of a mean estate, and discontents of a rich man, Pythagoras' 
cock in the end, to illustrate by examples that which he had said, brings him to 
Guyplion the usurer's house at midnight, and after that to Eucrates •, whom they 
found both awake, casting up their accounts,- and telling of their money, '"'lean, dry, 
pale and anxious, still suspecting lest somebody should make a hole through the 
wall, and so get in ; or if a rat or mouse did but stir, starting upon a sudden, and run- 
ning to the door to see whether all were fast.\ Plautus, in his Aulularia, makes o':d 
Eiiclio ■'■' commanding Staphyla his wife to shut the doors fast, and the fire to be put out, 
tt'st anybody should make that an errand to come to his house : when he washed his 
hands, ■*' he was loath to fling away the foul water, complaining that he was undone, 
because the smoke got out of his roof And as he went from home, seeing a crow 
scratch upon the muck-hill, returned in all haste, taking it for malum omcn^ an ill 
sign, his money was digged up ; with many such. He that will but observe their 
actions, shall find these and many such passages not feigned for sport, but really per- 
formed, verified indeed by such covetous and miserable wretches, and that it is, 

■!« " niuiiifosia phrenesis 

Ut lociiples nioriaris egenti vivere fato." 

(a mere madness, to live like a wretch, and die rich. 

SuBSECT. XIII. — Love of Gaming^ <Sfc. and pleasures immoderate ; Causes. 

V It is a wonder to see, how many poor, distressed, miserable wretches, one shall 
meet almost in every path and street, begging for an alms, that have been well de- 
scended, and sometimes in flourishing estate, now ragged, tattered, and ready to be 
starved, lingering out a painful life, in discontent and grief of body and mind, and 
all through immoderate lust, gaining, pleasure and riot.^ 'Tis the common end of 
all sensual epicures and brutish prodigals, that are stupified and carried away head- 
long with their several pleasures and lusts. Cebes in his table, St. Ambrose in his 
second book of Abel and Cain, and amongst the res(^ Lucian in his tract de Mercede 
conductis., hath excellent well deciphered such men's proceedings in his picture of 
Opulentia, whom he feigns to dwell on the top of a high mount, much sought after 
by many suitors ; at their first coming they are generally entertained by pleasure 
and dalliance, and have all the content that possibly may be given, so long as their 
money lasts : but when their means fail, they are contemptibly thrust out at a back 
door, headlong, and there left to shame, reproach, despair.\ And he at first that had 
so many attendants, parasites, and followers, young and lusty, richly arraj^ed, and 
all the dainty fare that might be had, with all kind of welcome and good respect, 
is now upon a sudden stript of all, ■" pale, naked, old, diseased and forsaken, cursing 
his stars, and ready to strangle himself; having no other company but repentance, 
sorrow, grief, derision, beggary, and contempt, which are his daily attendants to his 
Life's end. V As the ''* prodigal son had exquisite music, merry company, dainty Sre at 



2" Agellius, lib. 3. cap. 1. interdmn eo sceleiis per- 
veiiiunt ob lucrum, ut vitani propriam conimutent. 
►^Lil). 7. cap. 6. ■" Onines perpeluo niorbo agi- 

tanlur, suspicatur omnes timidus, sibique nb auruin 
insidiari putat, nunquani quiescens, Plin. ProcEiii. lib. 
\4 ■'•Cap. 18. in leclo jaceiis interrogat uxoreni 

dn arcam probe c!«usit, an capsula, &c. E lecto sur- 
gens iiudus et absque calceis, accensa luceriia omnia 
oliiens et lustrans, ei vix somno indulgens. ''s C'uris 

extPD'jatus, vigilans ei secum supputans. *^ Cave ' ciens, &c. ■•» Luke xv. 

^uequam alienum in ledes intromiseris. Ignem extin 



gui volo, ne causae quidquam sit quod te qiiisqiian 
quffiritet. Si bona forlnna veniat ne intromiseris; 
Occlude sis fores anibobiis pessulis. Discriitior animi 
quia donio aheundum est mihi : Niinis here ule invi- 
tus abeo, nee quid again scio. ■"» Floras aquam pro- 
fundere, &c. periit dum funius de tigillo exit foras 
■""Juv. Sat. 14. •" Ventricosus, nudus, pallidns, 

lipva pudorem nccultans, dextra siepsuiii strangulang, 
occurit autem exeniiti ptEnilentia his mi«erum (onfl- 



180 Causes of Melancholy. Tart 1, Sect. 2 

first ; but a sorrowful reckoning in the end ; so have all such A'ain delights and their 
followers, *^Tri.stes volupfalum exitus^ et quisquis voluptatum suarum reminisci 
volct^ intelliget, as bitter as gall and wormwood is their last; grief of mind, madness 
itself The ordinary rocks upon which such men do impigne and precipitate them- 
selves, are cards, dice, hawks, and hounds, Insanum venandi sludium^ one calls it, 
insance. substructiones : their mad structures, disports, plays, &c., when they are un- 
seasonably used, imprudently handled, and beyond their fortunes. Some men are 
consumed by mad fantastical buildings, by making galleries, cloisters, terraces, walks, 
orchards, gardens, pools, rillets, bowers, and such like places of pleasure ; Inuliles 
demos., ^Xenophon calls them, which howsoever they be delightsome things in 
themselves, and acceptable to all beholders, an ornament, and benefitting some great 
men ; yei unprofitable to others, and the solo overthrow pf their estates. Forestus 
in his observations liath an example of such a one that became melancholy upon the 
like occasion, having consumed his substance in an unprofitable building, which 
would afterward yield him no advantage. Others, I say, are *' overthrown by those 
mad sports of hawking and hunting; honest recreations, and fit for some great men, 
but not for every base inferior person ; Avhilst they will maintain their falconers, 
dogs, and hunting nags, their wealth, saith ^^Salmutze, '•'runs away with hounds, 
and their fortunes fly away with hawks." They persecute beasts so long, till in 
the end they themselves degenerate into beasts, as ^^Agrippa taxeth them, ^■' Action 
like, for as he was eaten to death by his own dogs, so do they devour themselves and 
their patrimonies, in such idle and unnecessary disports, neglecting in the mean time 
their more necessary business, and to follow their vocations. Over-mad too some- 
times are our great men in delighting, and doting too much on it. ^^'^' When they 
drive poor husbandmen from their tillage," as '''^ Sarisburiensis objects, Polycraf. t. 1. 
c. 4, '•'• Hing down country farms, and whole towns, to make parks, and forests, 
starving men to feed beasts, and ^''punishing in the mean time such a man that shall 
molest their game, more severely than him that is otherwise a common hacker, or a 
notorious thief" But great men are some ways to be excused, the meaner sort 
have no evasion why they should not be counted mad. Poggius the Florentine tells 
a merry story to this purpose, condemning the folly and impertinent business of 
such kind of persons.. jA physician of Milan, saith he, that cured mad men, had a 
pit of water in his house, in which he kept his patients, some up to the knees, some 
to the girdle, some to the chin, j)^o modo insanice., as they were more or less alTected. 
One of them by chance, that was well recovered, stood in the door, and seeing a gal- 
lant ride by with a hawk on his fist, well mounted, with his spaniels after him, would 
needs know to what use all this preparation served ; he made answer to kill certain 
fowls; the patient demanded again, what his fowl might be worth which he killed 
in a year; he replied 5 or 10 crowns; and when he urged him farther what his 
dogs, horse, and hawks stood him in, he told him 400 crowns ; with that the pa- 
tient bad be gone, as he loved his life and welfare, for if our master come and find 
thee here, he will put thee in the pit amongst mad men up to the chin : taxing the 
madness and folly of such vain men that spend themselves in those idle sports, 
neglecting tl:eir Inisiness and necessary aftairsA, Leo decimus, that hunting pope, is 
much discommended by ^^Jovius in his life, for his immoderate desire of hawking 
and Imnting, in so much that (as he saith) he would sometimes live about Ostia 
weeks and months together, leave suitors '^^unrespected, bulls and pardons unsigned, 
to his own prejudice, and many private men's loss. ''""And if he had been by chance 
crossed in his sport, or his game not so good, he was so impatient, thai he would 



"Boethins. '"In Oeconom. Quid si nunc osten- 

ilam f.vs qui magna vi argenti donius inutiles ipdifi- 
cant, intuit Socrates. "' Sarisburiensis Polycrat. 

I. 1. c. 14. venatores omnes adhiic institulionem redo- 
'ent centaurorutn. Raro invenitur quisquam eorum 
Miodeslus et gravis, rarocoiiiinens, et ut credo sobrius 
unquain. »■■' Pancirol. Tit. 23. avolant opes cum 

accipitre. ^'Insigtiis venatorum stullitia, et super- 
Tacania cura eoruin, qui duui niiniiim venationi insis- 
.unt, ipsi abjecia omni ti<imanilate in feras desenerant, 
«t Acteon, &;c. s* Sabin. in Ovid. Metanior. 

'* Agrippa lie vanit. sclent. Insanum venandi studiuni, 
4uin & nov;ilibus arcenlur agricola^ siiblrahunt pricdia 
rusticis, agricolonis pra;cluduntur sylvte et prata pas- 



toribus ut augeantur pasciia feris. Majestatis 

reus agricola si gustarit. «■ A novalibus suis ar- 

centur agricolce, dum ter.T habeant vasandi liberta- 
tem : istis, ut pascua augeantiir prasdia subtrahuntur, 
&c. Sarisburiensis. °' Fens quain liominibus 

EEquiores. L'anibd- de Guil. Conq. qui 36 Ecclesia* 
matrices depopulatus est ad forestani novam. Mat, 
Paris i^Toni. 2. de vitis illustriuni, I. 4. de vit. 

I.eon, 10. S9 Venationibus adeo perdile studebat 

et aucupiis. «<) Aiit infeliciter venatus tarn inipa 

tiens inde, ut summos snppe vrros acerbissimie contu 
nieliis oneraret, et incredit)ile est qiiali viiltus aniro' 
que habitu dolorem iracundiaiuque praeferret, &c.- 



Mem. 3. Subs. 13.] 



Love of Gaming. 



\Hi 



revile and miscall many times men of great worth with most bitter taunts, look so 
sour, be so angry and waspish, so grieved and molested, that it is incredible to relate 
it."VBut if he had good sport, and been well pleased, on the other side, incredibili 
miinijicentia., with unspeakable bounty and munificence he would reward all his fel- 
low hunters, and deny nothing to any suitor when he was in that mood.>^ To say 
truth, 'tis the common humour of all gamesters, as Galataeus observes, if they win, 
no men living are so jovial and merry, but ®'if they lose, though it be but a trifle,, 
two or three games at tables, or a dealing at cards for two pence a game, they are so 
choleric and testy that no man may speak with them, and break many times into 
violent passions, oaths, imprecations, and unbeseeming speeches, little difl^ering from 
mad men for the time.' Generally of all gamesters and gaming, if it be excessive, 
thus much we may conclude, that whether they win or lose for the present, theii 
winnings are not Munera fortuncB., sed insidicc, as that wise Seneca determines, not 
fortune's gifts, but baits, the common catastrophe is "^^ beggary, ®^ Ut pestis vitam, sic 
adimit alca pecuniam, as the plague takes away life, doth gaming goods, for ^'^omnes 
nudi, inopes el egeni ; 

"''"Alea Scylla vorax, species certissima fiirti, 

Noil coiitenta bonis aniniuin quoque perfida mergit, 
Focda, furax, infaiiiis, iners, fiiriosa, ruiiia." 

For a little pleasure they take, and some small gains and gettings now and then, their 
wives and children are jinged in the meantime, and they themselves with loss of 
body and soul rue it in the end. I will say nothing of those prodigious prodigals, per- 
dendcB pecunicB genitos., as he ^^ taxed Anthony, Qui pntrinio7iium sine ulla fori calum- 
nia amittunt., saith "Cyprian, and ^^mad Sybaritical spendthrifts, Quiqiw una come 
dunt patrimonia ccena ; that eat up all at a breakfast, at a supper, or amongst bawds 
parasites, and players, consume tliemselves in an instant, as if they had flung it into 
'® Tiber, with great wages, vain and idle expenses, &c., not themselves only, but even 
all their friends, as a man desperately swimming drowns him that comes to help him, 
by suretyship and borrowing they will willingly undo all their associates and allies. 
'°Irati pecuniis, as he saith, angry with their money: ''"what with a wanton eye, a 
liquorish tong-ue, and a gamesome hand, when they have indiscreetly impoverished 
themselves, mortgaged their wits, together with their lands, and entombed their ances- 
tors' fair possessions in their bowels, they may lead the rest of their days in prison^ 
as many times they do; they repent at leisure; and when all is gone begin to be 
thrifty: but Sera est in f undo parsimonia, 'tis then too late to look about; their 
'^end is misery, sorrow, shame, and discontent. And well they deserve to be infa- 
mous and discontent. ''^ Calami diari in Jlmphitheatro, as by Adrian the emperor's edict 
they were of old, decoclores lonorum suorum, so he calls them, prodigal fools, to be 
publicly shamed, and hissed out of all societies, rather than to be pitied or relieved.'''' 
^The Tuscans and Boetians brought their bankrupts into the market-place in a bier 
with an empty purse carried before them, all the boys following, where they sat all 
day circumslanle jdebe., to be infamous and ridiculous. At '° Padua in Italy they have 
a stone called the stone of turpitude, near the senate-house, where spendthrifts, and 
such as disclaim non-payment of debts, do sit with their hinder parts bare, that by 
that note of disgrace others may be terrified from all such vain expense, or borrowing 
more than they can tell how to pay. 'The '^ civilians of old set guardians over such 
brain-sick prodigals, as they did over madmen, to moderate their expenses, that they 
should not so loosely consume their fortunes, to the utter undoing of their families. 
' i may not here omit those two main plagues, and common dotages of human kind, 
wme and women, which have infatuated and besotted myriads of people ; they gc 
commonly together. 

""dui vino indulget, quemque alea decoquit, ille 
In venerem putret"— 



"HJnicuiqueantera hoc a natura insitum est, utdoleat 
siculii erraverit aut deceptus sit. ^-iuven. Sat. 8. 

Vec enim loculis comilan tibus itur, ad casum tabulse, 
<)Osita sed luditur area Lemnius instit. ca. 44. menda- 
.iorum qiiidein.et perjuriorum et paupertatis mater est 
alea, niillain liabens patrimonii reverentiam, quum 
illud effiiderit, sensim in furta delabitur et rapinas. 
Saris, polycrat. I. 1. c. 5. ^3 Damhoderus. <^^Daii. 

Bouter. espetrar. dial. 27. eegalust. 6? Tom. 3. 
Ser. de Allea. wpintus in Aristop. calls all such 

(aiiiesters madmen. Si in insanum bomiiiem contigero. 



Spontaneum ad se trahunt furorem, et ns, et nares e 
oculnsrivos faciuiit furoris et diversoria.Chrys. horn. ] . 
69 Pascasius Justus 1. 1. de alea. ™Seneca. "Hall. 
■i^Iii Sat. II. Sed deficieiite crumena; et crescente gula 
qnis te manet exitus — rebus in ventrein mer.-iis 
"Spartiaii. Adriano. '4 Alex. ab. Alex. lib. fl. c. 10 

Idem Gnrbelius, lib. 5. GrjE. disc. '^ Fines Mori* 

'6 Justinian ■ Dijestis. " Persiiis Sal. 5. "On 

inilult'es in wine, another the die coiAuines, a ihirrt i. 
decomposed by venery." 



183 



Causes of Melancholy. 



Pan. I. Sec. 2 



To who n is sorrow, saitli Solomon, Pro. xxiii. 39, to whom is woe, but lo such it 
one as loves drink? it causeth torture, (^vino tortus et ird) and bitterness of inind, 
Sirac. 31 21. Vinum furoris, Jeremy calls it, 15. cap. wine of nmdness, as well he 
may, for insanirc facd sanos, it makes sound men sick and sad, and wise men '^mad, 
to say and do they know not what. Accldlt hodid terrlbilis casus (saith '^S. Austin") 
hear a miserable accident; Cyrillus' son this day in his drink, Matrem prcRgnantem 
nequitcr opprcssi.t., sororcm violare voluil., patrcm occidit fere, et duas alias sorores 
ad mortem vulnera'vit, would have violated his sister, killed his father, &c. A true 
saying it was of him. Vino dari Iccliliam et dolorem, drink causeth mirth, and drink 
causeth sorrow, drink causeth "poverty and want," (Prov. xxi.) shame and disgrace. 
Midti ignohiles evascre oh vhil potum, et (Austin) amissis honoribus prqfngi aberrd- 
runt : many men have made shipwreck of their fortunes, and go like rogues and 
beggars, having turned all their substance into auriim potabile, that otherwise might 
have lived in good worship and happy estate, and for a iew hours' pleasure, for their 
Hilary term's but short, or *'free madness, as Seneca calls it, purchase unto them- 
selves eternal tediousness and trouble. 

That other madness is on women, Apostatare facit cor, saith the wise man, ^^Atque 
homini cerebrum minuit. Pleasant at first she is, like Dioscorides Rhododaphne, that 
fair plant to the eye, but poison to the taste, the rest as bitter as wormwood in the 
end (Prov. v. 4.) and sharp as a two-edged sword, (vii. 27.) " Her house is the way 
to hell, and goes down to the chambers of death." What more sorrowful can be 
said .? they are miserable in this life, mad, beasts, led like ^" oxen to the slaughter :" 
and that which is worse, Avhoremasters and drunkards shall be judged, amittunt gra' 
tiarn, saitli Austin, perdunt gloriam, incurrunt damnationem ceternam. They lose 
prace and glory; 

■" brevis ilia voluptas 



Abrogat seternuin ca!li decus' 



they gain hell and eternal damnation. 



SuBSECT. XIV. — Philavtia, or Self-love, Vain-glory, Praise, Honour, Immoderate 
Applause, Pride, over-much Joy, (^c, Causes. 

Self-love, pride, and vain-glory, ^ccecus amor sui, which Chrysostom calls one of 
the devil's three great nets; ^^" Bernard, an arrow which pierceth the soul through, 
uid slays it; a sly, insensible enemy, not perceived," are main causes. Where 
neither anger, lust, covetousness, fear, sorrow, &c., nor any other perturbation can 
lay hold; this will slily and insensibly pervert us, Que?n non gula vicit, Philautia, 
superavit, (saith Cypirian) whom surfeiting could not overtake, self-love hath over- 
come. ^"He hath scorned all money, bribes, gifts, upright otherwise and sincere, 
hath inserted himself to no fond imagination, and sustained all tliose tyrannical con- 
cupiscences of the body, hath lost all his honour, captivated by vain-glory." Chry- 
sostom, sup. lo. Tu sola animum mentemque peruris, gloria. A great assault and 
cause of our present malady, although we do most part neglect, take no notice of it, 
yet this is a vrolent batterer of our souls, causeth melancholy and dotage. This pleas- 
ing humour; this soft and whispering popular air, Amahilis insania ; this deJectable 
frenzy, most irrefragable passion. Mentis gratissimus error, this acceptable disease, 
which so sweetly sets upon us, ravisheth our senses, lulls our souls asleep, puffs up 
our hearts as so many bladders, and that without all feeling, *' insomuch as '*• those 
that are misaffected with it, never so much as once perceive it, or think of any cure. 
We commonly love him best in this **' malady, that doth us most harm, and are very 
willing to be hurt; adulationibus nostris li bent ur fav emus (saith ^^ Jerome) we love 
him, we love hi.m for it: ^O Bonciari suave, suave fuit a te tali hcec tribui; 'Twus 
sweet to hear it. And as ^' Pliny doth ingenuously confess to his dear friend Augu- 



'fPociiltini quasi sinus in quo sspe naiifra^iuni fa- 
ciiint, jaclura tiiin peciinia; tnin mentis Eras::!, in Prov. 
caliciiin remigcs. chil. 4. cent. 7. Pro. 41. '"Ser. 33. art 
frat. in Ereino. 'OLilierse iinius horn; insaniam 

iBterno teinporis tipiiio pensanl. 8' Menanrter. 

'B Prov. 5. "3 ivierlin. cocc. " That momentary plea- 
suie h.ots out the eternal glory of a heavenly life." 
M Hor ''"Sagitta quie animam penetrat, leviter 

peneirat, sed non Icve inflij;it vulnus sup. cant, oe^ui 



omiicm pecuniarum contemptum liabent, et nt.lli iim- 
ginationis totius munrti se inunir^ciierint, et tyriniiic:>s 
corporis concupiscpntias sustiriuerint, hi mnltoties cap .i 
ii vana gloria omnia perdirteruiit. •■' Hac correpti non 
cogitant de medela. "SDii talem a terris avertite 

pestem. "^Epad Eustoclnum, de cnstod virgin. 

»" Lyps. Ep. ad Bonciarinin "' Ep. lib. 9. Omnia tua 

scripta pulcherrina exiilimo, mdxime tamen illd, qu« 
de tiobia. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 14.j 



Philautia, or Self-love, Sfc. 



183 



rinus, "all thy writings are most acceptable, but those especially that speak of us." 
Again, :i little after to Maximus, "^" I cannot express how pleasing it is to me to hear 
myself commended." Tliough we smile to ourselves, at least ironically, when para- 
sites bedauli us with false encomiums, as many princes cannot choose but do, Quum 
'ah quid nihil intra se rcjiercrint, when they know they come as far short, as a mouse 
to an elepliant, of any sucli virtues ; yet it doth us good. Though we seem many 
times to be angry, ^^'■'•and blush at our own praises,- yet our souls inwardly rejoice, 
it puffs us up;" ''iisfallax situvitas, blandiis dceinon, "-makes us swell beyond our 
bounds, and forget ourselves." Her two daughters are lightness of mind, immode- 
rate joy and pride, not excluding those other concomitant vices, which ^Modocus 
Lorichius reckons up ; bragging, hypocrisy, peevishness, and curiosity. 

Now the common cause of this mischief, ariseth from ourselves or others, ^^we 
are active and passive. It proceeds inwardly from ourselves, as we are active causes, 
from an overweening conceit we have of our good parts, own worth, (which indeed 
is no worth) our bounty, favour, grace, valour, strength, wealth, patience, meekness, 
hospitality, beauty, temperance, gentry, knowledge, wit, science, art, learning, our 
** excellent gifts and fortunes, for which. Narcissus-like, we admire, flatter, and ap- 
plaud ourselves, and think all the world esteems so of us ; and as deformed women 
easily believe those that tell them they be fair, we are too credulous of our own good 
parts and praises, too well persuaded of ourselves. We brag and venditate our ®'ovvn 
works, and scorn all others in respect of us; Inflati scientia, (saith Paul) our wis- 
dom, ''^our learning, all our geese are swans, and we as basely esteem and vilify other 
men's, as we do over-highly prize and value our own. We will not suffer them to 
be in secundis, no, not in tertiis ; what, Mccuvi confer tur Ulysses ? they are Mures, 
Muscce, culices prcp se, nits and flies compared to his inexorable and supercilious, 
eminpnt and arrogant worship : though indeed they be far before him. Only wise, 
only rich, only fortunate, valorous, and fair, puffed up with this tympany of self-con- 
ceit ; "^as that proud pharisee, they are not (as they suppose) " like other men," of 
a purer and more precious metal : '°°Soli rei gerendi sunt ejicaces, which that wise 
Periander held of such: ^meditantur omne qui prius negotium^ &c. JVovi quendam 
saith ^Erasmus) I knew one so arrogant that he thought himself inferior to no man 
living, like ^Callisthenes the philosopher, that neither held Alexander's acts, or any 
other subject worthy of his pen, such was his insolency ; or Seleucus king of Syria, 
who thought none fit to contend with him but the Romans. ''Eos solos dignos ratus 
quibusctim de iinperio certaret. That which TuUy writ to Atticus long since, is still 
in force. ^ " There was never yet true poet nor orator, that thought any otlier better 
than himself.'' And such for the most part are your princes, potentates, great philo- 
sophers, historiographers, authors of sects or heresies, and all our great scholars, as 
^Hierom defines; "a natural philosopher is a glorious creature, and a very slave of 
rumour, fame, and popular opinion," and though they write de contemjjfu glorice, yet as 
he observes, they will put their names to their books. Vohis etfanuB me semper dedi, 
saith Trebellius PoUio, I have wholly consecrated myself to you and fame. "'Tis all 
my desire, night and day, 'tis all my study to raise my name." Proud 'Pliny secouils 
him; Quaviquam O! &c. and that vain-glorious ^orator is not ashamed to confes.s 
in an Epistle of his to Marcus Lecceius, Jlrdeo incredihili cupi'J idate, &c. " I burn 
with an incredible desire to have my ^name registered in thy book. Out of this foun- 
tain proceed all those cracks and brags, ^"speramus carminafingi Posse linenda 

cedro^ ei leni servanda cuprcsso "Aon uvtata nee tenuiferarpcnna. 7iec in 

terra morahor longius. JYil parvum aut humili modo, nil mortale loquor. Dicar qua 
violens obstrepit Ausidus. Exegi monumenium cere perennius. lamque opus exegi, 



WExpriinere non possum quarn sit jucundum, &c. 
•s Hieroin. et licet nos indi|^nos dicinius et calidiis rubor 
ora perfundat, nttamen ad laudem suani intrinsecus 
aniiiiEe laetantur. "■'Thesaur. Theo. s^Xeceniin 

mihi roriiea libra est. Per. '•* E inanibus illis, Nasceii- 
tur vioI». Pers. 1. Sat. ^^ Omnia enlin no.sira, supra 
moduiii placeiit. s^Fab. 1. 10. c. 3. Ridentur mala 

Mjmponut.t carmina, verum gaudeut scribentes, et se 
venerantur, et ultra. Si taceas laudant, quicquid scrip- 
•ere beati. Hor. ep. -2. 1.2. 9!>Luke xviii. 10. looDe 
Weliore luto iiii.xit p"a!cordia Tit;>T ' Auson. sap. 

Chii n. cent. 10 pr.,. d'l. Qui sc crederet neminem ulla 
• r« I rsstaiitiurem. ^Tantofastu scripsit, ut 



Alexandri gesta inferioia scriptis suis existimaret, In. 
Vnssius lib. 1. cap. SI. de hist. < Plutarch, vit. Catn- 

nis. 5 Neuio unquain Poeta aut Orator, qui queu- 

quam se meliorem arbitraretur. ^Consol. ad Pain 

machium mundi Philosoplius. gloria: animal, et pupula. 
ris aura; et runiorum venale uiancipium. ' Epist. 5. 

(;apitoMi suo Diebus ac noctibus, hoc solum cogiii) si 
qua nie possum levare huino. Id volo nieo suflicit, &.c, 
STullius. 9Ut nouien meum scriptis, tuis illu^tretiir. 
Inquies animus studio »tern)tatis, noctes et dies ange- 
batur. Hensius for^it. uneb. de Sral. '» Hor. art. 

P<iet. " Oil. Vil. I. ;!. Jamque opus exegi. Vad«i 

liber foelix Palingen. lib. IS. 



184 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 'Z 

juod nee Jovis ira., nee ignis, Stc. cum venit ille dies, kc. parte tarnen meliore mci 
mper alta pcrennis astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum. (This of Ovid I 
have paraphrased in English.) 

" And when I am dead and gone, I And I shall he alive, 

My corpse laid under a stone In these my works for ever, 

My fame shall yet survive, | My ylory shall persever," &.c. 

And that of Ennius, 

" Nemo me lacnrymis rtecoret, neque funera flelu 
Faxit, cur? volito docta per ora vjruni." 

'' Let none shed tears over me, or adorn my bier with sorrow — because I am etei 
nally in the mouths of men." With many such proud strains, and foolish flashes 
too common with writers. Not so much as Democharis on the '^Topics, but he 
will be immortal. Typotius de fcmid, shall be famous, and well he deseri^es, because 

he writ of fame; and every trivial poet must be renowned, '•'• Plausuque petit 

clarcscere vulgi.'''' "He seeks the applause of the public." This puffing humour it 
is, that hath produced so many great tomes, built such famous m(»numents, strong 
castles, and Mausolean tombs, to have their acts eternised, " Digito monstrari, et 
dicier hie est ;" " to be pointed at with the finger, and to have it said V tliere he 
goes,' " to see their names inscribed, as Phryne on the walls of Thebes, Phryne 
fecit; this causeth so many bloody battles, ^'- Et noctes cogit vigdare serenas ;''"' 
"and induces us to watch during calm nights." Long journeys, '■'•Magnum iter in- 
tendo, sed dat mihi gloria vires,''"' " I contemplate a monstrous journey, but the lov« 
of glory strengthens me for it," gaining honour, a little applause, pride, self-love, 
vain-glory. This is it which makes them take such pains, and break out into those 
ridiculous strains, this high conceit of themselves, to '^ scorn all others; ridictilo 
fastu et intolerando contcmptu ; as '^Palaemon the grammarian contemned Varro, 
secum et natas et moritnras liter as j act ans, and brings them to that height of^inso- 
iency, that they cannot endure to be contradicted, '^or hear of anything but tlieir own 
•"ommendation," which Hierom notes of such kind of men. And as "'Austin well 
seconds him, " 'lis their sole study day and night to be commended and applauded.'' 
When as indeed, in all wise men's judgments, quibus cor sapit, they are "mad, empty 
vessels, funges, beside themselves, derided, et ut Camelus in proverbio qucerens cor- 
nua, etiam quas habebat aurcs amisit, '^ their works are toys, as an almanac out of 
date, ^^ authoris j)ereunt garrulitate sui, they seek fame and immortality, but reap dis- 
honour and infamy, they are a common obloquy, inscnsati, and come far short of that 
which they suppose or expect. ^"0 puer ut sis vitalis metuo, 

" How much I dread 

Thy days are short, some lord shall strike thee dead." 

Of so many myriads of poets, rhetoricians, philosophers, sophisters, as '^' Eusebius 
well observes, which have written in former ages, scarce one of a thousand's works 
remains, nomina et libri simul cum corporibtis inter ieritnl, their books and bodies are 
perished together. It is not as they vainly think, they shall surely be admired and 
immortal, as one told Philip of Macedon insultingly, after a victory, that his shadow 
was no longer than before, we may say to them, 

" Nos demiramur, sed iion cum deside vuljio, I " We marvel too, not as the vulgar we, 

Sed velut Harpyas, Gorgonas, et Furias." | But as we Gorgons, Harpies, or Furies see." 

Or if we do applaud, honour and admire, quota pars, how small a part, in respect 
of the whole world, never so much as hears our names, how few take notice of us, 
liow slender a tract, as scant as Alcibiades' land in a map! And yet every man must 
md will be immortal, as he hopes, and extend his fame to our antipodes, when as 
half, no not a quarter of his own province or city, neither knows nor hears of him* 
out say they did, what's a city to a kingdom, a kingdom to Europe, Europe to the 
world, the world itself that must have an end, if compared to the least visible star in 
the firmament, eighteen times bigger than it ? and then if those stars be infinite, and ^"^ 
every. star there be a sun, as some will, and as this sun of ours hath his planets about ' 
him, all inhabited, what proportion bear we to them, and where's our glory .? Orbem 

"In lib. 8. i3De ponte dejicere. "Sueton. I quam sic oh cloriam cruciari ? Insaniam istam domine 

'ib. degram. '' Nihil lihenter audiunt, nisi laudes | lotige fac A me. Austin, cons. lib. 11). cap. S". '""As 

Duas. 18 Epis. 56 Niliil aliud dies noctesque cogi- Caiirelus iti the novel, who Inst his ears wliile he was 

•ant nisi ut in studiis suis iaiidentnr ah, hoininibiis. looking' for a pair of horns" '" Marl. I. 5. 51 

'UuJE major dementia aut dici, a it e.xcogitari potest, j :oHor. Sal. 1. I. -i. i" Lib. cont. Philos. cap. I 



Meni 3. Subs. 14.] Vain-glory, Fride,, Joy, Praise. 18'' 

terrarum victor Bomamis hahebat, as he cracked in Petronius, all the world was 
under Augustus : and so in Constantine''s time, Eusebius brags he governed all the 

w orld, unwersiim mundum prcBclare admodum adniinistravit, et omnes orhis gentet 

Imperatori subjecti : so of Alexander it is given out, the four monarchies, &.c. when 
as neither Greeks nor Romans ever had the fifteenth part of the now known world, 
nor lialf of that which was then described. What braggadocioes are they and we 
then.^ quam brcvis hie de nobis sermo, as ^^he-said, ^^pudcbit audi nominis, how shorl 
a time, how little a while doth this fame of ours continue ? Every private province, 
every small territory and city, when we have all done, will yield as generous spirits, 
as brave examples in all respects, as famous as ourselves, Cadwallader in Wales, 
Rollo in Normandy, Robin Hood and Little John, are as much renowned in Sher- 
wood, as Caesar in Rome, Alexander in Greece, or his Hephestion, ^"'Omnis cetas 
omnisque populus in exemplam et adniiralionem veniet, every town, city, book, is full 
of brave soldiers, senators, scholars; and though ^'Bracydas was a worthy captain, ■ 
a good man, and as they thought, not to be matched in Lacedaemon, yet as his mother 
truly said, plures habet Sparta Bracyda meJiores, Sparta had many better men than 
ever lie was ; and howsoever thou admirest thyself, thy friend, many an obscure fel- 
low the world nevei- took notice of, had he been in place or action, would have done 
much better than he or he, or thou thyself 

Another kind of mad men there is opposite to these, that are insensibly mad, and 
Know not of it, such as contemn all praise and glory, think themselves most free, 
when as indeed they are most mad: calcant sed aliofastn: a company of cynics, 
such as are monks, hermits, anachorites, that contemn the world, contemn themselves, 
contemn all titles, honours, offices : and yet in that contempt are more proud than 
any man living whatsoever. They are proud in humility, proud in that they are not 
proud, sape homo de van<.r glories contemptu, inniius gloriatur^ as Austin hath it, con- 
fess, lib. 10, cap. 38, like Diogenes, inius glorianlur, they brag inwardly, and feed 
themselves fat with a self-conceit of sanctity, which is no better than hypocrisy. 
They go in sheep's russet, many great men that might maintain themselves in cloth 
of gold, and seem to be dejected, humble by their outward carriage, when as in- 
wardly they are swoln full of pride, arrogancy, and self-conceit. And therefore 
Seneca adviseth his friend Lucilius, ^^"in his attire and gesture, outward actions, 
especially to avoid all such things as are more notable in themselves : as a rugged 
attire, hirsute head, horrid beard, contempt of money, coarse lodging, and whatso- 
ever leads to fame that opposite way." 

All this madness yet proceeds from ourselves, the main engine which batters us is 
from others, we are merely passive in this business : from a company of parasites 
and flatterers, that with immoderate praise, and bombast epithets, glosing titles, false 
eulogiums, so bedaub and applaud, gild over many a silly and undeserving man, that 
they clap him quite out of his wits. Res imprimis violenta est, as Hierom notes, this 
common applause is a most violent thing, laudum placenta, a drum, fife, and trumpet 
cannot so animate ; that fattens men, erects and deject^ them in an instant. ^'Palma 
negata macrum, donata reducit opimum. It makes them fat and lean, as frost dotli 
conies. ^'*''' And who is that mortal man that can so contain himself, that if he be im- 
moderately commended and applauded, will not be moved .'"' Let him be what he 
will, those parasites will overturn him : if he be a king, he is one of the nine worthies, 

more than a man, a god forthwith, ^^edictum Domini Deique nostri : and they 

will sacrifice unto him, 

SO" divinos si tii patiaris lionores, 

Ultro ipsi dabiinus meritasquc sacrabimus aras." 

If he be a soldier, then Themistocles, Epammondas, Hector, Achilles, duo fulmina 
b^.Ui, triumviri terrarum, Sj-c, and the valour of both Scipios is too little for him, he 
IS invictissimus, serenissimus, multis trophceus ornatissimiis, naturce dominus, although 
he be lepus galeatus, indeed a very coward, a milk-sop,^' and as he said of Xerxes 



32Tul. som. Scip. "^^ Boethius. " Putean. Ci- 

Balp. hist. lih. I. sopintarch. Lycurgo. ^ Epist. 13. 
Ulud te adinoneo, iie eoruni more far:i!is, qui non pro- 
ficere, sed conspici cupiiirit.qua; in ha hit ii t no, aut eonere 
rita" nolabilia s'lnt. Asperuiii cnlumi et vitiosum caput, 
legligeiitiorem arbain, iridictuui argento odium, cu- 



24 q2 



bile huini posituni, et quicquid ad laudem perversa via 
sequitur evita. '"?f.r. ^sQuis yero tam bene mo 
dulo suo metiri se uovit, ut eiim assiduie et ininiolioir 
laudationes non moveaiit ? Hen. Steph. ■i^'Marl. 

30 Stro/.a. " If you will accept divine houou's we wii; 
willingly erect and consecrate altars to you.'" > . us ,n 



186 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 

postremiis in pugnd., primus in fiigd.) and such a one as never durst look his enemy 
in tlie face. If he be a big man, then is he a Samson, another Hercules; if he pro- 
nounce a speech, another Tully or Demosthenes ; as of Herod in the Acts, " the 
voice of God and not of man :" if he can make a verse, Homer, Virgil, Stc. And 
then my silly wt;ak patient takes all these eulogiums to himself; if he be a scholar 
so commended for his much reading, excellent style, method, &c., he will eviscerate 
huiiself like a spider, study to death, Laudatas ostendit avis Junonia pcnnas., pea- 
cock-like he will display all his featliers. If he be a soldier, and so applauded, his 
valour extolled, tliough it be impar congressus., as that of Troilus and Acliilles, Infe- 
lix jmcr^ he will combat with a giant, run first upon a breach, as another ^^Piiilippus, 
he will ride mto the thickest of his enemies. Commend his housekeepijig, and he 
will beggar himself; commend his temperance, he will starve himself 

" laudataqiie virtus 

Crt'scit, et imiiifiipum gloria calcar hal)et."M 

he is mad, mad, mad, no woe with him : impatiens consortis erit., he will over 

the ''■'Alps to be talked of, or to maintain his credit. Commend an ambitious man, 
some proud prince or potentate, si plus cequo laudctur (saith ''''Erasmus) cristas eri- 
git^ exuit homincm, Deum se putat., he sets up his crest, and will be no longer a man 
but a God. 

36 " nihil est quod credere do se 

Noil audel qijiiiii laudalur diis iequa potestas."^' 

How did this work with Alexander, that would needs be Jupiter's son, and go like 
Hercules in a lion's skin ? Domitian a god, ^^ (^Dominus Deus noster sic Jitri jvhet^) 
like the ^^ Persian kings, whose image was adored by all that came into the city of 
Babylon. Commodus the emperor was so gulled by his flattering parasites, that he 
must be called Hercules. ''"Antonius the Roman would be crowned with ivy, car- 
ried in a chariot, and adored for Bacchus. Cotys, king of Thrace, was married to 
" Minerva, and sent three several messengers one after another, to see if she were 
come to his bed-chamber. Such a one was ^"Jupiter Menecrates, Maximinus, Jovia- 
nus, Dioclesianus Herculeus, Sapor the Persian king,, brother of the sun and moon, 
and our modern Turks, that will be gods on earih, kings of kings, God's shadow, 
commanders of all that may be commanded, our kings of Ciiina and Tartary in this 
present age. Such a one was Xerxes, that would whip the sea, fetter Neptune, stulta 
jactanlid, and send a challenge to Mount Athos ; and such are many sottish princes, 
brought into a fool's paradise by their parasites, 'tis a common humour, incident to 
all men, when they are in great places, or come to the solstice of honour, have done, 
or deserved well, to applaud and flatter themselves. StuUitiam suam produm, Stc, 
(saith ''^Platerus) your very tradesmen if they be excellent, will crack and brag, and 
show their folly in excess. They have good parts, and they know it, you need not 
tell them of it ; out of a conceit of their worth, they go smiling to themselves, a 
perpetual meditation of their trophies and plaudits, they run at last quite mad, and 
lose their wits.''^ Petrarch, lib. I de conte.mpiu rmmdi., confessed as much of himself, 
and Cardan, in his fifth book of wisdom, gives an instance in a smith of Milan, a fel- 
low-citizen of his, ''"one Galeus de Rubeis, that being commended for refining of an 
instrument of Archimedes, for joy ran mad. Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes, hath 
such a like story of one Chamus, a soldier, that wounded king Cyrus in battle, and 
'•' grew thereupon so ''^arrogant, that in a short space after he lost his wits." So many 
men, if any new honour, office, preferment, booty, treasure, possession, or patrimony, 
€x inspera/o fall unto them for immoderate joy, and continual meditation of it, can- 
not sleep ■•' or tell what they say or do, they are so ravished on a sudden ; and with 

52Livius. Giorin tantiiin elatiis, non ira, in medics | Alexandrite. Pater, vol post. <' Minervae nuptias 

uostes irruere, quod coinplHtisinuriscoiispici se pugnan- aiiihit, tarito furore percitus, iit satellites iiiitteret ad 
leni, a inuro fpuctaiitibus.egregium diicebat. 33"/\p. | videiiduin nunidea in thalainis venisset,&c. «^|ian. 
plaiKled virtue grows apace, and glory includes within I li. 12. *^ Do mentis alieiiat. cap. .3. «Se(iui- 

it an immense impulse." 3-i I demens, et sceva.^ curre ! turque siiperbia formam. Livius li. H. Oraculurn est. 



per i*lpi'S. Aude Aliquid, &c. ut pueris placeas, et de- 
clamalio fias. Juv. Sat. 10. 35 in inoriae Encoin. 

« Juvenal. Sat. 4. 3' " There is nothing which over- 

lauded power will not presume to iuiagine of itself" 
'(■Sueton. r. 12. in Domitiano. 3^ Brisonius. <uAn- 
onins ah assentatoribus evectus Librum se patrem 
apellari jussit, et pro deo se venditavit redimitus he- 
ilt-ra et cormia velatiis aurea, et thyrsuin tenens.cothur- 
>iisi,ue succinctus curru velut I.iUer pater vectus est 



vivida seepe ingenia, liixuriare bar, et evanescere mul 
tosque sensum peiiitus amisisse. Homines intuenliir 
ac si ipsi non essent homines. ■•^ Galeus de ruhris, 

civis nosier faher ferrarius, oh inventioneni instrume -ti 
CocleiE oliin Archimedis dicti, prs i:etitia insaniiit 
■"^Insania postmodum correptus, oh nimiam indeairo 
gantiam. ■" Bene ferre magnam disce fortun* v 

Hor. Forlunam reverenter habe, quicunque repel 14 
Dives ab exili progrediere loco. Ausouius 



Alem. 3. Subs. 15.] 



Study, a Cause. 



187 



vain conceits transported, there is no rule with inem. " Epaminondas, therefore, tlie 
next (lay after his Leuctrian victory, ''**'• came abroad all squalid and subniiss," anc 
gave no other reason to his friends of so doing, than that he perceived himself the 
■Jay before, by reason of his good fortune, to be too insolent, overmuch joyed. That 
wise and virtuous lady, ""^ Queen Katherine, Dowager of England, in private taHc 
upon like occasion, said, "that '"she would not willingly endure the extremity of 
either fortune ; but if it were so, that of necessity she must undergo the one, she 
would be in adversity, because comfort was never wanting in it, but still counsel and 
government were defective in the other:" they could not moderate themselves. 



SuBSECT. XV. — Love of Learning, or overmuch study. With a Digression of the 
misery of Scholars, and why the Muses are Melancholy. 

Leonartus Fuchsius Instil, lib. iii. sect. 1. cap. I. Faelix Plater, lib. in. de mentis 
alienat. Here, de Saxonia, IVact. post, de melanch. cap. 3, speak of a ^'peculiar fury, 
which comes by overmucii study. Fernelius, lib. 1, cap. 18, ^■^puts study, contem- 
plation, and continual meditation, as an especial cause of madness : and in his 86 
consul, cites the same words. Jo. Arculanus, in lib. 9, Rhasis ad Jilnansorem, cap. 16, 
amongst other causes reckons up stadium vehemens : so doth Levinus Lemnius, lib. 
de pccul. nat. mirac. lib. 1, cap. 16. *^"Many men (saith he) come to this malady 
by continual ^ study, and night-waking, and of all other men, scholars are most sub- 
ject to it:" and such Rhasis adds, ^^''that have commonly the finest \^its." Cont. 
lib. 1, tract. 9, Marsilius Ficinus, de sanit. tuenda, lib. 1. cap. 7, puts melancholy 
amongst one of those five principal plagues of students, 'tis a common Maul unto 
them all, and almost in some measure an inseparable companion. Varro belike for 
that cause calls Tristes Philosophos et severos, severe, sad, dry, tetric, are common 
epithets to scholars: and '"''Fatritius therefore, in the institution of princes, would 
not have them to be great students. For (as Machiavel holds) study weakens their 
bodies, dulls the spirits, abates their strength and courage; and good scholars are 
never good soldiers, which a certain Goth well perceived, for when his countrymen 
came into Greece, and would have burned all their books, he cried out against it, by 
no means they should do it, *' " leave them that plague, which in time will consume 
all tlieir vigour, and martial spirits." The ^^ Turks abdicated Cornutus the next heir 
from the empire, because he was so much given to his book : and 'tis the common 
tenet of the world, that learning dulls and diminisheth the spirits, and so per conse- 
quens produceth melancholy. 

Two main reasons may be given of it, why students should be more subject to 
this malady than others. The one is, they live a sedentary, solitary life, sibi et ?)iusis 
free from bodily exercise, and those ordinary disports which other men use : anu 
many times if discontent and idleness concur with it, which is too frequent, they are 
precipitated into this gulf on a sudden : but the common cause is overmuch study ; 
too much learning (as ^'^Festus told Paul) hath made thee mad; 'tis that other extreme 
which effects it. So did Trincavelius, lib. 1, consil. 12 and 13, find by his experi- 
ence, in two of his patients, a young baron, and another that contracted this malady 
by too vehement study. So Forestus, observat. I. 10, obscrv. 13, in a young divine 
m Louvaine, that was mad, and said ^'^ ^ he had a Bible in his head :" Marsilius Ficinus 
de sanit. tuend. lib. 1, cap. 1, 3, 4, and lib. 2, cap. 16, gives many reasons, *'''•'• why 
students dote more often than others." The first is their negligence; *^" other men 



w Processit sqiialidiis et siibmissus, ut hesterni Diei 
aaiiiliiini iiiteiiiperaiis tiodie casligaret. ^^Uxor 

Hen. 8. ^ Neutriiis se fortunte extreinuni libenter 

exjv;! turairi dixit: sed si necessitas alterius subinde 
iiii|)oneretur, optare sc difficilem et adversain : quod in 
Imc iiiilli iii.quain defiiit solatium, in altera multis con- 
siliuiii, etc L,od. ViVKS. SI Peculiaris t'uror, qui ex 

lileris til. ^^ Nihil niaf;i9 auget, ac assidua studia, 

et profunds cogilationes. o3 Non desunt, qui ex 

/uj;i studio, ei lutempestiva lucubratione, hue devene- 
ruiit, hi prw cteteris eiiim pleruiique melancholia solent 
itife;lan. m study is a continual and earnest medi- 

tation applied to soiiiethinj; with great desire. Tully. 
55 Et ill) qui sunt suhliiis iiigenii, et multai prsmedita- 
tio'iis, de f'acili inridunl in mclancholiam. "«Ob 

tiidiorum solicitiilinen] lib. 5. Tit. 5. ^^Gaspar 



j Ens Thesaur Polit. Apoteles. 31. GriBcis hanc pestem 
relinquite qnffi dubium non est, quiu brevi omnein is 
vigorem ereptura Martiosque spirilus exhaiistura sit; 
Ut ad anna tractanda plane inliabiles fiituri sint. 
ssRnoles Turk. Hist. s" Acts, xxvi. 24. i*" Niuiiia 
stiidiis nielancliolicusevasit, dicens se Biblium in capite 
habere. S' Cur melancholia assidua, crebrisque de- 

liramentis vexentur eoruni auiuii nt desipere cogantur, 
^^Solers quilibet artifex instruinenta sua diligeiitissime 
curat, penicollos pictor ; malleos incudesque faber fer- 
rarius; miles equos, anna venator, auceps aves, e^ 
canes, Cytharam Cylhara^dus, <fcc. soli niusaruni niysiie 
tarn negligentes sunt, ut insirumeutum illud quo louii- 
diim universurn metiri solent. spiriium scilicet, penitu* 
riegligere videantur. 



188 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2. 



look to their tools, a painter will wash his pencils, a smith will look to his hammer 
anvil, forge ; a husbandman will me«(l his plough-irons, and grind his hatchet if it 
be dull; a falconer or huntsman will have an especial care of his hawks, hounds, 
horses, dogs, &.c. ; a musician will string and unstring his lute, &.c. ; only scholars 
neglect that instrument, their brain and spirits (I mean) which they daily use, and by 
which they range over all the world, which by much study is consumed." Vide (saith 
hxician) ne fimiculum nimis intendendo aliquando ahrumpas : "See thou twist n(jt 
the rope so hard, till at length it *^ break." Facinus in his fourth chap, gives some 
other reasons ; Saturn and Mercury, the patrons of learning, they are both dry planets ■ 
and Origanus assigns the same cause, why Mercurialists are so poor, and most par* 
beggars ; for that their president Mercury had no better fortune himself. The desti- 
nies of old put poverty upon him as a punishment; since when, poetry and beggarj- 
are Gemelli, twin-born brats, inseparable companions ; 

«■! "And to this day is every scholar poor f 

iiross gold from tlieia runs headlong to the boor;" 

Mercury can help them to knowledge, but not to money. The second is contem- 
plation, ^^" which dries the brain and extinguisheth natural heat; for whdst the spirits 
are intent to meditation above in the head, the stomach and liver .are left destitute, 
and thence come black blood and crudities by defect of concoction, and for want of 
exercise the superfluous vapours cannot exhale," 8tc. The same reasons are repeated 
by Gomesius, lih. 4, cap. ],de sale ^^JVymannus oral, de Lnag.Jo. Voschius, lib. 2, 
cap. 5, de peste: and something more they add, that hard students are commonly 
troubled with gouts, catarrhs, rheums, cachexia, bradiopepsia, bad eyes, stone and 
colic, ^^ crudities, oppilations, vertigo, winds, consumptions, and all such diseases as 
come by overmuch sitting; they are most part lean, dry, ill-coloured, spend their 
fortunes, lose their wits, and many times their lives, and all through immoderate 
pains, and extraordinary studies. If you will not believe the truth of this, look 
upon great Tostatus and Thomas Aquinas's works, and tell me whether those men 
took pains .-' peruse Austin, Hieroni, Stc, and many thousands besides. 



" Qui ciipit optatam cursu contiiigere metarri, 
Multa tulit, fecitque puer, sudavit et alsit." 



He that desires this wished goal to gain. 
Must sweat and freeze before he can attain," 



and labour hard for it. So did Seneca, by his own confession, ep. 8. ®^"Not a da} 
that I spend idle, part of the night I keep mine eyes open, tired with waking, and 
now slumbering to their continual task." lieav TuUy pru <Archi a Poet a: '•'whilst 
others loitered, and took their pleasures, he was continually at his book," so they do 
that will be scholars, and that to the hazard (I say) of their healths, fortunes, wits, 
and lives. How much did Aristotle and Ptolemy spend ? unius regni precium they 
say, more than a king's ransom ; how many crowns per annum, to perfect arts, the 
one about his History of Creatures, the other on his Almagest ? How much time 
did Thebet Benchorat employ, to find out the motion of the eighth sphere ? forty 
years and more, some write : how many poor scholars have lost their wits, or become 
dizards, neglecting all worldly alTairs and their own health, wealth, esse and bene esse, to 
gain knowledge for which, after all their pains, in this world's esteem they are accounted 
ridiculous and silly fools, idiots, asses, and (as oft they are) rejected, contemned, 
derided, doting, and mad. Look for examples in Hildesheim spied. 2, de mania et 
delirio: read Trincavellius, l.\^,consil. 36, e/ c. 17. Montanus, consil. 233. ^^Garceus 
de Judic. genii, cap. 33. Mercurialis, consil. 86, cap. 25. Prosper '"Calenius in his 
Book de atrd bile; Go to Bedlam and ask. Or if they keep their wits, yet they are 
esteemed scrubs and fools by reason of their carriage : " after seven years' study" 

■' stalua taciturnius exit, 

Pleruinque et risum populi quatit." 



He becomes more silent than a statue, and generally excites people's laughter." 



(■s Arc{is et arma libi non sunt imilanda Dianac. Si 
punqiiani cesses tendere mollis erit. Ovid. ^^Ephemer. 
toContemplatio cerehriiin exsiccat et extingiiit calorem 
naturalem, iinde cerebrum frisiidum et siccum evadit 
quod est inelancholicum. Accedit ad hoc, quod natura 
in contemplatione, cerebro prorsus cordique iiitenta, 
Ftninachum heparque destituit, uiide ex alimentis male 
coctis, sanguis crassiis et niger efficitur, duni nimio olio 
membroruni supprflui vapores non exhalatit. ^Cpth- 
!>ruui exskfutur. coruo'a sensim gracilescunt °^ Stu- 



diosi sunt Cacectici ct nunquarn bene colorati, propter 
dehililatem digustivie facullatis, mulliphcantur in iis 
superHuitates. Jo. Voscbius parte 2. cap. 5. de peste. 
6" Niillus mihi (ler otium dies exit, partem noctis sludiis 
dedico, non vero somno, sed iiculos vigilia fatigatos ca- 
dentesquo, in operani detineo. ^9 Johannes Hanus* 

cliius liohemus. iiat. 1516. eruditus vir, nimiis studiisin 
Phrenesin iiicidit. Montanus instances in a F.'ench 
mail of Tolosa. '"('ardinalis Ctecius; ch laboreor 

vigiliam, et diuturna studia factus Melanchuiinus 



Vleni. 3. Subs. 15.J Study^ a Cause. 189 

Because they cannot riiJe a horse, which every clown can do ; salute and court 
gentlewoman, carve at table, cringe and make conges, which every common swasher 
can do, '^'hos populus ridet, &.c., they are laughed to scorn, and accounted silly foola 
by our gallants. Yea, many times, such is their misery, they deserve it : "a merp 
scholar, a mere ass. 



' Obstipo capite, et figentes lumine terram, 
Muriiiura cum serum, et rabiosa silerjtia rodunt, 
Atque experreclo trutinantur verba labello, 
^groti veteris meditantes somnia, gigni 
De nihilo nihilum; in iiihilum nil posse reverti." 



.74 •' who do lean awry 



Their heads, piercing tlie earth with a fixt eye, 

When, by themselves, they gnaw their murmuring, 

And furious silence, as 'twere balancing 

Each word upun their outstretched lip, and when 

'I'hey meditate the dreams of old sick men. 

As, 'Out of nothing, nothing can he brought; 

And that which is, can ne'er be turn'd to nought.'" 

Tkus they go commonly meditating unto themselves, thus they sit, such is their 
action and gesture. Fulgosus, I. 8, c. 7, makes mention how Th. Aquinas supping 
with king Lewis of France, upon a sudden knocked his fist upon the table, and 
cried, concliisum est contra Manichcsos, his wits were a wool-gathering, as they say, 
and his head busied about other matters, when he perceived his error, he was much 
'^abashed. Such a story there is of Archimedes in Vitruvius, that having found out 
the means to know how much gold was mingled with the silver in king Hieron's 
crown, ran naked forth of the bath and cried supjyxa, I have found : '® " and was com- 
monly so intent to his studies, that he never perceived what was done about him : 
when the city was taken, and the soldiers now ready to rifle his house, he took no 
notice of it." St. Bernard rode all day long by the Lemnian lake, and asked at last 
where he was, Marullus, lib. 2, cap. 4. It was Democritus's carriage alone that 
made the Abderites suppose him to have been mad, and send for Hippocrates to cure 
him : if he had been in any solemn company, he would upon all occasions fall a 
laughing. Theoplirastus saith as much of Heraclitus, for that he continually wept, 
and Laertius of Menedemus Lampsacus, because he ran like a madman, " saying,- 
•'■ he came from hell as a spy, to tell the devils what mortal men did." Your greatest 
students are commonly no better, silly, soft fellows in their outward behaviour, 
absuid, ridiculous to others, and no whit experienced in worldly business; they can 
measure the heavens, range over the world, teach others wisdom, and yet in bargains 
and contracts they are circumvented by every base tradesman. Are not these men 
fools.? and how should they be otherwise, "but as so many sots in schools, when 
(as '^ he well observed) they neither hear nor see such things as are commonly 
practised abroad ?" how should t.hey get experience, by what means .' "'■' 1 knew 
in my time many scholars," saith ^neas Sylvius (in an epistle of his to Gasper 
Scitick, chancellor to the emperor), " excellent well learned, but so rude, so silly, tha 
they had no common civility, nor knew how to manage their domestic or public 
affairs." "■ Paglarensis was amazed, and said his farmer had surely cozened him, 
when he lieard him tell that his sow had eleven pigs, and his ass had but one foal." 
To say the best of this profession, 1 can give no otner testimony of them in general, 
than that of Pliny of Isasus ; ^" He is yet a scholar, than which kind of men there 
is nothing so simple, so sincere, none better, they are most part harmless, honest, 
upright, innocent, plain-dealing men." 

Now because they are commonly subject to such hazards and inconveniences as 
dotage, madness, -simplicity, &c. Jo. Voschius would have good scholars to be highly 
rewarded, and had in some extraordinary respect above other men, " to have greatei 
*' privileges than the rest, that adventure themselves and abbreviate their lives for the 
public good." But our patrons of learning are so far now-a-days from respecting 
the muses, and giving that honour to scholars, or reward which they deserve, and 
are allowed by those indulgent privileges of many noble princes, that after all their 

'ipers. Sat. 3. They cannot fiddle; but, as Themisto- cata. 'spelronins. E^o arbjtror in srholis ?tultis- 
cles said, he could make a small town become a great sitnos fieri, quia nihil eoriiin (iii;e in usu habemiis hiM 
city. '■•'Pers. Sat. '^Ingenium sibi quod vanas audiunt a(it vident. "Novi meis .liebus, plerosque 



desumpsit Athenas et septem studiis annos dedit, in 
senuitque. Libris et curis statua taciturnius exit, 
I'lerunqiie et risu popijlum quatit, Hor. ep. 1. lib. 2. 
"Translated by M. B. Holiday. ''5 Thomas rnbore 

sonfusus dixit se de arguniento coaitasse. '"'Plutarch, 
vita Marcelli, Nee seiisit urhem captain. n-JC milites in 
lioniuni irriientes, adeo intentus studiis, &c. "Sub 

Furiie larv.i circumivit urbeni, dictitansseexploratorem 
all inferisi enissc,delaturum dsmonibus inorlalium pec- 



tudiis literarum deditos.qui disci pi in is admodum abun- 
dabant, sed si nihil civilitatis hahent, nee rem piibl. ner 
domesticam Tenure norant. Stnpuit Paglarensis e' 
fiirti vilicum accusavit, qui fueni fcetani undecim por 
cellos, asinani unum duntaxat piilliiin enixam retulerai 
«)Lib. 1. Epist. 3. Adhuc scholasticus taiuium est; qii' 
genere hominum, nihil aut est simplicius au? sino-rnu 
aut melius. i-'Jure privilegiaiuu, qui ob coaimuiu 
bonum abbreviant sihi vltam. 



iOw Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect S 

pains taken in the universities, cost and charge, expenses, irksome hours, laboriou* 
tasks, wearisome days, dangers, hazards, (barred interim from all pleasures whicl 
other men have, mewed up like hawks all their lives) if they chance to wade througl. 
them, they sliall in the end be rejected, contemned, and which is their greatest misery 
driven to their shifts, exposed to want, poverty, and beggary. Their familis" attend 
ants are, 

«2«' Piilleiites morbi, luctus, cur.Tque labnrque 1 'j Grief, labour, care, pale sickness, miseries, 

El nu'lus, et inalnsiiada fames, et turpis egcstas, [ Fear, filthy puverTy, hiinaer that cries, 

Terrililles visu forma;" | \Terrible monsters to be seen with eyes." 

If there were nothing else to trouble them, the conceit of this alone were enough 
to make them all melancholy. Most other trades and professions, after some seven 
years' apprenticeship, are enabled by their craft to live of themselves. A merchan 
adventures his goods at sea, and though his hazard be greit, yet if one ship return 
of four, he likely makes a saving voyage. An husbandm-^n's gains are almost cer 
tain; qu'ihus ipse Jupiter nocere non potest (whom Jove himself can't harm) ('tis 
^'Cato's hyperbole, a great husband himself); only scholars methinks are most un- 
certain, unrespected, subject to all casualties, and hazards. For first, not one of a 
many proves to be a scholar, all are not capable and docile, ^* ex omniligno non fit 
Mercurius: we can make majors and officers every year, but not scholars : kings 
can invest knights and barons, as Sigismund the emperor confessed ; universities can 
give degrees ; and Tu quod es, e populo quilibet esse potest; but he nor they, nor all 
the world, can give learning, make philosopliers, artists, orators, poets ; we can soon 
say, as Seneca well notes, O virum ionum^ o divitem.) point at a rich man, a good, a 
happy man, a prosperous man, sumptuose vestiium^ Calamistratum., bene olentem, 
magno temporis impendio constat hcic laudatioj 6 virum Uterarum^ but 'tis not so 
easily performed to find out a learned man. Learning is not so quickly got, though 
they may be willing to take pains, to that end sufficiently informed, and liberally 
maintained by their patrons and parents, yet few can compass it. Or if they be 
docile, yet all men's wills are not answerable to their wits, they can apprehend, but 
will not take pains ; they are either seduced by bad companions, vel in puellam im- 
pingunt., vel in poculum (they fall in with women or wine) and so spend their time 
to their friends' grief and their own undoings. Or put case they be studious, indus- 
trious, of ripe wits, and perhaps good capacities, then how many diseases of body 
and mind must they encounter } No labour in the world like unto study. It may 
be, their temperature will not endure it, but striving to be excellent to know all, they 
lose health, wealth, wit, life and all. Let him yet happily escape all these hazards, 
cereis intestinis^ with a body of brass, and is now consummate and ripe, he hath pro- 
fited in his studies, and proceeded with all applause : after many expenses, he is fit 
for preferment, where shall he have it.? he is as far to seek it as he was (after twenty 
years' standing) at the first day of his coming to the University. For what course 
shall he take, being now capable and ready } The most parable and easy, and about 
which many are employed, is to teach a school, turn lecturer or curate, and for that 
he shall have falconer's wages, ten pound per annum, and liis diet, or some small 
stipend, so long as he can please his patron or the parish ; if they approve him not 
(for usually they do but a year or two) as inconstant, as ^^ they that cried " Hosanna" 
one day, and " Crucify him" the other; serving-man-like, he must go look a new 
master; if they do, what is his reward ? 

M " Hoc qiinque te manet lit piieros eleinenta docentem I " At last thy snow-white age in suburb schools, 
Occupet extremis in vicis alba senectus." | Sliall toil in teaching boys their grammar rules." 

Like an ass, he wears out his time for provender, and can show a stum rod, togam 
iritajii et laceram.) saith ^' Hajdus, an old torn gown, an ensign of his infelicity, he 
iiatli his labour for his pain, a modicum to keep him till he be decrepid, and tiiat is 
.all. Grammaticus non estfcelix^ <^c. If he be a trencher chaplain in a gentleman's 
tioiiso, as it befel *^ Euphormio, after some seven years' service, he may perchance 
nave a living to the halves, or some small rectory with the mother of the maids at 
length, a poor kinswoman, or a cracked chambermaid, to have and to hold during 

« Virg 6. Mn. ^ Plutarch, vita ejus. Certiim I ciliir. «> Mat. '.!!. *^6 Hor. epis. 2U. 1. 1 •" !/• 

agricolatioriis lucrum, &.c. ''^(iuoiaiiiiis fiuut cmi- 1. tie contem. amor. ^t gatyrjcoa 

«u)''.9 et orticoiistiles. Ki-x el Poetaqunlaiiiiis non iias- | 



Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] 

the time of his life. 
in the mean time, 



Study, a Cause. 



191 



Buv if he offend his good patron, or displease his lad^ mistress 



W" Diicetiir Planta velut ictus ab Her.-ule Cacu3, 
I'onetuique foras, si quid teiilaveril unquain 
Hiscere" 



as Hercules did by Cacus, he shall be dragged forth of doors by the heels, away with 
him. If he bend his forces to some other studies, with an intent to be a secretis to 
some nobleman, or in such a place with an ambassador, he shall find that these per- 
sons rise like apprentices one under another, and in so many tradesmen's shops, 
when the master is dead, the foreman of the shop commonly steps in his place 
Now for poets, rhetoricians, historians, philosophers, ^"mathematicians, sopl.istei !, 
&c. ; they are like grasslioppers, sing they must in summer, and pine in the winter, 
for there is no preferment for them. Even so they were at first, if you will believe 
that pleasant tale of Socrates, wiiich he told fair Pha^drus under a plane-tree, at the 
banks of the river Iseus ; about noon when it was hot, and the grasshoppers made 
a noise, he took that sweet occasion to tell him a tale, how grasshoppers were once 
scholars, musicians, poets, &,c., before the Muses were born, and lived without meat 
and drink, and for that cause were turned by Jupiter into grasshoppers. And may 
be turned again. In Tythoni Cicadas, aid Lyclorum ranas, for any reward I see they 
are like to have : or else in the mean time, I would they could live, as they did, 
without any viaticum, like so many ^' manucodiatse, those Indian birds of paradise, 
as we commonly call them, those 1 mean that live with the air and dew of heaven, 
and need no other food ; for being as they are, their ^^ " rlietoric only serves them to 
curse their bad fortunes," and many of them for want of means are driven to hard 
shifts ; from grasslioppers they turn humble-bees and wasps, plain parasites, and 
make the muses, mules, to satisfy their hunger-starved paunches, and get a meal's 
meat. To say truth, 'tis the common fortune of most scholars, to be servile anO 
poor, to complain pitifully, and lay open their wants to their respectless patrons, as 
'^Cardan doth, as ''■*Xilander and many others : and which is too common in those 
dedicatory epistles, for hope of gain, to lie, flatter, and with hyperbolical eulogiums 
and commendations, to magnify and extol an illiterate unworthy idiot, for his excel- 
lent virtues, whom they should rath-er, as ^' Machiavel observes, vilify, and rail at 
downright for his most notorious viilanies and vices. So they prostitute themselves 
as fiddlers, or mercenary tradesmen, to serve great meii^s turns for a small reward. 
They are like ®^ Indians, they have store of gold, but know not the worth of it : for 
I am of Synesius's opinion, ^^^'Kiiig Hieron got more by Simonides' acquaintance, 
than Simonides did by his 5" they have their best education, good institution, sole 
qualification from us, and when they have done well, their honour and immortality 
from us : we are the living tombs, registers, and as so many trumpeters of their 
fames : what was Achilles without Homer .'' Alexander without Arian and Curtius .'' 
who had known the Caisars, but for Suetonius and Dion ? 



»8"Vixerunt fortes ante Agamemtiona 
Mulli : sed oriines illaclirymabiles 
llrgentur, ienotique lojiga 
Nocte, careiit quia vate sacro." 



" Before great Agamemnon reign'd, 

Reigii'd kings as great as he, and brave, 
VVliose huge ambition's now contain'd 

In the small compass of a grave: 
In endless night they sleep, unwept, unknown. 
No bard they had to make all time their own." 



they are more beholden to scholars, than scholars to them ; but they undervalue 
themselves, and so by those great men are kept down. Let them have that encyclo- 
pfedian, all the learning in the world; they must keep it to themselves, ^^"•live in 
base esteem, and starve, except they will submit," as Budajus well hath it, " so man} 
good parts, so many ensigns of arts, virtues, be slavishly obnoxious to some illiterate 
potentate, and live under his insolent worship, or honour, like parasites," Qui tan- 
quam rmires alienum jjanem comedunf. For to say trutli, arlcs hce non sunt Lucra- 
fivcr,, as Guido Bonat that great astrologer could foresee, they be not gainful a;ts 
these, sed esuricntes et famclicce, but poor and hungry. 



S9juv. Sat. 5. 90 Arscolit astra. «' Aldrovandu.* 
de Avihns. 1. \-i. Gesner, &c. 9' Literas habent queis 
cibi el fortuniE suae maledicant. Sat. Menip. "Lib. 

\c lihri* Propriis fol. 24. »» Priefat translat. Plutarch. 

Polit. disput laudihiis exlollunt eos ac si virtutibus 
poljerent quos ob iiitinita si-.eleia potius vituperare 
osorterel. *<• Ur as horses know not tlieir strength, they 



con.oider not their own worth. 9' Phira ex Simonidi* 
familiaritate Hieron consequutusest.quamex Hieronij 
Simonides. 98 Hor. lib. 4. od. 9. '^ Inter iiierte.'= el 
Plebeins fere jacet, ultimum locum habens, nisi tot atl't 
virtutisqiie insijniii, turpitcr obnoxie, .^upparisilandc 
fascibussubji'cerit proterv<e insole nlisqiif polentia;, Lit' 
1. de contempt, reruoi ibrtuiU .iin 



192 



Causes' of Melandioiy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. i 



Pat Oaleiius opes, dat Justinianiis honores, 
■^i-'d genus et species co(.'itiir ire pedes:" 



"The rich physician, honour'd lawyers 
Whilst the poor scholar foots it liy thei 



.X' 



ride, [\ 
ir side."^ 

'^overty is the muses' patrimony, and as tliat^ poetical divinity teacheth us, whet 
j'upiter's daughters were each of them married to the gods, the muses alone were 
eft soUtary, Helicon forsaken of all suitors, and I believe it was, because they had 
no portion. 



'Calliope Inngiim cslebs cur vixit in avum ? 
P/enipe nihil dolis, quod nunieraret, erat." 



" Why did Calliope live so long a maid ? 
Because she had no dowry to be paid " 



Ever since all their followers are poor, forsaken and left unto themselves. Inspmuch, 
that as ' Petronius argues, you shall likely know them by their clothes. "•There 
came," saith he, " by chance into my company, a fellow not very spruce to look on, 
that I could perceive by that note alone he was a scholar, whom commonly rich 
men hate : I asked him what he was, he answered, a poet : I demanded again why 
he was so ragged, he told me this kind of learning never made any man rich." 



'Q.iii Pelago credit, inagiio se fa?nore tollit. 
Q,ui pugnas et rostra petit, praecingitur auro : 
Vilis adulator pictn jacet ehrius nstro, 
Sola pruinosia liorret facundia pannis." 



' A merchant's gain is great, that goes to sea; 

A soldier emhnssed all in gold ; 
A fliitterpr lies lox'd in brave array; 
A scholar only ragged to behold." 



All which our ordinary students, right well perceiving in the universities, how unpro- 
fitable these poetical, mathematical, and philosophical studies are, how little respect- 
ed, how few patrons ; apply themselves in all haste to those three commodious 
professions of law, physic, and divinity, sharing themselves between them, ^rejecting 
these arts in the mean time, history, philosophy, philology, or ligluly passing them 
over, as pleasant toys fitting only table-talk, and to furnish them with discourse. 
Thev are not so behoveful : he that can tell his money hath arithmetic enough : he 
is a true geometrician, can measure out a good fortune to himself; a perfect astrolo- 
ger, that can cast the rise and fall of others, and mark their errant motions to his 
own use. The best optics are, to reflect the beams of some great man's favour and 
grace to shine upon him. He is a good engineer that alone can make an instrument 
to get preferment. This was the common tenet and practice of Poland, as Cromerus 
observed not long since, in the first book of his history ; their universities were 
generally base, not a plitlosopher, a mathematician, an antiquary, &.C., to be found 
of any note amongst them, because they had no set reward or stipend, but every man 
betook himself to divinity, hoc solum in votis habens, opimum sacerdotium^ a good 
parsonage was their aim. This was the practice of some of our near neighbours, as 
'' Lipsius inveighs, " they thrust their children to the study of law and divinity, before 
they be informed aright, or capable of such studies." Scilicet omnibus artibus 
antistat spes lucri, et formosior est cumulus auri^ quam quicquid Greed Latinique 
delirantcs scripscrunt. Ex hoc numero deinde veniunt ad gubernacula reipub. inter- 
sunt et prcBSunt consiliis regum, o pater ^ o patria ? so he complained, and so may 
others. For even so we find, to serve a great man, to gel an office in some bishop's 
court (to practise in some good town) or compass a benefice, is the mark we shoot 
at, as being so advantageous, the highway to preferment. 

Although many times, for aught I can see, these men fail as often as the rest in 
their projects, and are as usually frustrate of their hopes. For let him be a doctor 
of the law, an excellent civilian of good worth, where shall he practise and expa- 
tiate } Their fields are so scant, the civil law with us so contracted with prohibi- 
tions, so few causes, by reason of those all-devouring municipal laws, quibus nihil 
illiferatius^ saith ^Erasmus, an illiterate and a barbarous study, (for though they be 
never so weJl learned in it, f can hardly vouchsafe them the name of scholars, except 
they be otherwise qualified) and so few courts are left to that profession, such slender 
offices, and those commonly to be compassed at such dear rates, that I know not 
how an ingenious man should thrive amongst them. Now for physicians, there are 
in every village so many mountebanks, empirics, quacksalvers, paracelsians, as they 
call themselves, Caucijici et sanicidcB, so ® Clenard terms them, wizards, alchemists, 
poor vicars, cast apothecaries, physicians' men, barbers, and good wives, professing 



'"•> Buchanan, eleg. lib. ' In Satyricon. intrat senex, 
ed culta non ita speciosus, ut facile appareret euni hao 
nota literatum esse, quos divites odisse solent. Ego 
inquit Poetasuni: (luare ergo tani male vestitus es ? 
Prop'er hoc ipsum ; amor ingenii neminem unquam 
diviiem fecit. ^ Petronius Arbiter. 'Oppressus 



paupertate animus nihil eximium, aiit sublime cogitare 
potest, aniCBiiitates literarnm, ant elegantiani,<|uoniam 
nihil prajsidii in his ad viti comnioduin vidi.t, primft 
negligere, mox odisse incipit. Hens. « Epistol. 

qnaest. lib. 4. £p. 31. "Ciceroii. dial. 'ftpibt 

lib. 2. 



Mem 3 Sabs. 15.] 



Study, a Cause. 



193 



great skill, that I make great doubt how they shall be maintained, or who shall be 
their patients. Besides, there are so many of both sorts, and some of them euoh 
harpies, so covetous, so clamorous, so impudent; and as ''he said, litigious idiots, 



'duibus Inqiiacis affatim arrogantiffi est, 

Periti;e parum aut niliil, 
Neo iilla mica literarii salis, 

Crumenimulga natio: 
Loquiiteleia turba, litium stroptiiE, 

Maligna litigantiuiii cnhurs, togati vultures, 



" Which have no skill but prating arrogsnce, 
No learning, such a pnrse-inilking nation: 
Gown'd vultures, thieves, and a litiiiioiis rout 
Of cozeners, that haunt this occupation," 



Laverrjie alumni, Agyrta;," &.C. 

that they cannot well tell how to live one by another, but as he jested in the Comedy 
of Clocks, they were so many, ^ major pars popiili aridd replant fame, they are 
almost starved a great part of tliem, and ready to devour their fellows, ^ Et noxia 
calllditate se corripere, such a multitude of pettifoggers and empirics, such impostore, 
that an honest man knows not in what sort to compose and beliave himself in their 
society, to carry himself with credit in so vile a rout, scienticE nomcn, tot sumptibus 
partmn et iiigiliis^ profileri dispudeat, postqitam, S^c. 

Last of all to come to our divines, the most noble profession and worthy of double 
honour, but of all others the most distressed and miserable. If you will not believe 
me, hear a brief of it, as it was not many years since publicly preached at Paul's 
cross, '° by a grave minister then, and now a reverend bishop of this land : "/We that 
are bred up in learning", and destinated by our parents to this end, we suffer our 
childhood in the grammar-school, which Austin calls magnam tyrannidem, et grave 
malum, and compares it to the torments of martyrdom ; when we come to the uni- 
versity, if we live of the college allowance, as Phalaris objected to the Leontines, 
Hav rwi' £f6«? 7i%riv Xt^ov xai ^o'^ov, needy of all things but hunger and fear, or if we be 
maintained but partly by our parents' cost, do expend in unnecessary maintenance, 
books. and degrees, before we come to any perfection, five hundred pounds, or a 
thousand marks. If by this price of the expense of time, our bodies and spirits, our 
substance and patrimonies, we cannot purchase those small rewards, which are ours 
by law, and the right of inheritance, a poor parsonage, or a vicarage of 50Z. per 
annum, but we must pay to the patron for the lease of a life (a spent and out-worn 
life) either in annual pension, or above the rate of a copyhold, and that with the 
hazard and loss of our souls, by simony and perjury, and tlie forfeiture of all our 
spiritual preferments, in esse and posse, both present and to come. What father after 
a while will be so improvident to bring up his son to his great charge, to this neces- 
sary beggary ? What christinn will be so irreligious, to bring up his son in that 
course of life, which by all probability and necessity, cogit ad turpia, enforcing to 
sin, will entangle him in simony and perjury," when as the poet said, Invitatus ad 
hcec aUquis de ponJe negabit : "a beggar's brat taken from the bridge where he sits 
a begging, if he knew the inconvenience, had cause to refuse it." Tiiis being thus, 
have not we fished fair all this while, that are initiate divines, to find no better fruits 
v'f our labours, ^' hoc est cur palles, cur quis non prandeat hoc est? do we macerate 
ourselves for this ? Is it for this we rise so early all the year long.? '^"leaping (as 
he saith) out of our beds, when we hear the bell ring, as if we had heard a thunder- 
clap." If this be all the respect, reward and honour we shall have, ^^frange leves 
calamos, et scinde Thalia libeJIos : let us give over our books, and betake ourselves 
to some other course of life ; to what end should we study } '■• Quid me litterulas 
stulti docuere parentes, what did our parents mean to make us scholars, to be as far 
to seek of preferment after twenty years' study, as we were at first : why do we 
take such pains } Quid tantum insanis juvat impallescere chartis ? If there be no 
more hope of reward, no better encouragement, I say again, Frange leves calamos, 
et scinde Thalia libellos ; let 's turn soldiers, sell our books, and buy swords, guns, 
and pikes, or stop bottles with them, turn our philosopher's gowns, as Cleanthes once 
did, into millers' coats, leave all and rather betake ourselves to any other course of 
life, than to continue longer in this misery. '* PrcBStat dentiscalpia radere, quant 
literarils monumentis magnatum favof-em emendicare. 

Yea, but methinks 1 hear some man except at these words, that though this bf 

' Ja. Donsa Epodoii. lib. 2. car. 2. "Plautus. I " Pers. Sat. 3. "E lecto exsilientes, ad subitum tin 

Barr. Argenis lib. 3. "> Joh. Howson 4 Novembris tinnabuli plaii8um quasi Tuluiino territi. 1. "Marl 

1^97. the sermon was printed by Arnold Harttield. | ^Mart. ''Sat. Menip. 

25 R 



194 Causes of Melanchily. [Pan, 1. Sec. 2 

true wliich I liave said of the estate of scholars, and especially of divines, that it is 
miserable and distressed at this time, that the church suffers shipwreck of her goods, 
and that they liave just cause to complain ; there is a fault, but whence proceeds it ? 
If the cause were justly examined, it would be retorted upon ourselves, if we were 
cited at that tribunal of truth, we should be found guilty, and not able to excuse it 
That there is a fault among us, I confess, and were there not a buyer, there would 
not be a seller; but to him that will consider better of it, it will more than mani- 
festly appear, that tlie fountain of lliese miseries proceeds from these griping patrons. 
In accusing them, I do not altogether excuse us ; both are faulty, they and we : yet 
in my judgment, theirs is the greater fault, more apparent causes and much to be 
condemned. For my part, if it be not with me as 1 would, or as it should, I do 
ascribe the cause, as '* Cardan did in the like case; meo infortunio potius quam illo- 
rum scelfri^ to "mine own infelicity rather than their naughtiness: altliough I have 
been baffled in my time by some of them, and have as just cause to complain as 
another : or rather indeed to mine own negligence ; for I was ever like that Alexan- 
der in '^Plutarch, Crassus his tutor in pliilosophy, who, though he lived many years 
familiarly with rich Crassus, was even as j)oor when from, (which many wondered 
at) as when he came first to him ; he never asked, the other never gave him any- 
thing; when he travelled with Crassus he borrowed a hat of him, at his return 
restored it again. I have had some such noble friends' acquaintance and scholars, 
but most part (common courtesies and ordinary respects excepted) they and I parted 
as we met, thev gave me as much as I requested, and that was — And as Alexander 
ah Jllexandro Genial, dier. I. 6. c. 16. made answer to Hieronimus Massainus, that 
wondered, quum pliires ignavos et ignohiles ad dignilates et sacerdolia promotos quo- 
tidie videret^ when other men rose, still he was in the same state, eodcm tenore et 
fortuna citi merccdem laborum studiorumque deberi putaret^ whom he thought to 
deserve as well as the rest. He made answer, that he was content with his present 
estate, was not ambitious, and although ohjurgabundus suam segnitiem accusaret, cum 
obscures sortis homines ad sacerdotia et pontijicatus evectos^ (S|-c., he chid him for his 
backwardness, yet he was still the same : and for my part (though I be not worthy 
perhaps to carry Alexander's books) yet by some overweening and well-wishing 
friends, the like speeches have been used to me ; but I replied .still with Alexander, 
that J had enough, and more peradventure than I deserved ; and with Libanius So- 
phista, that rather chose (when honours and offices by the emperor were offered unto 
him) to be talis Sophista, quain talis Magistratus. 1 had as lief be still Democritus 
junior, and privus privalus^ si mild jam daretur optio, quam talis fortasse Doctor^ 

talis Domirais. Sed quorsum hcec ? For the rest 'tis on both sides f acinus 

detestandum^ to buy and sell livings, to detain from the church, that which God's and 
men's laws have bestowed on it ; but in them most, and that from the covetousness 
and ignorance of such as are interested in this business ; 1 name covetousness in the 
first place, as the root of all these mischiefs, which, Achan-like, compels them to 
■commit sacrilege, and to make simoniacal compacts, (and what not) to their own 
ends, '^ that kindles God's wrath, brings a plague, vengeance, and a heavy visitation 
upon themselves and others. Some out of that insatiable desire of filthy lucre, to be 
enriched, care not how they come by it per fas et nefas^ hook or crook, so they 
have it. And others when they have with riot and prodigality embezzled their 
estates, to recover themselves, make a prey of the church, robbing it, as '"Julian the 
apostate did, spoil parsons of their revenues (in keeping half back, ^' as a great man 
amongst us observes :) "• and that maintenance on which they should live :" by 
means whereof, barbarism is increased, and a great decay of christian professors : for 
who will apply himself to these divine studies, his son, or friend, when after great 
pains taken, they shall have nothing whereupon to live .•• But with what event Jc 
ihey these things .? 

M"Opesque totis virihus venamini, 
At inde mossis accidit miserrima." 

'"Lib. 3. (ie cons. "I had no money, I wanted im- 1 nee facile jiidicare potest utrum paiiperinr cum primo 
pndence, I could not scramble, temporise, dinsemhle : | ad Crassiim, &c. "Deum habent iratiini, Ribiqiie 
noil prande'et olus, &;c. vis dicam, ad palpaiuiiini et j mortem aslernain acquirunl, aliis miserabilem ruinaiti. 
adulnndiiin penitus insiilsuB, reciidi non possum, jam I Serrariiis in Josiiain, 7. Euripides. 3» \icppliorus lib 
neniorin sim talis, el fingi nolo, utciinque male cedat in 10. cap, 5. 2' Lord Cook, in liis Reports, second par 
tain aieam et obscurud inde delitescam. '^ Vit. Crassi. | fol. 44 ^ Euripides. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] 



Study, a Cause. 



193 



They toil and moil, but what reap they.? They are commonly i/nfortunate tamilie» 
that use it, accursed in their progeny, and, as common experience evinceth, accurseu 
'Jieniselves in all their proceedings. "With what face (as ^he quotes out of Aust.^ 
can tliey expect a blessing or inheritance from Christ in heaven, that defraud Christ 
of his inheritance here on earth .'" I would all our simoniacal patrons, and such as 
detain tithes, would read those judicious tracts of Sir Henry Spelman, and Sir James 
Sempill, knights ; those late elaborate and learned treatises of Dr. Tilflye, and Mr 
Montague, which they have written of that subject. But though they should read, 
it would be to small purpose, dames licet et mare coelo Confundas ; thunder, lighten, 
preach hell and damnation, tell them 'tis a sin, they will not believe it ; denounce 
and terrify, they have ^^ cauterised consciences, they do not attend, as the enchanted 
adder, they stop their ears. Call them base, irreligious, profane, barbarous, pagans, 
atheists, epicures, (as some of them surely are) with the bawd in Plautus, Euge, 
oplime^ they cry and applaud themselves with that miser, ^'simul ac nummos con- 
tcmplor in area : say what you will, quocunque modo rem : as a dog barks at the 
moon, to no purpose are your savings ; Take your heaven, let them have money. A 
base, profane, epicurean, hypocritical rout : for my part, let them pretend what zeal 
they will, counterfeit religion, blear the world's eyes, bombast themselves, and stuff" 
out their greatness with church spoils, shine like so many peacocks ; so cold is my 
charity, so defective in this behalf, that I shall never think better of them, than that 
they are rotten at core, their bones are full of epicurean hypocrisy, and atheistical 
marrow, they are worse than heathens. For as Dionysius Halicarnasseus observes, 
Antiq. Horn. lib. 7. ^^Primjim locum, Stc. " Greeks and Barbarians observe all reli- 
gious rites, and dare not break them for fear of offending their gods ; but our simo- 
niacal contractors, our senseless Achans, our stupifled patrons, fear neither God nor 
devil, they have evasions for it, it is no sin, or not due jure divino, or if a sin, no 
great sin, &c. And though they be daily punished for it, and they do manifestly per- 
ceive, that as he said, frost and fraud come to foul ends; yet as "Chrysostom fol- 
lows it JYulla ex pcend sit correctio, et quasi adversis malitia hominum provocetur, 
crescit quotidie quod puniatur : they are rather worse than better, — iram atque ani- 
mos u criminc sumurd, and the more they are corrected, the more they offend : but 
let them take their course, ^^Rode caper vites, go on still as they begin, 'tis no sin, 
let them rejoice secure, God's vengeance will overtake them in the end, and these 
ill-gotten goods, as an eagle's feathers, '^^will consume the rest of their substance; 
it is ^° aurum Tholosanum, and will produce no better effects. *" " Let them lay it up 
safe, and make their conveyances never so close, lock and shut door," saith Chry- 
sostom, "■ yet fraud and covetousness, two most violent thieves are still included, 
and a little gain evil gotten will subvert the rest of their goods. The eagle in jEsop, 
seeing a piece of flesh now ready to be sacrificed, swept it away with her claws, and 
carried it to her nest ; but there was a burning coal stuck to it by chance, which 
unawares consumed her young ones, nest, and all together. Let our simoniacal 
church-chopping patrons, and sacrilegious harpies, look for no better success. 

A second cause is ignorance, and from thence contempt, successit odium in lif.eras ab 
ignorantid vulgi ; which ^^ Junius well perceived: this hatred and contempt of learn- 
ing proceeds out of ^^ ignorance ; as they are themselves barbarous, idiots, dull, illiterate, 
and proud, so they esteem of others. Sint Meccanates, non dcerimt Flacce Marones: 
Let tiiere be bountiful patrons, and there will be painful scholars in all scit.ices. But 
when they contemn learning, and think themselves sufficiently qualified, if they can 
write and read, scramble at a piece of evidence, or have so much Latin as that em- 
peror had, ^qui nescit dissimulare, nescit vivere, they are unfit to do their country 
service, to perform or undertake any action or employment, which may tend to the 
good of a commonwealth, except it be to fight, or to do country justice, with com- 
mon sense, which every yeoman can likewise do^JjAnd so the/ bring up their chil- 
dren, rude as they are themselves, unqualified, untaught, uncivil most part: '^"Quis i 



23 Sir Henry Spelman, de non temerandis Ecclosiis. 
•'I Tim. 4,!. ^ Hor. asPrimiim lociiin apiid 

oiniies gentps hahet patritiiis deorum cultiis, et genio- 
ruin, nam hijnc iliutissiine custodiiint, lam Grsci qiiain 
Uaihari, &c. '■"Tom. 1. de steril. irium arinorum 

mb Elia sermone. -"Ovid. Fast. ^^ De male 

QHR'sitis viz gaudet tertins tixres. ^Strabo. lib. 4. 



-f. 

Geng. 3' Nihil faciliiis opes evertet, qiiam avaritia 

el fraiide parta. Et si enim seram addas tali arcsB et 
exti'riore j.iniia ejt vecte eam commiiiiias, ititiis tamen 
fraiidem et avaritiam, &,c. In 5. (..'oriiitli ^ Acad, 

cap, 7. 3^Ars nemineiii hahet inimiciim prfBlei 

ignorantem. ^* Me that cannot dissemble rannst 

live. ^Epist. quest, lib. 4. epist. 31. Lipsiua. 



196 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 rfec. *< 

noslrd juventule legitime instituitur Uteris? Quis oratores aut Philosophos tangitf 
quis historiam legit, illam rerum agcndarum quasi animam? 'prcecipitant parenles xwta 
sua, 8fc. 'twas Lipsius' complaint to liis illiterate countrymen, it may be ours. Now 
shall these men judge of a scholar's worth, that have no worth, that know not what 
belongs to a student's labours, that cannot distinguish between a true scholar and a 
drone ? or him that by reason of a voluble tongue, a strong voice, a pleasing tone, 
and some trivially polyanthean helps, steals and gleans a few notes from otlier men's 
harvests, and so makes a fairer show, than he that is truly learned indeed : that 
hinks it no more to preach, than to speak, ^^ " or to run away with an empty cart \ 
RS a orrave man said : and thereupon vilify us, and our pains ; scorn us, and all learn- 
ing. ^" Because they are rich, and have other means to live, they think it concerns 
them not to know, or to trouble themselves with it; a fitter task for younger bro- 
thers, or poor men's sons, to be pen and inkhorn men, pedantical slaves, and no whit 
beseeming the calling of a gentleman, as Frenchmen and Germans commonly do, 
neglect therefore all human learning, what have they to do whh it ? Let mariners 
learn astronomy ; merchants, factors study arithmetic ; surveyors get them geometry ; 
spectacle-makers optics; landleapers geography; town-clerks rhetoric, what should 
he do with a spade, that hath no ground to dig; or they with learning, that have no 
use of it ? thus they reason, and are not ashamed to let mariners, apprentices, and 
the basest servants, be better qualified than themselves. In former times, kings, 
princes, and emperors, were the only scholars, excellent in all faculties. 
Julius Caesar mended the year, and writ his own Commentaries, 

38 " media inter prslia semper, 

Stellarum cGBlicjuc plagis, superisque vacavit." 

•'Antonius, Adrian, Nero, Seve. Jul. &c. '"' Michael the emperor, and Isacius, vs^ere 
so much given to their studies, that no base fellow would take so much pains : Orion, 
Perseus, Alphonsus, Ptolomeus, famous astronomers ; Sabor, Mithridates, Lysima- 
chus, admired physicians : Plato's kings all : Evax, that Arabian prince, a most expert 
jeweller, and an exquisite philosopher ; the kings of Egypt were priests of old, chosen 
and from thence, — Idem rex hominum, Phmhique sacerdos : but those heroical times 
are past; the Muses are now banished in this bastard age, ad sordida tuguriola, to 
meaner persons, and confined alone almost to universities. In those days, scholar? 
were highly beloved, ■*' honoured, esteemed ; as old Ennius by Scipio Africanus, Vir- 
gil by Augustus ; Horace by MecaBuas : princes' companions ; dear to them, as Ana- 
creon to Polycrates ; Philoxenus to Dionysius, and highly rewarded. Alexander sent 
Xenocrates the philosopher fifty talents, because he was poor, visu rermn, aut eru- 
ditione prcestantes viri, mensis olim rcgum adhihili, as Philostratus relates of Adrian 
and Lampridius of Alexander Severus : famous clerks came to these princes' courts, 
velut in Lycceum, as to a university, and were admitted to their tables, quasi diviim 
epulis accumbentes ; Archilaus, that Macedonian king, would not willingly sup with- 
out Euripides, (amongst the rest he drank to liim at supper one night, and gave him 
a cup of gold for his pains) dcler.tatus poetce siiavi sermone ; and it was fit it should 
be so ; because as ^^ Plato in his Protagoras well saith, a good philosopher as much 
excels other men, as a great king doth the commons of his country; and again, 
*^quoniam illis nihil decsf, et minime egere solent, ei disciplinas qiias profit entur, soli 
a contemptu vindicare possunt, they needed not to beg so basely, as they compel 
** scholars in our times to complain of poverty, or crouch to a rich chuff for a meal's 
meat, but could vindicate themselves, and those arts which they professed. Now 
they would and cannot : for it is held by some of them, as an axiom, that to keen 
them poor, will make them study ; they must be dieted, as horses to a race, not pam- 
pered, '^^Jllendos volant, non saginandos, ne mclioris mentis fammula extinguatur ; a 
fat bird will not sing, a fat dog cannot hunt, and so by this. depression of theirs 
^ some want means, others will, all want '*'' encouragement, as being forsaken almost ; 



S6Dr. King, in his last lecture on Jonah, sometime 
right revereiid lord hishop of London. ^t Ciujims 

opes et otiiim, hi barbaro f,isty literas contemnutit. 
•" Lucan. lib. H. ^^Spartian. feoliciti ile rebus niniis. 

*> Nicet. 1. Anal. Fiiniis liicnbrationum sorriebant. 
♦iGramniaticis olim e! dialeclicis Jiirisqiie Professori- 
0U8. qui specimen erudilionis dedissent eadem diRui 



hatit lieroas. Flrasm. ep. Jo. Fahio epis. Vien. « Pro 
bus vir et Philnsophus magis pra:stat inter alios homi- 
nes, quatn rex iriclitus inter plcbeios. <!>lleinsi'H 
pra-fat. Poematum. ■•'Servile nomen Scholaris jam 
*^ Seneca. ■*'• Hand facile emergun ;, &c. <' Media 
qund noctis ab liora sedisti qua nem ) faber, qua nemc 
sedebat, qui docet obliquo lanam deJucere ferro : rar» 



alia insignia decreverunt Imperaiures, quibus orna- < tamen merces. Juv. Sat. 7. 



Wem 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 197 

and generally contemned. ^Tis an old saying, Sint Meccenaies, non deerunt Flacce 
Marones, and 'tis a true saying still. Yet oftentimes I may not deny it tlie main 
fault is in ourselves. Our academics too frequently offend in neglecting patrons, as 
'^'Erasnms well taxeth, or making ill choice of them ; negligimus oblatos aid amplec- 
ti.mur parum uptos, or if we get a good one, non studemus mutuis officii s favor em p.jiu 
alere, we do not ply and follow him as we should. Idem mini accidit Molescenti 
(saith Erasmus) acknowledging his fault, et gravissime pcccain, and so may ''''I say 
myself, I have offended in this, and so peradventure have many others. We did not 
spondere magnaium favoribus, qui cmperunt nos amplecti, apply ourselves with that 
readiness we should : idleness, love of liberty, immodicus amor libertatis effecit ut 
dill cum perfidis amicis, as he confesseth, et pertinaci pauperate colluctarer, bashful- 
ness, melancholy, timorousness, cause many of us to be too backward and remiss. 
So some offend in one extreme, but too many on the other, we are most part too 
forward, too solicitous, too ambitious, too impudent; we coumionly complain deesse 
McBcenates, of want of encouragement, want of means, when as the true defect is in 
our own want of worth, our insufficiency : did Mascenas take notice of Horace or 
Virgil till they had shown tliemselves first .' or had Bavins and Mevius any patrons ? 
Egregium specimen dent., saith Erasmus, let them approve themselves worthy first, 
sufficiently qualified for learning and manners, before they presume or impudently 
intrude and put themselves on great men as too many do, with such base flattery, 
parasitical colloguing, such hyperbolical elogies they do usually insinuate that it is 
a shame to hear and see. ImmodiccR laudes conciliant invidiam., potius quam laudem^ 
and vain commendations derogate from truth, and we think in conclusion, non melius 
dc laudato, pejus de laudante, ill of both, the commender and commended. So we 
offend, but the main fault is in their harshness, defect of patrons. - How beloved of 
old, and how much respected was Plato to Dionysius } VHow dear to Alexander was 
Arijtotle, Demeratus to Philip, Solon to Croesus, Anexarcus and Trebatius to Augus- 
tus, Cassius to Vespatian, Plutarch to Trajan, Seneca to Nero, Simonides to Hieron? 
how honoured ?V 

w " Sed h!EC prius fiiere, nunc recondita 
Senent qtiiete," 

those days are gone ; Et spes, et ratio studiorum in CcRsare tantum : *' as he said of 
old, we may truly say now, he is our amulet, our ^^ sun, our sole comfort and refuge, 
our Ptolemy, our common Maecenas, Jacobus munijiciis, Jacobus pacijicus, mysta JMu- 
sarum, Rex Platonicus : Grande decus, columenque nostrum : a famous scholar him- 
self, and the sole patron, pillar, and sustainer of learning : but his worth in this kind 
is so well known, that as Paterculus of Cato, Jam ipsum laudare nefas sit: and 
which ^^ Pliny to Trajan. Seria te carmina, honorque ceternus annalium, non hac bre- 
vis et pudenda prcedicatio colet. But he is now gone, the sun of ours set, and yet no 
night follows, Sol occubuif, nox nulla sequuta est. We have such another in his room, 
^''aureus ak.ter. Avulsus, simili frondescit virga met.allo, and long may he reign and 
flourish amongst us. 

Let me not be malicious, and lie against my genius, I may not deny, but that we 
have a sprinkling of our gentry, here and there one, excellently well learned, like 
those Fuggeri in Germany; Dubartus, Du Plessis, Sadael, in France; Picus Miran- 
dula, Schottus, Barotius, in Italy ; .Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto. But they 
are but few in respect of the multitude, the major part (and some again excepted, 
that are indifferent) are wholly bent for haw-ks and hounds, and carried away many 
times with intemperate lust, gaming and drinking. If they read a book at any 
time (^si quod eU interim otii d venatu, poculis, alea, scortis) 'tis an English Chroni- 
cl:" St. Huon of Bordeaux, Amadis de Gaul, &.C., a play-book, or some pamphlet of 
news, and that at such seasons only, when they cannot stir abroad, to drive away 
time, ^' their sole discourse is dogs, hawks, horses, and what news .'' \ If some one 
have been a traveller in Italy, or as far as the enlperor's court, wintered in Orleans, 
and can court his mistress in broken French, wear his clothes neatly in the newest 
fashion, sing some choice outlandish tunes, discourse of lords, ladies, towns, palaces, 

<*()hil. 4. Cent. 1. adag. J. <8 Had I done as others l are centred in Cepsar alone. '■^ ^femo est qiiein non 

did, put myself forward, I might have liaply been as | PhEebiiP hie noster, solo intuitu Inhentiorem reddat 
great a nnan as many of my equals. MCatullus, I *3 panegyr. s^VirKil. ^* Rarus enim ferine 

Juven. "All our hope* and inducements to studv | sensus communis in ilia Fortuna. Juv. Sat. 8. 

r2 



198 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Van. 



Sec. 'Z 



and cities, lie is complete and to be admired : ^^ otherwise he and they are much at 
one ; no difference between the master and the man, but worshipful titles ; wink and 
choose betwixt him that sits down (clothes excepted) and him that holds the trenche. 
behind him : yet these men must be our patrons, our governors too sometimes, states- 
men, magistrates, noble, great, and wise by inheritance. 

Mistake me not (I say again) Vos o PatrUius sanguis., you that are worthy sena- 
tors, gentlemen, I honour your names and persons, and with all submissiveness, pros- 
trate myself to your censirre and service. There are amongst you, I do ingenuously 
confess, many well-deserving patrons, and true patriots, of my knowledge, besides 
many hundreds which I never saw, no doubt, or heard of, pillars of our common- 
wealth, "whose worth, bounty, learning, forwardness, true zeal in religion, and good 
esteem of all scholars, ought to be consecrated to all posterity ; but of your rank, 
there are a debauched, corrupt, covetous, illiterate crew again, no better than stocks 
merum peats (testor Deum, non mihi videri dignos ingenui hominis appellatione) 
barbarous Thracians, tt quis ille thrax qui hoc neget? a sordid, profane, pernicious 
company, irreligious, impudent and stupid, I know not what epithets to give them, 
enemies to learning, confounders of the church, and the ruin of a commonwealth ; 
patrons they are by right of inheritance, and put in trust freely to dispose of such 
livings to the church's good ; but (hard task-masters they prove) they take away 
their straw, and compel them to make their number of brick : they commonly respect 
their own ends, commodity is the steer of all their actions, and him they present in 
conclusion, as a man of greatest gifts, that will give most ; no penny, ^^ no pater- 
noster, as the saying is. JVtsi preces auro fulclas, amplius irritas : ut Cerberus offa^ 
their attendants and officers must be bribed, feed, and made, as Cerberus is with a 
sop by him that goes to hell. It was an old saying. Omnia RomcR venalia^ (all things 
are venal at Rome,) 'tis a rag of Popery, which will never be rooted out, there is no 
hope, no good to be done without money. A clerk may offer himself, approve his 
'^ worth, learning, honesty, religion, zeal, they will commend him for it •, but ^°pro~ 
hitas latidalur et alget. If he be a man of extraordinary parts, they will flock afar 
off to hear him, as they did in Apuleius, to see Psyche : multi mortales conjluebant 
ad videndum sceculi dccus., speculum gloriosum^ laudatur ah omnibus., spectatur ob om- 
Kibus, nee quisquam non rex., non re gins., cupidus ejus nuptiarium petitor accedit; rairan- 
tur quidem divinam formam omnes., sed ut simulacrum fabre politum mirantur ; many 
mortal men came to see fair Psyche the glory of her age, they did admire her, com- 
mend, desire her for her divine beauty, and gaze upon her ; but as on a picture ; none 
would merry her, quod indotata., fair Psyche had no money. ^' So they do by learning ; 



' di(lii-it jam dives avarus 
Tanliiiii adiiiirari, tantuin laudare disertos, 
Ut pueri Juiioiiis avein" 



Your ricli men have now learn'd of latter days 
T' admire, commend, and come togelher 

To hear and see a wortny scholar spealt, 
As children d<i a peacock's feather." 



He shall have all the good words that may be given, '^"a proper man, and 'tis pity he 
hath no preferment, all good wishes, but inexorable, indurate as he is, he will not 
prefer him, though it be in his power, because he is indotatus., he hath no money 
Or if he do give him entertainment, let him be never so well qualified, plead affinity, 
consanguinity, sufficiency, he shall serve seven years, as Jacob did for Rachel, before 
he shall have it. " If he will enter at first, he must get in at that Simoniacal gate, come 
off soundly, and put in good security to perform all covenants, else he will not deal 
with, or admit him. But if some poor scholar, some parson chaff, will offer himself; 
some trencher chaplain, that will take it" to the halves, thirds, or accepts of what he 
will give, he is welcome; be conformable, preach as he will have him, he likes him 
before a million of others ; for the best is always best cheap : and then as Hierom 
said to Cromatius, patella dignum operculum., such a patron, such a clerk ; the cure 
is well supplied, and all parties pleased. So that is still verified in our age, which 
*^Chrysosiom complained of in his time, Qui opulenliores sunt,, in ordinem parasitO' 



"'ftuis enim genprnsum dixerit hunc que Indisnus 
genere, et priEclaro nomine tantum, Insignis. Juve. 
Sat 8. »' I have often met with myself, and con- 

ferred with divers worthy gentlemen in iha country, no 
whit inferior, if not to he preferred for divers kinds of 
learning to many ot our academics. ^ajpee licet 

Musis venias comitatus Homere, Nil tamen attuleris, 
ibis Homere foras. 's El legal historicos auctorea, 

Bovcrit omnes Tanquam ungues digitosque suos. Juv. 



Sat. 7. s" Juvenal. ei Tu vero licet Orpheui 

sis, saxa sono testuilinis emolliens, nisi phimhea eoriim 
corda, auri vel argenti malleo eniollias, &c. Salis- 
huriensis Policral. lib. 5. c. 10. e^juven. Sat. 7. 

63 Euge bene, no need, Doiisa epod. lib. '2. — d.)s ipf>a 
scieiitia sibique congiariuin est. "Uuat.ior ad 

portas E xlesias itus ad omnes-; sanguinia aut S nionia, 
pripsiilif? atque Dei. Holcot. MLib. coi.tra 0.:nlilei 

de Sa'/ a martvre. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study^ a Cause. 199 

mm cogunt eos^ et. ipsos tanquam canes ad mensas suas enutriuiit, eorumque impudenles 
fentrci \niquarum, coznarum reliquiis dijfertiunt, iisdem pro arhitro abulenl.es :' Rich 
men keep these lecturers, and fawning parasites, like so many dogs at their tables, 
and filling their hungry guts with the offals of their meat, they abuse them at their 
pleasure, and make them say what they propose. ''^'■^As children do by a bird or a 
butterfly in a string, pull in and let him out as they list, do they by their trencher 
chaplains, prescribe, command their wits, let in and out as to them it seems best, [f 
the patron be precise, so must his chaplain be ; if he be papistical, his clerk must be 
.so too, or else be turned out. These are those clerks which serve the turn, whom 
they commonly entertain, and present to church livings, whilst in the meantime we 
that are University men, like so many hide-bound calves in a pasture, tarry out our 
time, wither away as a flower ungathered in a garden, and are never used ; or as so 
many i.u,ndles, illuminate ourselves alone, obscuring one another's light, and are not 
discerned here at all, the least of which, translated to a dark room, or to some coun- 
try benefice, where it might shine apart, would give a fair light, and be seen over all. 
Whilst we lie waiting here as those sick men did at the Pool of " Bethesda, till the 
Angel stirred the water, expecting a good hour, they step between, and beguile us 
of our preferment. I have not yet said, if after long expectation, much expense, 
travel, earnest suit of ourselves and friends, we obtain a small benefice at last ] our 
misery begins afresh, we are suddenly encountered with the flesh, world, and "devil, 
with a new onset ; we change a quiet life for an ocean of troubles, we come to a 
ruinous house, which before it be habitable, must be necessarily to our great damage 
repaired ; we are compelled to sue for dilapidations, or else sued ourselves, and scarce 
yet settled, we are called upon for our predecessor's arrearages; first-fruits, tenths, 
subsidies, are instantly to be paid, benevolence, procurations, Stc, and which is most 
to be feared, we light upon a cracked title, as it befel Clenard of Brabant, for his rec- 
tory, and charge of his Begin<z; he was no sooner inducted, but instantly sued, cepi- 
musque ^^(saith he) strenue lUigare^ et implacahiU beJlo conjligere: at length after ten 
years' suit, as long as Troy's siege, when he had tired himself, and spent his money, 
he was fain to leave all for quietness' sake, and give it up to his adversary. Or else 
we are insulted over, and trampled on by domineering officers, fleeced by those greedy 
harpies to get more fees ; we stand in fear of some precedent lapse ; we fall amongst 
refractory, seditious sectaries, peevish puritans, perverse papists, a lascivious rout of 
atheistical Epicures, that will not be reformed, or some litigious people (those wild 
beasts of Ephesus must be fought with) that will not pay their dues without much 
repining, or compelled by long suit ; Laid clericis oppido infesti, an old axiom, all 
they think well gotten that is had from the church, and by such uncivil, harsh deal- 
ings, they make their poor minister weary of his place, if not his life ; and put case 
they be quiet honest men, make the best of it, as often it falls out, from a polite 
and terse academic, he must turn rustic, rude, melancholise alone, learn to forget, or 
else, as many do, become maltsters, graziers, chapmen, &c. (now banished from the 
academy, all commerce of the muses, and confined to a country village, as Ovid was 
from Rome to Pontus), and daily converse with a company of idiots and clowns. 

Nos interim quod attinct {nee enim iminunes ah hac noxd sumus) idem reatus 
rnanet, idem nobis, et si no7i multb gravius, crimen objici potest: nostra enim culpa 
sit, nostra incvrid, nostra avaritid, quod tarn frequentes , fcedaque Jiant in Ecclesid 
nvndinationes, (templum est vaenale, deusque) tot sordes invehantur, tanta grasse- 
tur impietas, tanta nequitia, tarn insanus miseriaruin Euripus, et turbarum cestuor 
rium, nostro inquam, omnium [Academicorum imprimis) vitio sit. Quod tot Resp, 
malis ifjiciatur, a nobis seminarium; ultrb malum hoc accersimus, et quavis contu- 
Vielid qucivis interim miserid digni, qui pro virili non occurrimus. Quid enimjierx 
posse speramus, quum tot indies sine delectu pauperes alumni, terrcB Jilii, et cujus- 
'.unque ordinis homunciones ad gradus certatim admittantur? qui si dejinitionem, 
liistinctioncmque unam aut alteram memoriter edidicerint , et pro more tot annos in 
dialecticd posuerint, non refert quo prqfectu, quales demum sint, idiotcs, nugatores 
Otiatores, aleatores, compotores, indigni, libidinis voluptatumque administri, " Sponst 

«« PriEscribuiit, iniperaiit, in nrdinem cogunt, inge- I censentes. Hf'insiiis. <!' Joli 5. en Epjst. lib. i 

niiim nostrum prnut ipsis videbitur, astringunt et r^- | Jam suffectus in locum demortui, protinus exorlus ea 
laxant iit papilj-^nem pueri aut bruchum filo demit- adversarius, &n. post multos labores, suniptua, ^ 
•unt &ut attrak'.int nos a libidine sua pendere lequuni | 



200 Causes of Me lanc/ioly. [Part. 1. Sect. 2 

fenclopes, nebuloaes, Alcinoique," modo tot annus in acadernij, insier.qtserint, et se 
pro togatis wnditarint; lucri causa, et ainicorum interc< ssu prcsseniuniur, addo 
ttiam et inagnijicis iionnu iquaiii elogiis moruin et scientice; etjaiu cakdicturi testi- 
inouiaiibus kisce luteris, amplissime conscriptis in coru/n gratiain hunorantur, ab 
lis, qui fidci suce et exi st imationis jacturam proculdubio faciuat. Doctores eniin et 
professores {quod ait ''^ille) id unum curaiit, ut ex prot'essionibus frequeiitibus, et 
tumultuariis potius quam legitimis, coinmoda sua promoverant, et ex disoendio pub- 
lico suuin taciaut iucreineiituiii. Id solum in vutis habent annui plerumque magis- 
Iratus, ut ab incipient ium numero '"pecunias emungant, nee multum interest qui suit, 
litirutores an literati, inodb pingues, nitidi, ad aspeeium speciosi, et quod verba 
dicani,petuniosi sint. '^Fhilosophastri licentiantur in artibus, arte/n qui non habent, ^^ 
Eosqae sapieiites esse jubent, qui nulla prEediti sunt sapientia, et nihil ad gradum 
praelerquam velle adferunl. T/ieologastri {solvunt modo) satis supcrque ducti, per 
omncs lionoruni gradus evehuntur ct ascendunt. At que liinc Jit quod tarn viles scurrce, 
tot jiassim idiotcc, literarum crepusculo positi, laroce pastor uni, circumfuranti, vagi, 
barbi, fungi, crassi, asini, merum pccus in sacrosanctos t/ieologice aditus, illotis 
pedibus irrumpant, prcBter inverecundani frontem adferentts nihil, vulgarts quas- 
dam quisquiliaa, et scholarium qucedani nugamenta, indigna quce vel recipiantur in 
triviis. Hoc illud inaignum genus hominutn et famelicum, iiidigum, vagum, ventris 
mancipium, ad stivam potius relegandum, ad haras aptius quam ud aras, quod divi- 
nas hascc literas turpiter prostituit ; hi sunt qui pulpita complent, in aides nobilium 
irrepunt, et quuin reliquis vitcB destituantur subsidiis, ob corporis et animi egesta- 
teni, aliarum in repub. partium minimi capaces sint; ud sacrum hanc aiichoram con- 
fugiunt, sacerdotiiim quooismodb captantes, non ex sincerilate, quod '^Puulus ait, 
sed cauponaiites verbum Dei. Ne quis interim viris boms detractum quid putet, quos 
habet ecclesia Anglicuna quamplurimos, eggregie dodos, illustres, tntactce fai/uB 
homines, et plures forsan quam qucevis Europce provincia; ne quis a forentisiinis 
Academiis, quce viros undiqudque doctissimos, omni virtutum genere saspiciendos, 
abunde producunt, Fa multb plures utraque kabitura, multo splendidior futura, si 
non hcR sord.es splendidum lumen ejus obfuscarent, obslaret corruptio, et cauponantes 
qucedam harpycB, proletariique bonum hoc nobis non inviderent. Nemo enim tarn 
ca'ca inente, qui non hoc ipsum vide at : nemo tarn stolido ingenio, qui non iutelUgat , 
tam ptrlinaci judicio, qui non agnoscat, ah his idiotis circumforaneis, sacrum poliui 
Theidogiam, ac calest.es Musas quasi prophanum quiddum prostitui. Viles aniniae 
et elTnjiilcs [sic enim Lutherus '^alicubi vocut) lucelli causa, ut inuscas ad mulctra, 
ad nobilium ct heroum rnensas advolant, in spam sacerdotii, cujuslihet honoris, officii, 
in quamvis aulum, orbem se ingerunt, ad quodvis se ministerium componunt. • 

" Ut nervis alienis mobile lignum Duciiur" Hor. Lib. II. Sat. 7. "'"offani 

sequentes, psittacorum more, in piasdce spem quidvis effutiunt : obsecundunt.es Para- 
siti '^ (Erasmus ait) quid vis decent, dicunt, scribunt, suadent, et contra conscientiam 
probant, non ut salutarem reddanl gre^em, sed ut magnificam sibi parent fortunam. 
"Opiniones quasvis et decreta conira verbum Dei astruunt, ne non ofiendant patro- 
num, sed ut retineanl favorem procerum, et populi plausum, sibique ipsis opes accu- 
mulent. Eo etenim plerunqve animo ad Theologiam accedunt, non vt rem divinam, 
sed vt suam facient; non ad Ecclesics bonum promovendum, sed expilundum; qua- 
rentes, quod Paulus ait, non quae Jesu Christi, sed qute sua, non domini thesaurum, 
sed ut sibi, suisque thesaurizent. Nee tantum iis, qui vilirrie fortunam, et ahjectce, 
sorfis sunt, hoc in vsu est: sed et medios, summos, elutos, ne dicum Episcopos, hoc 
nudum invusit. ''^'■' Dicite pontifces, in socris quidfacit avrum?^^ '^summos sjepe 
viros transversos agit avaritia, et qui reliquis morum probitate prcelucerent ; hi facem 
prceferunt ad Simoniam, et in corruptionis hunc scopulum impingentes, non tondent 
pecus, sed degiubunt, et quocunque se conferunt, expilant, exhauriunt, abrudunt, 
magnum famce sute, si non animce naufragium facie ntes ; ut non ab infiinis ad sum- 
mos, sed a sutnmis ad infmos malum promandsse videatur, et illud verum sit quod 
ille olim lusit, emerat ille prius, vendere jure potest. Simoniacus enim {quod cum 

•wjiin. Acad. rap. 6 'o Acripiamiis pecuniam, 11617. Feh. 16. "Sat. Menip. '3 2 Cor. vii. 17. 

doiniltamiis asiiuim ill apiid Pataviiios, Italos. " Hos j ''CoinraHiil. in Gal. ''• lleinsing, "t^ Ecclesitsl, 

ncTi ita priricii- perstriiixi, in Philosnpliastro Comspdia i " Luth. in Gal. " Pers. Sat. ^. "Sallurt. 
Iitina, in Mde Christi Uxun, publice habila. Anno | 



Vlem. 3. Subs. 1 5.] 



Study.) a Cause. 



2o: 



l.eone dicam) gratiani non accepit, si non accipit, non nabef, et si non habei, nee 
gratus poltst esse; tantum enim ahsunt isiorum nonmdli, qui ad clavuin sedent a 
■p'-omove.ndo reliquos, id penitus impediant, probe sibi conscii, quibus artibus illu 
pervenerint. *°Nam qui ob literas emersisse illos credat, desipil; qui vero ingenii 
erudilionis, experietitiae, probitatis, pieiatis, et Musarum id esse pretium puiat [quod 
olim revcra fuit., hodi^ promUtitur) planissime insauit. Utcunque vel undecunque 
malum hoc originem ducat, non ultra quceram, ex his primordds ca:pit vitiorum col 
Mvies, oinnis calamitas, omne miseriarum agmen in Ecclesiam invehitur. Hinc turn 
frcquens simonia, hinc ortcR qucrelcz, fraudes, iinposturce, ab hoc fonte se dcrivarunt 
omncs nequiiice. JV*e quid obiter dicam de ambitione, adulatione plusquam aulicd, ne 
Irisli doniicanio laborent, de luxu, defcedo nonnunquam vitcB exemplo, quo nonnullos 
oj'cndunt, de compotatione Sybaritica, &c. hinc ille squalor academicus, tristes hac 
tempestate Camenae, quum quJvis homunculus artium ignarus, hie artibus assurgat., 
hunc in modum promoveaiur et ditescat, ambitiosis appellationibus insignis, et multis 
dignitutibus augustus vulgi oculos perstringat, bene se habcat, et grandia gradiens 
majestatein quandarn ac amplitudinem prm seferens, miramque solliciludinem, barba 
reverendus, toga nitidus, purpura coruscus, supellectilis splendore, et famulorum 
numero viaxime conspicuus. Quales statuse (quod ait ^' ille) quae sacris in aedibus 
coluainis imponuntur, velut oneri cedentes videiitur, ac si iusudarent, quum reveia 
sensu sint carentes, et niiiil saxeam adjuvent firniitatem : atlantes videri volunt, quum 
sint statuce lapidea, umbratiles rcverd homunciones, fungi , forsan et bardi, nihil a 
saxo diJJ'erentes. • Quum interem docti viri, et vita; sanctioris ornamentis ])rmditi, qui 
CEstum diei sustinent, his iniqua sorte scrviant, minimo fnrsan salario contenti, puris 
nominibus nuncupati, humiles, obscuri, viuUoque digniores licet, egmtes, inhonorati 
viUwi privam prrvata7n agant, tenuique sepulti sacerdotio, vel in collegiis suis in (ster- 
num incarccrati, inglorie delitescant. Sed nolo diutius hunc movere sentinam, hinc 
nice, laeliryma:; lugubris musarum habilus, ''-hinc ipsa religio [quod cum Secelli^ 
dicam) in ludibriuni et conteniptuni adducitur, abjectwJi sacerdotium [atque hcec ub. 
fiunt, ausim dicere, et putidum ^^putidi dicterium de clero usurpare) putidum vulu^u:? 
inops, rude^ sordidum, melancholicum, miserum, despicabile, contemnendum. *^ 



MSat. IVTenip. siBiida^us de Asse, lib. 5. e»Lib. 
de rep. Gallorum. s^Caiiipian. 

j "^ As for ourselves (for neither are we free from this 
/fault) the same fjuilt, the same crime, 'may be objected 
■ against us; lor it is throusli our fault, ne{;li<;enc(:, and 
avarice, that so many and such shameful corruptions oc- 
cur in the churci) (both the temple and the Deity are offer, 
eri for sale), that such surdidness is introduced, such im- 
piety committed, such wickedness, such a mad gulf of 
wretchedness and irregularity — these I sayanse fr(Mn all 
our faults, but more particularly from ours of the Univer- 
sity. We are the nursrry in which those ills are bred with 
which tlie state is afflicted; we voluntarily introduce 
them, and are deserving of every opprobrium and suf- 
fering, since we do not afterwards encounter them ac- 
cording to our strength. For what better can we ex- 
pect when so many poor, beggarhy lellows, men of 
livery order, are reaclily and without election, admitted 
to degrees? Who, if they can only commit to memory 
a few detinitions and divisions, and pass the customary 
period ill the study of logics, no matter with what 
eftl'Ct, whatever sort they prove to be, idiots, triflers, 
idlers, gamblers, sots, sensualists, 

" mere ciphers in the hook of life 

Like those who boldly woo'd Ulysses' wife: 
Born to consume the fruits of earth : in truth, 
As vain and Idle as Pheacia's youth ;" 

only le4 them have passed the stipulated period in the 
University, and professed themselves collegians: either 
for the sake of profit, or through the influence of their 
friends, they obtain a presentation; nay, sometimes 
even accompanied by brilliant eulogies upon their 
morals and acquirements ; and when they are about to 
take leave, they are honoured with the most flattering 
literary lestimonials in their favour, by those who un- 
doubtedly sustain a loss of reputation in granting 
them. For doctors and professors (as an author says) 
are anxious about one thing only, viz., that out of their 
variouscallings they may promote theirown advant.agp. 
snu convert the public loss into their private gamt-. 
For our annual officers wish this only, that those who 
lomnience, whether they are taiiiht or untauj;ht is of 
UG moment, shall be sleek, fat, pigeons worth the 
2» 



plucking. The Philosophastic are admitt<^d to a degree 
in Arts, because they have no acquaintance with them. 
And they are desired to be wise men, because Ihey are 
endowed with no wisdom, and bring no qialiticatioii 
for a degree, except the wish to have it. Tile Theolo- 
gastic (only let them pay) thrtce learned, are promoted 
to every academic honour. Hence it is that so many 
vile burtbons. so many idiots everywhere, placed in the 
twilight of letters, the mere ghosts of scludars, wan- 
derers in the market place, vagrants, barbels, mush- 
rooms, dolts, asses, a growling herd, with unwashed 
feet, break into the sacred precincts of theology, brin^;- 
ing nothing along with tliem but an impudent front, 
some vulgar trifles and foolish scholastic technicalities, 
unworthy of respect even at the crossing of the high- 
ways. This is the unworthy, vagrant, voluptuous race, 
fitter for the hog sty (haram) than the altar (arani), that 
basely prostitute divine literature : these are they who 
till the pulpits, creep into the palaces of our nobility 
after all other prospects of existence fail them, owing 
to their imbecility of body and mind, and their being 
incapable of sustaining any other paits in the common- 
wealth ; to this s.icred refuge they fly, undertaking the 
oflice of the ministry, not from sincerity, but as St. 
Paul says, huckstering the word of God. Let not any 
one suppose that it is here inteiidtrd to detract from 
those iiKiiiy exemplary men of whicli the (Jhiirch of 
England may boast, learned, eminent, and of spotless 
fame, for they are more numerous in that than in aivy 
other church of Europe : nor from those most learned 
universities which constantly send forth men endued 
with every form of virtue. .'\nd these seminaries w ould 
produce a still greater number of inestimable scholars 
hereafter if sordidness did not obscure the splendid 
light, corruption interrujit, and certain truckling har 
pies and beggars envy them their usefulness. Nor can 
any one be so blind as not to perceive this — any so sto- 
lid as not to understand it— any so perverse as wot to 
acknowledge how sacred Theology has been contami- 
naleil by those notorious idiots, and the celestial Muae 
ireaied with profanity. Vile and shameless souls (says 
Luther) for the sake of gain, like flies to a milkpail. 
crowd round the talib'S of the nohilily in expectatiof 
of a church 'iving, any oliice, or honour, and iiock intc 



202 



Causes of Melancholtt. 



Part. 1 . Sfct 2 



SUBSECT, 



MKM1> \^. 

I. — JSTon-necessary, remote, outward, adventitious, or accvdental causes : a> 
first from the JYurse. 

Of those remote, outward, ambient, necessary causes, I have sufficiently discoursed 
in the precedent member, the non-necessary follow ; of which, saith *^ Fuchsias, no 
art can be made, by reason of their uncertainty, casualty, and multitude ; so called 
" not necessary" because according to ""^ Fernelius, " they may be avoided, and used 
without necessity." Many of these accidental causes, which I shall entreat of here, 
might have well been reduced to tlie former, because they cannot be avoided, but 
fatally happen to us, though accidentally, and unawares, at some time or other ; the 
rest are contingent and inevitable, and more properly inserted in this rank of causes. 
To reckon up all is a thing impossible; of some therefore most remarkable of these 
contingent causes which product melancholy, I will briefly speak and in their order. 

From a child's nativity, the first ill accident that can likely befall him in this kind 
is a bad nurse, by.whose means alone he may be tainted with this *' malady fcom his 
cradle, Aulus Gellius /. 12. c. 1. brings in Phavorinus, that eloquent philosopher, 
proving this at large, *"'" that there is the same virtue and property in the milk as in 
the seed, and not in men alone, but in all other creatures ; he gives instance in a kid 
and lamb, if either of them suck of the other's milk, the lamb of the goat's, or the 
kid of the ewe's, the wool of the one will be hard, and the hair of the other soft." 
Giraldus Cambrensis Itinerar Cambria:, I. I.e. 2. confirms this by a notable example 
which happened in his time. A sow-pig by chance sucked a brach, and when she 
was grown ****" would miraculously hunt all manner of deer, and that as well, or 
rather better, than any ordinary hound." His conclusion is, *"that men and beasts 



any public hall or city ready to accept of any employ- 
ment Uial may otfer. 

"A thing of wood and wires by others played." 

Following the paste as the parrot, they stutter out any- 
tliiiiK in hopes of reward: nhsequions parasites, says 
Erasmus, teach, say, write, admire, approve, cojitrary 
to their conviction, anything you please, not to benefit 
the people but to improve their own fortunes. Tliey 
subscribe to any opinion* and decisions contrary to the 
word of God, that they may not otl'end their patron, 
hut retain the favour of llie great, the applause of the 
multitude, and thereby acquire riches for themselves; 
for they approach Theology, not that they may perform 
a sacred duty, but make a fortune: nor to promote tlie 
interests of the church, but to pillage it: seeking, as 
I'aul says, not the things which are of Jesus Christ, but 
what may be their own : not the treasure of their Lord, 
but the enrichment of themselves and their followers. 
Nor does this evil belong to those of humbler l)irth and 
oriunes only, it possesses the middle and higher ranks, 
ois/iojis excepted. 

"O Pont ills, tell the efficacy of gold in sacred mat- 
ters 1" Avarice often leads the highest men astray, and 
men, admirable in all other respects: these find a salvo 
for simony; and, striking against tliis rock of corrup- 
tion, they do not shear but flay the flock ; and, wher- 
ever they teem, plunder, exhaust, raze, making ship- 
wreck of their reputation, if not of their souls also. 
Hence it appears that this malady did not flow from 
the humblest to the highest classes, hut vice versa, so 
that the maxim is true although spoken in jest— " he 
bought first, therefore has the best right to sell." For 
a Siinoniac (that [ may use the phraseology of Leo) has 
not reci-ived a favour; since he has not received one he 
does not possess one; and since he does not possess one 
he cannot confer one. So far indeed are some of those 
who are placed at the helm from promoting others, that 
they completely obstruct them, from a consciousness of 
the means by which themselves obtained the honour. 
For he who iniagines that they emerged from their ob- 
scurity through their learning, is deceived; indeed, 
*noever supposes promotion to be the reward of genius, 
erudition, experience, probity, piety, and poetry (which 
formerly was the case, but now-a-days is only promised) 
is evidently deranged. How or when this malady com- 
menced, I shall not further inquire; but from these be- 
ginnings, this accumulation of vices, all her calamines 
Bid miseries have been brought upon the Church ; hence 
lueh frequent acts »i"sia;ony. compla'"'3, fraud, impos- 



tures—from this one fountain spring all its conspicuous 
iniquities. I shall not press the question of ambition 
and courtly flattery, lest they may be chagrined about 
luxury, base examples of life, which oftund the honest, 
wanton drinking parties, &c. Yet; hence is that aca- 
demic squalor, the muses now look sari, since every low 
fellow ignorant of the arts, by those very arts rises, is 
promoted, and grows rich, distinguished by ambitious 
titles, and puft'ed up by his numerous honours, he just 
shows himself to the vulgar, and by his stately carriage 
displays a species of majesty, a remarkable solicitude, 
letting down a flowing beard, decked in a brilliant toga 
resplendent with purple, and respected al.so on account 
of the splendour of his household and number of hia 
servants. There are certain statues placed in sacred 
edifices that seem to sink under their load, and almost 
to perspire, when in reality they are void of sensation, 
and do not contribute to the stony stability, so these 
men would wish to look like Atlases, when they are no 
better than statues of stone, insignificant scrubs, fun- 
guses, dolls, little difl>>rent from stone. Meanwhile 
really learned men, endowed with all that can adorn a 
holy life, men who have endured the heat of mid-day, 
by some unjust lot obey these dizzards, content prob- 
ably with a miserable salary, known by Inmest appel- 
lations, humble, obscure, although eminently worth;' 
needy, leading a private life without honour, buriea 
alive ill some poor benefice, or incarcerated for ever in 
their college chambers, lying hid ingloriously. But I 
am unwilling to stir this sink any longer or any deeper ; 
hence those tears, this melancholy habit of the muses' 
hence (that I may speak with Secellius) is it that reli- 
gion is brought into disrepute and contempt, and the 
priesthood abject; (and since this is so, I must speak 
out and use a filthy witticism of the filthy) a fJBtid 
crowd, poor, sordid, melancholy, miserable, despicable, 
contemptible. 

85 Proem lib. 2. Nulla ars constitui poset *6 L,ib. 

1. c. 1!). de niorborum causis. (iuas declinare licet aut 
nulla necessitate iitimur. "Quo semel est imbuta 

receiis servaiiit odorem Testa diu. Hor. *" S'cut 

valet ad fingendas corporis atque animi siniilitud nes 
vis et iiatura seminis, sic quoque lactis proprietas. 
Neque id in hominibus solum, sed in pecinlibus ani- 
madversuin. Nam si nviiim lacte hoedi. aut capraruir 
ai;ni alerenlur, constat fieri in his lanain duriorem, i^ 
illis capillum gigni severiorein. *" Adulta in ferarun 
persequutione ad miraculum usque sagax. "^Tan 

animal quodlibet qnam homo ab ilia cnjijs lad nutl 
tur, natiiraiii contrahit. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 1.] JYurse, a Cause. 203 

participate of her nature and conditions by whose milk they are fed." Phavorinus 
urges it farther, and demonstrates it more evidently, that if a nurse be ^'"misshapen, 
unchaste, dishonest, impudent, ^^ cruel, or the like, the child that sucks upon ha 
breast will be so too ;" all other affections of the mind and diseases are almost 
ingrafted, as it were, and imprinted into the temperature of the infant, by the nurse's 
milk; as pox, leprosy, melancholy, &c. Cato for some such reason would make 
his servants' children suck upon his wife's breast, because by that means they would 
love him and his the better, and in all likelihood agree with them. A more evi- 
dent example that the minds are altered by milk cannot be given, than that of 
^'Dion, which he relates of Caligula's cruelty; it could neither be imputed to father 
nor mother, but to his cruel nurse alone, that anointed her paps with blood still when 
he sucked, which made him such a murderer, and to express her cruelty to a hair: 
and that of Tiberius, who was a common drunkard, because his nurse was such a 
one. Et si dclira fucrit (^'' one observes) infanlulum ddinim faciei^ if she be a fool 
or dolt, the child she nurseth will take after her, or otherwise be misaffected ; which 
Franciscus Barbarus I. 2. c. nit. dc re uxorid proves at full, and Ant. Guivarra, lib. 2. 
de Marco Aurclio : the child will surely participate. For bodily sickness there is 
no doubt to be made. Titus, Vespasian's son, was therefore sickly, because the 
nurse was so, Lampridius. And if we may believe physicians, many times children 
catch the pox from a bad nurse, Botaldus cap. 61. de hie vener. Besides evil attend 
ance, negligence, and many gross inconveniences, which are incident to nurses, much 
danger may so come to the child. ®^For these causes Aristotle Polit. lib. 7. c. 17. 
Phavorinus and Marcus Aurelius would not have a child put to nurse at all, but every 
mother to bring up her own, of what condition soever she be; for a sound and able 
mother to put out her child to nurse, is naturcE intemperies., so ^® Guatso calls it, 'tis 
fit therefore she should be nurse herself; the mother will be more careful, loving 
and attendant, than any servile woman, or such hired creatures ; this all the world 
acknowledgeth, convenientissimum est (as Rod. a Castro de nat. mulierum. lib. 4. c 
12. in many words confesseth) matrevi ipsam laciare infanfein., " It is most fit that 
the mother should suckle her own infant" — who denies that it should be so .'' — and 
which some women most curiously observe ; amongst the rest, ^^ that queen of 
France, a Spaniard by birth, that was so precise and zealous in this behalf, that when 
in her absence a strange nurse had suckled her child, she was never quiet till she 
had made the infant vomit it up again. But she was too jealous. If it be so, as 
many times it is, they must be put forth, the mother be not fit or well able to be a 
nurse, I would then advise such mothers, as ''^Plutarch doth in his book de llberis 
educandis., and '®S. Hierom, li. 2. epist. 27. Lcptcn de institut. Jil. Magninus part 2. 
Reg. sanit. cap. 7. and the said Rodericus, that they make choice of a sound woman, 
of a good complexion, honest, free from bodily diseases, if it be possible, all pas- 
sions and perturbations of the mind, as sorrow, fear, grief, ^ folly, melancholy. For 
such passions corrupt the milk, and alter the temperature of the child, which now 
being ' Udum et molle latum, " a moist and soft clay," is easily seasoned and per- 
verted. And if such a nurse may be found out, that will be diligent and careful 
withal, let Phavorinus and M. Aurelius plead how they can against it, I had rather 
accept of her in some cases than the mother herself, and wliich Bonacialus the phy- 
sycian, Nic. Biesius the politician, lib. 4. de repub. cap. 8. approves, ^'■'Some nurses 
are much to be preferred to some mothers.", v For why may not the mother be 
naught, a peevish drunken flirt, a waspish choleric slut, a crazed piece, a fool (as 
many mothers are), unsound as soon as tlie nurse } There is more choice of nurses 
than mothers ; and therefore except the mother be most virtuous, staid, a woman of 
( xcellent good parts, and of a sound complexion, 1 would have all children in such 
cases committed to discreet strangers. Ai.d 'tis the only way ; as by marriage they 
are ingrafted to other families to alter the breed, or if anything be amiss in the 
mother, as Ludovicus Mercatus contends, Tom 2. lib. de morb. hcered. to prevent 

»i Inipioba, informis. inipiiriica, temulenta nutrix, <tc. I '' Lib. 3. de civ. convnrs. S'Stephanus. ^^To. 2. 

luoniani in niorihus eitormaiidjs magnain sspe partem Niitrices non quasvis, sed niaxime probas deliijamus 
irsHniuiii altricis et natiira lactis tenet. ** Hircaiisque | "^ iVulrix non sit lasciva aut temulenta. Hier. '"« Pro- 
« ' tiorunt nbera Tigres, Virg. 93 Lib. 2. de Cff'^arilms. I hihenduiii ne sfoliria lactet. ' I'ers. " Nutricc* 

** \Vda c. 27. I. 1. Eccles. hist. ^s i\> ji.sitivo lactis interdum rratribus sunt lueliores. 

al mento degeneret corpus, et animus corrunipatur. | 



204 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2 



diseases and future maladies, to correct and qualify the child's ill-disposed tempera- 
lure, which he had from his parents. This is an excellent remedy, if good choict 
be made of such a nurse. 

SuBSECT. II. — Education a Cause of Melancholy. 

Education, of these accidental causes of Melancholy, may justly challenge the ■ 
next place, for if a man escape a bad nurse, he may be undone by evil bringing up,*^ 
Jason Pratcnsis puts thi.« of education for a principal cause; bad parents, stcp-mo-"* 
thers, tutors, masters, teachers, too rigorous, too severe, too remiss or indulgent on ' 
the other side, are often fountains and furtherers of this disease. Parents and such 
as have the tuition and oversight of children, offend many times in that they are too 
stern, always threatening, chiding, brawling, whipping, or striking; by means of 
which their poor children are so disheartened and cowed, that they never after have 
any courage, a merry hour in their lives, or take pleasure in anything. There is a 
great moderation to be had in such things, as matters of so great moment to the 
making or marring of a child. Some fright their children with beggars, bugbears^" 
and hobgoblins, if they cry, or be otherwise unruly : but they are much to blame iti 
it, many times, saith Lavater, de spectris, part 1, cap. 5. ex vietu in morbos graves 
incidunt et noctu dorjnicntes clamant., for fear they fall into many diseases, and cry 
out in their sleep, and are much the worse for it all their lives : these things ought 
not at all, or to be sparingly done, and upon just occasion. Tyrannical, impatient, 
hair-brain schoolmasters, aridi 7nagistri, so ^ Fabius terms them, Jljaces JlageJUferi.f 
are in this kind as bad as hangmen and executioners, they make many children 
endure a martyrdom all the while they are at school, with bad diet, if they board in 
their houses, too much severity and ill-usage, they quite pervert their temperature of 
body and mind : still chiding, railing, frowning, lashing, tasking, keeping, tliat they 
arefracti animis., moped many times, weary of their lives, ^ nimia sevcritate deficiunJ. 
et desperant, and think no slavery in the world (as once I did myself) like to that 
of a grammar scholar. Praiceptoruvi ineptds discruciantur ingeni a puerorum.,^ saiih 
Erasmus, they tremble at his voice, looks, coming in. St. Austin, in the first bookj> 
of his confess, et 4 ca. calls this schooling meliculosam necessitatcm., and elsewhere 
a martyrdom, and confesselh of himself, how cruelly he was tortured in mind for 
learning Greek, nulla verba noveram., et scevis terroribus et pcenls^ ut nossem., insta- 
batur mild vehetnenter., I know nothing, and with cruel terrors and punishment ] was 
daily compelled. 'Beza complains in like case of a rigorous schoolmaster in Paris, 
that made him by his continual thunder and threats once in a mind to drown him- 
self, had he not met by the way with an uncle of his that vindicated him from that 
misery for the thne, by taking him to his house. Trincavellius, lib. 1. consil. 16. 
had a patient nineteen years of age, extremely melancholy, ob nimium studiuni., Tar- 
vitii et prcBceptoris minus, hy reason of overmucli study, and his ^tutor's threats. 
Many masters are hard-hearted, and bitter to their servants, and by that means do so 
deject, with terrible speeches and hard usage so crucify them, that they become des- 
perate, and can never be recalled. 

Others again, in that opposite extreme, do as great harm by their too much remiss- 
ness, they give them no bringing up, no calling to busy themselves about, or to live 
in, teach them no trade, or set them in any good course ; by means of which their 
servants, children, scholars, are carried away with that stream of drunkenness, idle- 
ness, gaming, and many such irregular courses, that in the end they rue it, curse 
their parents, and mischief themselves. Too much indulgence causeth the like, 
^inepta patris lenitas et facilitas prava., when as Mitio-like, with too much liberty 
and too great allowance, they feed their children's humours, let them revel, wench, 
riot, swagger, and do what they will themselves, and then punish them with a noise 
of musicians ; 



s Lib. de morbis capitis, cap. de mania ; Haud pogtre- 
ma causa supputatiir ediicatio, inter has mentis alialie- 
nationis causas. Injnsta iioverca. * Lib. 2. cap. 4. 

i Idjni. El quod niaxime nocet, dum in tenei-is ita 
iinio in nihil coiiantur. '"The pupil's faculties are 



perverted by the indiscretion of the master." ' PrtEfal 
ad Testam. ' Plus mentis pferiagogico supercilio ab» 
stulit, quam unquam preeceptis suis sapieiiti<e instilla 
vit. »Ter. A.lel. 3. 4. 



Mein 1. Subs. 3.] Lxtucafion, — Terrors and ,AJfrights, Cables. 



305 



iO"Obsnnet, potet, oleat ungiienta de meo : 

Aiiiat ? dabiliir a me argeiituiii ubi erit commodum. 
Fores effregit ? reslituentur : descidit 

Vestem ? resarcietur. Facial quod liibet, 

Suiiiat, consuiiiat, perdat, decretum est pati." 

Hut as Demeo told him, tu ilium corrumpi sinis, your lenity will be his undoing; 
pra^videre videor jam diem ilium, qnum hie e gens prof ugiet aliquo militutum, 1 fore 
see his ruin. ,^So parents often err, many fond mothers especially, doat so much upon 
heir children, like " ^Esop's ape, till in the end they crush them to death, Corporum 
tutrices animarum novercce, pampering up their bodies to tlie undoing of their souls : 
hey will not let them be '^ corrected or controlled, but still soothed up in everything 
thpy do, that in conclusion " they bring sorrow, shame, heaviness to their parents 
^^Ecclus. cap. XXX. 8, 9), become wanton, stubborn, wilful, and disobedient- rude, 
untaught, lieadstrong, incorrigible, and graceless ;" " tliey love them so foolishly," 
saith '^ Cardan, " that thev rather seem to hate them, bringing tiiem not up to virtue 
but injury, not to learning but to riot, not to sober life and conversation, but to all 
pleasure and licentious behaviour." Who is he of so little experience that knows 
not this of Fabius to be true .? '"' " Education is another nature, altering the mind 
ami will, and I would to God (saith he) we ourselves did not spoil our children's 
manners, by our overmuch cockering and nice education, and weaken the strength 
of their bodies and minds, that causeth custom, custom nature," &c. For these 
causes Plutarch in his book de lib. educ. and Hierom. epist. lib. 1. epist. 17. to Lata 
d? insti/uLjiHce, gives a most especial charge to all parents, and many good cautions 
about bringing up of children, that they be not committed to indiscreet, passionate, 
bedlam tutors, light, giddy-headed, or covetous persons, and spare for no cost, that 
they may be well nurtured and taught, it being a matter of so great consequence. 
For such parents as do otherwise, Plutarch esteems of them '*"that are more careful 
of tlieir shoes than of their feet," that rate their wealth above their children. And 
he, saith '^ Cardan, " that leaves his son to a covetous schoolmaster to be informed, 
or to a close Abbey to fast and learn wisdom together, doth no other, than that ho 
be a learned fool, or a sickly wise man." 



SuBSECT. III. — Terrors and Affrights, Causes of Melancholy. 

TuLLY, in the fourth of his Tusculans, distinguishes these terrors which arne 
from the apprehension of some terrible object heard or seen, from other fears, and «!o 
doth Patritius lib. 5. Tit. 4. dc regis institut. Of all fears they are most pernicious 
and violent, and so suddenly alter the whole temperature of the body, move the soul 
and spirits, strike such a deep impression, that the parties can never be recove'-ed. 
causing more grievous and fiercer melancholy, as Felix Plater, c. 3. de mentis alienni. " 
speaks out of his^ experience, than any inward cause whatsoever: "and imprints 
itself so forcibly in the spirits, brain, humours, that if all the mass of blood wer^! let 
out of the body, it could hardly be extracted. This horrible kind of melancholv 
(for so he terms it) had been often brought before him, and troubles and affriiifhts 
commonly men and women, young and old of all sorts." '^ Hercules de Saxonia 
calls this kind of melancholy i^ab agitatione spiriluum) by a peculiar name, it comes 
from the agitation, motion, contraction, dilatation of spirits, not from any distemper- 
ature oi humours, and produceth strong effects. This terror is most usually caused, 



'0 Idem. Ac. 1. so. 2. "Let him feast, drink, perfume 
himself at my expense: \( he be in love, I sliall supply 
him with money. Has he broken in the gates? they 
shall be repaired. Has he torn his garments? they shall 
be replaced. Let him do what he pleases, take, spend, 
waste, I am resolved to submit." "Camerarius em. 
77. cent. '2. Iiath elegantly expressed it an emblem, per- 
dit amando, &c. '^ Prov. xiii. 24. " He that spareth 
the rod hates his son." '3 Lib. de consol. Tam Stulie 
pueros diliginnis ut odisse potius videan)iir, illos non 
ad virtiitem sed ad injuriam, non ad eruditionem sed 
aj| luxum noM ad virtutem sed voluptatem edncantes. 
"Lib. !.».. a. Educatio altera natnra, alterat aminos et 
volnnlatem, atque ntinam (inquit) liberorum nostrorum 
riiores non iosi perderemus, quum infantiam statim de- 
'iciis solvimus ■ mollior ista educatio, quam iridulgen- 
libia vocamus, nervos omnes, et mentis ct corporis 



frangit; fit ex his consuetudo, inde natnra. i^Peiinde 
agit ac siquis de calceo sit sollicitiis, pedem nihil ciiret. 
Jiiven. Nil patri minus est quam filius. '^ Lib. 3. de 
sapient: qui avnris p.edagogis pueros alendosdant, vel 
claiisos in ccenobiis jcjunare simul et sapere, nihil aliud 
agunt, nisi ul sint vel non sine stultitia eruiliti, vel non 
integra vita sapieiites. " Terror et metus man:iin« 

ex improviso accedentes ita aiiiniuni coinmovent, ul 
spiritus iiunquam recuperent, gravioremque melancho- 
liam terror facit. quam qux ah interna causa (it. Im- 
pressio tam fortis in spirilibus liumoribusque cerebri, 
ut extracta lota sanguiiiea iiiassa, <Egre exprimatur, el 
haec horrcnda species melaiicholiae frequenter o lata 
mihi, onines exercens, viros, juvenes, sene.s. '*'I act, 
de melan. cap. 7.elt". non ab intemperie, sed agital sue 
dilatatione, coiitractione, motu spirituum. 



206 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2. 



as "Plutarch will have, "from some imminent danger, when a terrible object is a; 
hand," heard, seen, or concpived, ^''" truly appearing, or in a '^' dream :" and many 
limes the more sudden the accident, it is the more violent. 



?*" Slat terror aniinis, et cor altoriituni salit, 
Pavidiiitique trepidis palpilat veiiiti jecur." 



" Their soul's affri^lit, tlieir heart amazed quakes, 
The iriiiiibling liver pants i' th' veins., and aches.' 



Arthemedorus the grammarian 1 ■kst his wits by the unexpected sight of a crocodile, 
.jaurentius 7. de vielan. ^"The massacre at Lyons, 1572, in the reign of Charles IX., 
was so teiTible and fearful, that many ran mad, some died, great-bellied women were 
brought to bed before tlieir time, generally all affrighted aghast. Many lose their 
wits '^^ " by the sudden sight of some spectrum or devil, a thing very common in all 
ages," saith Lavater /lari 1. cap. 9. as Orestes did at the sight of the Furies, which 
appeared to him in black, (as ^' Pausanias records). The Greeks call them ^op;Uoxi);^fMi, 
which so terrify their souls, or if they be but affrighted by some counterfeit devils 
in jest, 

55 " lit piierl trepidant, atqiie omnia CKcis 

In tenebris luetininl" 

as children in the dark conceive hobgoblins, and are so afraid, they are the worse for 
It ail their lives. Some by sudden fires, earthquakes, inundations, or any such dismal 
objects : Themison the physician fell into a hydrophobia, by seeing one sick of that 
disease: (^Dioscorides I. 0. c. 33.) or by the sight of a monster, a carcase, they are 
disquieted many months following, and cannot endure the room where a corpse hath 
been, for a world would not be alone with a dead man, or lie in that bed many years 
after in which a man hath died. At ^' Basil many little children in the spring-time 
went to gather flowers in a meadow at the town's end, where a malefactor hung in 
gibbets ; all gazing at it, one by chance flung a stone, and made it stir, by which 
accident, the children affrighted ran away ; one slower than the rest, looking ba-k, 
and seeing the stirred carcase wag towards her, cried out it came after, and was so 
terribly affrighted, that for many days she could not rest, eat, or sleep, she could not 
be pacified, but melancholy, died. ^"^In the same town another child, beyond the 
Rhine, saw a grave opened, and upon the sight of a carcase, was so troubled in mind 
that she could not be comforted, but a little after departed, and was buried by it. 
Platerus observat. Z. 1, a gentlewoman of the same city saw a fat hog cut up, when 
the entrails were opened, and a noisome savour offended her nose, she much mis- 
liked, and would not longer abide : a physician in presence, told her, as that hog, so 
was she, full of filthy excrements, and aggravated the matter by some other loath 
some instances, insomuch, this nice gentlewoman apprehended it so deeply, that she 
fell forthwith a-vomiting, was so mightily distempered in mind and body, that with 
all his art and persuasions, for some months after, he could not restore her to her- 
self again, she could not forget it, or remove the object out of her sight. Idem. 
Many cannot endure to see a wound opened, but they are offended : a man executed, 
or labour of any fearful disease, as possession, apoplexies, one^bewitched ; '^''or if 
they read by chance of some terrible thuig, the symptoms alone of such a disease, 
or that which they dislike, they are instandy troubled in mind, aghast, ready to apply 
it to themselves, they are as much disquieted as if they had seen it, or were so 
affected themselves. Hecatas s^ibi iiidcntur somni are ., ihey dream and continually 
think of it. As lamentable effects are caused by such terrible objects heard, read, or 
seen, audltus maximos motus in corpore facile as *° Plutarch holds, no sense makes 
greater alteration of body and mind : sudden speech sometimes, unexpected news, 
be they good or bad, prcBvlsa minus oratio., will move as much, animum obruere, et 
de sede sud dejicere., as a '^ philosopher observes, will take away our sleep and appe- 
tite, disturb and quite overturn us. Let them bear witness that have heard those 
tragical alarms, outcries, hideous noises, which are many times suddenly heard in 



WLib. de fort, et virtut. Alex, prae-sertiin ineunte 
oericiilo, iihi res prope adsiint lerribilcs. 2" Fit a 

fisicine horrenda, revera apparente, vel per insomnia, 
Plati-rus. 3' A painter's vi-ife in Basil, lt',00. Soiii- 

niavit filium bello mortunm, inde Melancholica conso- 
lari noliiit. "Senec. Here. Get. a^anarta pars 

comment, de Statu religionis in Gallia sub Carolo. !). 
\5Ti. *• Ex occursu da^monuin aliqui furore corripi- 
untur. ct experientia notuni est. '» Lib. 8. in Arcad. 
*• Lui ret. *' Puells extrn urbem in prato concur- 



rentes, &;c. ina;sta et melancholica domuiii rediit per die* 
aliquot vexata, dum inortua est. Plater. ^6 Altcm 

traiis-Rlienana ingressa sepulchrum recens aperlum, 
vidit cadaver, el doiiiuin subito reversa putavil earn 
vocare, post paucos dies obiil, proximo sepulcliro col- 
locata. Altera patibuliitn sero prKlerieiis, metuebat 
ne urbe exclusa illic pernociaret, uiide melancholic* 
facta, per nniltos aiiiios laboravil. Platerus. »»Hjii. 
tus occursMS inopinalH lectio. ^ Lib. de audi tionok 

S'Theod. Prodromus lib. 7. Amorutn. 



Hem 4. Subs. 4.1 Terrors and Affrights^ Scoff's, <^c., Causes. 2(»7 

the (Jead of the nij^ht by irruption ot enemies and accidental fires, &.C., those ^'' panic 
fears, which often drive men out of their wits, bereave them of sense, understanding 
and all, some for a time, some for their whole lives, they never recover it. The 
"Midianites were so affrighted by Gideon's soldiers, they breaking but every one a 
pitcher; ar.d *^ Hannibal's army by such a panic fear was discomfited at the walls of 
Rome. Augusta Livia hearing a few tragical verses recited out of Virgil, Tu Mar 
cellus eris., (Sf-c, fell down dead in a swoon. Edinus king of Denmark, by a sudden 
sound which he heard, '^^ '• was turned into fury with all his men," Cranzius, L 5, 
Dan. hisl. el Alexander ab Alexandra I. 3. c. 5. Amatus Lusitiinus had a patient 
that by reason of bad tidings became epilepticus, cen.'Z.cura 90, Cardan subtil. I. 18, 
saw one that lost his wits by mistaking of an echo. If one sense alone can cause 
such violent commotions of the mind, what may we think when hearing, sight, and 
those other senses are all troubled at once .'' as by some earthquakes, thunder, light- 
ning, tempests, &c. At Bologna in Italy, Anno 1504, there was such a fearful earth- 
quake about eleven o'clock in ihe night (as ^"^Beroaldus in his book de terrce motu, hath 
commended to posterity) that all the city trembled, the people thought the world was 
at an end, actum de morfalibus, such a fearful noise, it made such a detestable smell, 
the inhabitants were infinitely affrighted, and some ran mad. Audi rem afrocem, et 
unnalibus memorandam (mine author adds), hear a strange story, and worthy to be 
chronicled: I had a servant at the same time called Fulco Argelanus, a bold and 
proper man, so grievously terrified with it, that he ^'' was first melancholy, after doted, 
at last mad, and made away himself At '"* Fuscinum in Japona " there was such an 
earthquake, and darkness on a sudden, that many men were offended with headache, 
many overwhelmed with sorrow and melancholy. At Meacum whole streets and 
goodly palaces were overturned at the same time, and there was such a hideous noise 
withal, like thunder, and filthy smell, that their hair stared for fear, and their hearts 
quaked, men and beasts were incredibly terrified. In Sacai, another city, the same 
earthquake was so terrible unto them, that many were bereft of their senses ; and 
others by that horrible spectacle so much amazed, that they knew not what they 
did." Blasius a christian, the reporter of the news, was so affrighted for his part, 
that though it were two months after, he was scarce his own man, neither could he 
drive the remembrance of it out of his mind. Many times, some years following, 
they will tremble afresh at the ''^ remembrance or conceit of such a terrible object, 
even all their lives long, if mention be made of it. Cornelius Agrippa relates out 
of Gulielmus Parisiensis, a story of one, that after a distasteful purge which a phy- 
sician had prescribed unto him, was so much moved, '"''•'that at the very sight of 
physic he would be distempered," though he never so much as smelled to it, the box 
of j)hysic long after would give him a purge ; nay, the very remembrance of it did 
effect it ; '" " like travellers and seamen," saith Plutarch, " that when they have been 
sanded, or dashed on a rock, for ever after fear not that mischance only, but all such 
dangers whatsoever." 

SuBSECT. IV. — Scoffs, Calumnies, hitter Jests, how they cause Melancholy. 

It is an old saying, '"^"A blow with a word strikes deeper than a blow with a 
sword :" and many men are as much galled with a calumny, a scurrilous and bitter 
jest, a libel, a pasquil, satire, apologue, epigram, stage-play or the like, as with any 
misfortune whatsoever. Princes and potentates, that are otherwise happy, and have 
all at command, secure and free, quibus potentia sceleris impunitatem fecit, are griev- 
ously vexed with these pasquilling libels, and satires: they fear a railing ''^Aretme. 
more than an enemy in the field, which made most princes of his time (as some 
relate) " allow him a liberal pension, that he should not tax them in his satires." " 



52 Effuso cernens fugientes agmine turmas, Q.nis mea 
nunc iiiflat corniia Fauiius ait. Alciat. embl. 12,;. 
5'Ju(l. 6. 19. 3j piinarcliiis vita ejus. ^5 i,, fm-oreni 
cum soti is versus, ^o Siibilnriiis lerrae motiis. s7(;iEpj[ 
inde desipere cum dispptidio sanitatis, inde adeo demeri- 
taiis, ut sibi ipsi monein inferret. ^ Historica relatio 
de rebus Japonjcis Tract. 2. de legat. regis Chinensls, a 
Lodovico Frois Jesuita. A. 1590. Fuscini deropente 
taiita acris caligo et terrteinotus, ut mulli capite dole- 
rent, pliirimus cor monrore et melancholia obruerctur. 
''^nnium rremiiuni edebat, ut 'ouitru fiagorem imitari 



viderctur, tantamque, &c. Fn urbe Sacai tarn horrificus 
fuit, ut homines vix sui compotes essent a sensibus 
abalienali, moerore oppressi tarn horrendo spectaculo, 
&c. ^sQuum subit illlus tristissima noctis Imago. 
*"Q.ui solo aspectu medicinie movebatur ad purgandum. 
*'Sicut viatores si ad saxum impegerint, aut nauta;, 
memores sui casus, non ista modo qu<e offendunt, sed 
et similia horrent perpetuo et tremunt " Levitef 

volant gravitcr vulnerant. Bsrnardus. '3 Eusis sau- 
cifit corpus, nientem seruio. ■"Soatis eum esse qui 

a nemicie fereisvi sui inaenate, non illustre stipcndium 



208 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec 2 

The Gods had their Momus, Horner his Zoilus, Achilles his Thersites, Philip hi? 
Demades : the Caesars themselves in Rome were commonly taunted. There was 
never wanting a Petronius, a Lucian in those times, nor will be a Rabelais, an 
Fuphormio, a Boccalinus in ours. Adrian the sixth pope "" was so highly offended, 
and grievously vexed with Pasquillers at Rome, he gave command that liis statue 
should be demolished and burned, the ashes flung into the river Tiber, and had done 
it forthwith, had not Ludoviciis Suessanus, a facete companion, dissuaded him to the 
contrary, by telling him, that Pasquil's ashes would turn to frogs in the bottom of 
the river, and croak v/orse and louder than before, — genus irrUabile vatum^ and 
therefore ''^ Socrates in Plato adviseth all liis friends, " that respect their credits, to 
stand in awe of poets, for they are tem-ible fellows, can praise and dispraise as they 
see cause." Hinc quam sit calamus scevior cnse patet. The prophet David com- 
plains. Psalm cxxiii. 4. " that his soul was full of the mocking of the wealthy, and 
of the despitefulness of the proud," and Psalm Iv. 4. " for the voice of the wicked, 
&c., and their hate : his heart trembled within him, and the terrors of death came 
upon him ; fear and horrible feai-," &.C., and Psal. Ixix. 20. " Rebuke hath broken 
my heart, and I am full of heaviness." Who hath not like cause to complain, and 
is not so troubled, that shall fall into the mouths of such men } for many ar<' f so 
'•'' petulant a spleen ; and have that figure Sarcasmus so often in their moutr-.s, so 
bitter, so foolish, as ^^.Baltasar Castillo notes of them, that "they cannot speak, but 
they must bite;" they had rather lose a friend than a jest; and what company soever 
they come in, they will be scoffing, insulting over their inferiors, especially over such 
as any way depend upon them, humouring, misusing, or putting gulleries on some 
or other till they have made by their humouring or gulling ''^ ea: s/mZ/o /nsa?iM?w, a 
mope or a noddy, and all to make themselves merry : 

'" "(iiunmndo risiim 

Escutiat sibi ; iion liic cuiquam parcit amico;" 

Friends, neuters, enemies, all are as one, to make a fool a madman, is their sport, 
and they have no greater felicity than to scoff and deride others; they must sacrifice 
to the god of laughter, with them in *' Apuleius, once a day, or else they shall be 
melancholy themselves ; they care not how they grind and misuse others, so they 
may exhilarate their own persons. Their wits indeed serve them to that sole pur- 
pose, to make sport, to break a scurrile jest, which is levissimus ingenii fructus., the 
froth of wit, as ''-Tully holds, and for this they are often applauded, in all other dis- 
course, dry, barren, straminious, dull and heavy, here lies their genius, in this they 
alone excel, please themselves and others. Leo Decimus, that scofling pope, as 
Jovius hath registered in the Fourth book of his life, took an extraordinary delight in 
humouring of silly fellows, and to put gulleries upon them, *^by commending some, 
persuading others to this or that : he made ex stolidis siuUissi7nos, et maxime ridiculos^ 
ex stultis insanos ; soft fellows, stark noddies ; and such as were foolish, quite mad 
before he left them. One memorable example he recites there, of Tarascomus of 
Parma, a musician that was so humoured by Leo Decimus, and Bibiena his secont? 
in this business, that he thought himself to be a man of most excellent skill, (who 
was indeed a ninny) they ^'"made him set foolish songs, and invent new ridiculous 
precepts, which they did highly commend," as to tie his arm that played on the lute, 
to make him strike a sweeter stroke, ^'"and to pull down the Arras hansfings, because 
the voice would be clearer, by reason of the reverberation of the wall." In the like 
manner they persuaded one Baraballius of Caieta, that he was as good a poet as 
Petrarch; would have him to be made a laureate poet, and invite all his friends to 
nis instalment; and had so possessed the poor man with a conceit of his excellent 
pf^etrvi that when some of his more discreet friends told him of his fully, he was 
very angry with them, and said ^ " they envied his honour, and prosperity :" it was 
strange (saith Jovius) to see an old man of 60 years, a venerable and grave old man 



oabiiit, lie mores ipsorum Satyris suis notaret. Gasp. 
Barlhius praefat. parnodid. 

<6 Jovius in vita ejus, gravissime tiilit fiimosis lihpllis 
noMieii suum ad Fasqiiilli statuam fuisse laceratiim, 
decrcvitque ideo statuam denioliri, &;c. " Plato, lib. 
13. (le legibiis. Qui exislimationeiii ciirant, poetas 
vereantur, quia magnain virn habHiit ad laudanduni et 
I'ituperaiiduiii. *' Pelulatiti splenecachinno. •"Curial. 



lib. 2. Ea quorundain est inscitia, lit qiioties loqiii, I denies. 



toties mordere licere sibi patent. '^Ter. Bunnell. 

"> Hor. ser. lib. 2. Sat. 4. " Provided he can only excite 
lauffhter, he spares not his best friend." ^' Lib. 2. 

'^Diiorat. 63 ],audaii(lo, et inira iis persuadendo 

'* Et vann inflatus opinione, incredibilia ac ridendn 
qiKBdam Musices prscepta comiiientar<.'tur, &c. ''SI.'I 
voces nudis parietibus illi.'siB, suavius ac acutius resili 
rent. w immortalitati et gloriie suae prorsijB ifvi 



Mem. 4. ISubs. 4.J Scoff's, Calumnies.) bitter Jests, S(c. 209 

Ko gulled. But what cannot such scoffers do, especially if they find a soft creature, 
on whom they may work? nay, to say truth, who is so wise, or so discrt^et, that 
may not be humoured in this kind, especially if some excellent wits shall set upon 
him ; he that mads others, if he were so humoured, would be as mad himself, as 
much grieved and tormented; he might cry with him in the comedy, Proh Jupiter, 
tu homo me. adigas ad insaninm. For all is in these things as they are taken ; if he 
be a silly soul, and do not perceive it, 'tis well, he may haply make others sport, and 
be no whit troubled himself; but if he be apprehensive of his folly, and take it to 
heart, then it torments him worse than any lash : a bitter jest, a slander, a calumny 
piercelh deeper than any loss, danger, bodily pain, or injury whatsoever; levitcr cnim 
vnlat^ (it flies swiftly) as Bernard of an arrow, sed graviter viilncrat, (but woimds 
deeply), especially if it shall proceed from a virulent tongue, '•'it cuts (saith David) 
like a two-edged sword. They shoot bitter words as arrows," Psal. Ixiv. 5. "•And 
they smote with their tongues," .Ter. xviii. 18, and that so hard, that they leave an 
incurable wound beliind them. Many men are undone by this means, lnoped, and 
so dejected, that they are never to be recovered ; and of all other men living, those 
which are actually melancholy, or inclined to it, are most sensible, (as being suspi- 
cious, choleric, apt to mistake) and impatient of an injury in that kind : they aggra- 
vate, and so meditate continually of it, that it is a perpetual corrosive, not to be 
removed, till time wear it out. Altliough they peradventure that so scoff, do it alone 
n mirth and merriment, and hold it optimum alien'l frui insanid,an excellent thing 
to enjoy another man's madness; yet they must know, that it is a mortal sin (as 
" Thomas holds) and as the prophet '•* David denounceth, " they that use it, shall 
never dwell in God's tabernacle." 

Such scurrilous jests, flouts, and sarcasms, therefore, ought not at all to be used 
especially to our betters, to those that are in misery, or any way distressed : for t( 
such, cerumnarum incremenfa sunt they multiply grief, and as ^^he perceived. In mul- 
tis piidor, in muJj.is iracundia, S^c, many are ashamed, many vexed, angered, and there 
is no greater cause or furtherer of melancholy. Martin Cromerus, in the Sixth book 
of his history, hath a pretty story to this purpose, of Uladislaus, the second king of 
Poland, and Peter Dunnius, earl of Shrine ; they had been hunting late, and were 
enforced to lodge in a poor cottage. When they went to bed, Uladislaus told the 
earl in jest, that his wife lay softer with the abbot of Shrine ; he not able to contain, 
replied. El tua cuyn Dabesso, and yours with Dabessus, a gallant young gentleman 
in the court, whom Christina the queen loved. Tetigit id dictum Principis animum, 
these words of his so galled the prince, that he was long after tristis et cogitabundus, 
very sad and melancholy for many months ; but they were the earl's utter undoing ; 
Tor when Christina heard of it, she persecuted him to death. Sophia the empress 
Justinian's wife, broke a bitter jest upon Narsetes the eunuch, a famous captain then 
disquieted for an overthrow which he lately had: that he was fitter for a (Hstaff and 
to keep women company, than to wield a sword, or to be general of an army: b'll 
it cost her dear, for he so far distasted it, that he went forthwith to the adverse part, 
much troubled in his thoughts, caused the Lombards to rebel, and thence procured 
many miseries to the commonwealth. Tiberius the emperor withheld a legacy from 
the people of Rome, which his predecessor Augustus had lately given, and perceiv- 
ing a fellow round a dead corse in the ear, would needs know wherefore he did so 
the fellow replied, that he wished the departed soul to signify to Augustus, the con> 
mons of Rome were yet unpaid : for this bitter jest the emperor caused him forth- 
with to be slain, and carry the news himself For this reason, all those that otlier- 
wise approve of jests in some cases, and facete companions, (as who doth not.'' let 
them laugh and be merry, rumpantur et ilia Codro, 'tis laudable and fit, those ye' 
will by no means admit them in their companies, that are any way inclined to this 
malady : non jocandum cum iis qui iniseri sunt, et cerumnosi, no jesting with a discon- 
tented person. 'Tis Castillo's caveat, ''"Jo. Fontanus, and *'Galateus, and every good 
nan's. 

•' Play with me, but hurt me not: 
' Jcsl with iwe, but shame me not." 



"S. 2 dae quaest. 75. Irrisio morlalc pnctntum. j au.jr/i. "Dt sermnne lib. 4. cap. 3. «>Fil ii 

> Pual. XV. :l ^''Balthasar Uastilio lib. i. de | Galateus. 

27 si. 



210 



Causes of Melancholy. 



fPHrt. 1 . 3ec. 2. 



Comitas is a virtii,- between rusticity and .saurrilit}, iwo extremes, as affability is 
Setvveen flattery and contention, it must not exceed ; but be still accompanied with 
•liat ^^rtfixa.'fifM, or innocency, quce. nemini nocet^ omnem injuricR ohlationem abhorrens^i 
nurts no man, abhors all olfer of injury. Though a man be liable to such a jest or 
obloquy, havt been overseen, or committed a foul fact, yet it is no good manners or 
humanity, to upbraid, to hit him in the teeth with his offence, or to scoff at such a 
one ; tis an old axiom, turpis in reum omnis exprobratio.^^ 1 speak not of such as 
generally tax vice, Barclay, Gentilis, Erasmus, Agrippa, Fishcartus, &.C., the Varron- 
isfs and Lucians of our time, satirists, epigrammists, comedians, apologists, &c., but 
such as personate, rail, scotl^ calumniate, perstringe by name, or in presence offend ; 

61" Ludit qui stolula procacitate 

Noil est Sestius ille sed caballus:" 

'Tis horse-play this, and those jests (as he ^^saith) "are no better than injuries,'* 
biting jests, mordentes et aculeati, they are poisoned jests, leave a sting behind them 
and ought fiot to be used. 

8«"Scl not tliy foot to make the blind to fall; 
Nor wilfully offend thy weaker brother: 
Nor wound the ileail with thy tongue's bitter gall, 
Neither rejoice thou in the fiill of other." 

If these rules could be kept, we should have much more ease and quietness than we 
have, less melancholy; whereas on the contrary, we study to misuse each other, how 
to sting and gall, like two fighting boors, bending all our force and wit, friends, for- 
tune, to crucify " one another's souls ; by means of which, there is little content and 
■ charity, much virulency, hatred, malice, and disquietness among us. 

SuBSECT. V. — Loss of Liberty, Servitude, Imprisonment, how they cause Melancholy. 

To this catalogue of causes, I may well annex loss of liberty, servitude, or impri- 
sonment, which to some persons is as great a torture as any of the rest. Though they 
have all things convenient, sumptuous houses to their use, fair walks and gardens, 
delicious bowers, galleries, good fare and diet, and all things correspondent, yet they 
are not content, because they are confined, may not come and go at their pleasure, 
have and do what they will, but live ^^ aliena quadra, at another man's table and 
command. As it is ®^in meats so it is in all other things, places, societies, sports; 
let them be never so pleasant, commodious, wholesome, so good ; yet omnium rerum 
est saiietas, there is a loathing satiety of all things. The children of Israel were 
tired with manna, it is irksome to them so to live, as to a bird in his cage, or a dog 
in his kennel, they are weary of it. They are happy, it is true, and have all things, 
to another man's judgment, that heart can wish, or that they themselves can desire, 
bona si sua norint: yet they loathe it, and are tired with the present: Est natura 
hominum novitatis avida ; men's nature is still desirous of news, variety, delights ; 
and our wandering affections are so irregular in this kind, that they nmst change, 
though it must be to the worst. Bachelors must be married, and married men would, 
be bachelors ; they do not love their own wives, though otherwise fair, wise, vir- 
tuous, and well qualified, because they are theirs ; our present estate is still the 
worst, we cannot endure one course of life long, et quod modu vovcrat, odit, one 
callinorlong, esse in honor e jiiv at, max displicet ; one place long, '"' Roince Tibur amu, 
ventosus Tybure Romam, that which we earnestly sought, we now contemn. Hoc 
quosdam agil ad mortem, (saith "" Seneca) quod proposita scepe mutando in eade.m 
revolvuntur, et non relinquunt novitati locum : Fastidio cccpit esse vita, et ipsus muu' 
dus, et subit illud rapidissimarum deHciarum,Quousque eadem ? this alone kills many 
a man, that they are tied to the same still, as a horse in a mill, a dog in a wheel, 
tJiey run round, without alteration or news, their life groweth odious, the world~" 
loathsome, and that which crosselh their furious delights, what .^ still the same? 
Marcus Aurelius and Solomon, that had experience of all worldly delights and plea- 
sure, confessed as much of themselves ; what they most desired, was tedious ai 
last, and that their lust could never be satisfied, all was vanity and affliction of mmd. 



•^ Tilly Tiisc. qusest. "" Every reproach uttered 

jgainst one already condemned is mean-spirited.' 
•4 Mart. lib. 1. epit;. ?i5. 66 |';,ies joci ab iiijuriis non 
KiSBiJit discerni. Ga.ateiis fo. 55. m Pybrac in his 



Q.uadraint 37. " Ego hujiis inisera fatuitate et de 

inenlia conflirtor. Tull.adAtticli.il. ^^ Miserufii 

est aliena vivere quadra. Juv. ^9 cramba- Ids c< ctoe 
Vine me redde ermri. ") Hor. " He "-Mnquil ai>>iits. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 6.] Poverty and Want^ Causes 211 

Now il it be death itself, another hell, to be glutted with one kind of sport, dieted 
with one dish, tied to one place; though they have all things otherwisp as thi"" can 
desire, and are in heaven to another man's opinion, what misery and discontent shall 
they have, that live in slavery, or in prison itself? Quod tristi.us morte^ in se.rvitute 
vivcndtim, as Hermolaus told Alexander in '^ Curtius, worse than death is bondaffe : 
'"^ hoc animo scilo omnes fortes^ ut mortem servituti anteponant, All brave men ai arms 
(Tally holds) are so affected. ''^ Equidem ego is sum, qui servitulem extrerrMm om- 
nium malorum esse arbitror : I am he (saith Boterus) that account servitude the 
extremity of misery. And what calamity do they endure, that live with those liard 
taskmasters, in gold mines (like those 30,000 'Mndian slaves at Potosi, in Peru), tin- 
mines, lead-mines, stone-quarries, coal-pits, like so many jnouldwarps under ground, 
condemned to the galleys, to perpetual drudgery, hunger, tliirst, and stripes, without 
all hope of delivery ? How are those women in Turkey affected, that most part of 
the year come not abroad ; those Italian and Spanish dames, that are mewed up like 
hawks, and locked up by their jealous husbands .? how tedious is it to them that live 
in stoves and caves half a year together .? as in Iceland, Muscovy, or under the '® pole 
itself, where they have six niontlis' perpetual night. Nay, wliat misery and discon- 
tent do they enihire, tiiat are in prison .? They want all those six non-natural things 
at once, good air, good diet, exercise, company, sleep, rest, ea.se, &c., that are bound 
in cliains all day long, sufl^er hunger, and (as "Lucian describes it) "must abide that 
Hltiiy stink, and rattling of chains, bowlings, pitiful outcries, that prisoners usually 
make ; these things are not only troublesome, but intolerable." They lie nastily 
among toads and fiogs in a dark dungeon, in their own dung, in pain of body, in 
pain of soul, as Joseph did, Psal. cv. 1 8, " They hurt his feet in the stocks, the iron 
entered his soul." They live solitary, alone, sequestered from all company but heart- 
eating melancholy ; and for want of meat, must eat that bread of affliction, prey 
upon themselves. Well might "^Arculanus put long imprisonment for a cause, espe- 
cially to such as have lived jovially, in all sensuality and lus^, upon a sudden are 
estranged and debarred from all manner of pleasures : as were Huniades, Edward, 
and Richard II., Valerian the Emperor, Bajazet the Turk. If it be irksome to miss 
our ordinary companions and repast for once a day, or an hour, what shall it be to 
lose them for ever ? If it be so great a delight to live at liberty, and to enjoy that 
variety of objects the world affords; what misery and discontent must it needs bring 
to him, that shall now be cast headlong into that Spanish inquisition, to fall from 
heaven to hell, to be cubbed up upon a sudden, how shall he be perplexed, what 
shall become of him ? ™ Robert Duke of Normandy being imprisoned by his 
youngest brother Henry I., ab illo die inconsolabiU dolore in carcere contabuil, saith 
Matthew Paris, from that day forward pined away with grief ^ Jugurtha that gene- 
rous captain, "■ brought to Rome in triumph, and after imprisoned, through anguish 
of his soul, and melancholy, died." *' Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, the second man 
from King Stephen (he that built that famous castle of *^ Devizes in Wiltshire,) was 
so tortured in prison with hunger, and all those calamities accompanying such men, 
^ut vivere noluerit., mori nescierit, he would not live, and could not die, between 
fear of death, and torments of life. Francis King of France was taken prisoner by 
Charles V., ad mortem fere melancholicus, saith Guicciardini, melancholy almost to 
death, and that in an instant. But this is as clear as the sun, and needs no further 
illustration. 

Sub SECT. VI. — Poverty and Want^ Causes oj Melancholy. 

Poverty and want are so violent oppugners, so unwelcome guests, so much itb- 
horred of all men, that I may not omit to speak of them apart. Poverty, although 
(if considered aright, to a wise, understanding, truly regenerate, and contented man) 
11 be donum Dei^ a blessed estate, the way to heaven, as *^ Chrysostom calls it, God's 

"Lib. 8. 'STullius Lepido Fam. 10. 27. , '< Bote- I "William the Conqueror's eldest son eogaiust. Ro- 



rus I. 1. polit. cap. 4. ''Liet. descrjp. America. 

"If there he any inhabitants. "InTaxari. Ititerdiu 
anideni colliim vinctnni est, et manus con.stricta, noctu 
vero totum cnrpus viricitiir. ad has miserias acciilit cor- 
poris fii'tor, strepitus ejiilantiuni, sninni hrevitas, hiec 
iinnia plane molesta et intolerabilia. ''^la 9 RliasiD. 



niani triuniphoductustandemqiiein carcerernconjeriiis, 
animi dolore periit. sipainden in Wiltsh. niisernm 

senem ita fame et c^a'riitatibns in carcere fregit, intei 
mortis metum, et vilte tormenta, &.c. *" Vies hodie 

ts Seneca. s'Coin. ad Hebr«os. 



212 



Causes of Melancliohj. 



[Part. 1 . Ser. 



gift, the mother of modesty, and much to be preferred before liches (as shall br 
sliown in his ^ place), yet as it is esteemed in the world's censure, it is a most odious 
calling, vile and base, a severe torture, summum scelus^ a most intolerable burden ; we 
^ shun it all, cane pejus et angue (worse than a dog or a snake), we abhor the name of 
it., '^^ Pajipertas fiigUur, totoqnc arcessitur orbe, as being the fountain of all otlier mise- 
ries, cares, woes, labours, and grievances whatsoever. To avoid which, we will take 
any pains, — extremos currit mercator ad Jndos, we will leave no haven, no coast, no 
creek of the world unsearched, though it be to the hazard of our lives, we will dive 
to the bottom of the sea, to the bowels of the earth, ^^five, six, seven, eight, nine 
hundred fathom deep, through all five zones, and both extremes of heat and cold : ^ 
we will turn parasites and slaves, prostitute ourselves, swear and lie, damn our 
bodies and souls, forsake God, abjure religion, steal, rob, murder, rather than endure^ 
this insufferable yoke of poverty, which doth so tyrannise, crucify, and generally 
depress us. 

For look into the world, and you shall see men most part esteemed according to 
their means, and happy as they are rich : ^^Ubique tanti quisque quantum habuit fiiit. 
If he be likely to thrive, and in the way of preferment, who but he ? In the vulgar 
opinion, if a man be wealthy, no matter how he gets it, of what parentage, how 
qualified, how virtuously endowed, or villanously inclined ; let him be a bawd, a 
gripe, an usurer, a villain, a pagan, a barbarian, a wretch, ^ Lucian's tyrant, " on 
whom you may look with less security than on the sun ;" so that he be rich (and 
liberal withal) he shall be honoured, admired, adored, reverenced, and highly ^' mag- 
nified. "The rich is had in reputation because of his goods," Eccl. x. 31. He shall 
be befriended : " for riches gather many friends," Prov. xix. 4, — multos numerabit 
umicos, all '^ happiness ebbs and flows with his money. He shall be accounted a 
gracious lord, a Mecssnas, a benefactor, a wise, discreet, a proper, a valiant, a fortu- 
nate man, of a generous spirit, Piillus Jovis^et gaUino' JiJius albce: a hopeful, a good 
man, a virtuous, hongst man. Quando ego tc Junonium puerum., et matris partvm 
vere aureum, as ^^Tully said of Octavianus, while he was adopted Caesar, and an 
heir ^ apparent of so great a monarchy, he was a golden child. AH *' honour, offices, 
applause, grand titles, and turgent epithets are put upon him, omncs omnia bona 
dicere ; all men's eyes are upon him, God bless his good worship, his honour; 
* every man speaks well of him, every man presents him, seeks and sues to him for 
his love, favour, and protection, to serve him, belong unto him, every man riseth to 
him, as to Thcmistocles in the Olympics, if he speak, as of Plerod, Vox Dei^ non 
hominis^ the voice of God, not of man. All the graces. Veneres, pleasures, elegances 
attend him, ^^ golden fortune accompanies and lodgeth with him ; and as to those 
Roman emperors, is placed in his chamber. 

38 "Secura nnvitet aura, 

Fonunamque suo leinperel arbitrio:" 

he may sail as he will himself, and temper his estate at his pleasure, jovial days, 
splendour and magnificence, sweet music, dainty fare, the good things, and fat of the 
land, fine clothes, rich attires, soft beds, down pillows are at his command, all the 
world labours for him, thousands of artificers are his slaves to drudge for him, run, 
ride, and post for him : ®^ Divines (for Pythia Philippisal) lawyers, physicians, phi- 
losophers, scholars are his, wholly devote to his service. Every man seeks his 
'"^acquaintance, his kindred, to match with him, though he be an oaf, a ninny, a 
monster, a goosecap, uxorem ducat Danaen^ ' when, and whom he will, hunc optant 

generum Rex et Regma -he is an excellent ^ match for my son, my daughter, my 

niece, Etc. Quicquid calcaverit hie, Rosajiet, let him go whither he will, trumpets 



» Part. 2. Sect. 3. Memb 3. eiCliiem ut difficilem 

mnrbuiii piipris trailere fi)rmidatiiiis. I'liit. *' Liicnii. 
1. 1. "6 As in the silver mines at Friburgli in Gin- 

niany. Fines Murison. "'Euripides. ""Tom. 4. 

dial, minore periculo Solem quam hunc defixis oculis 
licet intunri. ^i Oninis enim res, virtns, fama, decus, 
riivina, humanaqtie pulchris Divitiis parect. Hor. Ser. 
I. 2. Sat. 3. Clarus eris, fortis jnstus, sapiens, ptiam 
lex. Et quicquid volet. Hor. i* Et genus, et formani, 
legina pecunia donat. Money adds spirits, courage, 
tc. »3 Episl. ull. ad Atticum. '* Our young iiias- 

er, a line towardly gentleman, Gud bless him, and 



hopeful; why? he is heir apparent to the right wor- 
shipful, to the riglit honourable, &.C. KsOnumm' 
nummi : vohis .'lunc pra"stat honorem. ^ Exinde 
sapere euni otnnes dicimus, ac quisque fortunam habet. 
Plaut. Pseud. i"Aurea fortuna, principiim cuhic.ulis 
reponi soUta. Julius Capitolinus vita Antmiini. 9» I'e- 
tronius. s'j'j'deologi opulentis adh8eren.t, Jiirisperiti 
pecuniosis, literati nuiniaosis, liberalihus artifices. 
J"" Multi ilium jiivenes, multa; petiere puella^ ' " llf 
may have Daiiae to wife." ^Dummndo sit rii"-' 
bfj-barus, ille plate 



Tcio. 4. Subs. 6.] 



Poverty and Want^ Causes. 



213 



sound, bells ring, Stc, all happiness attends him, every man is willing to entertain 
him, he sups in ^Apollo wheresoever he comes ; what preparation is made for his 
'entertainment? fish and fowl, spices and perfumes, all that sea and land affords, 
What cookery, masking, mirth to exhilarate his person r 



S" Da Treliio, p'liie ad Treliium, vis fralor ab illis 
llibus ?" 



"Sweet apples, and whateVr thy fields afford, 
Before tliy Gods be serv'd, let serve thy Lord, 



What dish will your good worship eat of.? 

* " diilcia poinn, I 

Et qiioKciuiqiie ft-rel ciiltiis tibi fundus honores, I 
Ante Lareni, guste' venerabilior Lare dives." | 

Wliat sport will your honour have .? hawking, hunting, fishing, fowling, bulls, bears 
cards, dice, cocks, players, tumblers, fiddlers, jesters, &c., they are at your good wor- 
sliip's command. Fair houses, gardens, orchards, terraces, galleries, cabinets, plea- 
sant walks, delightsome places, they are at hand : ' in uurcis /dc, vinum in argenfeis, 
adohscentulce ad nutum specioscB., wine, wenches, &r. a Turkish paradise, a heaven 
uj)on earth. Though lie be a silly soft fellow, and scarce have common sense, yet 
if he be borne to fortunes (as 1 have said) ^jure hcereditario sapere jubctur^ he must 
«have honour and office in his course: ^JYemonisi dives honore dignus (Ambros. 
offic. 21.) none so worthy as himself: he shall have it, atque esto quicquid Servius 
uiit Labeo. Get money enough and command '° kingdoms, provinces, armies, hearts, 
hands, and affections ; thou shalt have popes, patriarchs to be thy chaplains and 
parasites : thou shalt have (Tamerlane-like) kings to draw thy coach, queens to be 
thy laundresses, emperors thy footstools, build more towns and cities than great 
Alexander, Babel towers, pyramids and mausolean tombs, &.c. command heaven and 
earth, and tell the world it is thy vassal, auro emilur diadema^ argento coelum pan- 
dllur., denarius philosophum conducit^ numnms jus cogit, oboliis literatum pascit. 
7iietallum sanitatem conciliate as amices conglutinat. " And therefore not without 
good cause, John de Medicis, that rich Florentine, when he lay upon his death-bed, 
calling his sons, Cosmo and Laurence, before him, amongs't other sober sayings^ 
repeated this, animo quieto digredior^ quod vos sanos et divites post me relinquam. 
" It doth me good to think yet, though I be dying, that I shall leave you, my cliil- 
dren, sound and rich:" for wealth sways all. It is not with us, as amongst those 
Lacedemonian senators of Lycurgus in Plutarch, " He preferred that deserved best, 
was most virtuous and worthy of the place, '^not swiftness, or strength, or wealth, 
or friends carried it'in those days :" but inter optimos optimus., inter temperantes tem- 
peranlissimus, the most temperate and best. We have no aristocracies but in con- 
templation, all oligarchies, wiierein a few rich men domineer, do what they list, and 
are privileged by their greatness. '^They may freely trespass, and do as they please, 
no man dare accuse them, no not so much as mutter against them, there is no notice 
taken of it, they may securely do it, live after their own laws, and for their money 

get pardons, indulgences, redeem their souls from purgatory and hell itself, 

clausum possidet area Jovem. Let them be epicures, or atheists, libertines, machia- 
velians, (as they often are) ^'^'•'•Et quamvis perjuris erit, sine gente, cruentus,'''' they 
may go to heaven through the eye of a needle, if they will themselves, they may be 
canonised for saints, they shall be '* honourably interred in mausolean tombs, com- 
mended by poets, registered in histories, have temples and statues erected to their 

names, e manibus illis — nascentur violce. \{ he be bountiful in his life, and 

liberal at his death, he shall have one to swear, as he did by Claudius the Emperor 
in Tacitus, he saw his soul go to heaven, and be miserably lamented at his funeral 
Jitmbubaiarum collegia, Sfc. Trimalcionis topanta in Petronius recta in coelum abiit^ 
went right to heaven: a base quean, '^"thou wouldst have scorned once in thy 
misery to have a penny from her ;" and why .'' modio nummos metiif, she measured 
.ler money by the bushel. These prerogatives do not usually belong to rich men 



3 Plut. in IjUcuIIo, a rich chamber so called. * Panis 
pane iiielior. ' j^v. Sat. 5. ^ Hor. Sat. 5. lib. 2. 

' Bolienius de Turciset Bredenbach. 8 Eiiphorinio. 

' Q,iii pixuniani haberit, elati sunt animis, lofty spirits, 
brave men at arms; all rich men are generous, courage- 
f'Us. fi.c. '"Nunimus ait pro me nubat Ooriiiibia 

Ronne. '>"A diadem is purchased with gold-, silver 

■»ieiis tl\e way to heaven ; philosophy may be hired for 
4 penny ; money controls justice; one obolus satisfies 



a man of letters; precious metal procures health 
wealth attaches friends." i^Non fuit apud niortalea 

ullum excellentius ceriamen, non inter celeres celerri 
mo, non inter robustos robustissimo, Sec. '^duicqiiid 
libet licet. i'' Hor. Sat. 5. lib. '2. "^Cuni inoritur 

dives conciirrunt undique cives : Pauperis ad fuiius vln 
est ex millibus unus. '« Et modo quid fuit i^noscal 

niihi genius tuus, noluisses de manu ejus nummos ac 
cipere. 



214 



Causes of Melancholy 



[Part. 1. Sec. 



out lO such as aie most part seeming rich, let him have but a good '^ outside, he car 
ries it, and shall be adored for a god, as '^ Cyrus was amongst the Persians, oi splen- 
didum apparatum^ for his gay attires; now most men are esteemed according to their 
clothes. In our gullish times, whom you peradventure in modesty would give place ■ 
to, as being deceived by his habit, and presuming him some great worshipful man, 
believe it, if you shall examine his estate, he will likely be proved a serving man of 
no great note, my lady's tailor, his lordship's barber, or some such gull, a Fastidius 
Brisk, Sir Petronel Flash, a mere outside. Only this respect is given him, tha 
wheresoever he comes, he may call for what he will, and take place by reason of his 
outward habit. 

But on the contrary, if he be poor, Prov. xv. 15, "all his days are miserable," he 
is under hatches, dejected, rejected and forsaken, poor in purse, poor in spirit; ^^prout 
res nohisjluit^ ita et animus se hahel ; '"money gives life and soul. Though he be 
honest, wise, learned, well-deserving, noble by birth, and of excellent good parts ; 
yet in that he is poor, unlikely to rise, come to honour, office, or good means, he is 
contemned, neglected, frustra sapit^ inter litcras esiirit., amicus moleslus. ^' " If he 
speak, what babbler is this ? Ecclus, his nobility without wealth, is ^'projecta viUor^ 
alga, and he not esteemed : nos viles pulli nati mfelicibus avis, if once poor, we are 
metamorphosed in an instant, base slaves, villains, and vile drudges ; ^^ for to be poor, 
is to be a knave, a fool, a wretch, a wicked, an odious fellow, a common eye-sore, 
say poor and say all ; they are born to labour, to misery, to carry burdens like 
juments, pistum sterciis comedere .w'lih. Ulysses' companions, and as Chremilus 
objected in Aristophanes, ^*salem lingere, lick salt, to empty jakes, fay channels, 
^ carry out dirt and dunghills, sweep chimneys, rub horse-heels, &o. ) I say nothing 
of Turks, golley-slaves, which are bought ■^^and sold like juments, or those African 
negroes, or poor -' Indian drudges, qui indies hinc inde dcferendis oneribus occnm- 
hunl, nam quod apud nos haves et asini vehnnt, Irahunt, cfc.^'* Id omne misellis Indis, 
they are ugly to behold, and though erst spruce, now rusty and squalid, because 
poor, ^^ imviundas fortunas a;quum est squalorem sequi, it is ordinarily so. ^""Others 
cat to live, but they live to drudge," ^' servilis et misera gens nihil recusare auder, a 

servile generation, that dare refuse no task. ^^^Heus tu Dromo, cape hoc Jlabellum, 

venlulum hinc facito dum lavamus,^'' sirrah blow wind upon us while we wash, and 
bid your fellow get him up betimes in the morning, be it fair or foul, he shall run 
fifty miles a-foot to-morrow, to carry me a letter to my mistress," Socia ad pistrinam, 
Socia shall tarry at home and grind malt all day long, Tristan thresh. Thus are they 
commanded, being indeed some of them as so many footstools for rich men to tread 
on^ blocks for them to get on horseback, or as *"" walls for them to piss on." They 
are commonly such people, rude, silly, superstitious idiots, nasty, unclean, lousy, 
poor, dejected, slavishly humble : and as ^^Leo Afer observes of the commonalty of 
Africa, naturd viUores sunt, nee apud suos duces majore in precio quum si canes essent : 
'^base by nature, and no more esteemed than dogs, miseram, lahoriosam, calamito- 
sam vitam agunt, et inopem^infoelietm^rudiores asinis,ut e. brut is plane natos dicas . 
no learning, no knowledge, no civility, scarce common sense, nought but barbarism 
amongst them, belluino more vivunt, neque calceos gestant, nequc vestes, like rogues 
and vagabonds, they go barefooted and barelegged, the soles of their feet being as 
hard as horse-hoofs, as "** Radzivilus observed at Damietta in Egypt, leading a labo- 
rious, miserable, wretched, unhappy life, ^' " like beasts and juments, if not worse :" 
(for a ^^ Spaniard in Incatan, sold three Indian boys for a cheese, and a hundred negrc 
slaves for a horse) their discourse is scurrility, their sumtnum bonuvi, a pot of ale 
There is not any slavery which these villains will not undergo, inter illos plerique 
latrinas evacuant, alii culinariam curant, alii stabularios agunt, urinatores, et id 



""He that wears silk, satin, velvet, and gold lace, 
must needs he a gentleman. "* Est sanguis atqiie 

epirilus pecunia ninrtalibus. '^ Euripides. "oXeno- 
phon. Cyropoed.' 1. 8. '^' In tenui rara est facuiidia 

panno. juv. 22 ||or. " more worthless than rejected 

weeds." 23 Egere est offendere, et indigere scelestum 
esse. Sat. Menip. 24 piaut. act. 4. 25 Nullum 

tarn harharum, tain vile munus est, quod non lubentis- 
einie obire velit gens vilissirna. ^eLausius orat. in 

Hispaniam. 27 Laet. descrip. Americ<E. 28" Who 
daily faint beneath the burdens they are compelled to 
tarry fiom place to place: for they carry and draw 



the loads which o.xen and iisses formerly used, &c." 
^'J Plaiitus. 30 ixo. .Afer. ca. iilt. I. 1. ediint non 

ut bene vivant, sed ut I'orliter laborent. Heinsius. 
" Munster de rusticis Germaniie. Co.«mog. cap 97. lib. 'A. 
32Ter. Euuuch. s^pauper paries factus, quern catii- 
culn: comniingant. ^4 j^jh. 1. caj ult. 3s Uens 

omnes illis infensos diceres : tarn pannosi, famefracti, 
tot assidue nialis africiuntur, tanqiiam p->cora q,iiibus 
splendor rationis emortuuf:. i"iPertgrin. Hierog. 

3' Nihil oninino meliorem vitam degiint, quam fe-«B in 
silvis, jumenta in terris. Leo \fer. so Bart, olo 

meus a Casa. 



Mum. 4. Subs. 6.J Poverty and Want., Causes. 21£ 

genus simrJ.ia exercenu Sfc. like those people that dwell in the "^Alps, chimney- 
sweepers, jakes-farmers, dirt-daubers, vagrant rogues, they labour hard some, and yet 
cannot get clothes to put on, or bread to eat. For what can filthy poverty give else, 
but ''"beggary, fulsome nastiness, squalor, contempt, drudgery, labour, ugliness, hun- 
ger and thirst; pediculorum., et puUcum numerum? as '"he well followed it in Aris- 
tophanes, fleas and lice, pro pallJo vestem laceram., et pro pulvinari lapidem bene 
magnum ad caput^i rags for his raiment, and a stone for his pillow, pro cathedra., 
ruptie caput urnc?, he sits in a broken pitcher, or on a block for a chair, et rnaluce 
rainos pro panibus coviedit., he drinks water, and lives on wort leaves, pulse, like a 
hog, or scraps like a dog, ut nunc nobis vita afficitur., quis non putabit insaniam esse^ 
infelicitatcmque? as Chremilus concludes his speech, as we poor men live now-a- 
days, who will not take our life to be "^infelicity, misery, and madness } 

If they be of little better condition than those base villains, hunger-starved beggars 
Wandering rogues, those ordinary slaves, and day-labouring drudges; yet they are 
commonly so preyed upon by '*'' polling officers for breaking the laws, by their tyran- 
nising landlords, so flayed and fleeced by perpetual ** exactions, that though they do 
drudge, fare hard, and starve their genius, they cannot live in "^some countries; but 
what they have is instantly taken from them, the very care they take to live, to be 
drudges, to maintain their poor families, their trouble and anxiety " takes away their 
sleep," Sirac. xxxi. 1, it makes them weary of their lives: when they have taken 
all pains, done their utmost and honest endeavours, if they be cast behind by sick- 
ness, or overtaken with years, no man pities them, hard-hearted and merciless, uncha- 
ritable as they are, they leave them so distressed, to beg, steal, murmur, and ''^ rebel, 
or else starve. The feeling and fear of this misery compelled those old Romans, 
whom Menenius Agrippa pacified, to resist their governors : outljfws, and rebels in 
most places, to take up seditious arms, and in all ages hath caused uproars, murmur 
ings, seditions, rebellions, thefts, murders, mutinies, jars and contentions in every 
commonwealth : grudging, repining, complaining, discontent in each private family, 
because they want means to live according to their callings, bring up their children 
it breaks their hearts, they cannot do as they would. No greater misery than for a 
lord to have a knight's living, a gentleman a yeoman's, not to be able to live as his birth 
and place require. Poverty and want are generally corrosives to all kinds of men, 
especially to such as have been in good and flourishing estate, are suddenly distressed, 
*'' nobly born, liberally brought up, and by some disaster and casualty miserably 
dejected. ^^For the rest, as they have base fortunes, so have they base minds corre-' 
spondent, like beetles, e stercore orti, e stercore luclus, in stercore delicium., as they 
were obscurely born and bred, so they delight in obscenity; they are not thoroughly 
touched with it., Angustas animas anguslo in pectore versant.*^ Yet, that which is 
no sm'^rl cause of their torments, if once they come to be in distress, they are for- 
saken of their fellows, most part neglected, and left unto themselves ; as poor 
*^ Terence in Rome was by Scipio, Lselius, and Furius, his great and noble friend.s. 

" Nil Piihliiis Scipio profuit, nil ei I.rplius, nil Furius, 
Tres per idem iPinpns qui agitabant nohiles facillime, 
Horuiii ille opera ne doinum quideni habuit conductitiam."60 

'Tis generally so, Tempora si fuerint nubila., solas eris., he is left cold and comfortless, 
nullas ad amissas ibit amicus opes, all flee from him as from a rotten wall, now ready to 
fall on their heads. Prov. xix. 4. " Poverty separates them from their ^' neighbours." 

'2" DuMi fortuna favet vultiitn servatis amici, I " Wiiilst fortune favour'd, friends, you smil'd on nie. 

Cum cecidit, turpi vertitis ora fuga." | Bui when she fled, a friend I could not see." 

Which is worse yet, if he be poor ^^ every man contemns him, insults over him, 
oppresseth him, scoffs at, aggravates his misery. 



ss'OrtpIins in Helvetia. Qui habitant in Cffisia valle 
ut plurimum latoini, in Oscella valle cultroruni fabri 
fumarii, in Vijietia sordidum genus hominum, quod 
repurgandis carninis victiini parat. ■"> I write not 

this any ways to upbraid, or scoff at, or misuse poor 
men, but rather to condole (tnd pity them by express- 
ing, &c. «i Chremilus, act. 4. Plaut <-iPau- 
pertas durum onus miseris morialihus. w Vexat 
;ensura columbas. "Deux ace non possunt, et 
^ixcinque solvere nolunt; Omnibus est notum qiiater 
Uc solvere ttr.-im. ■'sScandia, Africa, Lituania. 
1" Montaigne, in his Essays, speaks of certain Indians 
ii> f'rauce. thai bein-f asked how they liked the coun- 



try, wondered how a few rich men could keep so many 
poor men in subjection, that they did not cut their 
throats." *' Augustas animas anitnoso in pectore 

versans. *^" A narrow breast conceals a narrow- 

soul." 49Donatus vit. ejus. so" Pubiius Scipio, 

Lslins and Furius, three of the most distinguished 
noblemen at that day in Rome, were of so liltle service 
to him, that he could scarcely procure a lodging through 
their patronage." s' Prov. xix. 7. "Though he ha 

instant, yet they will not." s'-' Petronius. ^ Non 

est qui doleat vicem ut Petrus Christum, urant 
hominem non novisse 



21 fi Games of Melancholy. [Part, i Seci. "i 

''•"Q.mirv ".Tpit qiiHS<:.it., doniiis subsidere, partes I " Wht'n oncfi the tottering hdiise hefji'is to shrink, 
111 urxclinatus onine recuinbit onus." | Thither comes all the weij-ht liy an instinct." 

Nay they are odious to their own brethren, and dearest friends, Pro. xix. 7. " His 
brethren hate liini if he be poor," ^^ omnes vicini oderunt, " his neighbours hate him," 
Pro. xiv. 20, ^omncs me noli ac ignofi deserunt^i as he complained in the comedy, 
friends and strangers, all forsake me. Which is most grievous, poverty makes men 
ridiculous, JVil hahet infelix pauperias durius in se, qiiam quod ridiculos homines 
facit., tiiey musi endure "jests, taunts, flouts, blows of their betters, and take all in 
good part to get a meal's meat: ^^ magnum paitperies opprohriwiu juhet quid vis et 
facere et pati. He must turn parasite, jester, fool, cum dcsi.pientibus desipere ; saith 
•^"Euripides, slave, villain, drudge to get a poor living, apply himself to each man's 
humours, to win and please, &c., and be buffeted when he hath all done, as Ulysses 
was by Melanthius ^° in Homer, be reviled, baffled, insulted over, for ^^ potentiorum 
slultitia pcrferenda est, and may not so much as mutter against it. He must turn 
rogue and "villain ; for as the saying is, JVecessitas cogit ad turpia, poverty alone 
makes men thieves, rebels, murderers, traitors, assassins, " because of poverty we V 
have sinned," Ecclus xxvii. 1, swear and forswear, bear false witness, lie, dissemble, 
anything, as I say, to advantage themselves, and to relieve their necessities: ^^ Culpa 
scelcrisque magistra est, vVhen a man is driven to his shifts, what will he not do.-* 

ra " si misprum fnrtiina SInonein 

Fiiixit, vaniiiii eliain mendaceiiiqiie improba finget " 

ne will betray his father, prince, and country, turn Turk, forsake religion, abjure 
God and all, nulla tarn horrenda proditio, quam illi lucri causa (saith ®^Leo Afer) 
perpetrarc nolint. ®* Plato, therefore, calls poverty, "thievish, sacrilegious, filthy, 
wicked, and mischievous :" and well he might. For it makes many an upright man 
otherwise, had he not been in want, to take bribes, to be corrupt, to do against his 
conscience, to sell his tongue, heart, hand, &c., to be churlish, hard, unmerciful, 
uncivil, to use indirect means to help his present estate. It makes princes to exact 
upon their subjects, great men tyrannise, landlords oppress, justice mercenary, lawyers 
vultures, physicians harpies, friends importunate, tradesmen liars, honest men thieves 
devout assassins, great men to prostitute their wives, daughters, and themselves, 
middle sort to repine, commons to mutiny, all to grudge, murmur, and complain.^ A 
great temptation to all mischief, it compels some miserable wretches to counterfeit 
several diseases, to dismember, make themselves blind, lame, to have a more plausible 
cause to beg, and lose their limbs to recover their present wants. Jodocus Damho- 
derius, a lawyer of Bruges, praxi rerum criminal, c. 1 12. hath some notable examples 
of such counterfeit cranks, and every village almost will yield abundant testimonies 
amongst us ; we have dummerers, Abraham men, &c. And that which is the extent 
of misery, it enforceth them througli anguish and wearisomeness of their lives, to 
make away themselves ; they had rather be hanged, drowned, &c., than to live with- 
out means. 

I " Much belter tis to break thy neck, 

66" In mare c-Etiferiinn, ne te premat aspera egestas, | Or drown thyself i" the sea, 

Desili, et a celsis corrue Cerne jugir^." , Than s^iffi-r irksomn poverty ; 

I Go make thyself away." 

^A Sybarite of old, as I find it registered in "Athenreus, supping in Phiditiis in Sparta, 
and observing their hard fai-t, said it was no marvel if the Lacedaemonians were 
valiant men ; " for his part, he would rather run upon a sword point (and so would 
any man in his wits,) than live with such base diet, or lead so wretclied a life." '^^In 
Japoiiia, ''tis a common thing to stifle their children if they be poor, or to make an 
abortion, which Aristotle commends. In that civil commonwealth of China, ^^the 
mother stranjjles her child, if she be not able to bring it up, and had ratlier lose, than 
sell it, or have it endure such misery as poor men do. Arnobius, lib. 7, adversus 
genies, '° Lactantius, lib. 5. cap. 9. objects as much to those ancient Greeks and 

MOvid. in Trist. =6 Horat. 66Ter. Eunuchus, I 66Tlieognis. or Dipnosophist lib. 12. Millies potiiis 

act. '2. 6iQ.uld quod materiam prEBbet causamque moriturum (si qiiis sibi mente constaret) quam tain 

jotandi : Si toca sordida sit, Juv. Sat. 2. f* Hor. vilis et acrumnosi victus coinniunionem habere. «« Cas- 

ts In [Miasms. «i()ilyss. 17. 0' Idem. ffi Maiituan. per Vilela Jesuita epist. Japon. lib. eu Mat. Ricciui 

»" Since cruel fortune has made Sinon poor, she has ! expedit in Sinas lib. I. c. ;^. '» Vos Romani prr 

uiarte him vain and mendacious." " De Africa t creatos filios fen* et iambus exponitis, nunc strangu 

jb. 1 cap. ult. 6>4. tl,; li'gilius. furacissima pauperlas, i latis vel in saxum elidilis, &c. 
■acrileKa, turbis, flagiliosa, ouiniuni maiorum opifex. j 



i\f ( m. 4 Sub. 6.] 



Poverty and Want, Causes. 



217 



Romans, "they did expose their children to wild beasts, strangle, or knock out thi' r 
bruins against a stone, in sucli cases." If we may give credit to " Munster, among'* 
.IS Christians in Lithuania, they voluntarily niancipate and sell themselves, thci. 
wives and children to rich men, to avoid hunger and beggary; ^^niany make away 
tliemseives in this extremity. Apicjus the Roman, when he cast up his accounts, 
and found but 100,000 crowns left, murdered himself for fear he should be famished 
to death. P. Forestus, in his medicinal observations, hath a memorable example o 
two brotliers of Louvain that, being destitute of means, became both melancholy, 
and in a discontented liumour massacred themselves. Another of a merchant, learned, 
wise otherwise and discreet, but out of a deep apprehension he had of a loss at seas, 
would not be persuaded but as '^Ventidius in the poet, he should die a beggar. In a 
word, thus much I may conclude of poor men, that though tliey have good '^ parts 
they cannot show or make use of them: ''"ab inopil ad virtutem obscpta est via, 'tis 
hard for a poor man to '^rise, hand facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstai res 
angusta dorni.'"' " The wisdom of the poor is despised, and his words are not heard.'' 
Eccles. vi. 19. His works are rejected, contemned, for the baseness and obscurit}' of 
the author, though laudable and good in themselves, they will not likely take. 

" Nulla platere diii, neqiiH vivere carmiiia possuiit, 
Q,iKR scrihiiniur atqiia? potf.ribiis." 

" No verses can please men or live long that are written by water-drinkers." I'oor 
men cannot please, their actions, counsels, consultations, projects, are vilified in the 
world's esteem, amitlunt consilium in re, which Gnatho long since observed. 
'^Sapiens crepidas sibi nunquavi ncc soleas fecit, a wise man never cobbled shoes, 
as he said of old, but how doth he prove it ? I am sure we find it otherwise in our 
days, ''^ prtiinosis horret facmidia paiinis.'^^ Homer himself must hcg if he want 
means, and as by report sometimes he, did '^°" go from door to door, and smg ballads, 
with a company of boys about him.'^ iThis common misery r,| theirs must needs 
distract, make them discontent and melancholy, as ordinarily they are, way ward, 
peevish, like a weary traveller, for ^^Fames et mora bilem in narcs conciunt, still 
murmuring and repining : Ob inopiam morosi sunt, quibus est male, as Plutarch quotes 
out of Euripides, and that comical poet well seconds, 



/. 



82" Onines qiiibiis res sunt iiiinfis seciitidie, nesrio quomoilo 
Suspitiosi, ad coiitiiineliKin omnia accipiuiit iiiagis, 
Propter suaiii iinpntenliam se credunt iieglifji." 



If they be in adversity, they are more suspicious and apt to mistake : they thiuk 
themselves scorned by reason of tlieir misery :" and therefore many generous spirits 
in such cases withdraw themselves from all company, as that comedian *^Terence is 
said to have done ; when he perceived himself to be forsaken and poor, he volun- 
tarily banished himself to Stymphalus, a base town in Arcadia, and there miserably 
died. 

84 "ad siimmarn innpiam reilactiis, 

Itaqiie e conspectu oiiiniuin abiit Gra>(is in terram iiltimain." 

x\ either is it without cause, for we see men commonly respected according to theii 
means, {^^an dives sit omncs queer unt, nemo an bonus) and vilified if tliey be in bad 
clothes. ^"^ Philophoemen the orator was set to cut wood, because he was so homely 
attired, "Terentius was placed at the lower end of Cecilius' table, because of his 
homely outside. ^^Dante, that famous Italian poet, by reason his clothes were but 
mean, could not be admitted to sit down at a feast. Gnatho scorned his old familiar 
friend because of his apparel, ^^ Hominem video pannis, annisque obsitum, hic egc 
..Hum contempsi prcB me. King Persius overcome sent a letter to ^"Paulus jEmilius. 
the Roman general ; Persius P. Consuli. S. but he scorned him any answer, tacit'e 
erprobrans forlunam suam (saith mine author) upbraiding him with a present fortune: 
5I-Carolus Pugnax, that great duke of Burgundy, made H. Holland, late duke of 



J^ 



'i(Jn5mo!j.4. lib. cap. 2-2. vendunt liberosvictu carentes 
tanquain ppcora interdiim et seipsns; nt apud divites 
sat \rentur cibis. '2 Vel honnriiin desperatione vel 

malnrunn porpessione fracti et fatigati, pliires violentas 
mams sih' inferuiit. '■! Hnr. ■" Ingenio pote- 

ram snperas volitare per arres : (It me plunia levat, sic 
grave Miergit onns. 'sTerent. 'f' Hor. Sat. H. 

ib. 1. " " They cannot easily rise in the world who 
ire linclied by povertv at home." '8 paschalius. 

fttronius. MHerodotus vita ejus. Scaliger in 

28 



poet. Potentinrurn sdes ostratim adiens, aliqiiid acci 
piebat, canens carinina sua, concomitante eiini pnero 
riitn choro. *•! Plantiis Ainpl. ^^'rer. Art. 4 Seen 
'^. Adelph. Hesio. "3 Oonat. vita ejus. •■■•'■ Reilucei 
to the greatest necessity, he withdrew from the L'aze o" 
the piihlic to the most remote village in Grnece 
" Kuri pules. 86 pintarch. vita ejus e'Vil.iTei 

8'^Gomi'sius ill. :!. c. 21 de sale. f«Ter. Eunuch. Act 
2. &-,en. 2. » Liv. dec. 9. I 2 mCoimueus. 



218 



Causes of Melancholy. 



I Fart. 1. Sec. 2 



Exeter, exiled, run after his horse like a lackey, and would take no notice of him . 
^^'tis the common fashion of the world. So that such men as are poor may justly 
be discontent, melancholy, and complain of their present misery, and all may pray 
with ''^Solomon, "•Give me, O Lord, neither riches nor poverty; feed me with food 
convenient for me." 



SuBSECT. VII. — A heap of other Accidents causing Melancholy, Death of Friends. 

Losses, Sfc. 

In this labyrinth of accidental causes, the farther I wander, the more intricate I 
find the passage, multcE ambages, and new causes as so manv by-paths offer them 
selves to be discussed : to search out all, were an Herculean work, and fitter for 
Theseus : I will follow mine intended thread ; and point only at some few of the 
chiefest. 

Death of Friends^ Amongst which, loss and death of friends may challenge a 
first place, multi tristantur, as ®'* Vives well observes, jdos/ deUcias, convivia, dies ftstos, 
many are melancholy after a feast, holiday, merry meeting, or some pleasing sport, 
if they be solitary by chance, left alone to themselves, without employment, sport, 
or want their ordinary companions, some at the departure of friends only whom they 
shall shortly see again, weep and howl, and look after them as a cow lows after her 
calf, or a child takes on that goes to school after holidays. Ut me levdrat tuus 
advcnfus, sic discessus affixit, (which ''^Tully writ to Atticus) thy coming was not 
so welcome to me, as ihy departure was harsh. Montanus, consil. 1 32. makes men- 
tion of a country woman that parting with her friends and native place, became 
grievously melancholy for many years ; and Trallianus of cmother, so caused for 
the absence of her husband : which is an ordinary passion amongst our good wives 
if their husband tarry out a day longer than his appointed time, or break his hour 
they take on presently with sighs and tears, he is either robbed, or dead, some mis 
chance or other is surely befallen him, they cannot eat, drink, sleep, or be quiet in 
mind, till they see him again. _ If parting of friends, absence alone can work such 
violent efl^ects, what shall death do, when they must eternally be separated, never in 
this world to meet again .' This is so grievous a torment for the time, that it takes 
away their appetite, desire of life, extinguisheth all delights, it causeth deep sighs 
and groans, tears, exclamations, 

(" O dulce gernien matris, 6 sanguis mi'us, 

Eheii tepcntfis, &.C. 6 flns tener.") s' 

howling, roaring, many bitter pangs, ^"^ lamentis gemituque etfcemineo ululatu Tecta 
frcmunt) and by frequent meditation extends so far sometimes, "^"they think they 
see their dead friends continually in their eyes," ohservantes imagines, as Conciliator 
confesseth he saw his mother's ghost presenting herself still before him. Quod 
nimts miseri volunt, hoc facile credimt, still, still, still, that good father, that good 
>on, that good wife, that dear friend runs in their minds : Totus animus hac una 
■..gaatione defixus est, all the year long, as ^^ Pliny complains to Romanus, " me- 
thinks I see Virginius, I hear Virginius, I talk with Virginius, &c." 

100" Te sine, v:e misero iiiihi, lilia niura videntiir, 
Palleiitesciue rostp, nee dulee nihens hyacintlius, 
Niillos nee in) rtus, iiec laurus spiral odores." 

They that are most staid and patient, are so furiously carried headlong by the pas- 
sion of sorrow in this case, that brave discreet men otherwise, oftentimes forget 
themselves, and weep like children many months together, '"as if that they to 
water would," and will not be comforted. They are gone, they are gone ; wha 
shall I do .? 

" Alistulit alra dies et funere mersit acerbo, 
Quis dabit in laclirynias fontein inihi ? quissatis altos 
Arxendet fremitus, et acerbo verba dolori ? 
Exhaurit pietas oculos, et hiantia frangit 
Pectora, nee plenos avido sinit edere questus, 
Magna adeo jactura preniit," &c. 



' Fountains 6f tears who cives, who lends nie groans, 
Deep sii;hs sufficient to express my moans? 
Mine eyes are dry, my breast in pieee.i torn, 
My loss so great, I cannot enough mourn." 



92 He that hath 5/. per annum coming in more than 
others, scorns him that hath less, and is a better man. 
" Prov. \xx. H. !*•' De anima. cap. de nisrore. 65 Lib. 
12. epist. ''8"Oh sweet offsprint;; oh my very blond; 
Jh tender flower, ice." S7Vir. 4. JEn. "("Patres 

■nortuus coram astantes et filios,&.c. MarcellusDunutus. 



"'Epist. lib. 2. Virginium video audio defnnctum cogito 
alloquor. lO^Calphurnius Gr.tcus. "Without ihee 

ah! wretched me, tlie lillies lose their whiteness. i<i« 
rose? become |)alli(l, the hyacinth forgets lo h "«!» 
neither tile myrtle nor the laurel retains Us odictm ' 
1 Chaucer. 



."lem. 4. Subs. 7. 



Otktr Accidents and Grievances. 



219 



So Slroza Filius, that elegant Italian poet, in his Epicedium, bewails his father's death, 
he could moderate his passions in other matters, (as he confesseth) but not in this, 
he yields wholly to sorrow, 

" Nunc fateor do terga malis, mens ilia fatiscit, 
Iiidoinitus quondaiM vigor et constantia mentis." 

How doth ^Quintilian complain for the loss of his son, to despair almost : Cardan 
lament his only child in his book de Ubris propriis^ and elsewhere in many of his 
tracts, * St. Ambrose his brother's death ? an ego possum non cngitare de te, aiit sine 
luchrymis cogilare ? O amari dies^ b Jlebiles 7ioctes, Sfc. " Can I ever cease to think 
of thee, and to think with sorrow ? O bitter days, O nights of sorrow," &c. Gre- 
gory Nazianzen, that noble Pulcheria ! O decorem^ Sfc.Jlos reccns^ puUuIans^ &fc. 
Alexander, a man of most invincible courage, after Hephestion's death, as Curtius 
relates, (riduiim jacuit ad moriendmn obstinutus, lay three days together upon the 
ground, obstinate, to die with him, and would neither eat, drink, nor sleep. .The 
woman that communed with Esdras [lib. 2. cap. 10.) when her son fell down dead. 
" fleil into the field, and would not return into the city, but there resolved to remain, 
neither to eat nor drink, but mourn and fast until she died." " Rachael wept for her 
children, and would not be comforted because they were not." Matt. ii. 18. So did 
Adrian the emperor bewail his Antinous ; Hercules, Hylas ; Orpheus, Eurydice, 
David, Absalom; (O my dear son Absalom) (Austin his mother Monica, Niolse her 
children, insomuch that the ■* poets feigned her to be turned into a stone, as being 
stupitied through the extremity of grief. ^ Mgeas., signo higubri filii consternatus,, 
in mare se pra;cipitat.e7n dedil., impatient of sorrow for his son's death, drowned 
himself Our late physicians are full of such examples. Montanus const/. 242. ^had 
a patient troubled with this infirmity, by reason of her husband's death, many years 
together. Trincavellius, I. I.e. 14. hath such another, almost in despair, after his 
'mother's departure, ut se ferme prcecipitatem daret ; and ready through distraction 
to make away himself: and in his Fifteenth counsel, tells a story of one fifty years 
of age, " that grew desperate upon his mother's death ;" and cured by Fallopius, fell 
many years after into a relapse, by the sudden death of a daughter which he had, 
and could never after be recovered. The fury of this passion is so violent some- 
times, that it daunts whole kingdoms and cities. Vespasian's death was pitifully 
lamented all over the Roman empire, lotus orhis lugebat^ saith Aurelius Victor. 
Alexander commanded the battlements of houses to be pulled down, mules and 
horses to have their manes shorn ofl^ and many common soldiers to be slain, to 
accompany his dear Hephestion's death ; which is now practised amongst the Tar- 
tars, when *a great Cham dieth, ten or twelve thousand must be slain, men and 
horses, all they meet; and amongr those the ^ Pagan Indians, their wives and servants 
voluntarily die with them. Leo Decimus was so much bewailed in Rome after his 
departure, that as Jovius gives out, ^° communis salus^ publica hilaritas^ the common 
safety of all good fellowship, peace, mirth, and plenty died with him, tanquam eodem 
sepulchro cum Leone condita lugebantur: for it was a golden age whilst he lived, 
" but after his decease an iron season succeeded, barbara vis etfosda vastitas., et dira 
malorum omnium incommoda., wars, plagues, vastity, discontent. When Augustus 
Caesar died, 'saith Faterculus, orbis ruinam timueramus, we were all afraid, as if hea- 
ven had fallen upon our heads. '^Budaeus records, how that, at Lewis the Twelfth 
his death, /.«?« subita mutatio, ut qui priiis digito caelum attingere videbantur., nunc 
hu7ni derepente serpere, sideratos esse dir.cres^ they that were erst in heaven, upon a 
sudden, as if they had been planet-strucken, lay grovelling on the ground ; 

" " Concussis ceciilere aniniis, seu frondibus ingens 

Sylva dolet lapsis" • 

they looked like cropped trees. '''At Nancy in Lorraine, when Claudia Valesia, 
Henry the Second French king's sister, and the duke's wife deceased, the temples for 

s I'raefat. lib e s Lib. de obitu Satyri fratris. 

• Ovid. Mel "> Pint, vita ejns. 6 Nohilis matrona 

iiit-lanrholiCrt '>.i mortem iiiariti. ' Ex inatris obitu 

in desperationem iiicidit. ^ Maihias a Micliou. Boter. 
Am|iliitheat. ^ Lo Vertniiian. M. Polus Venelus lib. 
t. ca|). 54. pnrimunt eos quos in via obvios habent, di- 
e<'nie.«, he, et domino nostro regi servile in alia vita. 
Nee tain in homines insaiii int sed in equoi?, &cc. "> Vita 



ejus. " Lib. 4. vitsB ejus, aurearn EBtatem condiderat 
ad humani generis salulem quum nos statim ab optirni 
principis exci-ssu, vere ferream patereniur, fau-em, pes- 
teni, &;c. i2Lib. 5. de asse. i3 Maph. ' 'IMiey be- 

c.inie fallen in feelings, as the great forest laments ita 
fallen leaves." '''Orlelius Itinerario: ob annum 

integrum a cantu, tripudiis et saltatiunibub totacivita* 
abstinere jubelur. 



220 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1 &ec. Vi 



forty days were all shut up, no prayers nor masses, but in that room where she waa 
The senators all seen in black, " and for a twelvemonth's space throughout the city, 
they were forbid to sing or dance.'' 

"'• \on ulli pastos illis egre iliehiis I " Tilt- swains forgot their sheep, nor ne.Tr the brink 

Friffida (Daphne) boves ail fluiiiina, nulla nee | Of runnin;; waters brought their herils to ilrink 

aniiiein The thirsty cattle, of themselves, abstained 

Libavil quadrupes, nee Kraniiiiis attigit herbani." | From water, and their grassy fare disdain'd." 

How were we allected here in England for our Titus, dellcicB. himiani generis, Prince 
Henry's immature deatli, as if all our dearest friends' lives had exhaled with his ? 
'^ Scanderbeg's death was not so much lamented in Epirus. In a word, as "he saith 
of Edward the First at the news of Edward of Caernarvon his son's birth, immor' 
talUer gavisas, he was immortally glad, may we say on the contrary of friends' 
deaths, immortalUcr gemenles, we are diverse of us as so many turtles, eternally 
dejected with it. 

There is another sorrow, which arises from the loss of temporal goods and for- 
tunes, which equally afHicts, and may go hand in hand with the preceding ; loss of 
time, loss of honour, office, of good name, of labour, frustrate hopes, will much 
torment-, but in my judgment, there is no torture like unto it, or that sooner pro- 
cureth this malady and mischief: 

18" Ploratur lachrymis amissa pecunia veris:" | " Lost money is bewailed with grief sincere." 

it wrings true tears from our eyes, many sighs, nmch sorrow from our hearts, and 
often causes habitual melancholy itself, Guianerius tract. 15. 5. repeats this for an 
especial cause: "'"Loss -of friends, and loss of goods, make many men melancholy, 
as I have often seen by continual meditation of such things." The same causes 
Arnoldus Villanovanus inculcates, Breviar. I. I.e. 18. ex rcrum amissions, damno^' 
amicorum morte., &;c. Want alone will make a man mad, to be Sans argent will 
cause a deep and grievous melancholy. Many persons are affected like '^ Irishmen 
in this behalf, who if they have a good scimitar, had rather have a blow on their 
arm, than their weapon hurt : they will sooner lose their life, than their goods : and 
the grief that cometh hence, continueth long (saith ^' Plater) " and out of many dis- 
positions, procureth an habit." '"Montanus and Frisemelica cured a young man of 
22 years of age, that so became melancholy, ab amissam pecuniam., for a sum of " 
money which he had unhappily lost. Sckenkius hath such another story of one 
melancholy, because he overshot himself, and spent his stock in unnecessary build- 
ing. ^^ Roger that rich bishop of Salisbury, exutus opihus et castris a Rege Siephuito, 
spoiled of his goods by king Stephen, ui doloris absorptus.i atque in amentiam versus, 
indecentia fecit, through grief ran mad, spoke and did he knew not what. Nothing 
so familiar, as for men in such cases, through anguish of mind to make away them- 
selves. A poor fellow went to hang himself, (which Ausonius hath elegantly 
expressed in a neat ^^ Epigram) but finding by chance a pot of money, flung away \^ 
the rope, and went merrily home, but he that hid the gold, when he missed it, hanged 
himself with that rope which the other man had left, in a discontented humour. 

"At qui condiderat, postquani non reperit auruin, 
Aptavit collo, quern reperit laqueuni." 

Such feral accidents can want and penury produce. Be it by suretyship, shipwreck, 
fire, spoil and pillage of soldiers, or what loss soever, it boots not, it will work the 
like effect, the same desolation in provinces and cities, as well as private persons. 
The Romans were miserably dejected after the battle of Cannae, the men amazed for 
fear, the stupid women tore their hair and cried. The Hungarians, when their king 
Ladislaus and bravest soldiers were slain by the Turks, Lucius publicus, Sec. The 
Venetians when their forces were overcome by the French king Lewis, the French 
and Spanish kings, pope, emperor, all conspired against them, at Cambray, the French 
herald denounced open war in the senate : Lauredane Vcnctorum dux, ^c, and they 
had lost Padua, Biixia, Verona, Forum Julii, their territories in the continent, and 
had now nothing left, but the city of Venice itself, et urbi qvoque ipsi (saith ^* Bern- 
bus) timendum putarent, and the loss of that was likewise to be feared, tantus repente 



1^ Virg. '6 See Barletius de vita et ob. Scanderbeg. 
"b. 13. hist. "Mat. Paris. isjuvenalis. lUMuIti 
qui res amatas perdirierant, ut filiiis, opes, non speran- 
Icsrecuperare, propter assiduain taliiini considerationeni 
aieiancliulici fiunt, ul iuse vidi. '" '^'.aniburslus Hib. 



Hist. "'Cap. 3. Melancholia semper venit ab jactu- 

ram pecuniie, victoriaj, repulsain, mortem lilteroruin. 
quibus longo post tempore animus torquetur, et a dis- 
positione sit habitus. ^soonsil. 20. s* \ubrigeiisi» 
••'< Epig. 22. " Lib. 8. Venet. hisl 



Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 221 

dolor omncs tenuity ul nunquam.^ alias., 4'C., they were pitifully plunged, nevei before 
in such lamentable distress. Anno 1527, when Rome was sacked by Burbonius, the 
common soldiers made such spoil, that fair '**' churches were turned to stables, old 
monuments and books made horse-litter, or burned like straw ; relics, costly pictures 
defaced; altars demolished, rich hangings, carpets, Stc, trampled in the dirt. ^'Theii 
wives and loveliest daughters constuprated by every base cullion, as Sejanus' daughter 
was by the hangman in public, before their fathers and husbands' faces. Noblemen's 
children, and of the wealthiest citizens, reserved for princes' beds, were prostitute to 
every common soldier, and kept for concubines ; senators and cardinals themselves 
dragged along the streets, and put to exquisite torments, to confess where their 
money was hid ; the rest, murdered on heaps, lay stinking in the streets ; infants' 
brains dashed out before their mothers' eyes. A lamentable sight it was to see so 
goodly a city so suddenly defaced, rich citizens sent a begging to Venice, Naples, 
Ancona, Stc, that erst lived in all manner of delights. '^** " Those proud palaces that 
even now vaunted their tops up to heaven, were dejected as low as hell in an instant," 
Whom will not such misery make discontent .? Terence the poet drowned himsdf 
(some say) for die loss of his comedies, which suffered shipwreck. When a pc»or 
man hath made many hungry meals, got together a small sum, which he loseth in 
an instant; a scholar spent many an hour's study to no purpose, his labours lost, 
&c., how should it otherwise be .'' I may conclude with Gregory, temporali^tm 
amor., quantum ajicit, cum hcpret possessio, tantum quum subtrahitur., urit do! ir; 
riches do not so much exhilarate us with their possession, as they torment us \\ (th 
their loss. 

Next to sorrow still I may annex such accidents as procure fear ; for besides th )se 
terrors which I have ^^ before touched, and many other fears (which are infinite) there 
is a superstitious fear, one of the three great causes of fear in Aristotle, commoily 
caused by prodigies and dismal accidents, whicli much trouble many of us. {^JYei.cio 
quid animus mi/ii prcesagit mali.) As if a hare cross the way at our going forth, or 
a mouse gnaw our clothes : if they bleed three drops at nose, the salt falls towtrds 
them, a black spot appear in their nails, &c., with many such, which Delrio Tom, 
2. I. 3. sect. 4. Austin Niphus in his book de Auguriis. Polydore Virg. I. 3. de 
Prodigiis. Sarishuricnsis Polycrat. l.l.c. 13. discuss at large. They are so much 
affected, that with the very strength of imagination, fear, and the devil's craft, ''""they 
pull those misfortunes they suspect, upon their own heads, and that which they fear 
shall come upon them," as Solomon fortelleth, Prov. x. 24. and Isaiah denouncelh 
Ixvi. 4. which if *' " they could neglect and contemn, would not come to pass, Eorum 
vires nostra resident opinione, ut morhi gravitas cpgrotantium cogitatione., they are 
intended and remitted, as our opinion is fixed, more or less. N. N. dat pcenas., saitli 
'^ Crato of such a one, utinam non attraheret : he is punished, and is the cause of it 
''himself: 

^Dum fata fugimus fata stulti incurrimus, the thing that I feared, saith Job, is 
fallen upon me. 

As much we may say of them that are troubled with their fortunes ; or ill desti- 
nies foreseen : multos angit prcescientia raalorum: The foreknowledge of what shall 
come to pass, crucifies many men : foretold by astrologers, or wizards, iratum oh 
coelum,., be it ill accident, or death itself: which often falls out by God's permission; 
quia dcBmonem Lbnent (saith Chrysostom) Deus ideo permittit accidere. Severus, 
Adrian, Domitian, can testify as much, of whose fear and suspicion, Sueton, Hero- 
dian, and the rest of those writers, tell strange stories in this behalf ^^Montanus 
consil. 31. hath one example of a young man, exceeding melancholy upon this occa- 
sion. Such fears have still tormented mortal men in all ages, by reason of those 
lying oracles, and juggling priests. ''^ There was a fountain in Greece, near Ceres' 
temple in Achaia, where the event of such diseases was to be known ; '"A glass let 



28Templa ornamentis nudata, spoliata, in stahula 
equormii et asinoruiii versa, &c. IiisuliE humi conciil- 
caliE, peditae, <fec. ^Tjnoculis (naritnrum dilectissimre 
toiijiiges ab Hispannriiin lixis coiistijpratfe sunt. Filire 
iiiagiiatiim Ilmris destinatfE, &c. 38 ita fastu ante 

unuin mensem turL'ida civilas, et cacuminihos coBhiin 
(lulsare visa, ad inferos usque paucis diehus dejecta. 
•S«ct. '2. VJenib. 4. Subs. 3. fear from ominous acci- 



dents, destinies foretold. so Accersiint sibi malum. 

"Si non oliservenius, nihil valent. I'olidor. 3'Consil. 
26.1.2. '3 Harm walili harm catch. 3< Opor. Bucha. 
36 Juvenis solicitus de futuris frusira, factus nielancho- 
licus. 36 paiisanius in Acliair.is lib. T. Uoi omnium 

eventus dignoscuntur. Speculum itiMii siispensuni funi- 
culo demittunt : et ad Cyaneas petras sd Lycia> {u"'ii9 

&.C. 



t2 



2n 



Causes of MelancTwly. 



Part. 1 . Sec. « 



c.o\v 1 by a thread, &c." Amongst those Cyanean rocks at the springs of Lycia, was 
the oracle of Thrixeus Apollo, " where all fortunes were foretold, sickness, health, 
or what they would besides :" so common people have been always deluded with 
future events. At tliis (hy^Metusfutiirorinn inaxime torquet Sinas, this foolish fear, 
mightily crucifies them in China: as ^'Matthew Riccius the Jesuit informeth us, in 
his commentaries of those countries, of all nations they are most superstitious, and 
much tormented in tliis kind, attributing so much to their divinators, ut ipse metus 
Jidem facial^ that fear itself and conceit, cause it to ^*fall out: If he foretell sickness 
sucli a day, that very time they will be sick, vi mefiis ajfficti in cpgrifudincm cadnnt , 
and many times die as it is foretold. A true saying, Timor mortis^ morte pejor^ the 
fear of death is worse than death itself, and the memory of that sad hour, to some 
fortunate and rich men, " is as bitter as gall," Eccl. xli. 1. Inqiiietam nobis vit am 
facit. mortis metus^ a worse plague cannot happen to a man, than to be so troubled 
in his mind ; 'tis trist.c divortium^ a heavy separation, to leave their goods, with so 
much labour got, pleasures of the world, which they have so deliciously enjoyed, 
friends and companions whom they so dearly loved, all at once.. Axicchus the phi- 
losopher was bold and courageous all his life, and gave good precepts de contcmnenda 
mortCi and against the vanity of the world, to others ; but being now ready to die 
himself, he was mightily dejected, hdc luce privahor? his orbabor bonis f^^ he 
lamented like a child, &c. And though Socrates himself was there to comfort him, 
ubi prisfina virtutum jaclatio O Jlx'ioche f " where is all your boasted virtue now, 
my friend .'"' yet he was very timorous and impatient of death, much troubled in his 
mind, ImbeUis pavor et impafienfia, S^-c. "■ O Clotho," Megapetus the tyrant in 
Lucian exclaims, now ready to depart,>' let me live awhile longer. ^° J will give 
thee a thousand talents of gold, and two boles besides, which I took from Cleocritus, 
worth a hundred talents apiece." '•^■Woe's me," ■" saith another," what goodly manors 
shall 1 leave! what fertile fields! what a fine house! what pretty children ! how 
many servants ! who shall gather my grapes, my corn .'' Must I now die so well 
settled ? Leave all, so richly and well provided } Woe's me, what shall I do .'"' 
*^Jlnimula vagula, blandula, qua nunc abibis in loca? 

To these tortures of fear and sorrow, may well be annexed curiosity, that irksome, 
that tyrannising care, nimia so//c/7m(Zo, ''^"superfluous industry about unprofitable 
things, and their qualities," as Thomas defines it : an itcliing humour or a kind of 
longing to see that which is not to be seen, to do that which ought not to be done, 
to know that ''''secret which should not be known, to eat of the forbidden fruit. 
We commonly molest and tire ourselves about things unfit and unnecessary, as 
Martha troubled herseJf to little purpose. Be it in religion, humanity, magic, philo- 
sophy, policy, any action or study, 'lis a needless trouble, a mere torment. ' For what 
else is school divinity, how many doth it puzzle ? what fruitless questions about the 
Trinity, resurrection, election, predestination, reprobation, hell-fire, Stc, how many 
shall be saved, damned .^ What else is all superstition, but an endless observation 
of idle ceremonies, traditions .'' What is most of our philosophy but a labyrinth of 
opinions, idle questions, propositions, metaphysical terms ? Socrates, therefore, held 
all philosupuers, cavillers, and mad men, circa subtiUa Cavillatore^ pro insanis 
habuif.) palam eos arguens^ saith ""^Eusebius, because they commonly sought after 
such things qucB ncc percipi. d nobis neque comprehetidi posset^ or put case they did 
understand, yet they were altogether unprofitable. For what matter is it for us to 
know how high the Pleiades are, how far distant Perseus and Cassiopea from us, 
how deep the sta, &c., we are neither wiser, as he follows it, nor modester, nor 
better, nor richer, nor stronger for the knowledge of it. Quod supra nos nihil ad 
nos, I may say the same of those genethliacal studies, what is astrology but vain 
elections, predictions .'' all magic, but a troublesome error, a pernicious foppery ? 
physic, but intricate rules and prescriptions .•* philology, but vain criticisms .'' logic, 
needless sophisms ? metaphysics themselves, but intricate subtilties, and fruitless 
abstractions } alchemy, but a bundle of errors .? to what end are such great tomes ? 



'■'Expedil. in Sinas, lih. 1. c. 3. ssTimendo praRoc- 
cupat, quod vital, ultro provncuique quod fugil, gau- 
detque niceroiis et luliens miser fiiit. Heinsius Austriac. 
>9'lVIusl 1 be deprived of this life,— of those posses- 
»ion3?' "Tom 4. dis' S Cataph Auri pun iijille 



talenla,nie hodie tihi datiirum proniitto, &<;. <' Ibidem. 
Hei inihi qu* relinquenda pr^dia? quaiii fertile." agri I 
&c. "Adrian. ^ liidiistria superiiua circa rea Inu 
tiles. " Flav» secreta Minerva; ut videral Aglaurot 
Uv. Mel. y. <6(;oiiira Pliilos. cap. 61. 



Mem. 4, Subs. 7.] Other Accidents ana Grievances. '12'A 

why do we spend so many years in their studies ? Much better to know nothing at 
all, as those barbarous Indians are wholly ignorant, than as some of us, to be so 
sore vexed about unprofitable toys: stuUus labor est me/j/iarzim, to build a house 
A'ithout pins, nialce a rope of sand, to what end } cui bono P tie studies on, but as 
Jie boy told St. Austin, when I have laved tlie sea dry, thou shall understand the 
mystery of the Trinity, He makes observations, keeps limes and seasons ; and as 
"' Conradus tlie emperor would not touch liis new bride, till an astrologer had told 
him a masculine hour, but witlr what success ? He travels into Europe, Africa Asia, 
searchelh every creek, sea, city, mountain, gulf, to what end } See one promontory 
;^sai(l Socrates of old), one mountain, one sea, one river, and see all. An alchemist 
spends liis fortunes to find out the philosopher's stone forsooth, cure all diseases, 
make men long-lived, victorious, fortunate, invisible, and beggars himself, misled by 
those seducing impostors (which he shall never attain) to make gold; an antiquary 
consumes his treasure and time to scrape up a company of old coins, statues, rules, 
edicts, manuscripts, &c., he must know what was done of old in Athens, Rome, 
what lodging, diet, houses they had, and have all the present news at first, though 
never so remote, before all others, what projects, counsels, consultations, &c., quid 
Juno in aurQii insusurret Jovi, what's now decreed in France, what in Italy : who 
was he, whence comes he, which way, whither goes he, &c. Aristotle must find 
out the motion of Euripus ; Pliny must needs see Vesuvius, but how sped they .^ 
One loselh goods, another his life ; Pyrrhus will conquer Africa first, and then Asia : 
he will be a sole monarch, a second immortal, a third rich ; a fourth commands. 
*'' Turbine magno spes solicitce in urbibus errant; we run, ride, take indefatigable 
pams, all up early, down late, striving to get that which we had better be without , 
'Ardelion's busy-bodies as we are) it were much fitter for us to be quiet, sit still, and 

take our case. His sole study is for words, that they be Lepidce lexeis com- 

postcR ut tesserulce omnes^ not a syllable misplaced, to set out a stramineous subject : 
as thine is about apparel, to follow the fashion, to be terse and polite, 'tis thy sole 
business : both with like profit. . His only delight is building, he spends himself to 
get curious pictures, intricate models and plots, another is wholly ceremonious about 
titles, degrees, inscriptions : a third is over-solicitous about his diet, he must have 
such and such exquisite sauces, meat so dressed, so far-fetclied, peregrini aeris volu- 
cres, so cooked, &c., something to provoke thirst, something anon to quench his 
thirst. Thus he redeems his appetite with extraordinary charge to his purse, is sel- 
dom pleased with any meal, whilst a trivial stomach useth all with delight and is 
never olfended. Another must have roses in winter, alieni temporis flores^ snow- 
water m summer, fruits before they can be or are usually ripe, artificial gardens and 
fish-ponds on the tops of houses, all things opposite to the vulgar sort, intricate and 
rare, or else they are nothing worth. So busv, nice, curious wits, make that insup- 
portable in all vocations, trades, actions, employments, which to duller apprehensions 
is not offensive, earnestly seeking that which others so scornfully neglect. Thus 
through our foolish curiosity do we macerate ourselves, tire our souls, and run head- 
long, through our indiscretion, perverse will, and want of government, into many 
needless cares, and troubles, vain expenses, tedious journeys, painful hours ; and 
when ail is done, quorsum hcec f cui bono ? to what end .' 

48" Nescire velle quve Mngister inaximus 
Docere iion vult, erudita luscitia est." 

Unfortunate marriage.] Amongst these passions and irksome accidents, unfortu- 
iiate marriage may be ranked : a condition of life appointed by God himself in Para- 
'^ise, an honourable and happy estate, and as great a felicity as can befall a man in 
chis world, ""^ if the parties can agree as they ought, and live as ^Seneca lived with 
nis Paulina; but if they be unequally matched, or at discord, a greater misery cannot 
be expected, to have a scold, a slut, a harlot, a fool, a fury or a fiend, there can be 
no such plague. Eccles, xxvi. 1 4, " He that hath her is as if he held a scorpion, 
&c." xxvi. 25, " a wicked wife makes a sorry countenance, a heavy heart, and he had 
rather dwell with a lion than keep house with such a wife.A' Her ^' properties Jovianus 

<'Mat. Paris. ""Scnera. <8 Jqs. Scaliger in | ^^"\ virtuous woman is the crown of her hiishaiiri," 

Gnoniit. " 'I\) pnifr^s? a i.'jsinclination for that know- Prov. \ij. 4. " liut shf," fee Slc. ^o ijb. 17. ejiisl '05. 
te.lge which s beyond our reach, is pedantic ignorance " | 6i Titionalur, candelabratur, <Scc. 



224 



Cause* of Melancholy. 



[Part. I. Sec. 2. 



Poritanus hath describee] at large, Ant. dial. Tom. 2, under the name of Euphorbia. 
Or if they be not equal in years, the like mischief happens. Cecilius in Jigellius 
lib. 2. cop. 22., complains much of an ^\t\ \viff> flum ejus morti ijihio, egomet mortuus 
LHvo inter vivos., whilst I gape after her death, 1 live a dead man amongst the living, 
or if they dislike upon any occasion. 



6'J" Judge who that are iinforlimatRly w«(l 
What 'lis to (oiiie into a hialhed bed." 



The same inconvenience befals women. 

53" At vos o duri iniseram liijcte parentes. 

Si ferro aiil laqiieo liEVa liac ine exsolvere sorte 
Susliiieo :" 



' Hard hearted parents both lament my fate, 
If self I kill or hang, to ease my state." 



''A young gentlewoman in Basil was married, saith Felix Plater, observat. Z. 1, to an 
ancient man against her will, whom she could not affect ; she was continually melan- 
choly, and pined away for grief; and though her husband did all he could possibly 
U) give her C3ntent, in a discontented humour at length she hanged herself Many 

'ther stories he relates in this kind. Thus men are plagued with women ; they again 
with men, when they aie of divers humours and conditions; he a spendthrift, she 

paring; one honest, the other dishonest, &c. Parents many times disquiet their 
children, and they their parents. ^^''A foolish son is an heaviness to his mother." 
Injusta noverca : a stepmother often vexeth a whole family, is matter of repentance, 
exercise of patience, fuel of dissension, which made Cato's son expostulate with his 
father, why he should offer to marry his client Solinius' daughter, a young wench, 
Cujus causa novercam induccret ; what offence had he done, that he should marry 
again ? 

Unkind, unnatural friends, evil neighbours, bad servants, dehts arid debates, &c., 
'twas Chilon's sentence, comes ceris alieni et litis est miserin, misery and usury do 
commonly together ; suretyship is the bane of many families, Sponde., prcpstd noxa 
est : " he shall be' sore vexed that is surety for a stranger," Prov. xi. 15, " and he that 
hateth suretyship is sure." Contention, brawling, lawsuits, falling put of neighbours 

and friends. discordia demcns ( Virg. ^n. 6,) are equal to tlie first, grieve many 

a man, and vex his soul. JVihil sane miserabiUus eorum mentibus., (as ^Boter holds) 
•' nothing so miserable as such men, full of cares, griefs, anxieties, as if thev were 
stabbed with a sharp sword, fear, suspicion, desperation, sorrow, are their ordinarv 
companions." Our Welshmen are noted by some of their "own writers, to con- 
sume one another in this kind ; but whosoever they are that use it, these are their 
common symptoms, especially if they be convict or overcome, ** cast in a suit. 
Arius put out of a bishopric by Eustathius, turned heretic, and lived after discon- 
tented all his life. ^^ Every repulse is of like nature ; heu quanta de spe dccidi ! Dis- 
grace, infamy, detraction, will almost effect as much, and that a long time after. 
Hipponax, a satirical poet, so vilified and lashed two painters in his iambics, ut ambo 
laqueo se suffocarent., ®" Pliny saith, both hanged themselves. All oppositions, dan- 
gers, perplexities, discontents, ^' to live in any suspense, are of the same rank: potes 
hoc sub casu ducere somnos? Who can be secure in such cases } Ill-bestowed bene- 
fits, ingratitude, unthankful friends, much disquiet and molest some. Unkind s|)eeches 
trouble as many; uncivil carriage or dogged answers, weak women above the rest, 
if they proceed from their surly husbands, are as bitter as gall, and not to be digested. 
A glassman's wife in Basil became melancholy because her husband said he would 
marry again if she died. "• No cut to unkindness," as the saying is, a frown and 
hard speech, ill respect, a brow-beating, or bad look, especially to courtiers, or such 
as attend upon great persons, is present death: Ingenium vuUu statque caditqne sun, 
they ebb and flow with their masters' favours. Some persons are at their wits' ends, 
if by chance they overshoot themselves, in their ordinary speeches, or actions, which 
may after turn to their disadvantage or disgrace, or have any secret disclosed. Ronseus 
epist. miscel. 2, reports of a gentlewoman 25 years old, that falling foul with one of 



52 Daniel in Rosamund. sachniinofus lib. !). de 

repuli. Angl. w Klegans virgn iiivita ciiidarn e nos- 

tratilms impsit, &c. ^a prov. ^c Df. increm. 

iirli lih. :i. c. ;l. tanquani diro inucrone coiifossi, his 
nulla reqiiiea, nulla delectatio, solicitudine, gemitii, 
furore, desperatione, titnore, tanquain ad perpetiinni 
airumnam infeliciter rapti. •''i Humfredus (,hiyd 

epi6t. ad Abrahamnin <^lrlelium. M. Vaiighan in hi» 



Golden Fleece. Litibus et controversiis usque ad om 
niiiin bonornm consuniptioneni cotitcMidiint. *■> Spre- 
txque injuria forniiK. ' ''''Qua>que repulsa gravis. 

'"Lib. 3l>. e. .'>. ^i Nihil seque ainaruni, quam iliu 

pendere : quidam tpquiore aniiiio fiTuiit [tfmciii .■!po!ii 
suam quaM tralii. Scier? cap. 3. lib. "2. de Uen. Vin 
Plater obsrvat. M'. 1 



Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] 



Other Accidents and Grievances. 



22J> 



her gossips, was upbraided with a secret infirmity (no matter what) in public, and 
Si} much grieved with it, that she did thereupon solitudines qucsrere., omnes ab st 
ahlegare. ac tandem in gravissimnm incidens inelancholiam, contabescere^ forsake all 
company, (piite moped, and in a melancholy humour pine away. Others are as much 
tortured to see themselves rejected, contemned, scorned, disabled, defamed, detracted, 
undervalued, or ®^"left behind their fellows." Lucian brings in Ji^tamacles, a philo- 
sopher in his Lapith. convivio^ much discontented that he was not invited amongst 
the rest, expostulating the matter, in a long epistle, with Aristenetus their host 
Praetextatus, a robed gentleman in JPlutarch, would not sit down at a feast, because 
he might not sit highest, but went" his ways all in a chafe. We see the common 
quarrelings, that are ordinary with us, for taking of the wall, precedency, and the 
like, which though toys in themselves, and things of no moment, yet they cause 
many distempers, much heart-burning amongst us. Nothing pierceth deeper than a 
contempt or disgrace, ''^ especially if they be generous spirits, scarce anything affects 
them more than to be despised or vilified. Crato, consil. 16, J. 2, exemplifies it, and 
common experience confirms it. Of the same nature is oppression, Ecclus. 77, 
"surely oppression makes a man mad," loss of liberty, which made Brutus venture 
his life, Cato kill himself, and *^'' Tully complain, Omnem hilaritatcm in perpetuum 
amisi.) mine heart's broken, I shall never look up, or be merry again, ^^hcec jactura 
intolerabilis., to some parties 'tis a most intolerable loss. Banishment a great misery 
as Tyrteus describes it in an epigram of his, 



' Nam ruiseriim est patria ainissa, larihusque vagari 

Mendicuni, el timida voce ro{;are cibns: 
Omnibus invisus, qnociinque accesserit exul 
Semper erit, semper spretus egensque jacet," &c. 



"A miserable thing 'tis so to wander, 

And like a begsjar for to wiiine at door, 
Cdnteiiin'rt of all the world, an exile is, 
Hated, rejected, needy still and poor." 



Polynices in his conference with Jocasta in ^^ Euripides, reckons up five miseries of 
a banished man, the least of which alone were enough to deject some pusillanimous 
creatures. Oftentimes a too great feeling of our own infirmities or imperfections of 
, body or mind, will shrivel us up ; as if we be long sick : 

" O beata sanitas, te prssente, anifenum 
^ Ver florit gratiis, absque te nemo beatns:" 

(O blessed health! "thou art above all gold and treasure," Ecclns. xxx. 15, (the poor 
man's riches, the rich man's bliss, without thee there can be no happiness : or visited 
with some loathsome disease, offensive to others, or troublesome to ourselves ; as a 
stinking breath, deformity of our limbs, crookedness, loss of an eye, leg, hand, pale- 
ness, leanness, redness, baldness, loss or want of hair, &.C., hie ubifluere ccp/pit, diros 
ictus cordi infert, saith ^'Synesius, he himself troubled not a little ob comce defectum., 
the loss of hair alone, strikes a cruel stroke to the heart. Acco, an old woman, 
seeing by chance her face in a true glass (for she used false flattering glasses belike at 
other times, as most gentlewomen do,) animi dolore in insaniam dclapsa est., (Cailius 
Rho/liginus I. 17, c. 2,) ran mad.* ^^Brotheus, the son of Vulcan, because he was 
ridiculous for his imperfections, flung himself into the fire. Lais of Corinth, now 
grown old, gave up her glass to Venus, for she could not abide to look upon it 
^"^Qualis sum nolo., qualis eram nequeo. Generally to fair nice pieces, old age and 
foul linen are two most odious things, a torment of torments, they may not abide 
the thought of it. 



- 6 deornm 



Q.iiisquis ha^c aiidis, utinam inter errem 

Nuda leones, 
Antequani turpis macies decentea 
Occnpet malas, tenersque succiis 
Deflnat praedae, speciosa quierro 

Pascere tigres." 



' Hear me, some gracious lieaveniy power. 
Let lions dire this naked corse devour. 
My cheeks ere hollow wrinkles seize, 
Ere yet their rosy bloom decays : 
While youth yet rolls its vital flood. 
Let tigers friendly riot in my blood " 



To be foul, ugly, and deformed, much better be buried alive. Some are fair but 
barren, and that galls them. " Hannah wept sore, did not eat, and was troubled ir. 
spirit, and all for her barrenness," 1 Sam. 1. and Gen. 30. Rachel said "in the 
anguish of her soul, give me a child, or I shall die :" another hath too manv . one 
was never married, and that's his hell, another is, and that's his plague. Some are 
troubled in that they are obscure ; others by being traduced, slandered, abused, dis- 



^'^Turpe relinqui est, Hor. wgcimus enim gene- I epist. lib. 12. csEpist. ad Brutura. osinPhsenisf 

'osas nafruras, nulla re citius moveri, aut gravius affici \^ In laudem calvit. oe (jvid. w E Ore' '"> Hf 

qiiam contemptu ac despicientia 64 Ad Atticum | Car. Lib. 3. Ode. 27 

29 



226 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part. 1. Sec. 2 



graced, vilified, or any way injured : minime miror eos (as he said) ([ui insanire cccu 
piunt ex injuria, 1 marvel not at all if offences make men mad. Seventeen particular 
causes of anger and offence Aristotle reckons them up, which for brevity's sake 1 
must omit. No tidings troubles one ; ill reports, rumours, bad tidings or news, hard 
5iap, ill success, cast in a suit, vain hopes, or hope deferred, another : expectation, 
adeo omnibus in rebus molcsla semper est. expeclatio, as " Polybius observes; one is 
too eminent, another loo base born, and that alone *.ortures him as much as the rest : 
one is out of action, company, employment ; aiiother overcome and tormented with 
worldly cares, and onerous business. But what "tongue can suffice to speak of all? 
Many men catch this malady by eating certain meals, herbs, roots, at unawares; 
as henl)ane, nightshade, cicula, mandrakes, &.c. "A company of young men at 
Agrigeiitum in Sicily, came into a tavern ; where after they had freely taken their 
iquor, whether it were the wine itself, or something mixed with it 'tis not yet known, 
'■* but upon a sudden they began to be so troubled m their brains, and their phantasy 
BO erased, that tiiey thought they were in a ship at sea, and now ready to be cast 
away by reason of a tempest. Wherefore to avoid shipwreck and present drowning, 
they flung all tlie goods in the house out at the windows into the street, or into the 
sea, as they supposed ; thus they continued mad a pretty season, and being brought 
before the magistrate to give an account of this their fact, they told him (not yet 
recovered of their madness) that what was done they did for fear of death, and to 
avoid imminent danger : the spectators were all amazed at this their stupidity, and 
gazed on them still, whilst one of the ancientest of the company, in a grave tone, 
excused himself to the magistrate upon his knees, O viri TritoneSj ego in imnjucui, 
I beseech your deities, &c. for J was in the bottom of the ship all the while : another 
besought them as so many sea gods to be good unto them, and if ever he and his 
fellows came to land again, ''* he would build an altar to their service. The magis- 
trate could not sufficiently laugh at this their madness, bid them sleep it out, and so 
went his ways. Many such accidents frequently happen, upon these unknown occa- 
sions. Some are so caused by pliilters, wandering in the sun, biting of a mad dog, 
a blow on the head, stinging with that kind of spider called tarantula, an ordinary 
thing if we may believe Skenck. I. 6. de Venrnis, in Calabria and Apulia in Italy, 
Cardan. suhtiJ. I. 9. Scaliger exrrcitat. 185. Their symptoms are merrily described 
by Jovianus Pontanus, ^n/. dial, how they dance altogether, and are cured by music. 
^''Cardan speaks of certain stones, if they be carried about one, vvhich will cause 
melancholy and madness; he calls them unhappy, as an '"^ adamant, sclcnites, 6^~c. 
" which dry up ihe body, increase cares, diminish sleep :" Ctesias in Persicis, makes 
mention of a well in those parts, of which if any man drink, '^" he is mad for 24 
hours." Some lose their wits by terrible objects (as elsewhere I have more '^copi- 
ously dilated) and life itself many times, as Hippolitus affrighted by Neptune's sea- 
horses, Athemas by Juno's furies : but these relations are connnon in all writers. 



BO" Hie alias potcram, et pliires siibnectere caiisas, 
SeJ jiimeiita vocant, et Sol iiiclinat, Eundiim est.' 



" Many such causes, much more could 1 say. 
But th.tt for provender my cattle stay: 
The sun declines, and I must needs away." 



These causes if they be considered, and come alone, I do easily yield, can do little 
of themselves, seidom, or apart (an old oak is not felled at a blow) though many 
times they are all sufficient every one: yet if they concur, as often they do, xiis 
unila forlior; et quce nan obsunt singula, multa nocent, they may batter a strong con- 
stitution ; as ^'Austin said, "many grains and small sands sink a ship, many small 
drops make a flood," &c., often reiterated ; many dispositions produce an habit. 



'1 Hist. lib. 6. '-Non mihi si centum linguffi sint, 

oraque centum. Omnia caiisarum percurrere nomina 
possem. '3CeIius I. 17. cap. 2. '^ Ita uiente exagi- 
tati sunt, ut in triremi se constitutos piitaient, marique 
vadatmndo tempestate jactatos, proiiide naufragium 
veriti, egestis undique rehus vasa omnia in yiam e 
fenestris, seu in mare pnecipitarunt : postriilie, Slc. 
10 .\xan\ vohis servatorihus diis erij;emus. '• Lih. de 

|!«iutnJ8. ''Quae gestatte infelicein et tristem reddiint. 



curas augent, corpus siccant, somnum minuunt. ".Ad 
unnni die mente alienatns. '^ Part. I. Sect. 2. Sul>- 

sect. 3. w Juven .Sat. 3. "i Intus bestir minnti 

multcE necanl. Numqnid minutissjma sunt graiia 
areuDE? sed si arena auiplius in navem mitlatur, mergit 
illam ; quam minutae gutla;, pluvicB? et tann'n irnplent 
tlumina. domus ejiciujil, tinienda ergo ruina multitu- 
diiiis, si non inagiiitudinis. 



Vlem. 5. Subs. 1.] Continent, inv^ard Causes, <^c, 25i7 



MEMB. V. 

SiTBSECT. I. — Continent, imvard, antexedent, next cfi , v<fnd how the Body works on 

the Mind. 

Asa purly hunter, I have hitherto beaten ab -t the circuit of the forest of this 
microcosm, and followed only those outward ac, i-ntitious causes. I will now break 
into the inner rooms, and rip up the antecedent immediate causes which are th^re to 
be found. For as the distraction of the mind, amongst other outward causes and 
perturbations, alters the temperature of the body, so the distraction and distemper 
of the body will cause a distemperature of the soul, and 'tis hard to decide which 
of these two do more harm to the other. Plato, Cyprian, and some others, as 1 
have formerly said, lay the greatest fault upon the soul, excusing the body ; others 
igain accusing the body, excuse the soul, as a principal agent. Their reasons are, 
because ''^•' the manners do follow the temperature of the body," as Galen proves in 
his book of that subject. Prosper Calcnius de Atra bile, Jason Pratensis c. de Mania., 
Lemnms I. 4. c. 16. and many others. And that which Gualter hath commented, 
ho,a. 10. in epist. Johannis, is most true, concupiscence and originals in, inclinations, 
and bad humours, are '^^ radical in every one of us, causing these perturbations, affec- 
tions, and several distempers, offering many times violence unto the soul. " Every 
man is tempted by his own concupiscence (James i. 14),- the spirit is willing but the 
flesh is weak, and rebelleth against the spirit," as our ^apostle teacheth us: that 
niethinks the soul hath the better plea against the body, which so forcibly inclines 
us, that we cannot resist, JV*cc nos ohniti contra, nee tenderc tardmn sufficinms. How 
the body being material, worketh upon the immaterial soul, by mediation of humours 
and spirits, which participate of both, and ill-disposed organs, Cornelius Agrippa hath 
discoursed lib. 1. de occult. Philos. cap. 63, 64, 65. Levinus Lemnius lib. 1. de 
occult, nat. mir. cap. 12. et 16. et 21. institut. ad opt. vit. Perkins lib. 1. Cases of 
Cons. cap. 12. T. Bright c. 10, 11, 12. "in his treatise of melancholy," for as 
^^ anger, fear, sorrow, obtrectation, emulation, &c. si mentis inlimos recessus occupa- 
rint, saith ^® Lemnius, corpori quoque infesta sunt, et illi teterrimos morbos infcrnnf, 
cause grievous diseases in the body, so bodily diseases affect the soul by consent. 
Now the chiefest causes proceed from the *' heart, humours, spirits : as they are 
purer, or impurer, so is the mind, and equally suffers, as a lute out of tune, if one 
string or one organ be distempered, all the rest miscarry, ^^ corpus onuslum hesternis 
vitiis, animum quoque prcegravat una. The body is domicilium animce, her house, 
abode, and stay ; and as a torch gives a better light, a sweeter smell, accordimr to 
the matter it is made of; so doth our soul perform all her actions, better or vf< rse," 
as he*- organs are disposed; or as wine .favours of the cask wherein it is kept; the 
soul receives a tincture from the body, through which it works. We see this in old 
men, children, Europeans; Asians, hot and cold climes; sanguine are merry, melan- 
choly sad, phlegmatic dull, by reason of abundance of those humours, and they 
cannot resist such passions which are inflicted by them. ,For in this Miiirmity of 
human nature, as Melancthon declares, the understanding is so tied to, an captivated 
by his inferior senses, that without their help he cannot exercise his functions, and 
the will being weakened, hath but a small power to restrain those outvvard parts, but 
suffers herself to be overruled by them ; that 1 must needs conclude with Lemnius, 
spiritus et hmnores maximum nocuvientum ohtinent, spirits and humours do most harm 
ill *^ troubling the soul. How should a man choose but be choleric and angry, that 
nath his body so clogged with abundance of gross humours ? or melancholy, that is 
so inwardly disposed ? That thence comes then this malady, madness, apoplexies, 
lethargies, &c. it may not be denied. 

Now this body of ours is most part distempered by some precedent diseases, 
which molest his inward organs and instruments, and so jyerco/ise^'Mens cause melan- 

*^ Mores sequuntur temperaturam corporis. "'Sciii- I itidem morbi animam per consensiim, a leee consorfii 
tillEE latent in corporibus. 8<Gal. 5. ssgict ex | afficiiint, et quaMqiiam iihji^cta iniiitos motiis tiirbiileii- 

anirni affectionibus corpus langiiescit : sic ex corporis 1 tos in hoiiimn concitet, priEcipiia tatiipn cau^a in cordf 
vims, el m'^'borcj-f olerisque cruciatibus animum vide- et humoribirs spiritihiisque consistit. &c. "*' Mor 

inns hebctan. Galenix '* Lib. I. c. 16. ^Corporis I Vide oHte. _ ^ H imore.s pravi nientiim oonutiilani 



228 



Causes of Melancholy. 



[Part 1. S»fC. '4 



choly, according to the consent of the most approved physicians. ^''"Thi? hununn 
'as Avicenna I. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. c. 18. Arnokhis breviar. I. 1. c. 18. Jacchinus 
comment, m 9 Rhasis, c. 15. Montaltus, c. 10. Nicholas Pisa c. de Melan. Sfc. sup- 
oose^ IS begotten by the distemperaiure of some inward part, innate, or left after 
me inflammation, or else included in the blood after an ^' ague, or some other ma- 
jgnant disease." This opinion of theirs concurs with that of Galen, I. l^. c. 6. de 
locis affect. Guianerius gives an instance in one so caused by a quartan ague, and 
Montanus co/tsi/. 32.in a young man of twenty-eight years of age, so (Hstempered afttr 
a quartan, which had molested him five years together; Hildesheim sp7cel.2. de 
Mania., relates of a Dutch baron, grievously tormented with melancholy after a long 
**ague: Galen, I. de atra bile., c. 4. puts the plague a cause. Botaldus in his book 
de lue vener. c. 2. the P^rench pox for a cause, others, phrensy, epilepsy, p'lojjlexy, 
because those diseases do often degenerate into this. Of suppression of hemorrhoids, 
hajmorogia, or bleeding at the nose, menstruous retentions, (although they deserve 
a larger explication, as being the sole cause of a proper kind of melancholy, in more 
ancient maids, nuns and vvidows, handled apart by Rodericus a Castro, and Mer- 
oatus, as I have elsewhere signified,) or any other evacuation stopped, I have already 
spoken. Only this I will add, that this melancholy which shall be caused by such 
infirmities, deserves to be pitied of all men. and to be respected with a more tender 
compassion, according to Laurentius, as coming from a more inevitable cause. 

SuBSECT. II. — lyistemperature of particular Parts., causes. 

There is almost no part of the body, which being distempered, doth not cause 
this n)alady, as the brain and his parts, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, matrix or womb, 
pylorus, mirache, mesentery, hyj)ochondries, nieseraic veins ; and in a word, saith 
''Arculanus, " there is no part which causeth not melancholy, either because it is 
dust, or doth not expel the superfluity of the nutriment." Savanarola Pract. major, 
rubric. 11. Tract. 6. caj). 1. is of the same opinion, that melancholy is engendered 
in each particular part, and ^^ Crato in consil. 17. lib. 2. Gordonius, who is instar 
omnium., lib. med. pcrrtic. 2. cap. 19. confirms as much, putting the ®^" matter of 
melancholy, sometimes in the stomach, liver, heart, brain, spleen, mirach, hypochon- 
dries, when as the melancholy humour resides there, or the liver is not well cleansed 
from melancholy blood." 

The brain is a familiar and frequent cause, too hot, or too cold, ®®" through adust 
blood so caused," as Mercurialis will have it, " within or without the head," the 
brain itself being distempered. Those are most apt to this disease, ®^"that have a 
hot heart and moist brain," which Montaltus cap. 11. de Melanch. approves out of 
Halyabbas, Rhasis, and Avicenna. Mercurialis consil. 1 1 . assigns the coldness of the 
brain a cause, and Salustius Salvianus med. lecf. I. 2. c 1. ^* will have it "-arise from 
a cold and dry distemperature of the brain." Piso, Eenedictus Victorius Faventinus, 
will have it proceed from a ^'''•'hot distemperature of the brain;" and "* Montaltus 
cap. 10. from the brain's heat, scorching the biood. The brain is still distempered 
by himself, or by consent: by himself or his proper afl^ection, as Faventinus calls it, 
' " or by vapours which arise from the other parts, and fume up into the head, alter- 
ing the animal faculties." 

Hildesheim spicel. 2. de Mania., thinks it may be caused from a ^'' distemperature 
of the heart; sometimes hot; sometimes cold." A hot liver, and a cold stomach, 
are put for usual causes of melancholy: Mercurialis consil. II. et consil. 6. consil. 
86. assigns a hot liver and cold stomach for ordinary causes. "Monavius, in an 



90 Hie humor vel a partis intemperie generatur vel 
lelinqiiitur post intlainmationes, vel crassif)r in veiiis 
conclusus Vel torpidiis irialianani qiialitatt"in contrahit. 
•'Saepe constat in fehre honiinein Melancliolicnm vel 
post febrem reodi, anl alium morhum. Caliila intern- 
peries innata. vel a fehre conlracta. s^Raro quis 

diuturno niorbo laborat, qui nnn sit melancholicus, 
Mercurialis de atiect. capitis lib. I. c. 10. de Melaiic. 
•* Ad nonuni lib. Rhasis ad Almansor. c. 16. Universa- 
liter a quacunque parte potest fieri melancholicus. Vel 
quia aduritur, vel quia iion expellit superfluitatem ex- 
crcmenti. s* A Liene, jecinore, utern, et aliis partibus 
oritur. ^^ Materia Melincholis aliquaiidoin corde, in 



stomacho, hepate, ab hypocomlriis, niyrache, splene, 
cum ibi remanel humor melancholicus. 96 Ex san- 

guine adnsto, intra vel extra caput. "■ Q.ni calidum 

cor habent, cerebrum humidum, facile melancholici. 
"^Sequitur melancholia malam mteinperiem frigiilam 
et siccam ipsius cerebri. ^s ^jg-pe fit ex calidiore cere- 
bro, aut corpore colligente melancholiam. Piso. 'oo Vel 
per propriam atfectionem, vel per consensum, cuin 
vapores exiialant in cerebrum. Montall.cap. 14. i Au 
ibi gignitur, melancholicus fumus, aut aliunde veliitur 
alterando animales facultates. ^ Ab intemperie corriiB. 
modo calidiore, modo frigidiore. » Epist. 206. 

Scoltzii. 



Mein. 5. Subs. 3.] Causes of Head- Melancholy. r*i9 

• pistle of his to Crato in Scoltzius, is of opinion, that hypochondriacal melancholy 
uidj proceed from a cold liver; the question is there discussed. Most agree that a 
liot liver is in fault; ""'the liver is the shop of humours, and especially causeth 
melancholy by his hot and dry distemperature. ^The stomach and meseraic veins 
do often concur, by reason of their obstructions, and thence their heat cannot be 
avoided, and many times the matter is so adust and inflamed in those parts, that it 
deo-enerates into hypochondriacal melancholy." Guianerius c. 2. Tract. 15. holds 
the meseraic veins to be a sufficient ® cause alone. The spleen concurs to this 
malady, by all their consents, and suppression of hemorrhoids, dum non expurget 
alter a causa lien., saith Montaltus, if it be '''too cold and dry, and do not purge 
the other parts as it ought," consil. 22. Montanus puts the **" spleen stopped" for a 
great cause. ^Christopherus a Vcj^-a reports of his knowledge, that he hath known 
melancholy caused from putrefied hlood ir. those seed-veins and womb ; '""Arculanus, 
from that menstruous blood turned into melancholy, and seed too long detained (as 
I have already declared) by putrefaction or adustion." 

The mesenterium, or midriff, diaphragma, is a cause which the "Greeks called 
^ptVai,: because by his inflammation, the mind is much troubled with convulsions 
and dotage. All these, most part, offend by inflammation, corrupting humours and 
spirits, in this non-natural melancholy : for from tliese are engendered fuliginous and 
black spirits. And for that reason ''Montaltus cap. 10. de causis melan. will have 
"• the eflicient cause of melancholy to be hot and dry, not a cold and dry distemper- 
ature, as some hold, from the heat of the brain, roasting the blood, immoderate heat 
of the liver and bowels, and inflammation of the pylorus. And so much the rather, 
because that," as Galen holds, "• all spices inflame the blood, solitariness, waking, 
agues, study, meditation, all which heat : and therefore he concludes that this dis- 
temperature causing adventitious melancholy is not cold and dry, but hot and dry." 
But of this I have sufficiently treated in the matter of melancholy, and hold that this 
may be true in non-natural melancholy, which produceth madness, but not in that 
natural, which is more cold, and being immoderate, produceth a gentle dotage. 
'^ Which opinion Geraldus de Solo maintains in his comment upon Rhasis. 

SuBSECT. III. — Causes of Head-Melancholy. 

After a tedious discourse of the general causes of melancholy, J am now iBturned 
at last to treat in brief of the three particular species, and such causes as properly 
appertain unto them. Although these causes promiscuously concur to each and 
every particular kind, and commonly produce their eflects in that part which is most 
ill-disposed, and least able to resist, and so cause all three species, yet many of them 
are proper to some one kind, and seldom found in the rest. As for example, head- 
melancholy is commonly caused by a cold or hot distemperature of the brain, accord- 
ing to Laurentius cap. 5 de melan. but as '^ Hercules de Saxonia contends, from that 
agitation or distemperature of the animal spirits alone. Salust. Salvianus, before 
mentioned, lib. 2. cap. 3. de re vied, will have it proceed from cold : but that I take 
of natural melancholy, such as are fools and dote : for as Galen writes lib. 4. de puis. 
8. and Avicenna, '^ "■ a cold and moist brain is an inseparable companion of folly." 
But this adventitious melancholy which is here meant, is caused of a hot and dry 
distemperature, as '^Damascen the Arabian lib. 3. cap. 22. thinks, and most writers: 
Altomarus and Piso call it '^''an innate burning intemperateness, turning blood and 
choler into melancholy." Both these opinions may stand good, as Bruel maintains, 
and Capivaccius, si cerebrum sit calidius, '*"if the brain be hot, the animal spirits 
will be hot, and thence comes madness ; if cold, folly." David Crusius Theat. 

* Officiiia tiiiinnrum hepar coiicurrit, &c. ^ Ventri- &c. tuiii quod aroinata sanguinern inceiidiiMl, solitudo, 
cuius et ven.e irteseraicae coiicurnitit, quod hfe partes vigiliw, fehris praecedens. iiiedilatio, studiiiin, et liaee 
obs^lrucls sunt, iStc. ^ per se sangirinem adurentes. i oiiiiiia calefaciuut, ergo ratuni sit, &c. is Lib. I. cap. 

' Lien frigidus et siccus c. 13. " Splen obstructus. j 13. de MelSnch. '•• J^ib. 3. Tract, posthuin.de melan. 

• De arte med. lib. 3. cap. -24. '"A satiguinis putredine '' A fatuitate inseparabilis cerebri frigiditas. '"Ab 

in vasis seminariis et utero, et quandoque a spermate ! interno oalore assatur. " Inteniperies iiinata exu- 

iiu retento, vel sanguine mensiruo in meianclioliain rens,flavatn bilem acsanguineni in melanchnliani con- 
verso per piitrefactionern, vel adustionein. iiMagirus. vertens. i^Si cerchriini sit calidius. fiet spiritus ani- 

Ergo efflciens causa melancholia est calida et sicca ! males calidior, et diliriuiu mauiacuin; si frigidior, fiei 
intemperies, non frigida et sicca, quod niuiti opinali j fatuitas. 
•■•nt oritur eniin a calore celebri assante sanguineni, I 

u 



23f 



Causes of Melancholy. 



.fart. 1. SfcC. 2 



morh. Berm'l. lib. 2. cap. 6. de atra bile, grants melancholy lo be a disease of ar 
inflamed bram, but cold notwithstanding of itself: calida per accidens, frigida per 
se, hot by accident only ; I am of Capivaccius' mind for my part. Now this humour, 
according to Salvianus, is sometimes in the substance of the brain, sometimes con- 
tained in the membranes and tunicles that cover the brain, sometimes in the passages 
of the ventricles of the brain, or veins of those ventricles. It follows many times 
'^" phrensy, long diseases, agues, long abode in hot places, or under the sun, a blow 
on the head," as 'Rhasis informeth us : Piso adds solitariness, waking, inflammations 
of the liead, proceeding most part ^°from much use of spices, hot wines, hot meats : 
all which Montanns reckons up consil. 22. for a melancholy Jew ; and Heurnius 
repeats cap. 12. dc Mania : hot baths, garlic, onions, saith Guianerius, bad air, cor- 
rupt, much ^' waking, &.c,, retention of seed or abu'ndaiice, stopping of hajmorrogia, 
the midriff" misaffected; and according to Trallianus Z. I. 16. immoderate cares, trou- 
bles, griefs, discontent, study, meditation, and, in a word, the abuse of all those six 
non-natural things. Hercules de Saxonia, cap. 16. lib. 1. will have it caused from a 
^' cautery, or boil dried up, or an issue. Amatus Lusitanus cent. 2. cura. 67. gives 
instance in a fellow that had a hole in his arm, 2^" after that was healed, ran mad 
and when the wound was open, he was cured again." Trincavellius consil. 13. lib 
1. hath an example of a melancholy man so caused by overmuch continuance in the 
sun, frequent use of venery, and immoderate exercise : and in his cons. 49. lib. 3. 
from a ^* headpiece overheated, which caused head-melancholy. Prosper Calenus 
brings in Cardinal CiBsius for a pattern of such as are so melancholy by long study 
l-ut examples are infinite. 

• Sub SECT. IV. — Causes of Hypochondriacal, or Windy Melancholy. 

In repeating of these causes, I must crambem bis coctam apponcre, say that again 
which I have formerly said, in applying them to their proper species. Hypochon- 
driacal or flatuous melancholy, is that which the Arabians call myrachial, and is in 
my judgment the most grievous and frequent, though Bruel and Laurentius make il 
least dangerous, and not so hard to be known or cured. His causes are inward or 
outward. Inward from divers parts or organs, as midrifl^, spleen, stomach, liver 
pylorus, womb, diaphragma, meseraic veins, stopping of issues, &c. Montaltus cap. 
15. out of Galen recites, ^^" heat and obstruction of those meseraic veins, as an 
immediate cause, by which means the passage of the chilus to the liver is detained, 
stopped or corrupted, and turned into rumbling and wind." Montanus, consil. 233, 
hath an evident demonstration, Trincavelins another, lib. 1, cap. 12, and Plater a 
third, observat. lib. 1, for a doctor of the law visited with this infirmity, from the 
said obstruction and heat of these meseraic veins, and bowels ; quoniam inter ventri- 
culum et jecur vcnce effervescunt, the veins are inflamed about the liver and stomach. 
Sometimes those other parts are together misaffected •, and concur to the production 
of this malady : a hot liver and cold stomach, or cold belly : look for instances in 
HoUerius, Victor Trincavelins, consil. 35, /. 3, Hildesheim Spicel. 2, fol. 132, Sole- 
nander consil. 9, pro cive Lugdunensi, Montanus consil. 229, for the Earl of Mont- 
fort in Germany, 1549, and Frisimelica in the 233 consultation of the said Montanus. 
I. Caesar Clandinus gives instance of a cold stomach and over,-hot liver, almost in 
every consultation, con. 89, for a certain count; and con. 106, for a Polonian baron, 
by r°ason of heat the blood is inflamed, and gross vapours sent to the heart and 
brain. Mercurialis subscribes to them, co7is. 89, ^^''the stomach being misafl^ected," 
which he calls the king of the belly, because if he be distempered, all the rest suflfer 
with him, as being deprived of their nutriment, or fed with bad nourishment, by 
means of which come crudities, obstructions, wind, rumbling, griping, &.c. Hercules 
de Saxonia, besides heat, will have the weakness of the liver and his obstruction a 
cause, facultatem debilctn jecinoris, which he calls the mineral of melancholy. 
Laurentius assigns this reason, because the liver over-hot draws the meat undigested 



1' Melancholia capitis accedit post phrenesim aut 
'ongam niorain suh sole, nut perciissiotiPin in capite, 
cap. 13. lib. 1. suCiiii liibiint viiia poteiitia, et saepe 
sunt sub sole. 2' Cura; valida', largioris vini et aro- 

malum usus. 22 a caiiierio et ulcere exsiccato ^a Ah 
iicere curate incidit in insauiaiu. apertu vuluere cura- 



tur. 34 A ealea nimis calefacta. 25 Exuritur sanguit 
et veniB obstruuntur, quilius ohstnictis prohibetur Iran 
situs Chili ad jecur, corruinpitur et in rugitus et flatui 
vertitur. ^eginmacho laiso robur corporis iniminuitiif 
et reliqua membra alimento orbata. &.c 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] 



The. whole Body. 



231 



out of the stomach, and burneth the humours. Montanus, cons. 244, pioves thai 
sometimes a cold liver may be a cause. Laurentius c. 12.Trincavclius lib. 12., consil., 
and Gualter Bruel, seems to lay the greatest fault upon the spleen, that doth not hi.s 
duty in purj^ing the liver as he ought, being too great, or too little, in drawing too 
much blood sometimes to it, and not expelling it, as P. Cnemiandrus in a ■^''consulta- 
tion of his noted tumorem Uenis., he names it, and the fountain of melancholy. 
Diodes supposed the ground of this kind of melancholy to proceed from the inflam- 
mation of the pylorus, which is the nether mouth of the ventricle. Others assign 
the rnesenterium or midrifl' distempered by heat, the womb misaffected, stopping of 
hemorrhoids, with many such. AH which Laurentius, cap. 12, reduceth to three, 
mesentery, liver, and spleen, from whence he denominates hepatic, splenetic, and 
nieseraic melancholy. Outward causes, are bad diet, care, griefs, discontents, and in 
a word all those six non-natural things, as Montanus found by his experience, consll. 
244. Solenander cnns'il. 9, for a citizen of Lyons, in France, gives his reader to 
understand, that he knew this mischief procured by a medicine of cantharides, which 
an unskilful physician ministered his patient to drink ad venerem excifandam. But 
most commonly fear, grief, and some sudden commotion, or perturbation of the mind, 
begin it, in such bodies especially as are ill-disposed. Melancthon, tract. 14, cap. 2., 
de animu., will have it as common to men, as the mother to women, upon some 
grievous trouble, dislike, passion, or discontent. For as Camerarius records in his 
lifev Melancthon himself was much troubled with it, and therefore could speak out 
of experience. Montanus, consll. 22, pro dcliranlc Judceo., confirms it, ^^ grievous 
symptoms. of the mind brought him to it. Randolotius relates of himself, that being 
one day very intent to write out a physician's notes, molested by an occasion, he fell 
into a hypochondriacal fit, to avoid which he drank the decoction of wormwood, and 
was freed. ^''Melancthon ("being the disease is so troublesome and frequent) holds 
it a most necessary and profitable study, for every man to know the accidents of it, 
and a dangerous thing to be ignorant," and would therefore have all men in some 
sort to understand tlie causes, symptoms, and cures of it. 



SuBSECT. V. — Causes of Melancholy from the whole Body. , 

As before, the cause of this kind of melancholy is inward or outward. Inward, 
^'•'when the liver is apt to engender such a humour, or the spleen weak by nature, 
and not able to discharge his ofiice." A melancholy temperature, retention of haemor- 
rhoids, monthly issues, bleeding at nose, long diseases, agues, and all those six non 
natural things increase it. But especially ^' bad diet, as Piso thinks, pulse, salt meat, 
shell-fish, cheese, black wine, &c. Mercurialis out of Averroes and Avicenna con- 
demns all herbs : Galen, lih. 3, de loc. affect, cap. 7, especially cabbage. So likewise 
fear,' sorrow, discontents, &c., but of these before. And thus in brief you have had 
the general and particular causes of melancholy. 

, JS^ow go and brag of thy present happiness, whosoever thou art, brag of thy tern 
perature, of thy good parts, insult, triumph, and boast; thou seest in what a brittlt 
state thou art, how soon thou mayest be dejected, how many several ways, by bad 
diet, bad air, a small loss, a little sorrow or discontent, an ague, Stc.-, how many 
sudden accidents may procure thy ruin, what a small tenure of happiness thou hast 
ni this life, how weak and silly a creature thou art. "■ Humble thyself, therefore, 
under the mighty hand of God," 1 Peter, v. 6, know thyself, acknowledge thy pre- 
sent misery, and make right use of it. Qui stat videat ne cadat. Thou dost now 
flourish, and hast bona animi^ corporis, et fortunes., goods of body, mind, and fortune, 
nescis quid serus sccum vesper fer at, thou knowest not what storms and tempests 
the late evening may bring with it. Be not secure then, " be sober and watch," 
^fortunam reverentcr habe, if fortunate and rich ; if sick and poor, moderate thyself 
I have said. 



*> Hildesheim. ^ Habuit sseva animi symptomata 

qusE inipediunt concoctionem, &c. 'sUsitatissimus 

morbus cum sit, utile est hujus visceris accidentia coti- 
sideraie, nee lave periculum hujus causas morhi igno- 
'antibus. ^Jtcur aptum ad generandum talera bu- 



morem, splen natura imbecillior. Piso, Altnmaru? 
Guianerius. " Melanchnliam, quie fit a redutidaiiti* 
hunioris in toto core ore, victus imprimis generat qur 
eum humorem parit, ssAusoniiis. 



232 



Symptoms of Melancholy. 



I Pan. 1. Sec 3 



SECT. III. MEMB. I. 

SuBSECT. I. — Symptoms., or Signs of Melancholy in the Body. 

Parrhasius, a painter of Athens, amongst those Olynthian captives Philip of 
Macedon brought home to sell, ^ bougiit one very old man ; and when he had him 
at Athens, put him to extreme torture and torment, the better by his example tc 
express the pains and passions of his Prometheus, whom he was then about to paint 
1 need not be so barbarous, inhuman, curious, or cruel, for this purpose to torture 
any poor melancholy man, their symptoms are plain, obvious and familiar, there 
needs no such accurate observation or far-fetched object, they delineate themselves, 
they voluntarily betray themselves, they are too frequent in all places, I meet them 
stili as I go, they cannot conceal it, their grievances are too well known, I need not 
seek far to describe them. 

Symptoms tlierefore are either ^^ universal or particular, saith Gordonius, lih. med. 
cap. 19, part. 2, to persons, to species ; " some signs are serret, some manifest, some 
in the body, some in the mind, and diversely vary, according to the inward or out- 
ward causes," Cappivaccius : or from stars, according to Jovianus Pontanus, de r&b. 
calest. lib. 10, cap. 13, and celestial influences, or from the humours diversely mixed, 
Ficinus, lib. 1, cap. 4, de sanit. tnendd : as they are hot, cold, natural, unnatural, 
intended, or remitted, so will J^tius have melancholica deliria multiformia., diversity 
of melancholy signs. Laurentius ascribes them to their several temperatures, delights, 
natures, inclinations, continuance of time, as they are simple or mixed with other 
diseases, as the causes are divers, so must the signs be, almost infinite, Altomarus 
<:ap. 7, art. med. And as wine produceth divers effects, or that herb Tortocolla in 
•'* Laurentius, " which makes some laugh, some weep, some sleep, some dance, some 
sing, some howl, some drink, &c." so doth this our melancholy humour work several 
signs in several parties. 

But to confine them, these general symptoms may be reduced to those of the body 
or the mind. Those usual signs appearing in the bodies of such as are melancholy, 
be these cold and dry, or they are hot and dry, as the humour is more or less adust. 
From ^ these first qualities arise many other second, as that of ^'' colour, black, 
swarthy, pale, ruddy, &c., some are impcnse rubric as Montaltus cap. 16 observes out 
of Galen, lib. 3, de locis ajfcctis., very red and high coloured. Hippocrates in his 
book '^^de insanla et melan. reckons up these signs, that they are ^^ " lean, withered, 
hollow-eyed, look old, wrinkled, harsh, much troubled with wind, and a griping in 
their bellies, or belly-ache, belch often, dry bellies and hard, dejected looks, flaggy 
beards, singing of the ears, vertigo, light-headed, little or no sleep, and that interrupt, 
terrible and fearful dreams," "^^Annasoror., qucz me suspensam insomnia terrent? The 
fame symptoms are repeated by Melanelius in his book of melancholy collected out 
of Galen, Ruffus, jEtius, by Pvhasis, Gordonius, and all the juniors, '"continual, sharp, 
and stinking belchings, as ii' their meat in their stomachs were putrefied, or that they 
had eaten fish, dry bellies, absurd and interrupt dreams, and many fantastical visions 
about their eyes, vertiginous, apt to tremble, and prone to venery." ''^Some add pal- 
pitation of the heart, cold sweat, as usual symptoms, and a leapmg in many parts of 
the body, saltum in multis corporis partibus., a kind of itcliing, saith Laurentius, on 
the superficies of the skin, like a flea-biting sometimes. "'Montaltus cap. 21. puts 
fixed eyes and much twinkling of their eyes for a sign, and so doth Avicenna, ocft/os 
habentcs palpitantes, trauli, veJiemcnter rubicundi., ^'c, lib. 3. Fen. 1 . Tract. 4. cap. 1 8. 
They stut most part, which he took out of Hippocrates' aphorisms. "^ Rhasis makes 



33 Seneca cont. lib. 10. cnnt. 5. "'duoeilain uni- 

VHisalia, partioularirp, quiEil^rn inanifesta, qiiaxlani in 
ci>rpi)ie, (|iifEilain in cogitalione el aniino, quaidani a 
slellis, quaidani ab huiiiDribiis, qiije lit vinuni corpus 
vane rlisponit, &c. Diversa pliaiitasniata pro v.uiotate 
caiisai externa;, interna;. 35 Lib 1. iJt» risu. fol. 17. 

Ad ejns esurn alii sudant, alii voinnnt, stent, bibunt, 
saltant, alii rident, tremunt, dorniinnt, &c. 3r. 'i'. 

Bright, cap. 20. si Nififescit hie hniner aliqnando 

snpercalet'actns, aliqnando snperfrigefactus. Melanel. 
? GhI. 3«lnterprete F. Calvo. auQcnlihis 

rxeavanlnr, venti gignuntur cirrnin priecordia et acidi 
(II -Ins. siici fere ventres, vertiuo, tinnitus auriuin. 



somni pusilli, somnia lerribilia et interrupta. ^o Vir? 
JRn. ■n AssiiluEe eiKqne acidae ruclationes qnt 

cibnm virulentum cnlentitmqiie nidorein, et si nil tiilr 
incestnin sit, referant ob cruditatein. Ventres hisre 
aridi, soinnns plernniqne parens et interruptus, soninia 
absnrdissima, Inrhnlenla, corporis tremor, capitis gra 
vedo, strepitua circa aures et visiones ante ocnios, aa 
venerem prodigi. ■'•i Altomarus, Bruel, Piso, Mon. 

taltns. "13 Freqiicntes habent ocnioruin nictationes, 

aliqiii laivien fixis ncniis plerunKjiie sunt. •'MJent. 

lib. I. 'I'racl. St. Sii'iia hnjns inorliisnnt pinrimns sallns, 
soiiitns anrinni, capitis gravedo, Iji.gua titubat, oc'iii 
excavaiilur. &c. 



Mem. 1 . Subs. 2.] 



Symptoms in the Mind. 



233 



' head-ache and a binding heaviness for a principal token, much leaf5ing of wmd 
about the skin, as well as stutting, or tripping in speech, Stc, hollow eyes, gross 
veins, and broad lips." To some too, if they be for gone, mimical gestures are too 
familiar, lauglung, grinning, fleering, murmuring, talking to themselves, with strange 
mouths an^ faces, inarticulate voices, exclamations, &c. And although they be com- 
monly lean, hirsute, uncheerful in countenance, withered, and not so pleasant to 
behold, by reason of those continual fears, griefs, and vexations, dull, heavy, lazy, 
restless, unapt to go about any business ; yet their memories are most part good, 
they have happy wits, and excellent apprehensions. Tiieir hot and drv brains make 
them they cannot sleep, Ingentes habent et crebras vigllias (Arteus) mighty and often 
watchings, sometimes waking for a month, a year together. ''^Hercules de Saxonia 
faithfully averreth, that he hath heard his mother swear, she slept not for seven 
months together: Trincavelius, Tom.2. cons. IG. speaks of (»ne that waked 50 days, 
and Skenkius hath examples of two years, and all without offence, hi natural 
actions their appetite is greater than their concoction, mult.a appetunt., pauca digerunt^ 
as Rhasis hath it. they covet to eat, but cannot digest. And although they '^^'•'^ do eat 
much, yet they are lean, ill-liking," saith Areteus, "-withered and hard, much troubled 
with costiveness," crudities, oppilations, spitting, belching, &c. Their pulse is rare 
and slow, except it be of the ''Carotides, which is very strong; but that varies 
according to their intended passions or perturbations, as Struthius hath proved at 
large, Spiginaticce artis I. 4. c. ,13. To say truth, in such chronic diseases the pulse 
is not much to be respected, there being so much superstition in it, as '^^ Crato notes, 
and so many diff*erences in Galen, that he dares say they may not be observed, or 
understood of any man. 

Their urine is most part pale, and low coloured, urina pauca^ acris., biJiosa, 
(Areteus), not much in quantity; but this, in my judgment, is all out as uncertain as 
the other, varying so often according to several persons, habits, and other occasions 
not to be respected in chronic diseases. ''^'■'' Their melancholy excrements in some 
very much, in others little, as the spleen plays his part," and thence proceeds wind, 
palpitation of the heart, short breath, plenty of humidity in the stomach, heaviness 
of heart and heartache, and intolerable stupidity and dullness of spirits. Their 
excrements or stool hard, black to some and little. l( the heart, brain, liver, spleen, 
be misafiected, as usually they are, many inconveniences proceed from them, many 
diseases accompany, as incubus, ^"apoplexy, epilepsy, vertigo, those frequent wakings 
and terrible dreams, *' intempestive laughing, weeping, sighing, sobbing, bashfulness, 
blushing, trembling, sweating, swooning, &c. ^^ All their senses are troubled, they 
think they see, hear, smell, and touch that which they do not, as shall be proved in 
the folio winar discourse. 



Sub SECT. II. — Symptoms or Signs in the Mind. 

Fear.] Arculanus in 9. Rhasis ad Almansor.cap. 16. will have these symptoms 
to be ii-vhniie, as indeed they are, varying according to the parties,"' for scarce is there 
one of a thousand that dotes alike," ^^Laurentius c. 16. Some k\w of greater note I 
will point at ; and amongst the rest, fear and sorrow, which as they are frequent 
causes, so if they persevere long, according to Hippocrates *^ and Galen's aphorisms, 
they are most assured signs, inseparable companions, and characters of melancholy; 
of present melancholy and habituated, saith Montaltus cap. 11. and common to them 
all, as the said Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and all Neoterics hold. But as hounds 
many times run away with a false cry, never perceiving themselves to be at a fault, 
so do they. For Diodes of old, (whom Galen confutes,) and amongst the juniors, 
"^Hercules de Saxonia, with Lod. Mercatus cap. 17. I. l.de melan. takes just excep- 
tions!, at this aphorism of Hippocrates, 'tis not aiv/ays true, or so generally to be 



*s In Pantheon cap. de Melancholia. <« Alvus arida 
nihil dejiciens cibi capaces, nihilominus tanien ex- 
tenuati sunt. *i Nic Piso Iiiflalio carotidum, &c. 

*6Andra;as Dudith Rahamo.ep. lib. 3. Crat. epist. miilta 
in pulsibiis superslitio, ausini etiam dicere, tnt diffe- 
lentiasqiis desciihuntnr a Galeno. ncque intelliv'i a 
.moqiiani ncc observari posse. *^T. l{n]|;ht. cap. 20. 

** Post. 40. iftat. aiiniini, saith Jar.chiniis in 1;). 9. l!ha 
is. Idem. Merciirialis coiisil. 8(i. 'I' >ncave us, i'oiii. 2 



cons. 17. siGordonius, modo rident, niodo (lent, 

silent, &c. ^2 Pernelius consil. 43. el 45. M iiita- 

nus consil. 230. Galen de locis afleclis, lib. 3. cap. 6. 
S3 Aphnrisrn et lib. de Melan. 64 lji,, a. cap. 6. de 

locis affect, liinor et nioesiitia, si dintiTis persevvrent, 
&c. 66 Tract, posihutuo de Mflan edit. Venetiig 

16-.'0. per Bolzeltain Bibliop. Mihi diliL'entius hanc rem 
coiisideranti. patel quosdani esse, qui non iaburan) 
iii:rrore et timure. 



30 



v'i 



234 Symptoms of MelancJwI.y. [Part. 1. Sec. 3 

understood, " fear and sorrow are no common symptoms to all melancholy ; upon 
m )ip serious consideration, I find some (sailh he) that are not so at all. Some indeed 
are sa'^', and not fearful ; some fearful and not sad ; some neither fearful nor sad ; 
some fjoth." Four kinds he excepts, fanatical persons, such as were Cassandra, 
Nant-v, Nicostrata, Mopsus, Proteus, the Sybils, whom '^'^Aristotle confesseth to have 
been deeply melancholy. Baptista Porta seconds him, Physiog. lib. \^ cap. 8, they 
were aird bile pcrcifi: dcTcmoniacal persons, and such as speak strange languages, 
are of this rank : some poets, such as laugh always, and think themselves kings, 
cardinals, &e., sanguine they are, pleasantly disposed most part, and so continue. 
" Baptista Portia confines fear and sorrow to them that are cold ; but lovers, sybils, 
enthusiasts, he wholly excludes. So that 1 think I may truly conclude, they are not 
always sad and fearful, but usually so : and that ^^ without a cause, timcnt de non 
timendis., (Gordonius,) qucBquc momentl non stmt, "although not all alike (saitii Alto- 
marus), ^^ yet all likely fear, ^° some with an extraordinary and a mighty fear," Areieus. 
^' " Many fear death, and yet in a contrary humour, make away themselves," Galen, 
lib. 3. de he. affec. cap. 7. Some are afraid that heaven will fall on their heads 
some they are damned, or shall be. " " 1'hey are troubled with scruples of con 
sciences, distrusting God's mercies, think they shall go certainly to hell, the devil will 
have them, and make great lamentation," Jason Pratensis. Fear of devils, death, 
that they shall be so sick, of some such or such disease, ready to tremble at every 
object, they shall die themselves forthwith, or that some of their dear friends or near 
allies are certainly dead ; imminent danger, loss, disgrace still torment others, &.c. ; 
that they are all glass, and therefore will sufTer no man to come near them : that 
they are all cork, as light as feathers ; others as heavy as lead ; some are afraid their 
heads will fall off' tlieir shoulders, that they have frogs in their bellies, &c. ^^ Mon- 
tanus consil. 23, speaks of one '•'• that durst not walk alone from home, for fear he 
should swoon or die." A second ^^ '-'• fears every man he meets will rob him, quarrel 
with him, or kill him." A third dares not venture to walk alone, for fear he should 
meet the devil, a thief, be sick \ fears all old women as witches, and every black dog 
or cat he sees he suspectetli to be a devil, every person comes near him is malifi- 
ciated, every creature, all intend to hurt him, seek his ruin ; another dares not go 
over a bridge, come near a pool, rock, steep hill, lie in a chamber where cross beams 
are, for fear he be tempted to hang, drown, or precipitate himself. If he be in a 
silent auditory, as at a sermon, he is afraid he shall speak aloud at unawares, some- 
thing indecent, unfit to be said. If he be locked in a close room, he is afraid of 
being stifled for want of air, and still carries biscuit, aquavitse, or some strong waters 
about him, for fear of deliquiums, or being sick ; or if he be in a throng, middle of 
a church, multitude, where he may not well get out, though he sit at ease, he is so 
misafTected. He will freely promise, undertake any business beforehand, but when 
it comes to be performed, he dare not adventure, but fears an infinite number of 
dangers, disasters, &c. Some are •=*" afraid to be burned, or that the ^^ ground will 
sink under them, or ®^ swallow them quick, or that the king will call them in ques- 
tion for some feet they never did (Pihasis cont.) and that they shall surely be exe- 
cuted." The terror of such a death troubles them, and they fear as much and are 
equally tormented in mind, '^^"as they that have committed a murder, and are pensive 
without a cause, as if they were now presently to \e put to death." Plater, cap. 3 
le mentis alienat. They are afraid of some loss, daiige* that they shall surely lose 
their lives, goods, and all they have, but why they kr>.)W not. Trincavelius, consil. 
13. lib. l.had a patient that would needs make away himself, for fear of being 
hanged, and could not be persuaded for three years together, but that he had killed 
a man. Plater, observat. lib. I. hath two other examples of such as feared to be 
executed without a cause. If they come in a place where a robbery, theft, or any 



^ "rr-b. lib. 3. " Physiog lib. 1. c. 8. Qiiibiis multa 
iVi^ida bilis atra, stolidi et timitli, at qui calidi, inge- 
niosi. aiiiasii, riiviiKisi, spiritii instipati, ice. ssom- 
nes exercent metus ei tristitia, et sine causa. ^"Om- 
nfs timent licet non omnibus idem timendi modus 
iEtius Tetrali. lib. 2. sect. c. 9. ^ ln<;enli pavoie 

Iropidaiit. ^i Multi mortem tinient, et tamen sibi 

i|>sis mortem conscisjnnt, alii c(rli iiiinani timent. 
B Affligit eo6 plena scrupulis coiiscieiitia, diviuie niise- 



ricordiffi diffidentes, Oreo se destinant fceda lameuta- 
tione deplorantes. m jVon ausus esiredi domj n« 

rieficeret. O'' Multi dajmones tirneiit, latrones. insi- 

riias, Aviceniia. "s Alii c(Utiliiiri, alii de Rege, Khasis, 
6f' N'e terra alisorbeantur. Forestus. ^i Ne terra 

dehisoat. Gordon. M A ii timore mortis timentui 

et mala gratia principuu. 'Mutant se aliquid commisidsa 
et ad supplicium requiri. 



Mem. 1 . Subs. 2.J Symptoms in the Mind. 235 

such offence hath been done, they presently fear they are suspected, and many times 
betray themselves without a cause. Lewis X]., the French king, suspected every 
man a traitor that came about him, durst trust no officer. JiU.i formidolosl omnium^ 
alii quorundam (^Fracatorius lib. 2. de Intellect.) ^^"soine fear all alike, some certair 
iiien, and cannot endure their companies, are sick in them, or if they be from home.''' 
Some suspect ™ treason still, others '^ are afraid c^" their '^' dearest and nearest friends." 
'yMelanelius e Galeno^ Ruffo^ jEtio.,) and dare not be alone in the dark for fear of 
hobgoblins and devils : he suspects everything he hears or sees to be a devil, or 
enchanted, and imagineth a thousand cliimeras and visions, which to his thinking he 
certainly sees, bugbears, talks with black men, ghosts, goblins, &.C., ''^Omnes se ter- 
rent aura'., sonus excited, omnis. Another through bashfulness, suspicion, and timo- 
rousness will not be seen abroad, ""loves darkness as life, and cannot endure the 
light," or to sit in lightsome places, his hat still in his eyes, he wdl neither see nor 
be seen by his goodwill, Hippocrates, lih. de Insaida ct Melancholia. He dare not 
come in company for fear he should be misused, disgraced, overshoot himself in 
gesture or speeches, or be sick ; he thinks every man observes him, aims at him, 
derides him, owes him malice. Most part ^^" they are afraid they are bewitched, 
possessed, or poisoned by their enemies, and sometimes they suspect their nearest 
friends : he thinks something speaks or talks within him, and he belcheth of the 
poison." Christopherus a Vega, lib. 2. cap. 1. had a patient so troubled, that by no 
persuasion or physic he could be reclaimed. Some are afraid that they shall have 
every I'earful disease they see others have, hear of, or read, and dare not therefore 
hear or read of any such subject, no not of melancholy itself, lest by applying to 
themselves that which they hear or read, they should aggravate and increase it. If 
they see one possessed, bewitched, an epileptic paroxysm, a man shaking with the 
palsy, or giddy-headed, reeling or standing in a dangerous place, Stc, for many days 
after it runs in their minds, they are afraid they shall be so too, they are in like dan- 
ger, as Perk. c. 12. sc. 12. well observes in his Cases of Consc. and many times by 
violence of' imagination they produce it. They cannot endure to see any terrible 
object, as a monster, a man executed, a carcase, hear the devil named, or any tragical 
relation seen, but they quake for fear, Hecatas somniare sibi videntur (Lucian) they 
dream of hobgoblins, and may not get it out of their minds a long time after: they 
apply (as I have said) all they hear, see, read, to themselves; as ''* Felix Plater notes 
of some young physicians, that study to cure diseases, catch them themselves, wdl 
be sick, and appropriate all symptoms they find related of others, to their own per- 
sons. And therefore (^quod itertim monco., licet nauseam paret lectori^ mala decern 
potius verba., decies repetita licet abundare., quam unum desiderari) I would advise 
him that is actually melancholy not to read this tract of Symptoms, lest he disquiet 
or make himself for a time worse, and more melancholy than he was before. Gene- 
rally of them all take this, de inanibus semper conqueruntur et timent., saith Aretius; 
they complain of toys, and fear '"' without a cause, and still think their melancholy 
to be most grievous, none so bad as they are, though it be nothing in respect, yet 
never any man sure was so troubled, or in this sort. As really tormented and per- 
plexed, in as great an agony for toys and trifles (such things as they will after laugh 
at themselves) as if they were most material and essential matters indeed, worthy to 
be feared, and will not be satisfied. Pacify them for one, they are instantly troubled 
with some other fear ; always afraid of something which they foolishly imagine or 
conceive to diemselves, which never peradventure was, never can be, never likely 
will be ; troubled in mind upon every small occasion, unquiet, still complaining; 
grieving, vexing, suspecting, grudging, discontent, and cannot be freed so long as 
melancholy continues. Or if their minds be more quiet for the present, and they 
free from foreign fears, outward accidents, yet their bodies are out of tune, they sus- 
pect some part or other to be amiss, now their head aches, heart, stomach, s])leen, 

M Alius domesticos timet, alius omnes. iEtius. '"Alii ( tioiiem se veneficam sumpsisse putat, et de hac riictaw 
tirnent insiili.is. Aurel. lib. J. de mnrb. C'liron. cap. 6. ' sibi crebro videtur. Idem Montaltus cap. 21. ^tius lib. 
*' Ille chanssiinns, hie oinnes honijties citra discriinen 2. et alii. Trallianus 1. 1. cap. 16. '^Observat. I. 1, 

timet. "Virgil. " Hie in lucem prodire timet, Quando iis nil nocet, nisi quod mulieribiis iiielaMcho 

leiiehrasquequierit, contra, illecalit'inosafuirit. "Ciui- licis. "s— timeo tamen metusqiie cai'sffi it<>»cius 

am larvas. et mains spintus ab inimicis veneficius et causa est mttus. Heinsius Austriaco. 
liicaiitationibus sibi putant objectari, Hippocrates, po- 1 



236 Symptoms of Melancholy. I Part. 1. Seel A 

&c. IS misaifected, they shall surely have this or that disease ; still troubled in body 
mind, or both, and through wind, corrupt fantasy, some accidental distemper, conti- 
nually molested. Yet for all this, as " Jacchinus notes, " in all other things they are 
wise, staid, discreet, and do nothing unbeseeming their dignity, person, or place, this 
foolish, ridiculous, and childish fear excepted ; which so much, so continually tor- 
tures and cruciries their souls, like a barking dog that always bawls, but seldom bites, 
his fear ever molesteth, and so long as melancholy lasteth, cannot be avoided." 

Sorrow is that oilier character, and inseparable companion, as individual as Saint 
Cosmus and Damian, fulus Jlchafes^ as all writers witness, a common symptom, a 
continual, and still without any evident cause, ''* mmrent omnes, et si rages eos rrdderf 
causam^ non possunt: grieving still, but why they cannot tell : Agelasli., masti., cogt- 
tabundi^ they look as if they had newly come forth of Trophonius' den. And though 
they laugh many times, and seem to be extraordinary merry (as they will by fits), 
yet extreme lumpish again in an instant, dull and heavy, semel et simul, merry and 
sad, but most part sad : '^<Si qua placental abeunt; inbnica tenacius hcerent: sorrow 
sticks by them still continually, gnawing as tlie vulture did '^Titius' bowels, and 
they cannot avoid it. No sooner are their eyes open, but after terrible and trouble- 
some dreams their heavy hearts begin to sigh : they are still fretting, chafing, sighing, 
grieving, complaining, finding faults, repining, grudging, weeping, Heautonlimorume' 
noi, vexing themselves, *' disquieted in mind, with restless, unquiet thoughts, discon- 
tent, either for their own, other men's or public affairs, such as concern them not ; 
things past, present, or to come, the remembrance of some disgrace, loss, injury, 
abuses, &c. troubles them now being idle afresh, as if it were new done ; they are 
afflicted otherwise for some danger, loss, want, shame, misery, that will certainly 
come, as they suspect and mistrust. Lugubris Ate frowns upon them, insomuch that 
Areteus well calls it angorem animi^ a vexation of the mind, a perpetual agony. 
They can hardly be pleased, or eased, though in other men's opinion most happy, 

go, tarry, run, ride, ^^ post equitem sedet atra ciira: they cannot avoid this feral 

plague, let them come in what company they will, *^^ hceret leteri lethalis arundo, as 
to a deer that is struck, whether he run, go, rest with the herd, or alone, this grief 
remains: irresolution, inconstancy, vanity of mind, their fear, torture, care, jealousy, 
suspicion, &.C., continues, and they cannot be relieved. So ^^ he complained in the 
poet, 

"Dnmiim revortor tnoestiis, atque animo fere 1 Video alios festinare, lectos sternere, 

Perturbato, atnue incerto piae igritmline, Cranain apparare, pro se qiiisi^jue sediilo 

Assido, accurrunt servi: succos detrahunt, | Faciebant, quo illaiii mihi lenirent iiiiseriam." 

" He came home sorrowful, and troubled in his mind, his servants did all they pos- 
sibly could to please him ; one pulled off his socks, another made read)' his bed, a 
third his supper, all did their utmost endeavours to ease his grief, and exhilarate his 
person, he was profoundly melancholy, he had lost his son, illud angebat^ that wa& 
his Cordolium, his pain, his agony which could not be removed." 

Tcedium viics.] Hence it proceeds many times, that they are weary of their lives, 
and feral thoughts to offer violence to their own persons come into their minds, 
tcedhim vitcc is a common symptom, tarda Jluunt^ ingrataque teinpora., they are soon 
tired with all things ; they will now tarry, now be gone ; now in bed they will rise, 
now up, then go to bed, now pleased, then again displeased ; now they like, by and 
by dislike all, weary of all, sequitur nunc vivendi^ nunc moriendl cupido., saith Aure- 
lianus, lib. 1. cap. 6, but most part ^'"vifam datnnant, discontent, disquieted, perplexed 
upon every light, or no occasion, object : often tempted, I say, to make away them- 
selves : ^ Vivere nolunt., mori nesciunt : they cannot die, they will not live : they 
complain, weep, lament, and think they lead a most miserable life, never was any 
man so bad, or so before, every poor man they see is most fortunate in respect of 
them, every beggar that comes to the door is happier than they are, they could be 
contented to change lives with them, especially if they be alone, idle, and parted 
from their ordinary company, molested, displeased, or provoked : grief, fear, agony, 
discontent, wearisomeness, laziness, suspicion, or some such passion forcibly seizeiii 

"Cap. 15. in 9. Rhasis, in rnultis vidi, pra!ter rationeni I Eftl. 1. *-<iOvid. Met. 4. ^i liiqiiies animus 

semper aliquid timent, in csteris tarnen optiriie se | ""^ Hor. I. 3. Od. 1. "Dark care rides behind hnn.' 

gerunt, neque aliquid pr.Tler dignitatem conimitliiiit. js^Virg. 84 Mened, Heautonl, Act. 1. sc. 1. »^Alto 

'^Aitoiiiarus cap 7. Areteus, triste, sunt. "JVlant. ( marus. ^^Seneca. 



Mem. 1 Subs. 2.^ 



Symptoms in the Mind. 



237 



on them. Yet by ana by when they come in company agam, which tney like, or 
be pleased, siiam senientiam rursus damnant, et vita solatia deUctantur., as Octavius 
Horatianus observes, lib. 2. cap. 5, they condemn their former mislike, and are well 
pleased to live. And so they continue, till with some fresh discontent they Le 
molested again, and then they are weary of their lives, weary of all, they will die, 
and show rather a necessity to live, than a desire. Claudius the emperor, as " Suetoii 
describes him, had a spice of this disease, for when he was tormented with the pain 
of his stomach, he had a conceit to make away himself Julius Cassar Claudinus, 
consil. 84. had a Polonian to his patient, so affected, that through ^^fear and sorrow, 
with which he Avas still disquieted, hated his own life, wished for death every 
moment, and to be freed of his misery. Mercurialis another, and another that was 
often minded to despatch himself, and so continued for many years. 

Suspicion., Jealousy.] Suspicion, and jealousy, are general symptoms: they are 
commonly distrustful, apt to mistake, and amplify, /iaci/e irascibilcs., *^ testy, pettish, 
peevish, and ready to snarl upon every ** small occasion, ciwi ainicissimis, and with- 
out a cause, datum vel non datum.) it will be scandalum acceptum. If they speak in 
jest, he takes it in good earnest. If they be not saluted, invited, consulted with, 
called to counsel, &c., or that any respect, small compliment, or ceremony be omitted, 
they think themselves neglected, and contemned; for a time that tortures them. If 
two talk together, discourse, whisper, jest, or tell a tale in general, he thinks pre- 
sently they mean him, applies all to himself, de se putat omnia did. Or if they talk 
with him, he is ready to misconstrue every word they speak, and interpret it to the 
worst ; he cannot endure any man to look steadily on him, speak to him almost, 
laugh, jest, or be familiar, or hem, or point, cough, or spit, or make a noise some- 
times, Slc. ®' He thinks they laugh or point at him, or do it in disgrace of him, cir- 
cumvent him, contemn him ; every man looks at him, he is pale, red, sweats for 
fear and anger, lest somebody should observe him. He works upon it, and long 
after this false conceit of an abuse troubles him. Montanus consil. 22. gives instance 
in a melancholy Jew, that was Iracundior Jldria., so waspish and suspicious, tarn 
facile iratus., that no man could tell how to carry himself in his company. 

Inconstancy.] Inconstant they are in all their actions, vertiginous, restless, unapt 
to resolve of any business, they will and will not, persuaded to and fro upon every 
small occasion, or word spoken : and yet if once they be resolved, obstinate, hard 
to be reconciled. If they abhor, dislike, or distaste, once settled, though to the better 
by odds, by no counsel, or persuasion, to be removed. Yet in most things wavering 
irresolute, unable to deliberate, through (ear, faciunt,, et moxfacti poenitent [Aretcus) 
avari, et paulo post prodigi. Now prodigal, and then coveious, they do, and by-and- 
by repent them of that which they have done, so that both ways they are troubled, 
whether they do or do not, want or have, hit or miss, disquieted of all hands, soon 
weary, and still seeking change, restless, I say, fickle, fugitive, they may not abide 
to tarry in one place long. 

92" Rom» riis optans, absentem rusticus iirbem 
Tollit ad astra" 

.lo company long, or to persevere in any action or business. 

93" Et siiiiilis rcgum pueris, pappare miniitiim 
Poscit, et iratus mainmee lullare recusal," 

eftsoons pleased, and anon displeased, as a man that's bitten with fleas, or that cai; 
not sleep turns to and fro in his bed, their restless minds are tossed and vary, they 
nave no patience to read out a book, to play out a game or two, walk a mile, si« 
an hour, &c., erected and dejected in an instant; animated to undertake, and upon a 
word spoken again discouraged. 

Passionate.] Extreme passionate, Quicquid volunt valde volunt ; and what they 
desire, they do most furiously seek ; anxious ever, and very solicitous, distrustful 



s' Cap. 31. duo slnmarhi dolore correptum se, etiam 
de cousciscendn mnrte co^itasse dixit. ssLnjjet et 

semper tristatur, solitudinem anidt, mortem si hi preca- 
lur, vitam propriam odio hahet. ^gpacjig j„ jram 

iiiciilunt. Aret. s" Ira sine causa, velocltas irae. 

Savanarola. pract. major, velocitas irse signum. Avi- 
'■"»na I. 3. Fer. ]. Tract. 4. cap. 18. Angor sine causa. 



^iSuspicio, diffidentia syinptomata. Crato Ep. Ju.io 
Alexandrino coiis. 18.5 Seoltzii. ^'Um. "At Rome, 

wishing for the fields, in the country, extolling the city 
lo the skies." ^ Pers. Sat. 3. "And like the chil 

dren of nobility, require to eat paji, and, angry at tlw 
nurse, refuse her to sing lullaby." 



Symptoms oj Melandwlij. 



[Part. l.Sec. 3. 



238 

and timorous, Pivious, malicious, profuse one while, sparing another, but most part 
covetous, muttering, repining, discontent, and still complaining, grudging, peevish 
injurlarum tcnaces, prone to revenge, soon troubled, and most violent in all their 
imaginations, not affable in speech, or apt to vulgar compliment, but surly, dull, sac 
austere; cogUabundi still, very intent, and as ^^Alberlus Durer paints melanchol; 
like a sad woman leaning on her arm with fixed looks, neglected habit, &c,, helc 
therefore by some proud, soft, sottish, or half-mad, as the Abderites esteemed ol 
Democritus : and yet of a deep reach, excellent apprehension, judicious, wise, and 
witty : for I am of that ^^ nobleman^s mind, " Melancholy advanceth men's conceits, 
more than any humour whatsoever," improves their meditations more than any strong 
drink or sack. They are of profound judgment in some things, although in others 
non rede judicant inqulcti^ saith Fracastorius, lib. 2. de Intell. And as Arculanus, 
c. 16. in 9. Rhasis, terms it. Judicium pier umque perversum^ corruptly cum judicum 
honesta inhonesta, ct amicitlam habent pro inimiciiia : they count honesty dishonesty, 
'riends as .enemies, they will abuse their best friends, and dare not offend their ene- 
mies. Cowards most part et ad inferendam injuriam limidissimi^ saith Cardan, lib. 8. 
cap. 4. de rerum varletate : loth to offend, and if they chance to overshoot them- 
selves in word or deed : or any small business or circumstance be omitted, forgotten, 
they are miserably tormented, and frame a thousand dangers and inconveniences 
to themselves, ex musca elephantem., if once they conceit it: overjoyed with ever)' 
good rumor, tale, or prosperous event, transported 'beyond themselves: with every 
small cross again, bad news, misconceived injury, loss, danger, afflicted beyond 
measure, in great axony, perplexed, dejected, astonished, impatient, utterly undone: 
fearful, suspicious of all. Yet again, many of them desperate hairbrains, rash, care- 
less, fit to be assassins, as being void of all fear and sorrow, according to ^ Hercules 
de Saxonid, " Most audacious, and such as dare walk alone in the night, through 
deserts and dangerous places, fearing none." 

Amorous.] " They are prone to love," and ®' easy to be taken ; Propensi ad araorem 
et excandesccntiam [Montaltus cap. 21.) quickly enamoured, and dote upon all, love 
one dearly, till they see another, and then dote on her, Et hanc, et lianc, ct illam, et 
omnes, the present moves most, and the last commonly they love best. Yet some 
again Anterotes. cannot endure the sight of a woman, abhor the sex, as that same 
melancholy °* duke of Muscovy, that was instantly sick, if he came but in sight of 
them ; and that ''^Anchorite, that fell into a cold palsy, when a woman was brought 
bel"ore him. 

Humorous.] Humorous they are beyond all measure, sometimes profusely laughing, 
extraordinarily merry, and then again weeping without a cause, (which is familiar 
with many gentlewomen,) groaning, sighing, pensive, sad, almost distracted, ?nulta 
absurda fingunt^ el a ratione aliena (saith '"Frambesarius), they feign many absurdi- 
ties, vain, void of reason : one supposeth himself to be a dog, cock, bear, horse, 
glass, butter, &c. He is a giant, a dwarf, as strong as an hundred men, a lord, duke, 
prince, Stc. And if he be told he hath a stinking breath, a great nose, that he is sick, 
or inclined to such or such a disease, he believes it eftsoons, and peradventure by 
force of imagination will work it out. Many of them are immovable, and fixed in 
their conceits, others vary upon every object, heard or seen. If they see a stage- 
play, they run upon that a week after ; if they hear music, or see dancing, they have 
nought but bag-pipes in their brain : if they see a combat, they are all for arms. ' If 
abiised, an abuse troubles them long after ; if crossed, that cross, &c. Restless in 
their thoughts and actions, continually meditating, Velut cp.gri somnia^ vanes fingun- 
fur species; more like dreams, than men awake, they fain a company of antic, fantas- 
tical conceits, they have most frivolous thoughts, impossible to be effected ; and 
sometimes think verily they hear and see present before their eyes such phantasms 
or goblins, they fear, suspect, or conceive, they still talk with, and follow them. In 
fine, cogitaliones somniantihis siiniles^ id vigilant^ quod alii somniant cogitabundi . 
still, saith Avicenna, they wake, as others dream, and such for the most part are their 



M In his Dutch work picture. '^ Howard cap. 7. 

differ. »«Tract. rie mcl. cap. 2. Noctu ambulant pfir 

sylvas, et Inca periculosa, neminem tinietit. ^' Facile 
aniaiit. Altnnt. '■»' Bodiiic. !o. Major vitis 

Datruiii fill. Wi. Paulus Abim-- Ereiniia lanta so'ituiline, 



perseverat, ut nee vestem, nee vultum inulieris ferre 
possit, &r, !"» Consult, liii. 1. 17. Cons. ' Generally 
as they are pleased or displeased, so are their continuul 
cng'tatiuiis pleasing or displeasing, 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.j SifmjAoms in the Mind. . 239 

imaginalioiis and conceits, ^absurd, vain, foolish toys, yet they are 'most curious and 
ciolicitous, continual, et supra modum^ Rhasis cont. lib. 1. cap. 9. prcemedit.antur de 
uliqua re. As serious in a toy, as if it were a most necessary business, ot great 
moment, importance, and still, still, still thinking of it: sofviimt in se, macerating them- 
selves. Though they do talk with you, and seem to be otherwise employed, and to 
your thinking very intent and busy, still 'that toy runs in their mind, that fear, that 
suspicion, that abuse, that jealousy, that agony, that vexation, that cross, that castle 
in tiie air, that crotchet, that whimsy, that fiction, that pleasant waking dream, what- 
soever it is. JVec interrogant (saith ■* Fracastorius) nee intcrrogatis recte respondent 
They do not much heed wliat you say, their mind is on another matter; ask what 
you will, they do not attend, or much intend that business they are about, but forget 
themselves what they are saying, doing, or should otherwise say or do, whither tliey 
are going, distracted with their own melancholy thoughts. One laughs upon a 
sudden, another smiles to himself, a third frowns, calls, his lips go still, he acts witli 
his hand as he walks, &.c. 'Tis proper to all melancholy men, saith ^Mercurialis, 
con. 11. "What conceit they have once entertained, to be most intent, violent, and 
continually about it." Invitas occurrit., do what they may they cannot be rid of 
it, against their wills they must think of it a thousand times over, Pcrpetuo moles- 
tantur nee oblivisci possimt, they are continually troubled with it, in company, out 
of company; at meat, at exercise, at all times and places, ^non desinunt ea, qu(2 
mininie volunt, cogitare, if it be offensive especially, they cannot forget it, they may 
not rest or sleep for it, but still tormenting themselves, Si/sijM saxuin volvunt sibi 
ipsis., as 'Bruuner observes, Ferpctua calamitas et tniserabi/e flageUum. 

Bashfulncss.] *Crato, ^Laurentius, and Fernelius, put bashfulness for an ordinary 
symptom, sabrusticus pudor., or vitiosus pudor., is a thing which much haunts and tor- 
ments them. If they have been misused, derided, disgraced, chidden, Stc, or by any 
perturbation of mind, misalFected, it so far troubles them, that they become quite moped 
many times, and so disheartened, dejected, they dare not come abroad, into strange 
companies especially, or manage their ordinary affairs, so childish, timorous, and basli- 
ful, they can look no man in the face ; some are more disquieted in this kind, some 
less, longer some, others shorter, by fits, &.C., though some on the other side (according 
to '° Fracastorius) be inverecundi et pertinaces., impudent and peevish. But most part 
they are very shamefaced, and tliat makes them witli Pet. Blesensis, Christopher LFrs- 
vi'ick, and many such, to refuse honours, offices, and preferments, which sometimes fall 
mto their mouths, they cannot speak, or put forth themselves as others can, timor Aos, 
pudor impedit illos^ timorousness and bashfulness hinder their proceedings, they are 
contented with tfieir present estate, unwilling to undertake any office, and therefore 
never likely to rise. For that cause they seldom visit their friends, except some fami- 
liars : pauciloqui, of few words, and oftentimes wholly silent. " Frambeserius, a 
Frenchman, had two such patients, omnino taciturnos^ their friends could not get them 
to speak : Roderictis a Fonesca consult, torn. 2. 85. consil. gives instance in a young 
man, of twenty-seven years of age, that was frequently silent, bashful, moped, soli- 
tary, that would not eat his meat, or sleep, and yet again by fits apt to be angry, &c. 

Solitariness.] Most part they are, as Plater notes, desides., taciturni^ cegre iinpulsi^ 
nee nisi coacti procedunt., Sfc. they will scarce be compelled to do that which concerns 
them, though it be for their good, so diffident, so dull, of small or no compliment , 
unsociable, hard to be acquainted with, especially of strangers; they had rather write 
their minds than speak, and above all things love solitariness. Ob voluptaiem, an ol 
tiraorem soli sunt? Are they so solitary for pleasure (one asks) or pain.? for both 
yet I rather think for fear and sorrow, &.c. 

"'" Uiiic metuuiit cupiuntque, dolent fugiuntque, nee I " Hence 'tis they grieve and fear, avoiding light, 
auras And shut themselves in prison dark from sight." 

Respiciunt, clausi tenebris, et carcere ceeco." | 

As Bellerophon in '^ Homer, 

" Q,ni raiser in sylvis mnercns .jrrdbat npacis, I " That wandered in the woods sad all alonp 

Ipse suuni cur e<leiis, honiiiium vestigia vitans." | Forsaking men's society, making great moan. ' 



sOmnes excercenf vanje intensxque animi cogita- I etiam vel invitis semper occurrant. sxiillius Je 

Viones, (N. Pisn Bruel) et assidiiap. ^Ciiriosi de rebus I sen " Oonsil. raed. pro Mypochondriaco. « Con 

minimis. Aretens. < Lib. 2. de Intell. 6 H x I sil. 43. ^Oap.o. w Lib. 2. de Intell. "Coa 

me anchnlicis oriinihiis propriuni, ut qiias semel imam- suit. 1.5. et 16. lib. 1. I'^Virg. ^n. 6. '^ Iliad, .'i. 
na jones valde reciperiui, non facile rejiciant, sed hs | 



240 Symptoms of Mehncholy. -^Part. 1. *3ec. d 

They delight in floods and waters, desert places, to walk alone in orchards, gardens, 
private walks, back lanes, averse from company, as Diogenes in his tub, or Timon 
Misanthropus, '"' they ablior all companions at last, even their nearest acquaintances 
and most familiar friends, for they havd a conceit (I say) every man observes them, 
will deride, laugh to scorn, or misuse them, confining themselves therefore wholly 
to their private houses or chambers, fugiunt homines sine causa (saith Rhasis) et odio 
habent^ cont. I. I.e. 9. they will diet themselves, feed and live alone. It was one of 
the chiefest reasons why the citizens of Abdera susp'^cted Democritus to be melan- 
choly and mad, because that, as Hippocrates related in his Epistle to Philopoemenes, 
"''^he forsook the city, lived in groves and hollow trees, upon a green bank by a 
brook side, or continence of waters all day long, and all night." Quce quidem (saith 
he) plurbnum atra bile vexatis et melancholicis evcniuni^ dcserta frequent ant^ homi- 
niimque congressum aversanlur; '^ which is an ordinary thing with melancholy men. 
The Egyptians therefore in their hieroglyphics expressed a melancholy man by a 
hare sitting in her form, as being a most timorous and solitary creature. Pterins Hie- 
roglyph. I. 12. But this, and all precedent symptoms, are more or less apparent, as 
the humour is intended or remitted, hardly perceived in some, or not all, most mani- 
fest in others. Childish in some, terrible in others ; to be derided in one, pitied or 
admired in another; to him by fits, to a second continuate : and howsoever these 
symptoms be common and incident to all persons, yet they are the more remarkable, 
frequent, furious and violent in melancholy men. To speak in a word, there is 
nothing so vain, absurd, ridiculous, extravagant, impossible, incredible, so monstrous 
a chimsera, so prodigious and strange, "such as painters and poets durst not attempt, 
which they will not really fear, feign, suspect and imagine unto themselves: and that 
which '^Lod. Viv. said in a jest of a silly country fellow, that killed his ass for drink- 
ing up the moon, ut Imiam mundo redderet, you may truly say of them in earnest ; 
they will act, conceive all extremes, contrarieties, and contradictions, and that in in- 
finite varieties. MelanchoUci plane incredihilia sibi. persuadent, ut vix omnibus saculis 
duo reperti sint, qui idem imaginati sint (^Erastus de Lamiis)^ scarce two of two 
thousand that concur in the same symptoms. The tower of Babel never yielded 
such confusion of tongues, as the chaos of melancholy doth variety of symptoms. 
There is in all melancholy similitudo dissimilisy like men's faces, a disagreeing like- 
ness still ; and as in a river we swim in the same place, though not in the same 
numerical water; as the same instrument affords several lessons, so the same disease 
yields diversity of symptoms. Which howsoever they be diverse, intricate, and hard 
to be confined, I will adventure yet in such a vast confusion and generality to bring 
them into some order ; and so descend to particulars. 

SuBSECT. III. — Particular Symptoms from the influence of Stars, parts of the Body, 

and Humours. 

Some men have peculiar symptoms, according to their temperament and crisis, 
which they had from the stars and those celestial influences, variety of wits and dis- 
positions, as Anthony Zara contends, ^nat. ingen. sect. 1. memb. 11, 12, 13, 14. plu- 
rimurti irritant inftuenticE coelesfes, unde cicntur animi ccgritudines et morhi corporinn. 
'^One saith, diverse diseases of the body and mind proceed from their influences, 
^"as I have already proved out of Ptolemy, Pontanus, Lemnius, Cardan, and others 
as they are principal significators of manners, diseases, mutually irradiated, or lords 
of the geniture, &c. Ptolomeus in his centiloquy, Hermes, or whosoever ehe the 
author of that tract, attributes all these symptoms, which are in melancholy men, 
to celestial influences: which opinion JV/erctma/ts de affect, lib. cap. 10. rejects; 
but, as I say, ^' Jovianus Pontanus and others stiffly defend. That some are solitary, 
dull, heavy, churlish; some again blithe, buxom, light, and merry, they ascribe 
wholly to the stars. As if Saturn be predominant in his nativity, and cause melan- 

HSi malum exasperantur, homines odio habent et I et factus sum velut nycticorax indomicilio, passer soli 
solitaria petuiit. 's Democritus solet noctes et dies tarins in lemplo. " Et qua; vix audrt fabula, monslra 

apud se desere, plerumque autem in speUincis, sub parit. i«In cap. 18. 1. 10. de civ. dei, Lunam ab 

amoEnis arboruin ninbris vel in tenehris, et mollibus [ Asino epotam videns. ■>■ Vel. 1. 4. r. 5. '"Sect, 

.herbis, vel ad aquarum crebra et qiiiela fluenta, &c. ' 2. Meinb. 1. Subs. 4. *' De reb. cinlest lib. W.c. 13 

•'fiaudet tenebris, aiiturqiie dolor. Ps. Ixii. Vigilavi I 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.J Symptoms of the Stars, Humours, <^c. 241 

«-holy ill his temperature, then ^^he shall be very austere, sullen, churlish, black of 
oolour, profound in his cogitations, full of cares, miseries, and discontents, sad and 
'earful, always'silent, solitary, still delighting in husbandry, in woods, orchards, gar- 
dens, rivers, ponds, pools, dark walks and close : Coglfationes sunt velle (sdijicare. 
Vslle ar bores plantar e, agros colere, S^c. To catch birds, fishes, &c. still contriving 
and musing of such matters. If Jupiter domineers, they are more ambitious, still 
meditating of kingdoms, magistracies, offices, honours, or that they are princes, 
potentates, and how they would carry themselves, &c. If Mars, they are all for wars, 
brave combats, monomachies, testy, choleric, harebrain, rash, furious, and violent in 
their actions. They will feign themselves victors, commanders, are passionate and 
satirical in their speeches, great braggers, ruddy of colour. And though they be 
poor in shew, vile and base, yet like Telephus and Peleus in the '^^ poet, Jlmpullas 
jactant et sesquipedalia verba, "forget their swelling and gigantic words," their 
knouths are full of myriads, and tetrarchs at their tongues' end. If the sun, they will 
be lords, emperors, in conceit at least, and monarchs, give offices, honours, &c. If 
Venus, they are still courting of their mistresses, and most apt to love, amorously 
given, they seem to hear music, plays, see fine pictures, dancers, merriments, and the 
like. Ever in love, and dote on all they see. Mercurialists are solitary, much in 
contemplation, subtile, poets, philosophers, and musing most part about such matters. 
If the moon have a hand, they are alt for peregrinations, sea voyages, much affected 
with travels, to discourse, read, meditate of such things ; wandering in their thoughts, 
diverse, much delighting in waters, to fish, fowl, &c. 

But the most immediate symptoms proceed from the temperature itself, and the 
organical parts, as head, liver, spleen, meseraic veins, heart, womb, stomach, &c., 
and most especially from distemperature of spirits (which, as ^^ Hercules de Saxonia 
contends, are wholly immaterial), or from the four humours in those seats, whether 
they be hot or cold, natural, unnatural, innate or adventitious, intended or remitted, 
simple or mixed, their diverse mixtures, and several adustions, combinations, which 
may be as diversely varied, as those^^ four first qualities in ^^Clavius, and produce as 
many several symptoms and monstrous fictions as wine doth effect, which as Andreas 
Bachius observes, lib. 3. de vino, cap. 20. are infinite. Of greater note be these. 

If it. be natural melancholy, as Lod. Mcrcatus, lib. 1. cap. 17. de melan. T. Bright, 
c. 16. hath largely described, either of the spleen, or of the veins, faulty by excess 
of quantity, or thickness of substance, it is a cold and dry humour, as Montanus 
affirms, consil. 26. the parties are sad, timorous and fearful. Prosper Calenus, in his 
book de atra bile, will have them to be more stupid than ordinary, cold, heavy, soli- 
tary, sluggish. Si multam atram bilcm et frigickun habent. Hercules de Saxonia, 
c. 19. /. 7. ^'"•'' holds these that are naturally melancholy, to be of a leaden colour or 
black," and so doth Guianerius, c. 3. tract. 15. and such as think themselves dead 
manv times, or that they see, talk with black men, dead men, spirits and goblins 
frequently, if it be in excess. These symptoms vary according to the mixture of 
those four humours adust, which is unnatural melancholy. For as Trallianus hath 
written, cap. 16. Z. 7. "*" There is not one cause of this melancholy, nor one 
humour which begets, but divers diversely intermixed, from whence proceeds this 
variety of symptoms :" and those varying again as they are hot or cold. ^^ " Cold 
melancholy (saith Benedic. Vittorius Faventinus pract. mag.) is a cause of dotage, 
and more mild symptoms, if hot or more adust, of more violent passions, and furies." 
Fracastorius, I. 2. de intellect, will have us to consider well of it, '"'" with what kind 
of melancholy every one is troubled, for it much avails to know it ; one is enraged 
by fervent heat, another is possessed by sad and cold ; one is fearful, shamefaced ; 
the other impudent and bold ; as Ajax, Jlrma rapit superosque furens in prcelia pos- 
<it: quite mad or tending to madness. JVunc hos, nunc impetit illos. Bellerophon 
»»n the other side, solis errat male sanus in agris, wanders alone in the woods ; one 
despairs, weeps, and is weary of his life, another laughs, &c. All which variety is 

*2 1, de Indagine Goclenius. 's fjor. de art. poet, i rens, sed plures, et alius alitor mutatiisi, unde non oni- 

'* Tract. 7. dn Melan. "s Humidum, calidurn, frigi- nes eadein sentiunt syinntnmata. 3" Humor friwidiis 

diim, siccum. ii'Com. in 1 c. Jolianiiis de Sacro- | delirii caiipa, humor calidiis fiiroris. *'iVIuUmn 

bosro. 2' Si residet melancholia naturalis, tales refert qua quisque melancholia teneatur, hunc ftrvcas 

pliimbei coloris ant ni^ri. stnpidi, solitarii. 58 [yfon et aceensa apitat, ilium tristis et frigf is m I'upat h 

una melancholije causa est, nee unus humor vitii pa- ' timidi, illi inverecundi, iiitrepidi, &c. 

3i V 



242 Symptoms oj Melancholy. i Pan. i. Sec. .i. 

produced from t: e several degrees of heat and cold, which •'" Hercules de ^axonia 
will have wholly proceed from the distemperalure of spirits alone, animal especiall}', 
and those immatt rial, the next and immediate causes of melancholy, as they are hoi, 
cold, (hy, moist, and from their agitation proceeds that diversity of symptoms, which 
lie reckons up, in the "tliirteenth chap, of his Tract of Melancholy, and that largely 
through every part. Others will have them come from the diverse adustion of the 
four humours, vvliich in this unnatural melancholy, by corruption of blood, adust 
choler, or melancholy natural, '^^"•by excessive distemper of heat turned, in com- 
parison of the natural, into a sharp lye by force of adustion, cause, according to the 
Jiversity of dieir matter, chverse and strange symptoms," which T. Bright reckons 
up in his following chapter. So doth '*' Arculanus, according to the four principal 
humours adust, and many odiers. 

For example, if it proceed from phlegm, (which is seldom and not so frequently 
as the rest) ^^it stirs up dull symptoms, and a kind of stupidity, or impassionate 
hurt: they are sleepy, saith ^"^ Savanarola, didl, slow, cold, blockish, ass-like, .^.si/?/.- 
na7n melanchoUam^ ''^ Melancthon calls it, " they are much given to weeping, and 
delight in waters, ponds, pools, rivers, fishing, fowling, &c." (^ArnoMus breviar. I. 
cap. 18.) They are ^^pale of colour, slotliful, apt to sleep, heavy; ''^much troubled 
witli head-aclie, continual meditation, and muttering to themselves; they dream of 
waters, ■"" that they are in danger of drowning, and fear such things, Rhasis. Thev 
are fatter than others that are melancholy, of a muddy complexion, apter to spit, 
*' sleep, more troubled with rhenm than the rest, and have their eyes still fixed on 
the ground. Such a patient had Hercules de Saxonia, a widow in Venice, that was 
fat and very sleepy still ; Christophorus a Vega another affected in the same sort. 
If it be inveteratt or violent, the symptoms are more evident, they plainly denote 
and are ridiculous to others, in all their gestures, actions, speeches ; imagining im- 
possibilities, as he in Christophorus a Vega, that thought he was a tun of wine, 
^^and that Siennois, that resolved within himself not to piss, for fear he sliould drown 
all the town, 

If it proceed from blood adust, or that there be a mixture of blood in it, ^""such 
are commonly ruddy of complexion, and high-coloured," according to Salust Salvi- 
anus, and Hercules de Saxouiii. And as Savanarola, Vittorius Faventinus Emper. 
farther adds, ''^"the veins of their eyes be red, as well as their faces." They are 
much inclined to laughter, witty and merry, conceited in discourse, pleasant, if they 
be not far gone, much given to music, dancing, and to be in women's company. 
They meditate wholly on such things, and think ''^" they see or hear plays, dancing, 
and such-like sports (free from all fear and sorrow, as ''^ Hercules de Saxonia sup- 
poseth.) If they be more strongly possessed with this kind of melancholy. Arnol- 
dus adds, Breviar. lib. 1. cap. 18. Like him of Argos in the Poet, that sate laugh- 
ing ""^all day long, as if he had been at a theatre. Such another is mentioned by 
** Aristotle, living at Abydos, a town of Asia Minor, that would sit after the same 
fashion, as if he had been upon a stage, and sometimes act himself; now clap his 
hands, and laugh, as if he had been well pleased with the sight. Wolfius relates of 
a country fellow called Brunsellius, subject to this humour, '*®" that being by chance 
at a sermon, saw a woman fall off from a form half asleep, at which object most of 
the company laughed, but he for his part was so much moved, that for three whole 
days after he did nothing but laugh, by which means he was much weakened, a-id 
worse a long time following." Such a one was old Sophocles, and Democritns him- 
self had hiktre delirium., much in this vein. Laurentius cap. 3. de mclnn. thinks this 
kind of melancholy, which is a little adust with some mixture of blood, to be that 
which Aristotle meant, when he said melancholy men of all others are most witty, 



"Cap. 7. et 8. Tract, de Mel. » Siena melancholise 
ox irilHiiiperie et ajiitatioiie spirituiiin sine materia. 
SST. Bright cap. 16. Treat. Mel. siQap. 16. in 9. 

Rhasis. 3^ Bri;;ht, c. 16. 38 Pract. major. Som- 

nians, picer, frigidiis. s' De ariima cap. ile humor, 

si a Phlegmate semper in aqiiis fere sunt, et circa fliivios 
ploraiit mullum. S" Piirrri nasciturex colore palliilo 



rcntius. <3Ca. 6. de mel. Si a sanguine, venit rubedo 
oculorum et faciei, plurimus risus. « Venne nculorum 
sunt rubra;, vide an prfficesserit vini et aromatum usiis, 
et fr('<pieris balneum. Trallian. lib. 1. 16. an prfeci'Sseril 
mora sub sole. ^"'Ridet patiens si a sanf,'Uiue, putat 

se videre choreas, musicam aiidire. ludos. ice. <6Cnp 
2. Tract. i\>- Melati. •" Hor. ep. lib. 2. quidani hand 



et alho. Her. de Saxon. a'JSavaiiarola. wMuros ignobilis Ar^iis. &c. « [,ib. de rehrnir. "(Uin- 

CBilere in se, ant sub-ner 'i tinient, cum torp^^e et ,*?b- inter coiicionaiidiini miilierdormiense siibS(>llio caileret 

nitic, et fluvios airarl tales, Ale.vand. c. 16 lib. 7. el omncs reljqu' qui id viilerenl, riderunt, trihus posi 

•' Semper fere dormit 8<n jiolenla c. 16. 1 7. '^Liiu diebus, &.i 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of the Stars, Humours, Sfr. 243 

which causeth many times a divine ravishment, and a kind of enthnsi.asmus, which 
«tirreth them up to be excellent philosophers, poets, prophets, &c. Mercurialis, 
consil. 110. gives instance in a young man his patient, sanguine melancholy, ^°" of a 
great wit, and excellently learned." 

If it arise from choler adust, they are lold and impudent, and of a more hairbrain 
disposition, apt to quarrel, and think of such things, battles, combats, and their man- 
hood, furious ; impatient in discourse, stiff, irrefragable and prodigious in their tenets; 
and if tliey be moved, most violent, outrageous, ^' ready to disgrace, provoke any, 
to kill themselves and others; Arnoldus adds, stark mad by fits, ^^" they sleep little, 
their urine is subtile and fiery. (Guianerius.) In their fits you shall hear them 
speak all manner of languages, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, that never were taught or 
knew them before." Apponensis in com. in Pro. sec. 30. speaks of a mad woman 
that spake excellent good Latin : and Rhasis knew another, that could prophecy in 
her fit, and fortel things truly to come. ^^ Guianerius had a patient could make 
Latin verses when the moon was combust, otherwise illiterate. Avicenna and some 
of his adherents will have these symptoms, when they happen, to proceed from the 
devil, and that they are rather dcmoniaci, possessed, than mad or melancholy, or 
both together, as Jason Pratensis thinks, Immiscent se mall genii^ &c. but most 
ascribe it to the humour, which opinion Montaltus cap. 21. stiffly maintains, con- 
futing Avicenna and the rest, referring it wholly to the quality and disposition of the 
humour and subject. Cardan de rerum var. lib. 8. cap. 10. holds these men of all 
others fit to be assassins, bold, hardy, fierce, and adventurous, to undertake anything 
b}' reason of their choler adust. ^^'•' This humour, saith he, prepares them to endure 
death itself, and all manner of torments with invincible courage, and 'tis a wonder 
to see with what alacrity they will undergo such tortures," ul supra naturam res 
videatur: he ascribes this generosity, fury, or rather stupidity, to this adustion of 
choler and melancholy : but I take these rather to be mad or desperate, than pro- 
perly melancholy, for commonly this humour so adust and hot, degenerates into 
madness. 

If it come from melancholy itself adust, those men, saith Avicenna, ^^"are usually 
sad and solitary, and that continually, and in excess, more than ordinardy suspicious 
more fearful, and have long, sore, and most corrupt imaginations ;" cold and black, 
bashful, and so solitary, that as ^''Arnoldus writes, " they will endure no company, they 
dream of graves still, and dead men, and think themselves bewitched or dead :" if it 
be extreme, they think they hear hideous noises, see and talk ^'"' with black men, 
and converse familiarly with devils, and such strange chimeras and visions," (Gordo- 
lius) or that they are possessed by them, that somebody talks to them, or within 
ihem. Tales melancholici plerumque dcononiaci, Montaltus consil. 26. ex Avicenna. 
Valescus de Taranta had such a woman in cure, ^^" that thought she had to do with 
the devil :" and Gentilis Fulgosus qucest. 55. writes that he had a melancholy friend 
that ^^" had a black man in the likeness of a soldier" still following him wheresoever 
he was. Laurentius cap. 7. hath many stories of such as have thought themselves 
bewitched by their enemies ; and some that would eat no meat as being dead. '""Anno 
1550 an advocate of Paris fell into such a melancholy fit, that he believed verily he 
was dead, he could not be persuaded otherwise, or to eat or drink, till a kinsman of 
his, a scholar of Bourges, did eat before him dressed like a corse. The story, saith 
Serres, was acted in a comedy before Charles the Ninth. Some think they are 
beasts, wolves, hogs, and cry like dogs, foxes, bray like asses, and low like kine, as 
King Praetus' daughters. ^' Hildesheim spicel. 2. de mania, hath an example of a 
Dutch baron so affected, and Trincavelius lib. 1. consil. 11. another of a nobleman 
in his country, *^" that thought he was certainly a beast, and would imitate most o/ 



'"Jnvenis et non vulgaris eruditionis. sigi a 

cholera, furlbiindi, interficiuiit, se et alios, putant se 
videre piignas. ^^Urina subtilis et ifinea, parum 

iloniiiiiiit. . 63 Tract. 15. c. 4. ^^ Ad ha^c perpe- 

raiida furore rapti ducuntnr, cruciatus quosvis tole- 
rant, et rnorteni, et furore exacerbato audeiit et ad sup- 
pllcia plus irritantur, tnirum est qiiaritam habeant in 
tormentis patientiam. ^^ Tales plus ceteris timeiit, 

et ciititiniie tristaiitiir, valde suspiciosi, solitudiuem di- 
'igunt, corruptissimas liabeut iinajjinationes, &c. ^ Si 



a melancholia adusta, tristes, de sepulchris soinniant, 
timent ne fascineiitiir, putant se inortuos, aspici no- 
lurit. s' Videntur sibi videre monachos nigros et 

daemonos, et suspensos et niortuos. ^^Qiiavis nocta 

se cum dsmone coire putavit. ^^Seniper fere vidisse 
militeni niiirum prasenteni. 60 Anthony di' Verdt-ur 
6'Ciuidam mut'ilus bouin a?miilanlur, et pecora se pu 
tant, ut Prieti filla-. ''^ ({3^0 quidani nnisitus lioiim 

et rusitus asinorum, et alioru") ''■■imuliuui vorei 
eifingit. 



5441 



Symptoms of Melancholy. 



.jt'art. 1. Sec. 3, 



their voices," with many such symptoms, which may properly be reduced to this 
kind 

If it proceed from the several combinations of these four humours, or spirits. 
Here, de Saxon, adds hot, cold, dry, moist, dark, confused, settled, constringed, as il 
participates of matter, or is without matter, the symptoms are likewise mixed. One 
thinks himself a giant, another a dwarf. One is heavy as lead, another is as ligl.t as 
a feather. Marcellus Donatus I. 2. cap. 41. makes mention out of Seneca, of one 
Seneccio, a rich man, ^*" that thought himself and everything else he had, great: 
great wife, great horses, could not abide little things, but would have great pots to 
drink in, great hose, and great shoes bigger than his feet." Like her in ®^ Trallianus, 
that supposed she •' could shake all the world with her finger," and was afraid to 
clinch her hand together, lest she should crush the world like an apple in pieces : or 
him in Galen, that thought he was ^^Atlas, and sustained heaven with his shoulders. 
Anotlier thinks himself so little, that he can creep into a mouse-hole : one fears 
heaven will fall on his head : a second is a cock •, and such a one, ^^Guianerius saith 
he saw at Padua, that would clap his hands together and crow. ^'Another thinks he 
is a nightingale, and therefore sings all the night long; another he is all glass, a 
pitcher, and will therefore let nobody come near him, and such a one ^"^ Laurenlius 
gives out upon his credit, that he knew in France. Christophorns a Vega cap.'.i. lib. 
14. Skenkius and Marcellus Donatus 1.2. cap. 1. have many such examples, and one 
amongst tlie rest of a baker in Ferrara that tliought he was composed of butter, and 
durst not sit in the sun, or come near the fire for fear of being melted : of another 
that thought he was a case of leather, stuffed with wind. Some laugh, weep ; some 
are mad, some dejected, moped, in much agony, some by fits, others continuate, &c. 
Some have a corrupt ear, they think they hear music, or some hideous noise as their 
phantasy conceives, corrupt eyes, some smelling, some one sense, some another. 
'*' Lewis the Eleventh had a conceit everything did stink about him, all the odorife- 
ous perfumes they could get, would not ease him, but still he smelled a filthy stink 
A melancholy French poet in ™Laurentius, being sick of a fever, and troubled with 
waking, by his physicians was appointed to use unguentum populeum to anoint his 
temples; but he so distasted the smell of it, that for many years after, all that came 
near him lie imagined to scent of it, and would let no man talk with him but aloof 
off, or wear any new clothes, because he thought still they smelled of it ; in all other 
things wise and discreet, he would talk sensibly, save only in this. A gentleman in 
Limousin, saith Anthony Verdeur, was persuaded he had but one leg, affrighted by a 
wild boar, that by chance struck him on the leg; he could not be satified his leg 
was sound (in all othec things well) until two Franciscans by chance coming that 
way, fully removed him from the conceit. Sed abunde fabularum audivimus^—' 
enough of story-telling. 



SuBSECT. IV. — Symptoms from Education^, Custom., continuance of Time., our Con- 
dition^ mixed with other Diseases., by Fits., Inclination., Sfc. 

Another great occasion of the variety of these symptoms proceeds from custom, 
discipline, education, and several inclinations, " " this humour will imprint in melan 
choly men the objects most answerable to their condition of life, and ordinary 
actions, and dispose men according to their several studies and callings." If an 
ambitious man become melancholy, he forthwith thinks he is a king, an emperor, 
a monarch, and walks alone, pleasing himself with a vain hope of some future pre- 
ferment, or present as he supposeth, and withal arts a lord's part, takes upon him to 
be some statesman or magnifico, makes conges, gives entertainment, looks big, Stc. 
Francisco Sansovino records of a melancholy man in Cremona, that would not be 
induced to believe but that he was pope, gave pardons, made cardinals, &c. "^Chris- 
tophorus a Vega makes mention of another of his acquaintance, that thought he was 
a king, driven from his kingdom, and was very anxious to recover his estate. A 



63 0mni.i magna piitabat, iixorem magnam, grandes 
equos, abhorruit omnia parva, magna ponula.et calcea- 
uienta pedibus majora. 0''Lib. 1. cap. ifi. pntaiit 

se lino digito posse totiim miinriiiiii coiittTt-Te. csgns. 
(inct tiiL-Beris coelum cum Atlaiite. Alii roeli ruiiiam 



timent. escap. 1. Tract. 15. alius se gallum putat 

alius lusciniam. ei Trallianus. ^^cap. 7. dt 

mel. ""O Anthony de Verdeur. '"Cap. 7 dlr 

inel. " Laureiitius cap. 6. '" Lib. 3. cap 

14. qui se regem putavit regno e.xpiilsum 



Mim. 1. Sub*-. 4.] Symptoms Jrom Custom. 246 

covetous peison is still conversant about purchasing of lands and tenements, plotting 
in his m'nd hov to compass such and sucli manors, as if he were already loid ot 
and abk to go through with it ; all he sees is his, re or spe, he hath devoured it in 
hope, or else in conceit esteems it his own : like him in "Athenaeus, that thought all 
the ships in the haven to be his own. A lascivious inamorato plots all the day long to 
please his mistress, acts and struts, and carries himself as if she were in presence, still 
dreaming of her, as Pamphilus of his Glycerium, or as some do in their morning 
sleep. '^ Marcellus Donatus knew such a gentlewoman in Mantua, called Elionora 
Meliorina, that constantly believed she was married to a king, and '^" would kneel 
down and talk with him, as if he had been there present with his associates ; and 
if she had found by chance a piece of glass in a muck-hill or in the street, she would 
say that it was a jewel sent from her lord and husband." If devout and religious, 
he is all for fasting, prayer, ceremonies, alms, interpretations, visions, prophecies, 
revelations, "^ he is inspired by the Holy Ghost, full of the spirit : one while he is 
saved, another while damned, or still troubled in mind for his sins, the devil will 
surely have him, &c. more of these in the third partition of love-melancholy. "A 
scholar's mind is busied about his studies, he applauds himself for that he hath done, 
or hopes to do, one while fearing to be out in his next exercise, another while con- 
temning all censures; envies one, emulates another; or else with indefatigable pains 
and meditation, consumes himself So of the rest, all which vary according to the 
more remiss and violent impression of the object, or as the humour itself is intended 
or remitted. For some are so gently melancholy, that in all their carriage, and to 
the outward apprehension of others it can hardly be discerned, yet to them an into- 
lerable burden, and not to be endured. ''^Qitccdam occulta qucedam manifcsta., some 
signs are manifest and obvious to all at all times, some to iew^ or seldom, or hardly 
perceived ; let them keep their own council, none will take notice or suspect them. 
"• They do not express in outward show their depraved imaginations," as ™ Hercules 
de Saxonia observes, " but conceal them wholly to themselves, and are very wise 
men, as I have often seen ; some fear, some do not fear at all, as such as think them- 
selves kings or dead, some have more signs, some fewer, some great, some less, some 
vex, fret, still fear, grieve, lament, suspect, laugli, sing, weep, chafe, &c. by fits (as I 
have said) or more during and permanent." Some dote in one thing, are most child- 
ish, and ridiculous, and to be wondered at in that, and yet for all other matters most 
discreet and wise. To some it is in disposition, to another in habit ; and as they 
write of heat and cold, we may say of this humour, one is melanckolicus ad octo, a 
second two degrees less, a third half-way. 'Tis superparticular, sesquialtera, sesqui- 
tertia, and superblpartiens tertias, quintas Melancholia., 6fc. all those geometrical 
proportions are too little to express it. ^°" It comes to many by fits, and goes; to 
others it is continuate : many (saith *" Faventinus) in spring and fall only are mo- 
lested, some once a year, as that Roman *^ Galen speaks of: ^' one, at the conjunction 
of the moon alone, or some unfortunate aspects, at such and such set hours and 
times, like the sea-tides, to some women when they be witli child, as ^^ Plater notes, 
never otherwise : to others 'tis settled and fixed ; to one led about and variable still 
by that ignis futuus of phantasy, like an arthritis or running gout, 'tis here and there, 
and in every joint, always molesting some part or other; or if the body be free, in 
a myriad of forms exercising the mind. A second once peradventure in his life hath 
a most grievous fit, once in seven years, once in five years, even to the extremity ol 
madness, death, or dotage, and that upon some feral accident or perturbation, terrible 
object, and for a time, never perhaps so before, never after. A third is moved upon 
all such troublesome objects, cross fortune, disaster, and violent passions, otherwise 
free, once troubled in three or four years. A fourth, if tilings be to his mind, or hf 
in action, well pleased, in good company, is most jocund, and of a good complexion : 



'3 Dipnosophist. lib. Thrasilaus putavit omnes naves 
in Pireuiii piirtum appellantes suas esse '^ De 

hisl. Med. inirHb. lib. 2. cap. 1. 'sQenibus flexis 

ioqui cum illo voliiit, et aiJstare jam tiini putavit, &,c. 
'^GordoMius, quod sit propheta, et inflalus a spirilu 
eancto. "Q.ui fnrensibus causis iiisudat, nil nisi 

irresla cogitat, et supplices libellos, alius non nisi ver- 
sus facit. P. Forestus. 'SGordonius. '^Verbo 
lion expi'iniuut., nee opere, sed alta mente recunduni. 

v2 



etsunt viri prudentissinii.quos ego saepe novi.cum multi 
sinl sine timore, ut qui se reges et niortuos putant 
plura signa quidani habent, pauciora, majora, ininoru 
™ I'rallianus, lib. 1. Ki. alii intervalla quxdam habenl, 
ut etiam coiisueta adniiiiistreut, alii in continun delirio 
sunt, &c. "1 Pnic. mag. Vere tantuni et autumno 

''^ Lib. de hunieribus. KiGuianerius. " r»' 

mentis alienat. cap. 3. 



246 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Pdii. 1. S*c. j 

if idlp, or alone, a la niort, or carried away wholly with pleasant dreams an«I ^fan- 
tasies, but if once crossed and displeased, 

■ P--;tnre conripict nil nisi tri.ste suo ;" | " He will imagine naught save sadness in his heart;" 

his conntenance is altered on a sudden, his heart heavy, irksome thoughts crucify his 
soul, and in an instant he is moped or weary of his life, he will kill himself. A fifth 
complains in his youth, a sixth in his middle age, the last in his old age. 

Generally thus much we may conclude of melancholy ; that it is *^ most pleasan*, 
at first, I say, mentis gratisslmus error, ^ a most delightsome humour, to be alone, 
dwell alone, walk alone, meditate, lie in bed whole days, dreaming awake as it were, 
and frame a thousand phantastical imaginations unto themselves. They are never 
better pleased than wlien they are so doing, they are in paradise for the time, and 
cannot well endure to be interrupt; with him in the poet, *'' poZ me occidistis umici, 
nan servdstis ait ? you have undone him, he complains, if you trouble him : tell him 
what inconvenience will follow, what will be the event, all is one, canis ad vomitum, 
^*'tis so pleasant he cannot refrain. He may thus continue peradventure many years 
by reason of a strong temperature, or some mixture of business, which may divert 
his cogitations : but at the last IcBsa imagination his phantasy is crazed, and now 
habituated to such toys, cannot but work still like a fate, the scene alters upon a 
sudden, fear and sorrow supplant those pleasing thoughts, suspicion, discontent, an<i 
perpetual anxiety succeed in their places ; so by little and little, by that shoeing-horn 
of idleness, and voluntary solitariness, melancholy this feral fiend is drawn on, ^^ et 
quantum vertice ad auras jEthereas, tantum radice in Tartara tendit, " extending 
up, by its branches, so far towards Heaven, as, by its roots, it does down towards 
Tartarus ;" it was not so delicious at first, as now it is bitter and harsh ; a cankered 
soul macerated with cares and discontents, tcedium vitce, impatience, agony, incon- 
stancy, irresolution, precipitate them unto unspeakable miseries. They cannot endure 
company, light, or life itself, some unfit for action, and the like. ^ Their bodies are 
lean and dried up, withered, ugly, their looks harsh, very dull, and their souls tor- 
mented, as they are more or less entangled, as the humour hath been intended, or 
according to the continuance of time they have been troubled. 

To discern all which symptoms the better, ^' Rhasis the Arabian makes three 
degrees of them. The first is, /a/sa co^i/a//o, false conceits and idle thoughts: to 
misconstrue and amplify, aggravating everything they conceive or fear ; the second 
is, f also cogitata loqui, to talk to themselves, or to use inarticulate incondite voices, 
speeches, obsolete gestures, and plainly to utter their minds and conceits of their 
hearts, by their words and actions, as to laugh, weep, to be silent, not to sleep, eat 
their meat, &c.: the third is to put in practice *^ that which they think or speak. 
Savanarola, Rub. 11. tract. 8. cap. 1. de cegritudine, confirms as much, ^''"when he 
begins to express that in words, which he conceives in his heart, or talks idly, or 
goes from one thing to another," which ^^Gordonius calls nee caput habentia, nee 
caudam, (" having neither head nor tail,") he is in the middle way: ''^" but when he 
begins to act it likewise, and to put his fopperies in execution, he is then in the extent 
of melancholy, or madness itself" This progress of melancholy you shall easily 
observe in them that have been so affected, they go smiling to themselves at first, at 
length they laugh out; at first solitary, at last they can endure no company: or if 
they do, they are now dizzards, past sense and shame, quite moped, they care not 
what they say or do, all their actions, words, gestures, are furious or ridiculous. At 
first his mind is troubled, he doth not attend wliat is said, if you tell him a tale, he 
cries at last, what said you ? but in the end he mutters to himself, as old women do 
many times, or old men when they sit alone, upon a sudden they laugh, whoop, 
halloo, or run away, and swear they see or hear players, ^ devils, hobgoblins, ghosts 
strike, or strut, &.c., grow humorous in the end ; like him in the poet, scepe ducentos, 
scepe decern servos, ("at one time followed by two hundred servants, 8 1 another only 

6' Levinus Leniniiis, Jason Pratensis, blanda ab initio. I incipit operari quae loquitur, in summo gradu est. 
•^''A most aiireeable mental delusion." <" Hor. i 04Cap. 19. Partic. 2. Loquitur secu..1 et ad alios, ac 'i 

*Facilis descensus averni. t'Virg. ^oCorpus vere pta;s(Mites. Aug. c;ip. 11. Ii. de cura pro mortuia 

cadaverosuin. Psa. Ixvii.cariosa est faeiesmea priua-gri- [ gfrenda. Rhasis. »'Uuum res ad hoc devenit, ul 

tudine anime S' l^ib. 9. ad Almansorem. s" Prac- i ea quiB cogiture csnperit.ore proinat, atque acta permis- 
tica majore. S3(j„|,|i, „re loquitur qu:e corde con- ceat, turn iierfecta melancholia est. Bemelanrno 

cepit, quum siihito de una re ad alind transit, neque | licus se videre et audire putat dxmones. Lava*^/ d« 
rationem de aliquo reddit, tunc est in medio, at quum i spectris, jiart. 3. cap. 2. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Symptoms nf Head-Melancholy.' 241 

by ten") he will dress himself, and undress, careless at last, grows insensible, istupiil, 
or mad. ''^He howls like a woll^. barks like a dog, and raves like Ajax and Orestes, 
hears music and outcries, which no man else hears. As ^*he did whom Amatua 
Lusitanus mentioneth cc7it.. 3, cura. 55, or that woman in ^^ Springer, that spake many 
languages, and said she was possessed : tha^ farmer in ""' Prosper Calenius, ^lat dis- 
puted and discoursed learnedly in philosoph;^ md astronomy, with Alexander Achillea 
his master, at Bologna, in Italy. But of these I have already spoken. 

Who can sufficiently speak of these symptoms, or prescribe rules to cr\mpreheii.J 
them ? as Echo to the painter in Ausonius, vane quid affeclas, Stc, foolish fellow; 
what wilt } if you must needs paint me, paint a voice, ct. similem si vis pingere^ pinge 
sontim ; if you will describe melancholy, describe a fantastical conceit, a corrupt ima- 
gination, vain thoughts and ditferent, which who can do .' The four and twenty 
letters make no more variety of words in divers* languages, than melancholy con- 
ceits produce diversity of symptoms in several persons. They are irregular, obscure, 
various, so infinite, Proteus himself is not so diverse, you may as well make the 
moon a new coat, as a true character of a melancholy man-, as soon find the motion 
of a bird in the air, as the heart of man, a melancholy man. They are so confused, 
I say, diverse, intermixed with other diseases. As the species be confounded (which 
' I have showed) so are the symptoms; sometimes with headache, cachexia, dropsy, 
stone ; as you may perceive by those several examples and illustrations, collected by 
^ fiildesheim spicel. 2. Mercurialis consil. 118. cap. 6 and 11. with headache, epilepsy, 
priapismus. Trincavelius consil.. 12. lib. 1. consil. 49. with gout: caninus appetitus. 
Montanus consil. 26, &c. 23, 234, 249, with falling-sickness, headache, vertigo, lycan- 
thropia, &c. I. Caesar Claudinus consult. 4. consult. 89 and 116. with gout, agues, 
hsemorrhoids, stone, &c., who can distinguish these melancholy symptoms so inlei-- 
mixed with others, or apply them to their several kinds, confine them into method r 
'Tis hard I confess, yet I have disposed of them as 1 could, and will descend to par- 
ticularise them according to their species. For hithert:) I have expatiated in more 
general lists or terms, speaking promiscuously of such ordinary signs, which occur 
amongst writers. Not that they are all to be found in one man, for that were to 
paint a monster or chimera, not a man : but some in one, some in another, and tliat 
successively or at several times. 

Which I have been the more curious to express and report; not to upbraid any 
miserable man, or by way of derision, (I rather pity them,) but the better to discern, 
to apply remedies unto them ; and to show that the best and soundest of us all is ir 
great danger; how much we ought to fear our own fickle estates, remember on 
miseries and vanities, examine and humiliate ourselves, seek to God, and call to Him 
for mercy, that needs not look for any rods to scourge ourselves, since we carry 
them in our bowels, and that our souls are in a miserable captivity, if the light of 
grace and heavenly truth doth not shine continually upon us : and by our discretion to 
moderate ourselves, to be more circumspect and wary in the midst of these dangers. 



MEMB. II. 

SuBSECT. I. — Symptoms of Head-Melancholy. 

" If ' no symptoms appear about the stomach, nor the blood be misaffected, and ffar 
and sorrow continue, it is to be thought the brain itself is trou'bled, by reason of a 
melancholy juice bred in it, or otherwise conveyed into it, and that evil juice is from 
the distemperature of the part, or left after some inflammation," thus far Piso. But 
this is not always true, for blood and hypochondries both are often affected even in 
head-melancholy. ■* Hercules de Saxonia difl^ers here from the common current of 
writers, putting peculiar signs of head-melancholy, from the sole distemj>erature of 
spirits in the brain, as they are hot, cold, dry, moist, " all without matter from the 

Wierus, lib. 3. cap. 31. ""Michael 4 musian. 1 rent nee sanguis male alTectiis, et aiisiint timor et mms- 

99Mallf;o nialef. 'oo Lih. de atra bile. ' Part. 1. I titia.cerehnini ipsuin e.\istiinandiim est, &c. * Tract 

Babs. :2 Meiiil).'2. ^ De dclirio, melancholia et mania, de inel. cap. 13, ic. Gx Intempene spirituuin.et cerebr 
^ Niri.olas Hi»o. Si sii^na circa ventriculum non appa- { iiiutu, tenebrositaie. 



248 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Pari. 1. Sect. 3 

motion alone, and tenebrosity of spirits ;" of melancholy whic . proceeds from 
hnmours by adustion, he treats apart, with their several symptoms and cures. The 
common signs, if it be by essence in the head, •■' are ruddiness of face, high sanguine 
complexion, most part rubore saturaio^'''' ^ one calls it a blueish, and sometimes fuh 
of pimples, with red eyes. Avicenna Z. 3, Fen. 2, Tract. 4, c. 18. Durelus and others 
out of Galen, de affect. I. 3, c. 6. ''Hercules de Saxonia to this of redness of face, 
adds " heaviness of the head, fixed and hollow eyes. ' If it proceed from dryness of 
the brain, then their heads will be light, vertiginous, and they most apt to wake, and 
to continue whole montlis together without sleep. Few excrements in their eyes 
and nostrils, and often bald by reason of excess of dryness," Montaltus adds, c. 17. 
If it proceed from moisture : dulness, drowsiness, headache follows ; and as Salust. 
Salvianus, c. 1, /. 2, out of his own experience found, epileptical, with a multitude 
of humours in the head. They are very bashful, if ruddy, apt to blush, and to be 
red upon all occasions, prasertiin si metus acccsserit. But the chiefest symptom to 
discern this species, as I have said, is this, that there be no notable signs in the sto- 
mach, iiypochondries, or elsewhere, digna, as '^ Montaltus terms them, or of greater 
noie, because oftentimes the passions of the stomach concur with them. Wind is 
conimon to all three species, and is not excluded, only that of the hypochondries is 
** more windy than the rest, saith Hollerius. jElius ietrah. I. 2, sc. 2, c. 9 and 10, 
maintains the same, '" if there be more signs, and more evident in the head than else- 
wnere, the brain is primarily affected, and prescribes head-melancholy to be cured 
iiv meats amongst the rest, void of wind, and good juice, not excluding wind, or 
(;<'rrupt blood, even in head-melancholy itself: but these species are often confounded, 
c.id so are their symptoms, as I have ah'eady proved. The symptoms of the mind are 
superfluous and continual cogitations; "''for when the head is heated, it scorcheth 
the blood, and from thence proceed melancholy fumes, which trouble the mind," 
Avicenna. They are very choleric, and soon hot, solitary, sad, often silent, watch- 
ful, discontent, Montaltus, cap. 24. If anything trouble them, they cannot sleep, but 
fret themselves still, till another object mitigate, or time wear it out. They have 
grievous passions, and immoderate perturbations of the mind, fear, sorrow, &c., yet 
not so continuate, but that they are sometimes merry, apt to prof'ise lauijhter, which 
is more to be wondered at, and that by the authority of '^ Galen himself, by reason of 
mixture of blood, prceruhri jocosis delectantur., et irrisorcs plerumque sunt, if they be 
ruddv, they are delighted in jests, and oftentimes scoffers themselves, conceited: and 
as Rhodericus a Vega comments on that place of Galen, merry, witty, of a pleasant 
disposiiion, and yet grievously melancholy anon after: omnia discunt sine docforc. 
saith Aretus, the\- learn wiiliout a teacher: and as '^Laurentms supposelh, those feral 
passions and symptoms of such as thiidv themselves glass, pitchers, feathers, &c., 
speak strange languages, a colore cerebri (if it be in excess) from the brain's disleju- 
pered heat. 

SuBSECT. II. — Sympfom,s of windy Hypochondriacal Melancholy. 

" In this hypochondriacal or flatuous melancholy, the symptoms are so ambigu- 
ous," saith '■' Crato in a counsel of his for a noblewoman, ''• that the most exquisite 
physicians cannot determine of the part affected." Matthew Flaccius, consulted 
about a noble matron, confessed as much, that in this malady he with Hollerius, 
Fracastorius, Falopius, and others, being to give their sentence of a party labouring 
of hypochondriacal melancholy, could not find out by the symptoms which part was 
most especially affected ; some said the womb, some heart, some stomach, &.C., and 
therefore Crato, consil. 24. lib. 1. boldly avers, that in this diversity of symptoms, 
which commonly accompany this disease, '^''no physician can truly say what part 



• Fa^ie sunt nibeiite et livesceiite, quibiis etiatii ali- 
qiiarido adsiint poXij'*. " Jo. I'antheon. cap. de 

MhI. Si cerebrum ^riinario afficiatiir adsunt capilis 
Kravilas, tixi ociili, &c. ' Laurent, cap. 5. si a 

cerebrn ex siccitale, turn capitis erit levitas, sitis, vigi- 
li«, paucitas siiperfiultatuin in iiculi.s et iiaribus. i* Si 
nulla digria la:sio, ventriculo, quoiiiam in hac melan- 
"holia capilis, exipua nonnniiquain venlriculi pathe- 



lis cerebrum primario afficitur, et curare oportet hui'c 
affectum, per cibos tiatus exortes, et Ijimiee concoctioiiis. 
&c. rarocerebrnui alficitur sine ventricnio. n Sar 

gninem adurit caput calidius,et inde furiii melaucholici 
adusti, aniniurn exasjitant. '^ Lib. de loc. affect, 

cap. 6. '^Cnp.e. " Hildeslieim spicel. L de 

iiiel. In Hypochondnaca melancholia adeoarnbigua sunt 
syiripUim.ita, ut etiam exercitatissiini inedici de lore 



uiata cneunt, duo eriim hiEc membra sibi invicem affec- afT'Clo statuere non possint. i' Medici de iocc 

louein transmittunt. » Postreiiia maiiis Haluosa. , atfecto nequeunl statue 

'Si minus iiiolestiae circa voMtriculuin aut ventrein. in 



!VIem. 2 Subs. 2.] Syinploms of Head-Melancholy. 249 

i? jlTert(;d." Galen lih. 3. de loc.ajject. reckons up these ordinary symptoms, wh^li 
all the Neoterics repeat of Diodes; only this fault he finds with him, that he p'>.e 
not fear and sorrow amon<rst the other signs. Trincavelius excuseth Diocles, lib. 3. 
consil. 35. because that oftentimes in a strong head and constitution, a generous 
spirit, and a valiant, these symptoms appear not, by reason of his valour and cou- 
rage. '^Hercules de Saxonia (to whom I subscribe) is of the same mind (which [ 
have before touched) that fear and sorrow are not general symptoms ; some fear and 
are not sad ; some be sad and fear not ; some neither fear nor grieve. The rest are 
these, beside fear and sorrow, ""sharp belchings, fulsome crudities, heat in the 
bowels, wind and rumbling in the guts, vehement gripings, pain in the belly and 
■stoniach sometimes, after meat that is hard of concoction, much watering of the 
^lomach, and moist spittle, cold sweat, importunus swcZor, unseasonable sweat all over 
:he body," as Octavius Horatianus lib. 2. cap. 5. calls it; "cold joints, indigestion, 
'' they cannot endure their own fulsome belchings, continual wind about their hypo- 
chondries, heat and griping in their bowels, prcecordia sursuin convelluntur, midriff 
and bowels are pulled up, tiie veins about their eyes look, red, and swell from vapours 
and wind." Their ears sing now and then, vertigo and giddiness come by fits, tur- 
bulent dreams, dryness, leanness, apt they are to sweat upon all occasions, of all 
colours and complexions. Many of them are high-coloured especially after meals, 
which symptom Cardinal Cscius was much troubled with, and of which he com- 
plained to Prosper Calenus his physician, he could not eat, or drink a cup of wine, 
but he was as red in tiie face as if he had been at a mayor's feast. That symptom 
alone vexeth many. '^ Some again are black, pale, ruddy, sometimes their shoulders 
and shoulder blades ache, there is a leaping all over their bodies, sudden trembling, 
a palpitation of the heart, and that cardiaca passio, grief in the mouth of the sto- 
mach, which maketh the patient tliink his heart itself acheth, and sometimes suffo- 
cation, dijjicultas anhelitus, short breatli, hard wind, strong pulse, swooning. Mon- 
tanus consil. 55. Trincavelius lib. 3. consil. 36. et 37. Fernelius cons. 43. Fram- 
besarius consult, lib. 1. consil. 17. Hildesheim, Claudinus, &.C., give instance of 
every particular. The peculiar symptoms which properly belong to each part be 
these. If it proceed from the stomach, saith ^"Savanarola, 'tis full of pain wind 
Guianerius adds, vertigo, nausea, much spitting, &c. If from the niyrach, a swelling 
and wind in the hypochondries, a loathing, and appetite to vomit, pulling upward 
If from the heart, aching and trembling of it, much heaviness. If from the liver 
there is usually a pain in the right hypochondrie. If from the spleen, hardness and 
grief in the left hypochondrie, a rumbling, much appetite and small digestion, Avi- 
cenna. If from the meseraic veins and liver on the other side, little or no appetite 
Here, de Saxonia. If from the hypochondries, a rumbling inilation, concoction in 
hindered, often belching, &c. And from these crudities, windy vapours ascend up 
to the brain which trouble the imagination, and cause fear, sorrow, dulness, heavi- 
ness, many terrible conceits and chimeras, as Lemnius well observes, I. I.e. 16. "as 
*' a black and thick cloud covers the sun, and intercepts his beams and light, so doth 
this melancholy vapour obnubilate the mind, enforce it to many absurd thoughts and 
imaginations," and compel good, wise, honest, discreet men (arising to the brain 
from the ^Mower parts, "as smoke out of a chimney") to dote, speak, and do that 
which becomes them not, their persons, callings, wisdoms. One by reason of those 
ascending vapours and gripings, rumbling beneath, will not be persuaded but that he 
hath a serpent in his guts, a viper, another frogs. Trallianus relates a story of a 
woman, that imagined she had swallowed an eel, or a serpent, and Felix Platerus, 
observat. lib. 1. hath a most memorable example of a countryman of ids, that by 
chance, falling into a pit where frogs and frogs-spawn was, and a little of that watei 
swallowed, began to suspect that he had likewise swallowed frogs-spawn, and wuh 
that conceit and fear, his phantasy wrought so far, that he verily thought he had 



"Trart. posthumo de met. Patavii edit. 1620. per Bo- 
cettum Bililiop. cap. 'i. " Acidi riictus, cruriitates, 

estus in prajcotdiis, flatus, interduin ventriciili dolores 
veliernentes. tiuniptnqiie cilm cnncoctu difficili, sputum 
huniidurn iilque multuin sequetur, &c. Hip. lib. lie inel. 
ulaleiius, MKlatieliii.'; k Ruftb et iElio, Altomarus, Piso, 
MontaltMs, Bniel, Wecker, &c. 'f Circa pr<ecnrdia 

de assidua in flatioiie querunlur, et cuiu sudore totius I sic, etc ^'■\Jl fuiiius e caiuiiiu 

33 



corporis iinportuiio, frigidos articulos ssepe pal.untui 
inrijifestione lahorant, ructus suos insuaves perhorrfs 
cum, viscnruni dolores liabent. i" Monlallus, c. 13 

Wecker, Fuclisius c. 13. Altomarus c. 7. Laurentiiib 
c. 73. BriiHl, Gordon. s" Pract. major: dolor id e< 

et ventositas, nausea. 21 ijt atra densaque nuties 

soli elfusa, radios ei Inmen ejus intercipit et o(l"usc8t 



250 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Par* ' 5et 3 

vou Iff live frogs in his belly, qui vivehanf ex alimcnto suo, thai lived by his nourisli 
riieLCand was so certainly persuaded of it, that for many years afterwards he could 
not be rectified in his conceit : He studied physic seven years together to cure him 
self, travelled into Italy, France and Germany to confer with the best phy? cians 
aoout it, and A" 1609, asked his counsel amongst the rest; he told him it was wind, 
his conceit, &c., but mordicus coniradiccre., ct ore., et scripts probare nitehat.ir: no 
saying woifkl serve, it was no wind, but real frogs : '■'■ and do you not hear tliem 
croak r" Platenis would have deceived him, by putting live frogs into his excre 
ments ; but he, being a physician himself, would not be deceived, vir prudens alias., 
et doctus., a wise and learned man otherwise, a doctor of physic, and after seven 
years' dotage in this kind, « phanlasia liberatus est., he was cured. Laurentius and 
Goulart have many such examples, if you be desirous to read them. One commodit) 
above the rest which are melancholy, these windy flatuous have, lucidia intervoUa, 
their symptoms and pains are not usually so continuate as the rest, but come by 
fits, fear and sorrow, and the rest : yet in another they exreed all others ; and that 
is, ^^ they are luxurious, incontinent, and prone to venery, by reason of wind, et 
facile amant., et quamlihet fere amant. (Jason Pratensis) ^'' Rhasis is of opinion, 
that Venus dotli many of them much good ; the other symptoms of the mind be 
common with the rest. 

SuBSECT. III. — Symptoms of Melancholy abounding in the whole body. 

Their bodies that are affected with this universal melancholy are most part black, 
*^" the melancholy juice is redundant all over," hirsute they are, and lean, they have 
broad veins, tlieir "blood is gross and thick. ^"^^ Their spleen is weak," and a liver 
apt to engender the humour ; they have kept bad diet, or have had some evacuation 
stopped, as hasmorrhoids, or months in women, which ^'Trallianus, in the cure, 
would have carefully to be inquired, and withal to observe of what complexion the 
party is of, black or red. For as Forrestus and Hollerius contend, if ^* they be blacky 
it proceeds from abundance of natural melancholy ; if it proceed from cares, agony, 
chscontents, diet, exercise, kc, they may be as well of any other colour : red, yellow, 
pale, as black, and yet their whole blood corrupt : preerubri colore scepe sunt talcs., 
scepeflavi., (saith ^^Montaltus cap. 22.) The best way to discern this species, is to 
let them bleed, if the blood be corrupt, thick and black, and they withal free from 
those hypochondriacal syinptoms, and not so grievously troubled with them, or those 
of the head, it argues they are melanclioly, a toto corpore. The fumes which arise 
from this corrupt blood, disturb the mind, and make them fearful and sorrowful, 
heavy hearted, as the rest, dejected, discontented, solitary, silent, weary of their 
lives, dull and heavy, or merry, &c., and if far gone, that which Apuleius wished to 
his enemy, by way of imprecation, is true in them ; ^ '' Dead men's bones, hobgob- 
lins, ghosts are ever in their minds, and meet them still in every turn : all the bug- 
bears of the night, and terrors, fairybabes of tombs, and graves are before their eyes, 
and in their thoughts, as to women and children, if they be in the dark alone." If 
they hear, or read, or see any tragical object, it sticks by them, they are afraid of 
death, and yet weary of their lives, in their discontented humours thej^- quarrel with 
all the world, bitterly inveigh, tax satirically, and because they cannot otherwise 
vent their passions or redress what is amiss, as they mean, they will by violent death 
at last be revenged on themselves. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Symptoms of Maids, A''uns, and Widov^s" Melancholy. 

Because Lodovicus Mercatus in his second book de mulier. affect, cap. 4. and 
Rodericus a Castro de morb. mulier. cap. 3. lib. 2. two famous physicians in Spain 



23Hypochondriaci maxime affectant cnire, et n)ulti 
plicallir coitus in ipsis, eo quod vfiiitositales inultipli- 
cantiir in tivpochondriis, et coitus siepe allevat has ven- 
tositates. ' •■'^Coiit. lih. 1. tract. 9. "syVecker, 

Melaiictiolic'is siiccus toto corpore redundans. "6 Spien 
natiira imiiecilior. Montaltiis cap. 22. "Lib. 1. 

cap. 'iB. [nterrogare cnnvenit, an aliqua evacuationis 
reteiitio obvenerit, viri in lia-morrhoid, iniilieruin men- 
iliuis, et vide taciein siinili^ur an sit riibicunda. ^Na- 



tiirales nigri acqiiisili a tolo corpore, sa-pe rubicundi 
23Montaltns cap. 22. Piso Ex colore sanguinis si mi 
nuas venam, si flnat niger. &c. so Apiil. lib. 1. seni 

per obviie species mortnorum qiiicqnid iinibrarnni esl 
uspiain, qnicqiiid leniurum et larvarum ncnlis suis ag 
gernnt, sibi fingunt omnia noctiuni occursaciila, omnia 
bnstorum <brinidamina, omnia sepiilchro'um lerricula- 
menia. 



LVlem. 2. Subs. 4.J 



Symptoms of JVovi'^nh Melancholy. 



251 



Daniel Seiinertus of Wittenberg lib. 1. part 2. cap. 13. with others, have viuchsafed 
in their works not long since published, to write two just treatises de Melancholia 
virgimwi^ Moniallum et Viduariim., as a particular species of melancholy (which 1 
javo already specified) distinct from the rest; ^' (for it much differs from that wliich 
commonly befalls men and other women, as having one only cause proper to women 
Klone) I may not omit in this general survey of melancholy symptoms, to set down 
the particular signs of such parties so misaffected. 

The causes are assigned out of Hippocrates, Cleopatra, Moschion, and those old 
GyncBciorum Scriptores^ of this feral malady, in more ancient maids, widows, and 
barren women, ob septum transvcrsum violatum^ saith Mercatus, by reason of the 
midriff or Diaphragma, heart and brain offended with those vicious vapours which 
come from menstruous blood, injlammationem arlerice. circa dorsum., Rodericus adds, 
an inflammation of the back, which with the rest is offended by ^^ that fuliginous 
exhalation of corrupt seed, troubling the brain, heart and mind ; the brain, I say, 
not in essence, but by consent, Universa enim hujus ajfectus causa ab utero pendet, 
et a sanguinis menstrui malitia., for in a word, the whole malady proceeds from that 
inflammation, putridity, black smoky vapours, &c., from thence comes care, sorrow, 
and anxiety, obfuscation of spirits, agony, desperation, and the like, which are in- 
tended or remitted ; si amatorius accesscrit ardor, or any other violent object or per- 
tubation of mind. This melancholy may happen to widows, with much care and 
sorrow, as frequently it doth, by reason of a sudden alteration of their accustomed 
course of life, &c. To such as lie in ciiild-bed ob suppressam purgationem; but to 
nuns and more ancient maids, and some barren women for the causes abovesaid, 'tis 
more familiar, crebrius his quam reliquis accidit, inquit Rodericus, the rest are not 
altogether excluded. 

Out of these causes Rodericus defines it with Areteus, to be angorem animi, a 
vexation of the mind, a sudden sorrow from a small, light, or no occasion, *^with 
a kind of still dotage and grief of some part or other, head, heart, breasts, sides, 
back, belly, &.C., with much solitariness, weeping, distraction, Stc, from which they 
are sometimes suddenly delivered, because it comes and goes by fits, and is not so 
permanent as other melancholy. 

But to leave this brief description, the most ordinary symptoms be these, pulsatio 
juxta dorsum, a beating about the back, which is almost perpetual, the skin is many 
times rough, squalid, especially, as Areteus observes, about the arms, knees, and 
knuckles. The midriff and heart-strings do burn and beat very fearfully, and when 
this vapour or fume is stirred, flieth upward, the heart itself beats, is sore grieved, 
and faints, ya(/ces siccitate prcpxluduntur, ut difficuUer possit ab uteri strangulatione 
decerni, like fits of the mother, Alvus plcrisque nil rcddit, aliis exiguum, acre, bilio' 
sum, lotium Jlavum. They complain many times, saith Mercatus, of a great pain in 
their heads, about their hearts, and hypochondries, and so likewise in their breasts, 
which are often sore, sometimes ready to swoon, their faces are inflamed, and red, 
they are dry, thirsty, suddenly hot, much troubled with wind, cannot sleep, &tc. 
And from hence proceed ycWrta deliramenta, a brutish kind of dotage, troublesome 
sleep, terrible dreams in the night, subrusticus pudor et verecundia ignava, a foolish 
kind of bashfulness to some, perverse conceits and opinions, ^ dejection of mind, 
much discontent, preposterous judgment. They are apt to loath, dislike, disdain, to 
be weary of every object, &c., each thing almost is tedious to them, they pine away, 
void of counsel, apt to weep, and tremble, timorous, fearful, sad, and out of all hope 
of better fortunes. They take delight in nothing for the time, but love to be alone 
and solitary, though that do them more harm : and thus they are affected so long as 
tliis vapour lasteth ; but by-and-by, as pleasant and merry as ever they were in their 
lives, they sing, discourse, and laugh in any good company, upon all occasions, and 



" Differt enim ab ea qui viris et reliquis feminis 
coiiimiinitprcoriliiigit, propriam liahens causani. ^'^ Ex 
menstrui sanguinis tetra ad cor et cerebrum exiialatione, 
vitiaturn semen mentem pertnrbat, &c. non per essen- 
tiam, sed per cnnsensum. Animus moBrens ei anxius 
ndc malum trahit.'et spiritus cerebrum obfuscanlur, 
ua; cuncta aupentur, &,c. 23Lm,i tacito delirio ac 

uolore alicujus partis interna;, dorei. hypochondrii, cor- 
diii fegionem et universam inainmain uiterdum occu- 



pantis,&c. Cutis aliquando squalida, aspera, rugosa. 
prscipue cubitis, genibus, et digitorum articulis, pras- 
cordia ingenti SEepe torrore aestuant et pulsant, cunique 
vap.ir excitatus sursum evolat, cor palpital aut premi- 
tur, animus: deficit, &c. ** Animi dejectio, perversa 

reruni existimatio, prffiposterum judicium. Fastidiosm 
languentes, ta;diosoe, consilii innpes, lachrymosa", tiiiien 
tes, moestx, cum sumina rerum melioriim desperationa 
nulla re delectantur, sulitudinem auiaut, Slc. 



252 Symptoms of Melancholy. '^art. 1. Sec. 3 

si> by fits it takes them now and then, except the malady ob inveterate, and then 'tis 
more frequent, vehement, and continuate. Many of them cannot tell now to express 
themselves in words, or how it holds them, what ails them, you cannot understand 
them, or well tell what to make of their sayings ; so far gone sometimes, so stupi- 
fied and distracted, they think themselves bewitched, they are in despair, aptce ad 
jleiwiu desperationem.^ dolores manimis cl hypocondriis. Mercatus therefore adds, now 
heir breasts, now their hypochondries, belly and sides, then their heart and head 
aches, now Iieat, then wind, now this, now that offends, they are weary of all ; 
*^and yet will not, cannot again tell how, where or what offends them, though they 
be in great pain, agony, and frequently complain, grieving, sighing, weepmg, and dis- 
contented still, sine causa manifestct., most part, yet I say they will complain, grudge, 
lament, and not be persuaded, but that they are troubled with an evil spirit, which 
is frequent in Germany, saith Rodericus, amongst the common sort : and to such as 
are most grievously affected, (for he makes three degrees of this disease in women,) 
they are in despair, surely forespoken or bewitched, and in extremity of their dotage, 
(weary of their lives,) some of them will attempt to make away themselves. Some 
think they see visions, confer with spirits and devils, they shall surely be damned, 
are afraid of some treachery, imminent danger, and the like, they will not speak, 
make answer to any question, but are almost distracted, mad, or stupid for the time, 
and by fits : and thus it holds them, ah they are more or less affected, and as the 
inner humour is intended or remitted, or by outward objects and perturbations aggra- 
vated, solitariness, idleness, &c. 

Many other maladies there are incident to young women, out of that one and 
only cause above specified, many feral diseases. I will not so much as mention 
their names, melancholy alone is the subject of my present discourse, from which 
I will not swerve. The several cures of this infirmity, concerning diet, which must 
be very sparing, phlebotomy, physic, internal, external remedies, are at large in great 
variety in ^^ Rodericus a Castro, Sennertus, and Mercatus, which whoso will, as occa- 
sion serves, may make use of But the best and surest remedy of all, is to see them well 
placed, and married to good husbands in due time, hinc illce lachrymo', that is the 
primary cause, and this the ready cure, to give them content to their desires. T write 
not this to patronise any wanton, idle flirt, lascivious or light housewives, which are 
loo forward many times, unruly, and apt to cast away themselves on him that comes 
next, without all care, counsel, circumspection, and judgment. If religion, good 
discipline, honest education, wholesome exhortation, fair promises, fame and loss of 
good name cannot inhibit and deter such, (which to chaste and sober maids cannot 
choose but avail much,) labour and exercise, strict diet, rigour and threats may more 
opportunely be used, and are able of themselves to qualify and divert an ill-disposed 
temperament. For seldom should you see an hired servant, a poor handmaid, though 
ancient, that is kept hard to her work, and bodily labour, a coarse country wench 
troubled in this kind, but noble virgins, nice gentlewomen, such as are solitary and 
idle, live at ease, lead a life out of action and employment, that fare well, in great 
houses and jovial companies, ill-disposed peradventure of themselves, and not will- 
ing to make any resistance, discontented otherwise, of weak judgment, able bodies, 
and subject to passions, (grandiores virgincs, saith Mercatus, steriles et viduce ple- 
rumque melanchoUc<c,) such for the most part are misaffected, and prone to this dis- 
ease. 1 do not so much pity them that may otherwise be eased, but those alone that 
out of a strong temperament, innate constitution, are violently carried away with 
this torrent of inward humours, and though very modest of themselves, sober, reli- 
gious, virtuous, and well given, (as many so distressed maids are,) yet cannot make 
resistance, these grievances will appear, this malady will take place, and now mani- 
festly show itself, and may not otherwise be helped. But where am I } Into what 
subject have I rushed .? 'What have I to do with nuns, maids, virgins, widows.? I 
am a bachelor myself, and lead a monastic life in a college, nee ego sane ineptus qui 
hcec dixerim, I confess 'tis an indecorum, and as Pallas a virgin blushed, when Jupiter 

SBNoIunt apprire molepfiamquam patiuntur, sedcon- I erigi, &c. Familiares non ciirant, non loquiintiir, no« 
queruiilur tamen dfi oapite. corde, mamniis, &c. In | reppoiidi'nt, &c. et hsec sraviora, si, &e. ^eoiisterei 

puteos ftre maiiiaci pmsilire, ac strangulari uipiunt, I et Helleburiemum Mattiioli suiiiuie laudat. 
nuMa orationis suavitate ad speni salulis recupeiandam | 



[^]^,,n_ 3.] Causes of these Symptoms. 2F»3 

oy chance snake of love matters in her presence, and turned away her face; me re- 
i/rimari, though my subject necessarily require It, I will say no more. 

/^nd yet I must and will say something more, add a word or two in graUam Vir- 
g,num It Viduarum, m favour of all such distressed parties in ^o;;^'^'^^;-^;^" ^ 
their present estate. And as I cannot choose but condole their mishap that labou 
o; this infirmity, and are destitute of help in this case, so must I needs mveigh against 
them that are in fault, more than manifest causes, and as bitterly tax those tyrannising 
pseudopoliticians, superstitious orders, rash vows, hard-hearted parents, guardians, 
unnatufal friends, allies, (call them how you will,) those careless and stupid over- 
seers, that out of worldly respects, covetousness, supme negligence, their own pri- 
vate ends (cum sibi sit interim bene) can so severely reject, stubbornly neglect, and 
impiously contemn, without all remorse and pity, the tears, sighs, groans, and griev- 
ous miseries of sucli poor souls committed to their charge. How odious and abomi- 
nable are those superstitious and rash vows of Popish monasteries, so o bind and 
enforce men and women to vow virginity, to lead a single life, against the laws ot 
nature, opposite to religion, policy, and humanity, so to starve, to offer violence, o 
suppress the vigour of youth, by rigorous statutes, severe laws, vain persuasions, to 
debar them of that to which by their innate temperature they are so furiously in- 
clined, urgently carried, and sometimes precipitated, even irresistibly led, to the pre- 
judice of their soul's health, and good estate of body and mind : and all for base 
and private respects, to maintain their gross superstition, to enrich themselves and 
their territories as they falsely suppose, by hindering some marriages, that the world 
be not full of be^To-ars, and their parishes pestered with orphans ; stupid politicians ; 
ha.eci.ne fteri fiagUia? ought these things so to be earned ? better marry th^^" burii 
saith the Apostle, but they are otherwise persuaded. They will by all means quench 
their neighbour's house if it be on fire, but that fire of lust which breaks out into 
such lamentable flames, they will not take notice of, their own bowels oftentimes, flesh 
and blood shall so rage and burn, and they will not see it : miserum est. saith Austin, 
seipsum mm miserescere. and they are miserable in the meantime that cannot pity them- 
selves, the common good of all, and per conseqmns their own estates. For let them but 
consider what fearful maladies, feral diseases, gross inconveniences, come to both sexes 
by this enforced temperance, it troubles me to think of, much more to relate those 
frequent abortions and murdering of infants in their nunneries (read ' Kemnitius and 
others), and notorious fornications, those Spintrias, Tribadas, Ambubeias, &c, those 
rapes, incests, adulteries, mastuprations, sodomies, buggeries of monks and triars. 
See Bale's visitation of abbies, '' Mercurialis, Rodericus a Castro, Peter Forestus, 
and divers physicians; i know their ordinary apologies and excuses for these things, 
sed viderinl PoUtici, Medici, Theologi, I shall more opportunely meet with them 
^'■' elsewhere. 

«>" lUius viiiuae, aiit patronum Virginis hiijiis, 

Ne me tone putes, verbum non ainplius Hddaiii." 



MEMB. III. 

Immediate cause of these precedent Symptoms. 

To .rive some satisfaction to melancholy men that are troubled with these symp- 
toms, a better means in my judgment caniiot be taken, than to show them the causes 
whence thev proceed; not from devils as they suppose, or that they are bewitched 
or forsaken" of God, hear or see, &c. as many of them think, but from natural ano 
nward causes, that so knowing them, they may better avoid the effects, or at least 
endure them with more patience. The most grievous and common symptoms are 
fear and sorrow, and that without a cause to the wisest and discreetest men, in this 
aialddy not to be avoided. The reason why they are so, TEtius discusseth at large, 
Tetrabib 2 2. in his first problem out of Galen, lib. 2. de causis sympt. I. For Galen 
imputeth ali to the cold that is black, and thinks that the spirits being darkened, and 

'^Examen cone. Trident, de cielit.atii sacerd. ^Cap. I that widow or this virgin. I shall not add another 
df Satvr. et Prinpis. S9 part. 3. sert. 2. Memh. 5. word." 

aub 5 *"'• Lest you may imagine that I patronise | 

w 



Symptoms of Melancholy 



[Part. 1. Sec. S 



254 

tho subj!tauce of the brain cloudy and dark, all the objects thereof appear terrible 
and the ■" mind itself, by those dark, obscure, gross fumes, ascending from black 
humours, is in continual darkness, fear, and sorrow; divers terrible monstrous fictions 
m a thousand shapes and apparitions occur, with violent passions, by which the 
brain and fantasy are troubled and eclipsed. ''^ Fracastorius, lib. 2. de intellect. ' 'will 
have cold to be the cause of fear and sorrow; for such as are cold are ill-disposed 
to mirth, dull, and heavy, by nature solitary, silent; and not for any inward dark- 
ness (as physicians tliink) for many melancholy men dare boldly be, continue, an J 
walk in the dark, and delight in it:" soUtm frigldi thnidi: if they be hot, they are 
merry; and the more hot, the more furious, and void of fear, as we see in madmen; 
but this reason holds not, for then no melancholy, proceeding from choler adust, 
should fear. ''^Averroes scoffs at Galen for his reasons, and brings five arguments to 
repel them : so doth Here, de Saxonia, Tract, de Melanch. cap. 3. assigning other 
causes, which are copiously censured and confuted by iElianus Montaltus, cap. 5 
and 6. Lod. Mercatus de Inter, morh. cur. lib. 1. cap. 17. Altomarus, cap. 7. de mel. 
Guianerius, tract. 15. c. I. Bright cap. 37. Laurentius, cap. 5. Valesius, med. cant, 
lib. 5, C071. 1. ''•'" Distemperature," they conclude, '■'■makes black juice, blackness 
obscures the spirits, the spirits obscured, cause fear and sorrow." Laurentius, cap. 13. 
supposeth these black fumes offend specially the diaphragma o' midriff^, and so per 
consequens the mind, which is obscured as *'" the sun by a clonrl To this opinion of 
Galen, almost all the Greeks and Arabians subscribe, the Latins new and old, interna, 
tenebrcc ojfuscant anitmmi, ut externa noccnt pueris., as cliildren are affrighted in the 
dark, so are melancholy men at all times, ''^as having the inward cause with them, 
and still carrying it about. Which black vapours, whether they proceed from the 
black blood about the heart, as T. W. Jes. thinks in his Treatise of the passions of 
the mind, or stomach, spleen, midrifti or all the misaffected parts together, it boots 
not, they keep the mind in a perpetual dungeon, and oppress it with continual fears, 
anxieties, sorrows, &.c. It is an ordinary thing for such as are sound to l^ugh at this 
dejected pusillanimity, and those other symptoms of melancholy, to make them- 
selves merry with them, and to wonder at such, as toys and trifles, which may be 
resisted and withstood, if they will themselves : but let him that so wonders, con- 
sider with himself, that if a man should tell him on a sudden, some of his especial 
friends were dead, could he choose but grieve } Or set him upon a steep rock, 
where he should be in danger to be precipitated, could he be secure ? His heart 
would tremble for. fear, and his head be giddy. P. Byarus, Tract, de pest, gives 
instance (as I have said) ''''"•and put case (saith he) in one that walks upon a plank, 
if it lie on the ground, he can safely do it : but if the same plank be laid over some 
deep water, instead of a bridge, he is vehemently moved, and 'tis nothing but his 
imagination, ybrwia cadendi impressa, to which his other members and faculties obey." 
Yea, but you infer, that such men have a just cause to fear, a true object of fear; so 
have melancholy men an inward cause, a perpetual fume and darkness, causing fear, 
grief, suspicion, which they carry with them, an object which cannot be removed ; 
but sticks as close, and is as inseparable as a shadow to a body, and who can expel 
or overrun his shadow .? Remove heat of the liver, a cold stomach, weak spleen : 
remove those adust humours and vapours arising from them, black blood from the 
heart, all outward perturbations, take away the cause, and then bid them not grieve 
nor fear, or be heavy, dull, lumpish, otherwise counsel can do little good ; you may 
as well bid him that is sick of an ague not to be a dry; or him that is wounded not 
to feel pain. 

Suspicion follows fear and sorrow at heels, arising out of the same fountain, so 
thinks ■•* Fracastorius, "• that fear is the cause of suspicion, and still they suspect somo 
treachery, or some secret machination to be framed against them, still they distrust." 



4'Vapores crHPsi et nigri, a veiitriciilo in cerebrum 
exhalant. Fel. Platerus. "Calidi hilares, frigifli 

indispopiti ad liBtitiain, et ideo snlitarii, taciturni, non 
Ob tenehras interiias, ut niedici voluiil, sed ob friffus: 
miilti tiTilaiicholici iiocte ainhulant iiitrepidi. w Va- 
pores iiiutanchnlici. spiritibiis niisti, tenebrariim caiisff 
a> nt, cap. 1. •" Intemperies facit succum niffnim, 

nigrities, obsciirat spiriiuni, obsciiratio spiritiis far-it 
metiitii et tristiain. ■•^IJl nubecula Solem otfuscat. 

yiinstantinus lib. de inulaiich. <6 Altomarus c. 7. 



Causam timnris circiimfert aler humor pa?sionls mate, 
ria, ft atri spiritus perpeluam animffi domicllio offun- 
dunt nocteni. ■" Pone rxoioplum, quod quis potest 

ambulare super trahem qiias est in via: sed si sil super 
aq{iam profundani, loco pontis, non ambulabit super 
eam.eo quod imat'ineturiii animoet timet vehementer, 
forma cadendi luiprpssa, cui obediunt membra omnia 
el facullales reliquse. 46 |,jh. 2. de intellect one. 

Suspiclosi ob timorem et obliqu'.im discuriui'i, ol ieni- 
per inde putant sibi fieri insidias. Lauren. .5 



^Um. 3 J 



Causes of these Symptomx. 



25.'. 



Restlessness proi^ern;^ trom the same spring, variety of fumes make them like anil 
dislike. SoUtormess, avoiding of light, that they are weary of their lives, hate int- 
world, arise from me same causes, for their spirits and humours are opposite to light, 
fear makes them avow company, and absent themselves, lest they should be misused, 
hissed at, or oveisrioot themselves, which still they suspect. They are prone to 
veneii bv reasoii of wirtd. Angry, waspish, and fretting still, out of abundance of 
chole.) wnxch CAiiseih tearful dreams and violent perturbations to them, both sleep- 
ing ant. waking ; Thui they suppose they have no heads, fly, sink, they are polb, 
glasses, (xt.. is wind in their heads. ""^ Here, de Saxonia doth ascribe this to the 
several m<Lfvions in the animal spirits, " their dilation, contraction, confusion, altera- 
tion, tenebrosity, hot or cold distemperature," excluding all material humours. ^°Fra- 
castorius "accounts it a thing worthy of inquisition, why they should entertain sucli 
false conceits, as that they have horns, great noses, that they are birds, beasts," Stc. 
why they should think themselves kings, lords, cardinals. For the first, ''Fracasto- 
rius gives two reasons : '» One is the disposition of the body ; the other, the occa- 
sion of the fantasy," as if their eyes be purblind, their ears sing, by reason of some 
cold and rheum, &c. To the second, Laurentius answers, the imagination inwardly 
or outwardly moved, represents to the understanding, not enticements only, to favour 
the passion or dislike, but a very intensive pleasure follows the passion or displeasure, 
and the will and reason are captivated by delighting in it. 

Why students and lovers are so often melanclioly and mad, the philosopher of 
"'^ Conimbra assigns this reason, " because by a vehement and continual meditation 
of that wherewith they arc afte^ted, they fetch up the spirits into the brain, and with 
the heat brought with them, they incend it beyond measure : and the cells of the 
inner senses dissolve their temperature, which being dissolved, they cannot perform 
their offices as they ought." 

Why melancholy men are witty, which Aristotle hath long since maintained in 
his problems; and that '^' all learned men, famous philosophers, and lawgivers, «cZ 
U7in7n fere omnes melancholici, have still been melancholy, is a problem much con- 
troverted. Jason Pratensis will have it understood of natural melancholy, which 
opinion Melancthon inclines to, in his book dc Jlnima^ and Marcilius Ficinus de san. 
tuend. lib. 1. cap. 5. but not simple, for that makes men stupid, heavy, dull, being 
cold and dry, fearful, fools, and solitary, but mixed with the other humours, phlegm 
only excepted ; and they not adust, ^' Out so mixed as that blood be half, with little 
or no adustion, that they be neither loo hot nor too cold. Aponensis, cited by 
Melancthon, thinks it proceeds from melancholy adust, excluding all natural melan- 
choly as too cold. Laurentius condemns his tenet, because adustion of humours 
makes men mad, as lime burns when water is cast on it. It must be mixed with 
blood, and somewhat adust, and so that old aphorism of Aristotle may be verified, 
JVuIliim magnum ingenium sine mixturd dement'ue., no excellent wit without a mix- 
ture of madness. Fracastorius shall decide the controversy, ^^ '• phlegmatic are dull : 
sanguine lively, pleasant, acceptable, and merry, but not witty , choleric are too swift 
in motion, and furious, impatient of contemplation, deceitful wits : melancholy men 
have the most excellent wits, but not all ; this humour may be hot or cold, thick, or 
thin ; if too hot. they are furious and mad : if too cold, dull, stupid, timorous, and 
sad : if temperate, excellent, rather inclining to that extreine of heat, than cold." 
This sentence of his will agree with that of Heraclitus, a dry light makes a wise 
mind, temperate heat and dryness are the chief causes of a good wit; therefore, sailh 
vElian, an elephant is the wisest of all brute beasts, because his brain is driest, et oh 
a*rcR bills copiam: this reason Cardan approves, subtil. I. 12. Jo. Baptista Silvaticus. 
a physician of Milan, in his first controversy, hath copiously handled this question . 
Rulandus in his problems, Caelius Rhodiginus, lib. 17. Valleriola 6' narrat. med. 



•"^Tract. (1(! iiu'l. cap. 7. Ex ililatione, cnntrartione, 
confusione, tenehrnsilate spirituiiiii, ralida, frigida in- 
tempi rie, ifcc. 6» llliid inqiiisitJDrie digiiiim, cur lam 

falsa roripiant, habere se corniia, esse mnrtiius, nasutos, 
esse avis, tc. " I. Dispositio corporis. 2. Occasio 

lina^riiiationis. '^ i,, pro. |i. de coslo. Veheiiiens 

ct assidiia cogitatio rei pri'a qiiani alficitur, spiritiis in 
•"-ybrum eviicat. s.i Mi.lantholici ingeniosi nmiies. 



summi viri in artibus et disciplinis, sive circuni iinpe 
ratoriam aut reip. disciplinani omnes fi-re melancholici 
Aristoleles. 6* Adeo miscentnr, ul sit diipliiin san 

guinis ad reliqua iluo. ^^ Lib. 'J. de intellection' 

Pineni sunt Minerva phlpgmatici : sannninei anialiile> 
grati, hilari s, at iion insreniosi ; cholerici r^^cres mot,; 
et ob id eontemplationis impatientes : Melancholici 
solum excellentes. &.c. 



23'3 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Pan 1. Sec. S. 

ill re. 'le Saxonia, Trad posth. de mel. cap. 3. Lodovicus Mercatus, de inter morb. 
cur. lib. cap. 17. Baptista Porta, Physiog. lib. I.e. 13. and many others. 

Weeping, sighing, laughing, itching, trembling, sweating, blushing, hearing and 
seeing strange noises, visions, wind, crudity, afe motions of the body, depending 
upon these precedent motions of the mind : neither are tears, affections, but actions 
(as Scaliger holds) ^'^" the voice of such as are afraid, trembles, because tlie heart is 
shaken" (^Conimb. prob. 6. sec. 3. de som.) why they stutter or falter in their speech, 
Mercurialis and Montaltus, cflj9. 17. give like reasons out of Hippocrates, "" dryness, 
which makes the nerves of the tongue torpid." Fast speaking (which is a symptom 
of some few) ^tius will have caused ^* ^ from abundance of wind, and swiftness of 
imagination: ^^ baldness comi's from excess of dryness," hirsuteness from a dry teni 
perature. The cause of much waking in a dry brain, continual meditation, discon- 
tent, fears and cares, that suffer not the mind to be at rest, incontinency is from wind, 
and a hot liver, Montanus, cons. 26. Rumbling in the guts is caused from wind, and 
wmd from ill concoction, weakness of natural heat, or a distempered heat and cold ; 
®° Palpitation of the heart from vapours, heaviness and aching from the same cause. 
That the belly is hard, wind is a cause, and of that leaping in many parts. Redness 
of the face, and itching, as if they were flea-bitten, or stung with pismires, from a 
sharp subtile wind. ^' Cold sweat from vapours arising from the hypochondries, 
which pitch upon the skin; leanness for want of good nourishment. Why their 
appetite is so great, "^^jEtius answers : Os ventris frigesot., cold in those inner parts, 
cold belly, and hot liver, canseth crudity, and intention proceeds from perturba- 
tions, *^ our souls for want of spirits cannot attend exactly to so many intenti've 
operations, being exhaust, and overswayed by passion, she cannot consider the 
reasons which may dissuade her from such affections. 

" Bashfulness and blushing, is a passion proper to men alone, and is not only 
caused for ®^some shame and ignominy, or that they are guilty unto themselves of 
some foul fact committed, but as '^'^ Fracastorius well determines, ob defectum pro- 
prium.1 et t'wiorem., ^ from fear, and a conceit of our defects ; the face labours and is 
troubled at his presence that sees our defects, and nature willing to help, sends thither 
heat, heat draws the subtilest blood, and so we blush. ^They that are bold, arrogant, 
and careless, seldom or never blush, but such as are fearful."^ Anthonius Lodovicus, 
in his book de pudore., will have this subtile blood to arise in the face, not so much 
for the reverence of our betters in presence, ^'"-but for joy and pleasure, or if any- 
thing at unawares shall pass from us, a sudden accident, occurse, or meeting:" 
(which Disarius m ^^Macrobius confirms) any object heard or seen, for blind men 
never blush, as Dandinus observes, the night and darkness makp men impudent. Or 
that we be staid before our betters, or in company we like not, or if anything molest 
and offend us, erubescentia turns to rubor., blushing to a continuate redness. 
*^ Sometimes the extremity of the ears tingle, and are red, sometimes the whole face, 
Etsi nihil vitiosum commiseris, as Lodovicus holds : though Aristotle is of opinion, 
ovinis jmdor ex vitio commlsso.. all shame for some offence. But we find otlierwise, 
it may as well proceed ™from fear, from force and inexperience, i^so "Dandinus 
holds) as vice; a hot liver, saith Duretus {noiis in Holkrium:) "from a hot brain, 
from wind, the lungs heated, or after drinking of wine, strong drink, perturba- 
tions," &c. 

Laughter what it is, saith '^TuUy, "how caused, where, and so suddenly breaks 
out, that desirous to stay it, we cannot, how it comes to possess and stir our face, 
veins, eyes, countenance, mouth, sides, let Democtitus determine." The cause thai 
it often affects melancholy men so much, is given by Gomesius, lib. 3. de sale genial. 



seTrppidantiuin vox tremiila, quia cor quatitur. et voliiptatpm foras exit sanguis, aut ob rnelioris reve- 
5' Ob ariditatc'iu qiis reddit nervos lingus torpidos. reiuiam, aut ob jsubituni occursum, aut si quid incau- 
VI Incontinentia lingua; ex copia flatuum, et velocitate , tius exciderit. ^ Coin, in Arist. de aninia. CoBci 



iiaginationis. f^'J Calvitii-s ob ficcilati? exces.suin 

'u^tius. S' Lauren, c. IS. Hi'petrab. 2. ser. '2. 

cap. 10. 63 Ant. Lodovicus prob. lib. 1. sect. 5. do 

alrabilariis. «< Suhrusticus pudor vitiosus pudnr. 

o.'Ob ignoniiniain aut lurpedineni fncti, &c. "O Dy 



ut plurlmuin impudentes, mix facit impudenies 
•i^ Alexander Aphrodisiensis makes all basbfulness a 
virtue, eanique se refert in seipso experiri solitum, etsi 
esset ariinodnni senex. '0Sa;pe post cibi in apti ad 

ruboreni, ex potu vini ex timore saepe, et ab 'lepate ca- 



„yinp. et Antip cap. l-i. laborat facies ob praesentiam ' lido, cerehro calido, &c. "Com in Arist. lie aiilma, 

ejus qui defeclnrn nostrum videl, »-■» ..utura qua.^i opem ■ tarn a vj et inexperientia .piam a vitin '» Oe 

'.aliira calorem illnc niittit, calor sanguinem trahit, ' oratore, quid ipse risus, quo p«ct3 ooncitatiir uoi ni 
unde rubor, audaces noii rubent, &c. •' Ob eaudium ' &.C. 



Mein H.| Causes of these Symptoms. 257 

cap. 18. abundance of pleasant vapours, which, in sanguine melancholy especial!)', 
break from the heart, ""and tickle the niidriif, because it is transverse and full of 
nerves : by which titillation the sense being moved, and arteries distended, or pulled, 
the spirits from thence move and possess the sides, veins, countenance, eyes. See 
more in Jossius de risu et Jletu, Vives 3 de Anlma. Tears, as Scaliger defines 
proceed I'rom grief and pity, ^^ " or from the heating of a moist brain, for a dry cannot 
weep.'" 

That they see and hear so many phantasms, chimeras, noises, visions, Stc. as 
Fienus hath discoursed at large in his book of imagination, and ''^, Lavater dt- spectris, 
part. 1. cap. 2. 3. 4. their corrupt phantasy makes them see analiear that which 
indeed is neither heard nor seen, Qui muUum jejunant., aut nodes ducunt insomnes., 
they that much fast, or want sleep, as melancholy or sick men commonly do, see 
visions, or such as aie weak-sighted, very timorous by nature, mad, distracted, or 
earnestly seek. Sabini quod volant somniant., as the saying is, they dream of that 
they desire. Like Sarmiento the Spaniard, who when he was sent to discover the 
straits of Magellan, and confine places, by the Prorex of Peru, standing on the top 
of a hill, JlmcBnissimayn planilltm despicere slbl vlsuS fait., cedijicia magn'ifica., quam- 
plurimos Pagos., altas Turres, splendida Templa.) and brave cities, built like ours in 
Europe, not, saith mine '^author-, that there was any such thing, but that he was 
vanissimus et nimis credulus, and would fain have had it so. Or as " Lod. Mercatus 
proves, by reason of inward vapours, and humours froiu blood, choler, Stc. diversely 
mixed, they apprehend and see outwardly, as they suppose, divers images, which 
indeed are not. As they that drink wine think all runs round, when it is in their own 
brain ; so is it with these men, the fault and cause is inward, as Galen affirms, '* mad 
men and such as are near death, quas extra se vldere putant Liiagines., intra oculos 
habcni., 'tis in their brain, which seems to be before them ; the brain as a concave 
glass reflects solid bodies. Senes etiam decrepiti cerebrum habent concavum ci 
aridu.m.1 ut imaginentur se videre (saith ™Boissardus) qucs non sunt, old men are too 
frequently mistaken and dote in like case : or as he that looketh through a piece of 
red glass, judgeth everytliing he sees to be red; corrupt vapours mounting Irom the 
body to the head, and distilling again from thence to the eyes, wlien they have 
mingled themselves with the watery crystal which receiveth the shadows of thina"s 
lo be seen, make all things appear of the same colour, which remains in the humour 
that overspreads our sight, as to melancholy men all is black, to phlegmatic all while, 
&.C. Or else as before the organs corrupt by a corrupt phantasy, as Lemnius, Jib. 1. 
cap. 16. well quotes, ^''" cause a great agitation of spirits, and humours, which wan- 
der to and fro in all the creeks of the brain, and cause such apparitions beiore ttieir 
eyes." One thinks he reads something written in the moon, as Pythagoras is said 
to have done of old, another smells brimstone, hears Cerberus bark : Oi'estes now 
mad supposed he saw the furies tormenting him, and his mother still ready to run 
upon him — 

6' " O mater obsecro noli me persequi 

His fiiriis, aspuctu anouineis, horribilihiis, 
Ecce L'coe iiic iiivadunt, in nie jam ruuiit ;" 

but Electra told him thus raving in his mad fit, he saw no such sights at all, it was 
but his crazed imagination. 

82" Qiiipsce, quiesr.e miser in linteis tuis, 
Noil ceriiis etenim qus videre te putas." 

So Pentheus (in Bacchis Euripidis) saw two suns, two Thebes, his bram alone 
was troubled. Sickness is an ordinary cause of such sights. Car-dan, subtil. 8. Menx 
(Bgra laboribus et jejuniis fracta.,facit eos videre., audire^ S^c. And. Osiander beheiu 
strange visions, and Alexander ab Alexandre both, in their sickness, which he relates 
de rerum varietaf. lib. 8. cap. 44. Albategnius that uoble Arabian, on his death-bed, 
«aw a ship ascending and descending, which Fracastorius records of his friend Bap- 

■" Diaphragma titillant, quia transversuin et nerve- I sunt, res quas extra se videre putant, intra oculus ua- 
siim, quia titillatlone niotosensu atque arteriis disten- | hent. '^Cap. 10. de Spirit apparitione. >^ De 



tig, spiriius Hide latera, venas, os, oculos occupant. 
'< Ex calefactione humidi cerebri: nam ex sicco lachry- 
•na; non fluuiit. '^ Res niirandas iniaginantur : et 

putant se videre quEP nee vident, nee audiunt. '« Laet. 
'i''. 13. cap. 2. deseript. India? Occident. " Lib. I. 

«i 17 rap. de inel. ■"• Inaani, et qui raorti vicini 

33 w 9. 



occult. Nat. mirac. «' " O mother! I beseech yo4i 

not to persecute me with those horrible-looking furies. 
See! seel they attack, they assault me !" S'^ ' Peace ' 
peace! unhappy being, for you do not see what you 
think you see." 



a^S Causes of these Symptoms. [Fart. 1. Sec S 

tista Tirriaiius. Weak sight and a vain persuasion withal, may effect as much, and 
second causes concurring, as an oar in water makes a refraction, and seems bigger, 
bended double, &.c. Tiie thickness of the air may cause such effects, or any objec' 
not well-discerned in the dark, fear and phantasy will suspect to be a ghost, a 
devil, Stc. ^'^Quod nimis miseri fi7nrnf^ hoc facile credunt^ we are apt to believe, and 
mistake in such cases. Marcellus Donatus, lih. 2. cap. I. brings in a story out of 
Aristotle, of one Antepharon which likely saw, wheresoever he was, his own image 
in the air, as in a glass. Vitellio, lib. \0. perspect. hath such another instance of a 
familiar acquaintance of his, that after the want of three or four nights sleep, as he 
was ri(Ung by a river side, saw another riding with him, and using all such gestures 
as he did, but when more light appeared, it vanished. Eremites and anchorites have 
frequendy such absurd visions, revelations by reason of much fasting, and bad diet, 
many are deceived by legerdemain, as Scot hath well showed in his book of the dis- 
covery of witchcraft, and Cardan, suhtil. 18. sulfites, perfumes, suflimiigations, mixed 
candles, perspective glasses, and such natural causes, make men look as if they were 
dead, or with horse-heads, buU's-horns, and such like brutish shapes, tlie room full 
of snakes, adders, dark, light, green, red, of all colours, as you may perceive in Bap- 
tista Porta, Alexis, Albertus, and others, glow-worms, fire-drakes, meteors, Ignis 
fatimsj which Plinius, /ib. 2. cap. 37. calls Castor and Pollux, with many such that 
appear in moorisli grounds, about church-yards, moist valleys, or where battles have 
been fought, the causes of whicli read in Goclenius, Velouris, Fickius, &c. such fears 
are often done, to frighten children with squibs, rotten wood, &c. to make folks look 
as if tliey were dead, ^■'so/Z/o majores., b'gger, lesser, fairer, fouler, xit aslantcs sine 
capitibus videanfur ; aut toll igniti., aut forma dcemonum., accipc piJos canis nigri., 6fc. 
saitli Albertus; and so 'tis ordinary to see strange uncouth sights by catoptrics: who 
knows not that if in a dark room, the light be admitted at one only little hole, and 
a paper or glass put upon it, the sun shining, will represent on the opposite wall all 
such objects as are illuminated by his mys ? with concave and cylinder glasses, we 
may reflect any shape of men, devils, antics, (as magicians most part do, to gull a 
silly spectator in a dark room), we will ourselves, and that hanging in the air, when 
'tis nothing but such an horrible image as ^^Agrippa demonstrates, placed in another 
room. Roger Bacon of old is said to have represented his own image walking in 
the air by this art, though no such thing appeal in his perspectives. But most part 
it is in the brain that deceives them, although 1 may not deny, but that oftentimes 
the devil deludes them, takes his opportunity to suggest, and represent vain objects 
to melancholy men, and such as are ill affected. To these you may add the knavish 
impostures ol jugglers, exorcists, mass-priests, and mountebanks, of whom Roger 
Bacon speaks, &c. de miraculis nafurce et artis. cap. 1. ^^they can counterfeit th( 
voices of all birds and brute beasts almost, all tones and tunes of men, and speak 
within their throats, as if they spoke afar off, that they make their auditors believe 
they hear spirits, and are dience much astonished and aflVighted with it. Besides, 
those artificial devices to over-hear their confessions, like that whispering place of 
Gloucester**' with us, or like the duke's place at Mantua in Italy, where the sound is 
reverberated by a concave wall ; a reason of which Blancanus in his Echomelria 
gives, and mathematically demonstrates. 

So that the hearing is as frequently deluded as the sight, from the same causes 
almost, as he that hears bells, will make them sound what he list. "As the fool 
thmketh, so the bell clinketh." Theophilus in Galen thought he heard music, from 
vapours which made his ears sound, &c. Some are deceived by echoes, some by 
roaring of waters, or concaves and reverberation of air in the ground, hollow places 
an-d walls. "'At Cadurcum, in Aquitaine, words and sentences are repeated by a 
strange echo to the full, or whatsoever you shall play upon a musical aistrumtm, 
more distinctly and louder, than they are spoken at first. Some echoes repeat a thing 
spoken seven times, as at Olympus, in Macedonia, as Pliny relates, lib. 36. cap. 15 

•"Seneca. Q.iind inctuunt iiiniis, niinqiiani amoveri I vocnm varielateui in venire et giittiire fingentes, for- 
posFe, nee ti)lli piiiaMt. «<Satigiiip upupoeciim inelle iriant vores liuinanas a Innge vhI propc, proul volimt 
sornoositus et ceiitHurea, &c. Albertus. ^Lib. 1. ! ac si spiritiis ciun hoinine loqueretiir, et soiios briittirun 

i»cc'.ilt. philDs. Iinperiti hoininos diPinoniim et iiinhrH- i tiiigiiPit, &o. »' (Jliiiici'ster calheiiral. "'■'I'air 

ilin) i^iagines viilere se piilant. qiiuiii nihil sint aliiid, ] ciare el articulate amlies repetiluin, ut perleclior sil 
UHni siiiiulRclira annua; expertia. «« Pjthoiiissa; | Kch) quaiii ipse dixeris. 



Mem. 1 .] Prognostics of Melancholy. ^ 2o9 

Some twelve times, as at Charenton, a village near raris, In France At Delphus, in 
Greece, heretofore was a miraculous echo, and so in many other piaces. Cardan, 
stifdil. I. 18, hath wonderful stories of such as have been deluded by these echoes. 
Blaiicanus tlie Jesuit, in his Echometria, hath variety of examples, and gives his 
reader full satisfaction of all such sounds by way of demonstration. ^^At Barrey, an 
isle in the Severn mouth, they seem to hear a smith's forge ; so at Lipari, and those 
oulplmreous isles, and many such like, which Olaus speaks of in the continent of 
Scandia, and those northern countries. Cardan de reruni var. I. 1 5, c. 84, mentioneth 
a woman, that still supposed she heard the devil call her, and speak ino- to her, she 
was a painter's wife in Milan : and many such illusions and voices, which proceed 
most part from a corrupt imagination. 

Wlience it comes to pass, that they prophesy, speak several languages, talk of 
astronomy, and other unknown sciences to them (of which they have been ever 
ignorant) : ^° I have in brief touched, only this I will here add, that Arculanus, Bodin. 
lib. 3, cap. 6, dcBinon. and some others, ^^ hold as a manifest token that such persons 
are possessed with the devil ; so doth ^^ Hercules de Saxonia, and Apponensis, and 
fit only to be cured by a priest. But ^^ Guianerius, ^^Montaltus, Pomponatius of 
Padua, and Lemnius lib. 2. cap. 2, refer it wholly to the ill-disposition of the 
'* humour, and that out of the authority of Aristotle prob. 30. 1, because such symp- 
toms are cured by purging ; and as by the striking of a tlint fire is enforced, so by the 
vehement motion of spirits, they do clicere voces inauditas.^ compel strange speeches 
to be spoken : another argument he hath from Plato's remini scent in., which all out 
as likely as that which ^''Marsilius Ficinus speaks of his friend Pierleonus ; by a 
divine kind of infusion he understood the secrets of nature, and tenets of Grecian 
frnd barbarian philosophers, before ever he heard of, saw, or read their works : but 
in this 1 should rather hold with Avicenna and his associates, that such symptoms 
proceed from evil spirits, which take all opportunities of humours decayed, or other- 
wise to pervert the soul of man : and besides, the humour itself is Balneum Diaboli, 
the devil's bath ; and as Agrippa proves, doth entice him to seize upon them. 



SECT. ]V. MEMB. L 

Prognostics of Melancholy 

Progxostics, or signs of things to come, are either good or bad. il ihis malady 
be not hereditary, and taken at the beginning, there "is good hope of cure, recens 
curationem non habei dijicilem., saith Avicenna, I. 3, Fen. 1, Tract. 4, c. IB. That 
which is with laughter, of all others is most secure, gentle, and remiss, Hercules de 
Saxonia. ^'" If that evacuation of hicmorrhoids, or varices, which the'y call the 
water between the skin, shall happen to a melancholy man, his misery is ended," 
Hippocrates Aphor. 6, 1 1. Galen /. 6, de morbis vulgar, com. 8, confirms the same, 
and to this aphorism of Hippocrates, all the Arabians, new and old Latins subscribe; 
Montaltus c. 25, Hercules de Saxonia, Mercurialis, Vittorius Faventinus, &c. Skenkius, 
I. 1, observat. med. c. de Mania, illustrates this aphorism, with an example of one 
Daniel Federer a coppersmith that was long melancholy, and in the end mad about 
the 27th year of his age, these varices or water began to arise in his thighs, and he 
was freed from his madness. Marius the Roman was so cured, some say, though 
with great pain. Skenkius hath some other instances of women that have been 
helped by flowing of their mouths, which before were stopped. That the opening 
of the haemorrhoids will do as much for men, all physicians jointly signify, so they 
be voluntary, some say, and not by compulsion. All melancholy are betUir after a 
quartan ; ®* Jobertus saith, scarce any man hath that ague twice ; but whether it free 



89 Blowing of bellows, and knocking of hammers, if 
they apply their ear to the cliff. *) Menib. 1. Sub. 

3. of this partition, cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis. sigjijna 

isinonis nulla sunt nisi quod loqiiantur ea qute ante 
nesciebant, ut Teiitonicum aiit aliud Idionia, &c. 
"•Cap. 12. tract, ile me' wTra-t. 15. c. 4. »<Cap 9. 



^^Mira vis concitat humores, ardorque veheinens men 
tern e.Tai;itat, quum, &c. »> Pra-fat lamblif,! 

niysteriis. s' Si melanchnli<:is h^inorroides superve- 

nerint varices, vel ut quibusilani placet, aqua intet 
cutein, solvitur malum. s^Cap. 10. de quartana. 



Prognostics of Melancholy. 



[Fart. 1. Sec. 4. 



26U 

lum from this mala.ly, 'tis a question ; for many physicians ascribe all long agues 
for especial causes, and a quartan ague amongst the rest. '' Rhasis conl. hb. 1 . tract, 
9 '•'• When melancholy gets out at the superficies of the skin, or settles breaking 
out in scabs, leprosy, morphew, or is purged by stools, or by the urine, or that the 
galeen is enlarged, and those varices appear, the disease is dissolved." Guianerius, 
cap. 5, tract. 15, adds dropsy, jaundice, dysentery, leprosy, as good signs, to these 
scubs, morphews, and breaking out, and proves it out of the 6lh of Hippocrates 

Apliorisms. , 7- • tt c ■ \ 

Evil prognostics on the other part. Inveterata melancholia incural)ilis, it it be 
inveterate, !t is ™ incurable, a common axiom, aut difficulter curahi.lis as they say 
thut make the best, hardly cured. This Galen witnesseth, I. 3, de he. affect, cap. 
*) '"be it in whom it will, or from what cause soever, it is ever long, wayward, 
tedious, antl hard to be cured, if once it be habituated. As Lucian said of the gout, 
she was ^"the queen of diseases, and inexorable," may we say of melancholy. Yet 
Paracelsus will have all diseases whatsoever curable, and laughs at them which think 
olherwi-e, as T. Erastus par. 3, objects to him ; although in another place, heredi- 
tary diseases he accounts hicurable, and by no art to be removed. ^ llddesheim 
spicel 2, tZe mel. holds it less dangerous if only ^ " imagination be hurt, and not 
reason, ' tlie o-entlest is from blood. Worse from choler adust, but the worst of all 
from melanclioly putrefied." ' Bruel esteems hypochondriacal least dangerous, and 
the other two species (opposite to Galen) hardest to be cured. 'The cure is hard 
in man, but much more ditticult in women. And both men and women must take 
notice of that saying of Montanus consil. 230, pro Mate Italo, «'' This malady doth 
commonly accompany them to their grave ; physicians may ease, and it may lie 
hid for a time, but they cannot quite cure it, but it will return again more violent 
•ind sharp than at first, and that upon every small occasion or error :" as in Mer- 
cury's weatlier-beaten statue, that was once all over gilt, the open parts were clean, 
vet there was infmbriis aurum, in the chinks a remnant of gold : there will be some 
relics of melancholy left in the purest bodies (if once tainted) not so easdy to be 
rooted out. ' Ol'lentimes it degenerates into epilepsy, apoplexy, convulsions, and 
blindness: by the aulhoriiy of Hippocrates and Galen, '"all aver, if once it possess 
the ventricles of the brain, Frambesarius, and Salust. Salvianus adds, if it get into 
the optic nerves, blindness. Mercurialis, consil. 20, had a woman to his patient, 
that from melancholy became epileptic and blind. " If it come trom a cold cause, 
or so continue cold,' or increase, epilepsy ; convulsions follow, and blindness, or else 
in the end they are moped, sottish, and in all their actions, speeches, and gestures, 
ridiculous. '^ If it come from a hot cause, they are more furious, and boisterous, and 
in conclusion mad. Calescentem melancholnim scepius seqiutur mama. If it heat 
and increase, that is the common event, >er clrcuitus, aut semper insanit.he is mad 
by fits or altoirPther. For as '^ Sennertus contends out of Crato, there is sermnarim 
ignis in this humour, the very seeds of fire. If it come from melancholy natural 
a'dust, and in excess, they are often demoniacal, Montanus. 

'« Seldom this malady procures death, except (which is the greatest, most grievous 
calamity, and the misery of all miseries,) they make away tliemselves, which is a 
frequent thing, and familiar amongst them. 'Tis '^ Hippocrates' observation, Galen s 
sentence, Etsi mortem timent, tamcn plerumque sibi ipsis mortem consciscunt, I. 3. dt 
locisaffLcap.l. The doom of all physicians. ^Tis -Rabbi Moses' Aphorism, 
the pro.r„osticon of Avicenna, Rhasis, Jitius,Gordonius, Valescus, Altomarus, SalusL 
Salvianus, Capivaccius, Mercatus, Hercules de Saxonia, Piso, Bruel, I uchsius, all, &.c. 



»Cum sanguis i-xit por superficiem et residet melan- 
cholia prr !-caliiem, inorphram iiigraiii, vcl expurgatur 
per interiorcs partes, vel uriiiani, &c, non erit, &c. 
splcn iiiajiiiificaluret. varices apparent. lucama jam 
toiiv&-<:a ill naturaiii. ' In quocunqiie sit a qiia- 

ciir.Mue causa Hypocon. pra;sertini, semper est longa, 
morosa, nee facile ciirari potest ^ Regina niorbonim 
et inexoraliilis. » Oiiine delirium quod oritur a pau- 
citalecoiehriincurahile, Hildesheiiii,spicel.2. de mania. 
< Si sola imaginatio la;datiir, et nnn ratio. » Mala a 
saneuine fervente, deterior a bile assata, pessiiiia ah 
atra hile putrefaHa. « Dillicilior cura ejus qua; fit 

*,tio corporis tolius et cerebri. ' Difficilis curatu iii 
."1-3 niiiilo difficilior in fieniinis. " Ad interituin 



plerumque homines comitatur, licet medici levent ple- 
rumque, tamen non tolluiit unquam, sed recidet arer- 
bior quain anlea minima occasione, aut errore. » Peri- 
ciilum est ne degunereret in Epil.psiam, Apoplexiam, 
Convulsionem, cfficitatem. '« Montal. c. 25. Lauren 
tins Nic I'lso. 11 Her. de Saxonia, Aristotle, Capi- 

vaccius i2Favent. Humor frigidiis sola delirii causa, 
liiroris vero humor caliJus. '^ Heurnius calls mad 

ness sobolem nielaiicholiie. » Alexander I. 1. c. )H. 

IS Lib. 1. part. 2. c. 11. " Montalt. c. 15. Raro mur» 

aut nunquam, nisi sibi ipsis inferant '■ Lib. i- 

Insan. Fabio Calico luterprf te. '« Nonulli vialenU- 

manus sibi inferunt. 



Mem. l.J 



Prognostics of Melanclwly. 



2f)l 



■>'" Et SiEpe usque adeo mortis forniidine vitae 
I'ercipit infelix (idiuiii liicisqiie videndae. 
Ut siLii CDiisciscat maurenli peclore lelliuin." 



' And so far forth death's terror doth affright, 
He makes away Intnself, and hates the ligh 
To make an end of fear and grief of lieart. 
He voluntary dies to ease his smart." 



J:i such sort doth the torture and extremity of his misery torment him, that he cau 
u-\ke no pleasure in liis life, but is in a manner enforced to offer violence unto him 
self, to be freed from his present insufferable pains. So some (saith ^° Fracas tori us; 
'' in fury, but most in despair, sorrow, fear, and out of the anguish and vexation of 
their souls, offer violence to themselves : for their life is unhappy and miserable. 
They can take no rest in the night, nor sleep, or if they do slumber, fearful dreams 
astonish them." In the day-time they are atfrighted still by some terrible object, and 
torn in pieces with suspicion, fear, sorrow, discontents, cares, shame, anguish, &tc. 
as so many wild horses, that they cannot be quiet an hour, a minute of time, but 
even against their wills they are intent, and still thinking of it, they cannot forget it, 
it grinds their souls day and night, they are perpetually tormented, a burden to them- 
selves, as Job was, they can neither eat, drink or sleep. Psal. cvii. 18. "•Their 
soul abhorreth all meat, and they are brought to death's door, '^' being bound in 
misery aad iron :" they ^" curse their stars with Job, '^''"and day of their birth, and 
wish for death :" for as Pineda and most interpreters hold. Job was even melancholy 
to despair, and almost ^madness itself; they murmur many times against the world, 
friends, allies, all mankind, even against God himself in the bitterness of their pas- 
sion, ^'' vivere nolunt^ morl nesclunt^ live they will not, die they cannot. And in the 
midst of these squalid, ugly, and such irksome days, they seek at last, finding no 
comfort, ^^ no remedy in this wretched life, to be eased of all by death. Omnia ap- 
pcf.unt bonum, all creatures seek the best, and for their good as they hope, sub specie^ 
in show at least, vel quia mori pulchrum jnitant (saith ^' Hippocrates) vel quia putant 
inde se majoribus malis liberari^ to be freed as they wish. Though many times, as 
iEsop's fishes, they leap from the frying-pan into the fire itself, yet they hope to be 
eased by this means : and therefore (saith Felix ^* Flaterus) " after many tedious days 
at last, either by drowning, hanging, or some such fearful end," they precipitate or 
make away themselves : " inany lamentable examples are daily seen amongst us :" 
alius ante fores se laqueo suspendit (as Seneca notes), alius se prcecipitavit a tecto, 
ne dominum stomachantem audiret^ alius ne reduceretur a fuga ferrum redegit in 
viscera^ "■ one hangs himself before his own door, — another throws himself from the 
house-top, to avoid his master's anger, — a third, to escape expulsion, plunges a dag- 
ger into his heart," — so many causes there are His amor exitio est, furor his 

love, grief, anger, madness, and shame, 8j.c. 'Tis a common calamity, ^^ a fatal end 
to this disease, they are condemned to a violent death, by a jury of physicians, furi- 
ously disposed, carried headlong by their tyrannising wills, enforced by miseries, and 
there remains no more to such persons, if that heavenly Physician, by his assisting 
grace and mercy alone do not prevent, (for no human persuasion or art can help) 
but to be their own butchers, and execute themselves. Socrates his cicuta, Lucretia's 
dagger, Timon's halter, are yet to be had ; Cato's knife, and Nero's sword are left 
behind them, as so many fatal engines, bequeathed to posterity, and will be used to 
the world's end, by such distressed souls : so intolerable, insuflerable, grievous, and 
violent is their pain, '^so unspeakable and continuate. One day of grief is an hun- 
dred years, as Cardan observes : 'Tis carnificina hominum, angor animi, as Avell saith 
Aretpus, a plague of the soul, the cramp and convulsion of the soul, an epitome of 
hell ; and if there be a hell upon earth, it is to be found in a melancholy man's 
heart. 

" For that deep torture may be call'd an hell, 
When more is felt, than one hath power to tell." 

Yea, that which scoffing Lucian said of the gout in jest, I may truly affirm of melan- 
choly in earnest. 



WLucret. I. 3. 20Lib_o, je jntell. saspe mortem sibi 
consciscunt ob timorem et tristitiam la;di() vitae afl'ecti 
ob furorem et desperationem. Est enim infera, &c. 
Ergo sic perpetuo affliclati vitam oderunt, se prajcipi- 
tant, his malis carituri aut interficiunt se, ant tale quid 
committunl. ^' Psal. cvii. 10. ssjobxxxiii. 

"Job vi. a. ^ Vi doloris et tristitise ad insaniam 

»ene redact js. ''^Seneca. "^ in salutis suiE 

desperatione proponunt sibi mortis desiderium, Oct. 



Horat. 1. 2. c. 5. ^^ Lib. de insania. Sicsicjuvat 

ire per umbras. ^^Cap. 3. de mentis alienat. ma-sti 

degunt, dutii tandem mortem qiiam timetit, suspendio 
aut submersione, aut aliqua alia vi, nt multa tristia 
exempla vidimus. 29 Arculanus in 9. Rhasjs, c. lb 

caveiidum iie ex alto se prsecipitent aut alias lafdaut 
80 O omnium opinionibus incogitaliile malum. Lucian. 
Mortesque mille, mille flun', vivit neces gent, peritque 
Heirjsius Aiistriaco. 



262 



Prognostics of Melancholy. 



[Pan. 1 Sec. * 



"O 'riste nomeii . o diis odibile 
Mtlanchdiia lacrymosa, Cocyti fliia, 
Tu Tarlari speciilids oi)acis edita 
Eriiinys utero quaiii Mejjara suo tulit, 
Et ab u^»iriblls aliiit, ciiiiiiie parviilte 
Amaruletitiiin in os lac Alecto dedit, 
Oiiiiies ahoininahilein tp diEiiiones 
Prodiixeie in luceni cxilio morlalium. 
Non Jupiter ferit tale tekim fulniinis, 
Noil ulla sic procella sievit iequoris, 
Non impetiiosi taiita vis est turbinis. 
An asppros sustineo ninrsiis Cerberi ? 
Nuni virus EchidniE membra mea ilepascitur? 
Aut tunica sanie tincla Nessi sanguinis? 
Illacryniabile et immedicabile malum hoc." 



" O sad and odious name \ a name so fell. 
Is this of melancholy, brat of hell. 
There born in hellish darkness doth v dwell. 
The Furies brought it up, Megara's 'eat, 
Alecto gave it bitter milk to eat. 
And all conspir'd a bane to mortal men, 
Et paulo To bring this devil out of that black den. 
post, Jupiter's thunderbolt, not storm at sea. 

Nor whirl-wind doth our hearts so much dismay 

What? am I bit by that fierce Cerberus ? 

Or stung by s^gerpent so pestiferous? 

Or put on shirt that's dipt in Nessus' blood? 

My pain's past cure ; physic can do no good." 



No torture of body like unto it, SicuU non invenere tyranni majus tormentum, no 
strappadoes, hot irons, Plialaris' bulls, 



33" ]Vec ira deiim tantiim, nee tela, nee hostis, 
Quaiituni sola noces aiiimis illapsa." 



*' Jove's wrath, not devils can 
Do so much harm to th' soul of man. 



All fears, griefs, suspicions, discontents, imbonites, insuavities are swallowed up, and 
drowned in this Euripus, this Irish sea, this ocean of misery, as so many small 
brooks ; 'tis coaguhmi omnium (srumnarum: which ^* Ammianus applied to his dis- 
tressed Palladius. I say of our melancholy man, he is the cream of human adver- 
sity, the ^^quintessence, and upshot; all other diseases whatsoever, are but flea- 
bitings to melancholy in extent: 'Tis the pith of them all, ^^ Hospitium est calami- 
tatis; quid verbis opus est? 

-auamcunque n.alam rem qu.ris. iUic reperies:" | The^e^r a::7:^^c.S 'fi^wiu^n?"' 

and a melancholy man is that true Prometheus, which is bound to Caucasus ; the 
true Titius, whose bowels are still by a vulture devoured (as poets feign) for so doih 
^ Lilius Geraldus interpret it, of anxieties, and those griping cares, and so ought it to 
be understood. In all other maladies, we seek for help, if a leg or an arm ache, 
through any distemperature or wound, or that we have an ordinary disease, above 
all tilings whatsoever, we desire help and health, a present recovery, if by any means 
possible it may be procured ; we will freely part with all our other fortunes, sub- 
stance, endure any misery, drink bitter potions, swallow those distasteful pills, suffer 
our joints to be seared, to be cut off, anything for future health : so sweet, so dear, 
so precious above all other things in this world is life : 'tis that we chiefly desire, 
long life and happy days, ^^ multos da Jupiter annos, increase of years all men wish; 
but to a melancholy man, nothing so tedious, nothing so odious ; that which they 
so carefully seek lo preserve "^he abhors, he alone; so intolerable are his pains; 
some make a question, graviores morbi corporis an animi^ whether the diseases of 
he body or mind be more grievous, but there is no comparison, no doubt to be made 
of it, multo cnim scuvior longeque est alrocior animi., quam corporis cruciatus (^Lem 
I. 1. c. 12-) the diseases of the mind are far more grievous. — Totum hie pro vulnere 
corpus, body and soul is misaffected here, but the soul especially. So Cardan testifies 
de rerum var. lib. 8. 40. '"'Maximus Tyrius a Platonist, and Plutarch, have made 
just volumes to prove it. '^^Dies adimit cpgritudinem hominibus, in other diseases 
there is some hope likely, but these unhappy men are born to misery, past all hope 
of recovery, incurably sick, the longer they live the worse they are, and death alone 
must ease them. 

'.Another doubt is made by some philosophers, whether it be lawful for a man in 
such extremity of pain and grief, to make away himself: and how these men that 
so do are to be censured. '. The Platonists approve of it, that it is lawful in such 
cases, and upon a necessity ; Plotinus I. de beatitud. c. 7. and Socrates himself de- 
fends it, in Plato's Phajdon, " if any man labour of an incurable disease, he may 
despatch himself, if it be to his good." Epicurus and his followers, the cynics and 
stoics in general affirm it, Epictetus and *^ Seneca amongst the rest, quamcunque veram 
esse viam ad libertatem, any way is allowable that leads to liberty, ''^"let us give 
God thanks, that no man is compelled to live against his will;" ^^quid ad himinem 



SI Regina morborum cni famulantur omnes et obedi- 
i.nt. Cardan. s- Eheu quis intus Scorpio, &c. 

Seneca Act. 4. Here. O Et. sagiijug italiciis. 

*< Lib. 29. 35 Hie omnis imhonitas et insuavitas 

consistit, ut Tertulliaiii verbis utar, orat. ad. martvr. 
«Plautus. 87 Vit. Hnrculis. 3* Persius. K>auid 
esi mjseriusin vita. c nam velle mori ? Seneca. *>Toni. 



2. Libello, an graviores passiones, &c. *' Ter. 

■"2 Patet exitus ; si pugnare non vultis, lii et fugere ; quii 
vos tenet invilos ? De provid. cap. 8. ''^Agamu* 

Deo gratias, quod nemo invitus in vita tene i potest 
*^ Epist. 26. Seneca et de sacra. 2. cap. 15. it Epial 
7(. et 12. 



Mem. l.J Prognostics of Melancholy. 263 

claustra., career, cusfodla? liberum ostium habei, death is aiways reanyand at hand. 
Vides ilium prcEcipitem locum, ilhul fhimcn, dost thou see that steep place, that river, 
that pit, that tree, there's liberty at hand, effugia servitutis et doloris sunt, as that 
'^coniaii lad cast himself lieadlong [n^n seroiam aiehat p^ier) to be freed of his 
misery : every vein in thy body, if tliese be nimi$ operosi exiius, will set thee free, 
■juid tua refert finem facias an accipias? there's no necessity for a man to live in 
misery. Malum est neccssitati vivere ; sed in necessitate vivere, necessitas nulla est. 
Ignavus qui sine causa moritur, et stultus qui cum dolore vivit, Idem epi. 58. Where- 
fore hath our mother the earth brought out poisons, saith ""^ Pliny, in so great a 
quantity, but that men in distress might make away themselves ? which kings of old 
Kdd ever in a readiness, ad incerta fortunce venenum sub cuslode promptum. Livy 
writes, and executioners always at hand. Speusippes being sick was met by Dio- 
genes, and carried on his slaves' shoulders, he made his moan to the philosopher ; 
but I pity thee not, quoth Diogenes, qui cum talis vivere sustines, thou mayst be 
freed when thou wilt, meaning by death. ^^ Seneca therefore commends Cato, Dido, 
and Lucretia, for their generous courage in so doing, and others that voluntarily die, 
to avoid a greater mischief, to free themselves from misery, to save their honour, or 
vindicate their good name, as Cleopatra did, as Sophonisba, Syphax's wife did, Han- 
nibal did, as Junius Brutus, as Vibius Virus, and those Campanian senators in Livy 
[Dec. 3. lib. G.) to escape the Roman tyranny, that poisoned themselves. Themis- 
tocles drank bull's blood, rather than he would figlit against his country, and Demos- 
thenes chose rather to drink poison, Publius Crassi filius, Censorius and Plancus, 
those heroical Romans to make away themselves, than to fall into their enemies' 
hands. How many myriads besides in all ages might I remember, qui sibi lethum 
Insontes pepperere rtianu, Sfc. ''' Rliasis in the Maccabees is magnified for it, Sam- 
son's death approved. So did Saul and Jonas sin, and many worthy men and women, 
quorum memoria celebratur in Ecclesia, saith ^^Leminchus, for killing themselves to 
save their chastity and honour, when Rome was taken, as Austin instances, I. I. de 
Civ it. Dei, cap. 16. Jerom vindicateth the same in lonam et Ambrose, I. 3. de vir- 
ginitate commendeth Pelagia for so doing. Eusebius, lib. 8. cap. 15. admires a 
Roman matron for the same fact to save herself from the lust of Maxentius the 
Tyrant. Adelhelmus, abbot of Malmesbury, calls them Beatas virgines quce sic, &,c. 
Titus Pomponius Atticus, that wise, discreet, renowned Roman senator, Tully'sdeai 
friend, when he had been long sick, as he supposed, of an incurable disease, vitam- 
que produceret ad augendos dolores, sine spe salutis, was resolved voluntarily by 
famine to despatch himself to be rid of his pain; and when as Agrippa, and the rest 
of his weeping friends earnestly besought him, osculantes obsecrarent ne id quod 
natura cogeret, ipse acceleraret, not to offer violence to himself, " with a settled 
resolution he desired again they would approve of his good intent, and not seek to 
dehort him from it :" and so constantly died, precesque eorum taciturnd sua obstina- 
tione depressit. Even so did Corellius Rufus, another grave senator, by the relation 
of Plinius Secundus, epist, lib. I. epist. 12. famish himself to death; pedibus correptus 
cum incredibil.es cruciatus et indignissima formenta pateretur, d cibis omnino absti- 
nuit;*^ neither he nor Hispilla his wife could divert him, but destinat us mori obstinate 
magis. Sec. die he would, and die he did. So did Lycurgus, Aristotle, Zeno, Chry- 
sippus, Empedocles, with myriads. Sec. In wars for a man to run rashly upon 
imminent danger, and present death, is accounted valour and magnanimity, ^ to be 
the cause of his own, and many a thousand's ruin besides, to commit wilful murd^ir 
in a manner, of himself and others, is a glorious thing, and he shall be crowned f'>r 
it. The ^' Massegatae in former times, ^^ Barbiccians, and I know not what natlon^5 
besides, did stifle their old men, after seventy years, to free them from those griev- 
ances incident to that age. So did the inhabitants of the island of Choa, because 
their air was pure and good, and the people generally long lived, antevertebant fatum 
suum, p^iusquam manci forent, aut imbecillitas accederet, papavere vel cicufa, with 
poppy or Hemlock they prevented death. Sir Thomas More in las Utopia commends 

<6Lib. 2. cap. 83. Terrs mater nostri miserta. | tionai tortures, he abstained from food altogether. 
«6 Epist. 24. 71. 22. " Mac, 11. 42. ■«* Vindi- so As amongst Turlis and others. 6i Boheiniis de 

entio Apoc. lib. i^" Finding that he would be des- morihus gent. ^''^'Eliaii. lib 4. cap. 1. oiunes 70 

tin«d tu endure excruciating nam of the feet, and addi- | annum egressos interliciunt. 



2<»4 Prognostics of Melancholy. Part. 1 . sttt. 4 

voluntary death, if he bo .m.''/ aut aids molestus, troublesome lo .limself or others. 
^ "'*'•' especially if lo live be a torment to him,) let him free liimself with his ovvr 
hands from this techous life, as from a prison, or suHer himself lo be freed by others.' 
'^ And 'lis the same tenet wiiich Ijaerlius relates of Zeno, of old. Juste sapiens siM 
mortem consciscit^ si in acerbis doloribiis verselur^ mevibrorurn mutilatione aul morhif 
ctgre curandis^ and which Plalo 9. de legibus approves, if old age, poverty, igno 
miny, &,c. oppress, and which Fabius expresseth in effect. i^Prcpfai. 7. Instituf.) 
JYemo nisi sua culpa diu dolet. It is an ordinary thing in China, (sailh Mat. Kiccius 
the Jesuit,) =^"if they be in despair of better fortunes, or tired and tortured with 
misery, to bereave themselves of life, and many limes, to spite their enemies th 
more, lo hang at their door." Tacitus the historian, Plutarch the philosopher, muc 
approve a voluntary departure, and Aust. de civ. Dei^ I. I.e. 29. defends a violen 
death, so that it be undertaken in a good cause, nemo sic mortuus., qui non fuerat 
aUquando moriturus; quid aulcm interest., quo mortis gcnere vita isia Jiniutur., quando 
die cuifinilur., iterum mori non cogitur? Sfc. ^no man so voluntarily dies, but uoZens 
nolens., he must die at last, and our life is subject to innumerable casualties, who 
knows when they may happen, utrum satius est unam perpeti moriendo^ an omnes 
timere vivcndo., " rather suffer one, ihan fear all. " Death is belter than a bitter life,"' 
Eccl. XXX. 17. ^^and a harder choice tu live in fear, than by once dying, to be freed 
from all. Theombrolus Ambracioles persuaded I know not how many hundreds of 
his auditors, by a luculenl oration he made of the miseries of this, and happiness of 
that other life, to precipitate themselves. And having read Plato's divine tract de 
anima^ for example's sake led the way first. That neat epigram of Callimachus will 
tell you as much, 

S3" Jaiiuiue vale Soli ciitn dicprft Ainbrocioles, 
III St>'is;i(is f'tTtiir desiliiisse laciis. 
Mofte nihil digiuiiii passus: scd forte Platonis 
Uivini eiiiiiuiii de iiece If^git opiis." 

'^'Calenus and his hidians hated of old to die a natural death: the Circumcellians 
and Donalisls, loathing life, compelled others to make them away, with many such : 
"but these are false and pagan positions, profane stoical paradoxes, wicked exam 
"les, it boots not what headien philosophers determine in this kind, they are impious 
abominable, and upon a wrong ground. "• No evil is lo be done that good may comi 
of it;" rcclamat Christus., reclamat Scriptura., God, and all good men are ^^agains- 
it: He that stabs another, can kill his body; but he tliat stabs himself, kills his own 
soul. "^ Male meretur^ qui dat mendico., quod edat; nam et illud quod dat, pent; et 
illi producit vitam ad miser iain: he that gives a beggar an alms (as that comical poet 
said) doth ill, because he doth but prolong his miseries. But Lactanlius /. 6. c. 7. 
de vero cultu^ calls it a detestable opinion, and fully confutes it, lib. 3. de sap. cap. 
18. and S. Austin, ep. 52. ad Maccdoniuin,cap.Ql. ad Dulcitium Tri.bunum: so doth 
fiierom to Marcella of Blesilla's death, JVon recipio tales animas., Sfc, he calls such 
men martyres stultce Philosophice: so doth Cyprian de duplici martyrio; Si qui sic 
Moriantur., aut infirmitas., aut ambitio., aut dementia cogit eos; 'tis mere madness so 
to do, '''^furore est ne moriare mori. To this effect writes Arist. 3. Ethic. Lipsius 
Manuduc. ad Stoicam Philosophicp.m lib. 3. disserlat. 23. but it needs no confuta- 
tion. This only let me add, that in some cases, those "^^hard censures of such as 
offer violence to their own persons, or in some de-sperate fit to others, which some- 
limes they do, by slabbing, slashing, &.c. are to be mitigated, as in such as are n)ad, 
beside themselves for the time, or found to have been long melancholy, and that in 



• 53Li|)_ t>. Prffisertiin quiim tonneiitum ei vila sit, 
bona spe fretus, acerba vita velut a carrere se exinial, 
vil ab aliis eximi sua voluutale paliatnr. s4 iVam 

qiiis ainphoram exsiccaiis f'CErx'in exorUeret (Smieca 
epist. 58.) 'uis in poeiias et risuni viveret? stiilti est 
inanere in /ita nini sit miser. ^ Expedit. ad Sinas 

I. I. c. 9. Vel bnnoriiin desperatione, vel iiialoruni per- 
pessione fracti et fagitati, vel manus violeiitas sibi in- 
fi-rnnt vol ul iiiiniicis siiis sere faciant, &c. '^" No 

one ever died in this way, who would not have died 
some time or other ; hut what does it signify how life 
iiself may be ended, since he who comes to the end is 
not oblised to die a second time?" " So did An- 

thony, Galba, Vitelliiis, Oiho, Aristotle himself. Set:. 
Ajax in despair; Cleopatra to save her honour. »" In- 



semel moriendo, nullum deinceps formidare. •'''"And 
now when Ambrociotes was bidding farewell to tlie 
light of day, and about to cast himself into the Stygian 
pool, although he had not been guilty of any crime that 
merited death: but, perhaps, he liad read that divine 
work of Plato upon Death." ^ocurtius I. l(i. 

6' Laqiieus pra:cisus, conl. 1. I. 5. quidam naufragio 
facto, amissis tribus liberis, el uxore, suspeiidit se 
pra?cidit illi quidam ex prfetereuntibus laqiieum : A li 
berato reus fit maleficii. Seneca. 6'l?ee l,ipsius 

Manuduc. ad Stoicam philosophiam lib. 3. dissert. 22 
D. Kings 14. Lect. on Jonas. D. Abbot's ti I.ect. on the 
same prophet, 63 pi^utus. " lyiartial. ''•''Aii 

to be buried out of Christian burial with a stake. Idem. 
Plato 9. de legibus, viill separatim se|)eliri, qui siin ij 



"■rtiuB deligitur d i vivere quam in limore tot morborum [ sis mortem coiisciscunt, &c. lose their goods. &r 



Mem. l.j 



Prognostics of Melancholy. 



265 



extremilv, they know not what they do, deprived of reason, judgment, all, ^^as a 
ship that is void of a pilot, must needs impinge upon the next rock or sands, ant' 
suffer shipwreck. ^T. Foresius hath a story of two melancholy bretliren, that made 
away themselves, and for so foul a fact, were accordingly censured to be infamously 
buried, as in such cases they use : to terrify others, as it did the Milesian virgins oi 
old ; but upon farther examination of their misery and madness, the ceJisure was 
""revoked^ and they were solemnly interred, as Saul was by David, 2 Sam. ii. 4. and 
Seneca well adviseth., Irascere inlcrfeclori^sed miserere interfecti; be justly oflended 
witii him as he was a murderer, but pity him now as a dead man. Thus of their 
goods and bodies we can dispose; but what shall become of their souls, God alone 
can tell; his mercy may come inter ponfcm el fontevi., inter gladium et jiigulum., 
betwixt the bridge and the brook, the knife and the throat. Quod cuiquam contigit^ 
quivis potest: Who knows how he may be tempted ? It is his case, it may be thine: 
'^ QiicB sua sors hodie est, eras fore vestra potest. We ought not to be so rash and 
rigorous in our censures, as some are ; charity will judge and hope the best : God 
be merciful unto us all. 



* Navis destituta nauclero, in terribilera aliqueni 
Bropuluin impiiigit. i>7 Qbservat. ss' Seneca 

'.lact 1. I. 8. c. 4. Lex, Homicida in se jnsepultus al>ji- 
^atur, conlradicitur ; Eo quod afferre sibi inanus coac- 



tus sit assiduis malis; siiminam infteliciiatem siatri m 
line reiiinvit, quoil exiftiiiiattat licero n)i4»>^ uiori, 
«8 Btictiaiian. Kkg. lib. 



34 



(266) 



THE 



SY^^OrSIS OF THE SECOND PArxTITION, 



Cure of 

;<ieluncholy 
is bilher 



Unlawful 

means 
forbidden, 



(Sect. 1. 
General 
to all, 
which 
contains 



f2 



Lawful 
means, 
which are 



Memb. 

1. From the devil, magicians, witches, &c., by charms, 
spells, incantations, images, &c. 

Quest. I. Whether they can cure this, or other sucli 

like diseases i* 
Queft. 2. Whether, if they can so cure, it be lawful 
to seek to them for help 1 
Immediately from God, a Jove principiuin, by 
prayer, &c. 
3. Quest. 1. Whether saints and their relics can help 
this infirmity 1 

Quest 2. Whether it be lawful in this case to sue to 
them for aid. 
r Subsecf. 

1. Physician, in whom is required science, 
confidence, honesty, &c. 

2. Patient in whom is required obedi- 
ence, constancy, willingness, patience, con- 
fidence, bounty, &c., not to practise on 
himself. 

3. Physic, fDietetical T 
which < Pharmaceutical H 

[ consists of [Chirurgical EL 
I Particular to the three distinct species, ol? i^ TJK 

Such m'ats as are easy of digestion, well-dressed, hot, 

sod, «.Vc., young, moist, of good nourishment. Ate. 
Bread of pure wheat, well-baked. 
Water clear from the fountain. 
Wine and drink not too strong, &c. 



4. Medi 

ately bj 

Nature 

which 

concerns 

and 

works by 



< 



Matter 
and qua- 
lity. 
1. Subs. 



Diet rec- 
tified. 
I 1. Memb. 



Y Sect. 2. 
Dieietical, 
vhieh con- 
oisls in re- 
forniug 
tliise six 
nun-natural 
things, as in 



Flesh 



Fish 



Herbs 



V 



2. Quan- 
tity. 



r Mountain birds, partridge, pheasant, quails, 
\ &c. 

■:Hen, capon, mutton, veal, kid, rabbit, &c. 
J That live in gravelly waters, a? pike, perch, 
I trout, sea-fish, solid, white, &c. 
Borage, bugloss, balm, succory, endive, violets, 
in broth, not raw, &c. 
Fruits j Raisins of the sun, apjdes corrected for wind, 

and roots, i oranges, &c., parsnips, potatoes, &c. 
At seasonable and unusual times of repast, in good order, 
not before the first be concocted, sparing, ni)t overmuch 
of one dish. 

2. Rectification of retention and evacuation, as costiveness, venery, bleeding at nose, 
j months stopped, baths, &c. 

3. Air recti- (-Naturally in the choice and site of our country, dwelling-place, to 
fied, with a I be hot and moist, light, wholesome, pleasant, »Stc. 

digression of 1 Artificially, by often change of air, avoiding winds, fogs, tempests, 
the air I. opening windows, perfumes, &c. 

fOf body and mind, but moderate, as hawking, hunting, riding, 
shooting, bowling, fishing, fowling, walking in fair fields, galleries 

4. Exercise < tennis, bar. 
Of mind, as chess, cards, tables, &c., to see plays, masks, Ac. <.iriou» 

studies, business, all honest recreations. 

5. Rectification of waking and terrilile dreams, &c. 

6. Rectification of passions and perturbations of the mind. — 



Mer,.b 6. 

and (lertur 
batloiis of 
tlie niiiid 
reclilifd. 



From 
himself 



from his 
frienils, 



Syno2)sis of the Second PxrlUion. 267 

r SiiLsect. 

] 1. By using all good means of help, confessing to a t u, (Stc. 

I Avoiding all occasions of his infirmity. 

I, Not giving way to passions, but resisting to his ut» .<t. 

2. by fair and foul means, counsel, comfort, good persuasion, witty 

devices, fictions, and, if it be possible, to satisfy his mind 

3. Music of all sorts aptly applied 

4. Mirth and merry company. 

(Menib. 

I 1 General discontents and grievances satisfied. 
2. Particular discontents, as deformity of boi'y, sick- 
Sect. 3. ness, baseness of birth, &c. 

A consola- 3. Poverty and want, such calamities and adve»"- 
tory digres- sities. 

sion, con- 4. Against servitude, loss of liberty, imprisonment, 

taining re- banishment, &c. 

medies to all "* 5. Against vain fears, sorrows for death of friends, or 
discontents otherwise. 

and passions 6. Against envy, livor, hatred, malice, emulation, 
of the mind. ambition, and self-love, &C. 

7. Against repulses, abuses, injuries, contempts, dis- 
graces, contumelies, slanders, and scoffs, &c. 

8. Against all other grievous and ordinary symptoms 
of this disease of melancholy. 



Sect. 4. 
Pharmaceu- 
tics, or Phy- 
sic which 
cureth with 
medicines, 
with a di- 
gression of 
this kind of 
pliVsic, is 
either 
Men/). 1. 
'■3u/iyect. 1. 



Q 



rSim^jles 
altering 
melan- 
choly, 
with a di- 
gression 
of exotic 
simples. 
2. Subs. 



<0T 



Com- 
pounds 
altering 
melan- 
choly, 
with a di- 
gression 
of com- 
pounds. 
1. Subs. 



fTo the heart; borage, bugloss, scorzonera, &c. 
To the head ; balm, hops, nenuphar, &c. 
f Herbs. | Liver ; eupatory, artemisia. &c. 

3. Subs. } Stomach ; wormwood, centaury, pennyroyal. 
I I Spleen ; ceterache, ash, tamarisk. 

J To purify the blood; endive, succory, &c. 

Against wind; origan, fennel, aniseed, &c. 

4. Precious stones ; as snaragdes, chelidonies, &c. Minerals; 

as gold, &c. 



r ^ 

5 



fluid 



con- 
sisting 



hot 



solid, as I 
those I 
aroma- ■( 
tical 

con fee- I 
tions. 



r Wines; as of helleoore, bugloss, ta- 
! marisk, &c. 
Syrups of borage, bugloss, hops, epi- 
thyme, endive, succory, &c. 

("Conserves of violets, maidenhair, borage, 
I bugloss, roses, &c. 
j Confections ; treacle, mithridate, ecleg- 
I mes or linfitures. 

fDiambra, dianthos. 

Diarnargaritum calidum. 
■{ Diamoscum dulce. 

Electuarium de gemrnis. 

Lfetificans Galeni et Rhasis 

rDiamargaritum frigidum. 

^ Diarrhodon ahbatis. 

[Diacoroili, diacodium with their tables. 



I Condites of all sorts, &c. 



Purging ' 
Particular to the three distinct species, 



roils of camomile, violets, roses, &-c. 
Out- Ointments, alablastritum, populeum, &c. 

wardly ■{ Liniments, plasters, cerotes, cataplasms, frontal^, 
used, as I fomentations, epithymes, sacks, bags, odora 

l_ ments, posies, &c. 



U "K. 



268 



Synopsis of Ihe Second Parlilion 
1 



MeiHcines 

[.urging 
melan- 
choly, are 
I'lther 
Mciiil. 2. 



Simples 
purging 
melan- 
choly. 



3. Subs, 
Com- 
pounds 
purging 
melan- 
.choly. 



n Chirurgical physic, 
which consists of Mernb. 3, 



f 1. Subf:. 
Upward, 
as vomits, 



Down- 
ward. 
2. Subs. 



Superior 
parts 



I Acrabecca, hiurel, white hellebore, scilla, or sea-onion, 
f antimony, tobacco. 

More gentle ; as senna, epithyme, polipody, nnrooa.anes, 
fumitory, &c. 

Stronger; aloes, lapis Armenus, lapis lazuli, black helle- 
1, bore. 



r 



Mouth 



r 2 ("Liquid, as potions, juleps, syrups, wine .>f 
^ hellebore, bugloss, &c. 
I 1 Solid, as lapis Armenus, and lazuli, pills 
g_ I of Indae, pills of fumitory, &c. 
Q Electuaries, diasena. confection of hainech, 
I hierologladium, &;c. 

Not swallowed, as gargarisms, masticatories, 
«&c. 

Nostrils, sneezing powders, odoraments, perfumes, &c. 



Inferior paits, as clysters strong and weak, and suppositories of Casti 
lian soap, honey boiled, &c. 

("Phlebotomy, to all parts almost, and all the distinct species 

I With knife, horseleeches. 

j Cupping-glasses. 

] Cauteries, and searing with hot irons, boring. 

Dropax and sinapismus. 
L issues to several parts, and upon several occasions. 



Sect. 5. 
Cure of 
head-melan- 
choly. 
Mernb. 1 



f 1. Subsect. 
Moderate diet, meat of good juice, moistening, easy of digestion. 
Good air. 

Sleep more than ordinary. 

Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature. 

Exercise of body and mind not too violent, or too remiss, passions of the mind, and 
perturbations to be avoided. 

2. Blood-letting, if there be need, or that the blood be corrupt, in the arm, fore- 
head, &c., or with cupping-glasses. 

f Preparatives ; as syrup of borage, bugloss, epithyme, hops, with 
their distilled waters, &c. 

3. Prepara- Purgers ; as Montanus, and Matthiolus helleborismus, Quercplanus, 
lives and .; syrup of hellebore, extract of hellebore, pulvis Hali, antimony 
purgers. prepared, Ru/aiidi aqua tjiirabilis ,■ which are used, if gentler 

medicines will not take place, with Arnoldus, vinum buglossa- 
tuni, senna, cassia, mirohalanes. aurnni pofabile, or before 
Hamech, Pil. Indse, Hiera. Pil. de lap. Armeno, lazuli. 

Cardan's nettles, frictions, clysters, suppositories, sneezings, iiiasti- 

calories, nasals, cupping-glasses. 
To open the haemorrhoids with horseleeches, to apply horse- 
] leeches to the forehead without scarification, to the shoulders, 

thighs. 
Issues, boring, cauteries, hot irons in the suturo of the crown 

(A cup of wine or strong drink. 
Bezars stone, amber, spice. 
Conserves of borage, bugloss, roses, fumitory, 
r' f .■ (-11 
Confection of alchermes. 
Electuarium Isiiijicans Galeni et Rhasi^, <^c. 
\. Diumargarilum frig, diuburairinatum, <\f. 



4. Averters. 



6. Cordials, 
resol 
hinderers. 



Synopsis of the ''i>'r.07id Partition. 



209 



6. Correctors 
of accidents, 



f Odoraments of roses, violets. 

Irrigations of the head, with the decoctions of nj mphea, lettuce 
1 mallows, &c. 

I Epithymes, ointments, bags to the heart. 
I Fomentations of oil for the belly. 

Baths of sweet water, in which were sod mallows, violets, roses 
water-lilies, borage flowers, ramsheads, &c. 

i Poppy, nymphea, lettuce, roses, purs- 
lane, henbane, mandrake, night- 
shade, opium, &c. 
i..„«.^._, , or f Liquid, as syrups of poppy, verbasco, 

taken, violets, roses. 

Com- ^ Solid, as requies Nicholai, Phi- 

pounds. Ionium, Romanum, Laudanum 

^ ^ J I Paracclsi. 

Oil of nymphea, poppy, violets, roses, mandrake, 

nutmegs. 
Odoraments of vinegar, rose-water, opium. 
Frontals of rose-cake, rose-vinegar, nutmeg. 
. Ointments, alablastritum, unguentum populeum, 
simple or mixed with opium. 
Irrigations of the head, feet, sponges, music, niur 

mur and noise of waters. 
Frictions of the head and outward parts, sacculi 
j^ of henbane, wormwood at his pillow, &c. 

Against terrible dreams; not to sup late, or eat peas, cabbage, 
venison, meats heavy of digestion, use balm, hart's-tongue, &c. 
(^Against ruddiness and blushing, inward and outward remedies. 
Si 2. Memb. cDiet, preparatives, purges, averters, cordials, correctors, as before. 
'Jure of me- j Phlebotomy in this kind more necessary, and more frequent, 
"ancholy over ') To correct and cleanse the blood with fumitory, senna, succory, dandelion 
die body. I. endive, &c. 

r Subsect. 
Phlebotomy, if need require. 
Diet, preparatives, averters, cordials, purgers, as before, saving that fney must not be 

so vehement. 
Use of pennyroyal, wormwood, centaury sod, which alone hath cured many. 
To provoke urine with aniseed, daucus, asarum, &c., and stools, if need be, by clysters 

and suppositories. 
To respect the spleen, stomach, liver, hypochondries. 
To use treacle now and then in winter. 
To vomit after meals sometimes, if it be inveterate. 



Outward- 
. ly used, as 



"R Cure 
of hypo- 
chondria- 
cal or 
windy 
melan- 
choly. 
^. Memb. 



2. To ex- 
(pel wind. 



Inwardly 
taken. 



Herbs, 

Spices, 
Seeds, 



TGalanga, gentian, enula, angelica, calamus 
Roots, •! aromaticus, zedoary, china, condite giii- 
[ ger, &c. 
Pennyroyal, rue, calamint, bay leaves, and 
berries, scordium, bethany, lavender, camo- 
mile, centaury, wormwood, cummin, broom, 
[ orange pills. 
Saffron, cinnamon, mace, nutmeg, pepper, 

musk, zedoary with wine, &c. 
Aniseed, fennel-seed, ammi, cary, cummin 
I. ' [ nettle, bays, parsley, grana, paradisi. 

^ rDianisum, diagalanga, diaciminum, diacalaminthes, eler- 
§ i tuarium de baccis lauri, benedicla laxativa, &c. pulvis 
m" I carminativus, and pulvis descrip. Antidotario Fioren- 
» l tino, aromaticum, rosatutn, Mithridate. 
Outwardly used, as cupping-glasses to the hy[)ochondries without scarifi. 
cation, oil of camomile, rue, aniseed, their decoctions, <Si,c. 



I 



x2 



(sr/o) 



THE SECOND PARTITION. 

THE CURE OF MELANCHOLY. 



THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION 



Unlawful Cures rejected. 

INVETERATE Melancholy, howsoever it may seem to be a continuate, inexora- 
ble disease, hard to be cured, accompanying ihem to their graves, most part, as 
' Montiuius observes, yet many times it may be helped, even that which is most vio- 
lent, or at least, according to the same ^author, "it may be mitigated and much 
eased." JS'il desperandum. It may be hard to cure, but not impossible for him that 
is most grievously affected, if he but willing to be helped. 

Upon this good hope I will proceed, using the same method in the cure, which 1 
have formerly used in the rehearsing of the causes; first general, then particular, 
and those according to their several species. Of these cures some be lawful, some 
again unlawful, which though frequent, familiar, and often used, yet justly censured, 
and to be controverted. As first, whether by these diabolical means, which are com- 
monly practised b}^ the devil and his ministers, sorcerers, witches, magicians, &c,. 
by spells, cabilistical words, charms, characters, images, amulets, ligatures, philters, 
incantations, Stc, this disease and the like may be cured ? and if they may, whethei 
it be lawful to make use of them, those magnetical cures, or for our good to seek 
after such means in any case ? The first, whether they can do any such cures, is 
questioned amongst many writers, some affirming, some denying. Valesius, cont. 
med. lib. 5. cap. 6. Malleus Maleficor. Heurnius, /. 3. pract. med. cap. 28. Caelius 
lib. 10. c. 16. Delrio Tom. 3. Wierus lib. 2. de prcestig. dce?n. Libanius Lavater de 
sped. part. 2. cap. 7. Holbrenner the Lutheran in Pistorium, Poly dor Virg. /. 1. de 
prodig. Tandlerus, Lemnius, (Hippocrates and Avicenna amongst the rest) deny 
that spirits or devils have any power over us, and refer all with Pomponatius of 
Padua to natural causes and humours. Of the other opinion are Bodinus Damona- 
mantia;., lib. 3, cap. 2. Arnoldus, Marcellus Empyricus, I. Pistorius, I^aracelsus Apodlx. 
Magic. Agrippa lib. 2. de occult. Philos. cap. 36. 69. 71. 72. et I. 3, c. 23, et 10. Mar- 
cihus Ficinus de vit. cmlit. compar. cap. 13. 15. 18. 21. Sfc. Galeottus de promiscua 
doct. cap. 24. Jovianus Pontanus Tom. 2. Plin. lib. 28, c. 2. Strabo, lib. 15. Geog. 
Leo Suavius : Goclenius de ung. armar. Oswoldus Crollius, Ernestus Burgiavius. 
Dr. Flud, &c. Cardan de subl. brings many proofs out of Ars Notoria, and Solo- 
mon's decayed works, old Hermes, Artefius, Costaben Luca, Picatrix, &c. that such 
cures may be done. They can make fire it shall not burn, fetch back thieves or 
stolen goods, show their absent faces in a glass, make serpents lie still, stanch blood, 
salve gouts, epilepsies, biting of mad dogs, tooth-ache, melancholy, et omnia mundi 
mala.; make men immortal, young again as the ^ Spanish marquess is said to have 
done by one of his slaves, and some, which jugglers in ^ China maintain still (as 

'Coni^il. 235. pro Ahhate Italn. ^Consil. 23. aiit I ad 40. awnns possenl producere vitam, cur iion id cen- 

riirahitur, ant certe mmiius alRri.tiir, si vnlfi. sVnte tiiin? »i ad centuii!, cur nori ad iiiille? • Hixt. Chi 

Reiiatiiin M'lrt'u Aniiiiad. in scliolam Saiuriiit, c. 38. si ) iicnsum. 



>lern. I 



Patient. 



21 i 



Tragaltius writes) that they can do by their extraordinary skill in physic, anc some 
of our modern chemists by their strange limbecks, by their spells, philosopher's 
stones and charms. *"Many doubt," saith Nicholas Taurellus, "whether the devil 
can cure such diseases he hath not made, and some flatly deny it, howsoever com- 
mon experience confirms to our astonishment, that magicians can work such feats, 
and that the devil without impediment can penetrate through all the parts of our 
bodies, and cure such maladies by means to us unknown." Daneus in his tract de 
Sortlarils subscribes to this of Taurellus ; Erasius de lamiis, maintaineth as much 
and so do most divines, out of their excellent knowledge and long experience' they 
can commit ^agentes cum patientibus, colligere semina reriim^ eaqite materice appli- 
care, as Austin infers de Civ. Dei et de Trinit. lib. 3. cap. 7. ct 8. they can work stu- 
pendous and admirable conclusions ; we see the effects only, but not the causes of 
them. Nothing so familiar as to hear of such cures. Sorcerers are too common ; 
cunning men, wizards, and white-witches, as they call them, in every village, which 
if they be sought unto, will help almost all infirmities of body and mind, Servatores 
in Latin, and they have commonly St. Catherine's wheel printed in the roof of their 
mouth, or in some other part about them, resistunt incqntatoru7n prcestigiis., (^Bois- 
sardus writes) morbos d sagis motos propulsdnt, Sfc, that to doubt of it any longer, 
''•'or not to believe, were to run into that other sceptical extreme of incredulity," 
saith Taurellus. Leo Sauvius in his comment upon Paracelsus seems to make it an 
art, which ought to be approved; Pistorius and others stiffly maintain the use of 
charms, words, characters, &c. ^rs vera est, sed pauci artifices reperiuntur ; the art 
is true, but there be but a few that have skill in it. Marcellius Donatus lib. 2. de hist, 
mir. cap. 1. proves out of Josephus' eight books of antiquities, that ^"Solomon so 
cured all the diseases of the mind by spells, charms, and drove away devils, and that 
Eleazer did as much before Vespasian." Langius in his med. epist. holds Jupitei 
Menecrates, that did so many stupendous cures in his time, to have used this art 
and that he was no other than a magician. Many famous cures are daily done in 
this kind, the devil is an expert physician, as Godelman calls him, lib. \. cap. 18 
and God permits oftentimes these witches and magicians to produce such effects, 
as Lavater cap. 3. lib. 8. part. 3. cap. I. Polid. Virg. lib. 1. de prodigiis, Delrio and 
others admit. Such cures may be done, and as Paracels. Tom. 4. de morb. ament. stiffly 
maintains, '" they cannot otherwise be cured but by spells, seals, and spiritual 
physic." " Arnoldus, lib. de sigillis, sets down the making of them, so doth Rulandus 
and many others. 

Hoc posito, they can effect such cures, the main question is, whether it be lawful 
j in a desperate case to crave their help, or ask a wizard's advice. 'Tis a common 
practice of some men to go first to a witch, and then to a physician, if one cannot 
1 the other shall, Flectere si nequeant superos Jlcheronta movebunt. '^" It matters not," 
Viaith Paracelsus, " whether it be God or the devil, angels, or unclean spirits cure 
him, so that he be eased." If a man fall into a ditch, as he prosecutes it, what mat- 
ter is it whether a friend or an enemy help him out ? and if I be troubled with such 
a malady, what care I whether the devil himself, or any of his ministers by God'.s 
permission, redeem me ? He calls a '* magician, God's minister and his vicar, apply- 
ing that of vos estis dii profanely to them, for which he is lashed by T. Erastus 
part, l.fol. 45. And elsewhere he encourageth his patients to have a good faith, 
'■* " a strong imagination, and they shall find the eilects : let divines say to the con- 
trary what they will." He proves and contends that many diseases cannot otherwise 
be cured. Incaniatione orti incantatione curari debent; if they be caused' by incan- 
tation, 'Hhey must be cured by incantation. Constantinus lib. 4. approves of such 
remedies : Bartolus the lawyer, Peter jErodius rerum Judic. lib. 3. tit. 7. Salicetus 
Godefridus, with others of that sect, allow of them ; mpdb sint ad sanitatem qucz a 



sAlii dubitant an da;moii possit morbos curare qnos 
not! fticit, alii nej;aiit, sed qiioiidiana experieiiliii con- 
firmat, niasros inagiio multoriiin stupore morbos curare, 
einsiulas corporis paru- citra impfdiiiieiitiiiii pernicare, 
el niediis nobis iirnotis curare. SA»eiilia cuni 

patienlibus coiiJMguiit ' Cap. U. de Servat. ^HaBC 
aiii rii'i'Mt, sed vereor ne duin nolumiis esse creduli, 
vitium noil effniiiainus iricri'd.ilitatis. " Referl Solo- 
nioniMii niHiiiis uiorlms cur.isse, el da-mones alieaisso 
itw^a carininihiiR. nuoj e rorain Vespa(>iano I'ecil Elea 



zar. 'oSpiritualcs morhi spiritualiter curari debent. 
" .Sigilluni ex auro peculiari ad Melancholiain, &c. 
'^Lib. 1. de occult. Philos. nihil refert an Deus an Dia- 
holus, angeli an iminiindi spiritus aearo opem ferant, 
morbus curetur. '^ Magus minister et Vicariiis Oei. 

1^ Utere forti imaginationeet experieris elfectuin, dicanl 
in ailversurn qiiictjuid volunt 'I'heolosi. i"" Idem 

I'linius coriteiidit quosdam esse morbos qui incanta 
tionibus solum curenlur. 



272 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 1 



magis Jiunf, secus non., so they be for the parties good, or not at all. But these men 
are confuted by Remigius, Bodinus, deem. lib. 3. cap 2. Godelmanus lib. 1. cap. 8, 
Wierus, Delrio lib. 6. qucest. 2. Tom. 3. mag. inquis. Erastus de Lainris; all our 
"* (Hvines, schoolmen, and such as write cases of conscience are against it, the scripturn 
itself absolutely forbids it as a mortal sin, Levit. cap. xviii. xix. xx. Deut. xviii. &c. 
Horn. viii. 19. "Evil is not to be done, that good may come of it." Much better it 
were for such patients that are so troubled, to endure a little misery in this life, than 
to hazard their souls' health for ever, and as Delrio counselleth, ''' " much better die 
than be so cured." Some take upon them to expel devils by natural remedies, and 
magical exorcisms, which they seem to approve out of the practice of the primitive 
church, as that above cited of Josephus, Eleazer, Iraeneus, Tertullian, Austin. Euse- 
bius ii.akes mention of such, and magic itself hath been publicly professed in somr 
uni\ersities, as of old in Salamanca in Spain, and Cracow in Poland: but condemned 
anno 1318, by the chancellor and university of '^ Paris. Our pontifical writers retain 
many of these adjurations and forms of exorcisms still in the church ; besides those 
in baptism used, they exorcise meats, and such as are possessed, as they hold, in 
Christ's name. Read flieron. Mengus cap. 3. Pet. Tyreus, part. 3. cap. 8. what exor- 
cisms they prescribe, besides those ordinary means of '^" fire suffumigations, lights, 
cutting the air with swords," cap. 57. herbs, odours : of which Tostatus treats, 2. Reg. 
cap. 16. qucest 43, you shall find many vain and frivolous superstitious forms of 
exorcisms among them, not to be tolerated, or endured. 



MEMB. II. 

Lawful Cures, frst from God. 

Being so clearly evinced, as it is, all unlawful cures are to be refused, it remains 
to treat of such as are to be admitted, and those are commonly such which God hath 
appointed, ^°by virtue of stones, herbs, plants, meats. Sic. and the like, which are 
prepared and applied to our use, by art and industry of physicians, who are the dis- 
pensers of such treasures for our good, and to be ^' " honoured for necessities' sake," 
God's intermediate ministers, to whom in our infirmities we are to seek for help. 
Yet not so that we rely too much, or wholly upon them : a Jove principiumy we 
must first begin with ^^ prayer, and then use physic ; not one without the otlier, but 
both together. To pray alone, anct reject ordinary means, is to do like him in 
iEsop, that when his cart was stalled, lay flat on his back, and cried aloud help Her- 
cules, but that was to little purpose, except as his friend advised him, rotis tute ipse 
annitaris., he whipped his horses withal, and put his shoulder to the wheel. God 
works by means, as Christ cured the blind man with clay and spittle ; " Orandiim 
est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.^^ As we must pray for healtli of body and 
mind, so we must use our utmost endeavours to preserve and continue it. Some 
kind of devils are not cast out but by fasting and prayer, and both necessarily re- 
quired, not one without the other. For all the physic we can use^ art, excellent 
industry, is to no purpose without calling upon God, nil jiivat immeiisos Cratero 
promittere montes: it is in vain to seek for help, run, ride, except God bless us. 



"noil Siculi dapes 

Dulcem elahnrahiint sapnrem. 
Noil animuin cythersve cantns. 



I 24iVon domiis el fundus, iion iBris acerviis et auri 
I M'iroUt possiint domino rieducere febres." 

26 ••With house, with land, with money, and with gold, 
1 Tile master's fever will not be controll'd." 



We must use our prayer and physic both together : and so no doubt but our prayers 
will be available, and our physic take effect. 'Tis that Hezekiah practised, 2 King. 
XX. Luke the Evangelist: and which we are enjoined, Coloss. iv. not the patient 
only, but the physician himself Hippocrates, a heathen, required this in a good 
ractitioner, and so did Galen, lib. de Plat, et Hipp. dog. lib. 9. cap. 15. and in that 



•*Q.iii talihus credimt, aut ad eoriim domos euntes, 
ant snis doniilins inlroducunt, ant interrogant, sriaiit 
se fidem Christianam et haptismum prsEvaricasse, et 
Apostatas e.'iso. Austin de superstit. ohserv. Hoc pacio 
a Deo deficilur ad diabidum, P. Mart. "Mori 

prastat quaiii snpersiitiose sanari, Disqnis. mag. 1. 2. c. 
2. sect. 1. qucEst. 1. Tom. H. i* P. Luinhard. »»Siif- 
fitns, gladioriim irtus, &.c. ^oxhe Lord hath created 



medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not ab- 
hor them, Ecc.lus. xxxviii. 4. -' My son fall not in 
thy sickness, but pray unto the Lord, and he will make 
thee whole Ecclus .vxxviii. i). '^ Hue omne prin- 
cipiuin, hue refer exitum. Hor. 3. carm. (Jil.6. '■" Miisir 
and fine fare can do no good. ^^ Uor I I. ep. z 
25SintCrffisi et < rassi licet, non hos PactoluH aurea* 
undas ageiis erioiet unouitm e iniseriis 



Mem. 2. 



Cure of Melancholy. 



273 



tract of his, mi mores sequanfur temp. cor. ca. 11. 'tis a rule which he doth inculcate 
^and many others. Hyperius in his first book de sacr. script, led. speaking of tl.a 
happiness and good success wliicli all physicians desire and hope for in their cures, 
*!. tells them that it is not to be expected, except with a true faith they call upon God, 
and teach their patients to do the like." i^ The council of Lateran, Canon 22 decreed 
they should do so : the fathers of the church have still advised as much : whatso- 
ever thou takest in hand (sailh "^^ Gregory) let God be of thy counsel, consult with 
him; that healeth those that are broken in heart, (Psal. cxlvii. 3.) and bindeth up 
their sores." Otherwise as the prophet Jeremiah, cap. xlvi. 1 1. denounced" to Egypt, 
In vain shalt thou use many medicines, for thou shalt have no health. It is the 
same counsel which ^^ Comineus that politic historiographer gives to all christian 
princes, upon occasion of that unhappy overthrow of Charles Duke of Burgundy. 
by means of which he was extremely melancholy, and sick to death: insomuch that 
neither physic nor persuasion could do him any good, perceiving his preposterous 
error belike, adviseth all great. men in such cases, ^°" to pray first to God with all 
submission and penitency, to confess their sins, and then to use physic." The very 
same fault it was, which the prophet reprehends in Asa king of Judah, that he relied 
more on physic than on God, and by all means would have him to amend it. And 
'tis a fit caution to be observed of all other sorts of men. The prophet David was 
so observant of this precept, that in his greatest misery and vexation of mind, he 
put this rule first in practice. Psal. Ixxvii. 3. " When I am in heaviness, I will 
think on God." Psal. Ixxxvi. 4. " Comfort the soul of thy servant, for unto thee I 
lift up my soul :" and verse 7. " In the day of trouble will 1 call upon thee, for thou 
hearest me." Psal. liv. I. "Save me, O God, by thy name," 8tc. Psal. Ixxxii. psal. 
XX. And 'tis the common practice of all good men, Psal. cvii. 13. "when their 
heart was humbled with heaviness, they cried to the Lord in their troubles, and lie 
delivered them from their distress." And they have found good success in so doing. 
as David confesseth, Psal. xxx. 12. " Thou hast turned my mourning into joy, tlioi\ 
hast loosed my sackcloth, and girded me with gladness." Therefore he adviseth all 
others to do the like, Psal. xxxi. 24. " All ye that trust in the Lord, be strong, and 
he shall establish your heart." It is reported by ^' Suidas, speaking of Hezekiali, 
that there was a great book of old, of King Solomon's writing, which containt'd 
medicines for all manner of diseases, and lay open still as they came into the temple : 
but Hezekiah king of Jerusalem, caused it to be taken away, because it made the 
people secure, to neglect their duty in calling and relying upon God, out of a con- 
fidence on those remedies. ^^ Minutius that worthy consul of Rome in an oration 
he made to his soldiers, was much offended with them, and taxed their ignorance. 
that in their misery called more on him than upon God. A general fault it is all 
over the world, and Minutius's speech concerns us all, we rely more on physic, and 
seek oftener to physicians, than to God himself As much faulty are they that pre- 
scribe, as they that ask, respecting wholly their gain, and trusting more to their ordi- 
nary receipts and medicines many times, than to him that made them. I would wish 
all patients in this behalf, in the midst of their melancholy, to remember that of 
Siracides, Ecc.*i. IL and 12. "The fear of the Lord is glory and gladness, and re- 
joicing. The fear of the Lord maketh a merry heart, and giveth gladness, and joy, 
and long life :" and all such as prescribe physic, to begin in nomine Dei., as ^^ Mesne 
did, to imitate Lsebius a Fonte Eugubinus, that in all his consultations, still concludes 
with a prayer for the good success of his business ; and to remember that of Creto 
one of their predecessors, ^M^e avaritimn., et sine oralione et invocatione Dei nihil 
facias, avoid covetousness, and do nothing without invocation upon God. 



MScientia de Deo debet in medico infixa esse, Mesue 
Arabs. Saiiat oiniies languores Deus. For you shall 
pray to your Lord, that tie would prosper that which is 
given for ease, and then use physic for the prolonging 
of life, Ecclus. xxxviii 4. 3' Onines optant quandam 
IK Miedicina faelicitatein, sed hanc non est quod expec- 
lont, nisi deum vera tide invocent, atque cegros siinili- 
tei ad ardentem vocalionem excitent. ssijemnius e 
Grezor. exhor. ad vitam opt. instit. cap. 48. Guicquid 
meditaris aggredi aut perticere. Deuin in consilium 
adhibeto. sacommentar. lib. 7. oh infelicem pug- 

lam contristatus, in xgritudinera incidit, ita ut a me- 

35 



dicis curari non posset. so in his animi malis priii 

ceps imprimis ad Drtum preceiur, et peccatis veniam 
exoret, inde ad niedicinam,&c. 3' Greg. Tholoss. To 
2. I. 28. c. 7. Syntax. In vestibulo templi Solomon, libet 
remediorum cujusqiie niorbi fuit, qnem revtilsit Ezechi 
as, quod populus neglecto Deo nee invocato, sanitatem 
inde peteret. ^j ijvins 1.23. Strepunt aares clan\o. 

ribus plorantium aociorum, siepius nos quam deoruni 
invocantium opem. ^sRulandus adjungit optiman 

orationem ad fiiiem Empyricorum. Mercuria'is consi' 
23. ita concludit. Moiitanus passim, &c. et plureg alii 
Slc. 



S74 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. I, 



MEMB. III. 

Whether it be lawful to seek to Saints for Aid in this Disease. 

Th\t we must pray to God, no man doubts; but whether we should pray ii» 
saints in such cases, or whether they can do us any good, it may be lawfully con- 
troverted. Whether their images, shrines, relics, consecrated things, holy water, 
medals, benedictions, those divine amulets, holy exorcisms, and the sign of the cross, 
be available in this disease ? The papists on the one side stiffly maintaki how many 
melancholy, mad, demoniacal persons are daily cured at St. Anthony's Church in 
Padua, at St. Vitus' in Germany, by our Lady of Loretto in Italy, our Lady of Sicheni 
in the Low Countries: *'Q//.« et ccRcis lumen, cegris salutem., mortuis vitam., clandii 
gressum reddit, omnes mnrhos corporis, animi, curat, et in ipsos dcEmones imperium 
exercet; she cures halt, lame, blind, all diseases of body and mind, and commands 
the devil himself, saith Lipsius. '■'twenty-live thousand in a day come thither," '^''quis 
nisi numen in ilium Inciim sic induxit; who brought them.'' in aurihus.in oculis om- 
nium gesla, novcE novitin; new news lately done, our eyes and ears are full of her 
cures, and who can relate them all ? They have a proper saint almost for every 
peculiar infirmity : for poison, gouts, agues, Petronella : St. Romanus for such as are 
possessed ; Valentine for the falling sickness ; St. Vitus for madmen, &.c. and as of 
old ^'' Pliny reckons up Gods for all diseases, [Febri fanum dicatum est) Lilius Giral- 
dus repeats many of her ceremonies : all aflections of the mind were heretofore 
accounted gods,^' love, and sorrow, virtue, honour, liberty, contumely, impudency, 
had their temples, tempests, seasons. Crepitus Ventris, dea Vacuna, dca Cloacinn, 
there was a goddess of idleness, a goddess of the draught, or jakes, Prrma, Pre- 
munda, Priapus, bawdy gods, and gods for all ^^ offices. Varro reckons up 30,000 
gods : Lucian makes Podagra the gout a goddess, and assigns her priests and minis- 
ters : and melancholy comes not behind; for as Austin mentioneth, lib. 4. de Cirit. 
Dsi, cap. 9. there was of old Angerona dea, and she had her cliapel and feasts, to 
whom (saith ^^Macrobius) they did offer sacrifice yearly, that she might be pacified 
as well as the rest. 'Tis no new thing, you see this of papists; and in my judg- 
ment, that old doting Lipsius might have fitter dedicated his '"' pen after all his labours, 
to this our goddess of melancholy, than to his Virgo Halensi.s, and been her chap- 
lain, it would have become him better : but he, poor man, thought no harm in that 
which he did, and will not be persuaded but that he doth well, he hath so many 
patrons, and honourable precedents in the like kind, that justify as much, as eagerly, 
and more than he there saith of his lady and mistress : read but superstitious Coster 
and Gretser's Tract de Cruce, Laur. Arcturus Fanteus de Invoc. Sanct. Bellarmine, 
Delrio dis. mag. Tom. 3. /. 6. qucest. 2. sect. 3. Greg. Tolosanus To?}i. 2. lib. 8. cap. 
24. Syntax. Strozius Cicogna lib. 4. cap. 9. Tyreus, Ilieronymus Mengus, and you 
shall find infinite examples of cures done in this kind, by holy waters, relics, crosses, 
exorcisms, amulets, images, consecrated beads, Sec. Barradius the Jesuit boldly gives 
it out, that Christ's countenance, and the Virgin Mary's, would cure ^melancholy, if 
one had looked steadfastly on them. P. Morales the Spaniard in his book de pulch. 
Jes. et Mar. confirms the same out of Carthusianus, and I know not whom, that it 
was a common proverb in those days, for such as were troubled in mind to say, 
eamus ad videndum filnim Marice, let us see the son of Mary, as they now do post 
to St. Anthony's in Padua, or to St. Hilary's at Poictiers in France. ■" In a closet of 
that church, there is at this day St. Hilary's bed to be seen, " to which they bring all 
the madmen in the country, and after some prayers and other ceremonies, they lav 
them down there to sleep, and so they recover." It is an ordinary thing in those 
parts, to send all their madmen to St. Hilary's cradle. They say the like of St. 
Tubery in ''^another place. Giraldus Cambrensis Jtin. Camb. c. 1. tells strange stories 
of St. Ciricius' staff", that would cure this and all other diseases. Others say as much 



** Lipsius. 



3' Cap. 26. 



s« Lib. 2. cap. 7. de 



•^ ljipslU«. ""^up. *u. — Ijtii. *. t€r|j 

iJco Morbisque in genera descriptis deos reperimns. 
"Belileii piolop. rap :f. de diis Syiis. Rofinus. 3n S|.e 
I^illi Giralili syntagma de diis, &r,. s» 12Cal. Jniiiiarii 
ferias celebrant, ut anj;ores et animi snlicitudii'os pru- 



pitiata depellat. <» (lane div-T pennam cnnserravi. 

Lipsius. <' JodocMis Sincerus ilin. fJallia'. I()17. Huf 
mente c.iptos dediiciint, el stalls oratioiiilms, saorisniif 
P'raelis, In llluni lectuin doniiltnm ponuiit. See. '^ Ir 
Gallia Narboucnsi 



Mem. S.] Patient. 275 

(as ''^Hosj inian observes) of the three khigs of Cologne; their names writlea in 
parchment, and hung about a patient's neck, with the sjo-n of the cross, will produce 
like elfects. Read Lipomannus, or that golden legend of Jacobus ac Voragine., yoi« 
shall have infinite stories, or those new relations of our "Jesuits in Japan and China 
of Mat. Riccius, Acosta, Loyola, Xaverius's life, &c. Jasper Belga, a Jesuit, cured a 
mad woman by hanging St. John's gospel about her neck, and many such. Holy 
water did as much in Japan, See. Nothing so familiar in their works, as such ex- 
amples 

But we on the other side seek to God alone. We say with David, Psal. xlvi. 1. 
" Goa is our hope and strength, and help m trouble, ready to be found." For their 
catalogue of examples, we make no other answer, but that they are false fictions, or 
diabolical illusions, counterfeit miracles. We cannot deny but that it is an ordinary 
thing on St. Anthony's day in Padua, to bring diverse madmen and demoniacal per- 
sons to be cured : yet we make a doubt whether such parties be so affected indeed, 
but prepared by their priests, by certain ointments and drams, to cozen the common- 
alty, as ""^ Hildesheim well saith ; the like is commonly practised in Bohemia as 
Mathiolus gives us to understand in his preface to his comment upon Dioscorides. 
But we need not run so far for examples in this kind, we have a just volume pub- 
lished at home to this purpose. ""^^ A declaration of egregious popish impostures, to 
w ithdraw the hearts of religious men under the pretence of casting out of devils, 
practised by Father Edmunds, alias Weston, a Jesuit, and divers Romish priests, his 
wicked associates, with the several parties' names, confessions, examinations, &,c. 
which were pretended to be possessed." But these are ordinary tricks only to get 
opinion and money, mere impostures. 'jEsculapius of old, that counterfeit God, did 
as many faitious cures ; his temple (as '*'' Strabo relates) was daily full of patients, 
and as many several tables, inscriptions, pendants, donories, &c. to be seen in his 
church, as at this day our Lady of Loretto's in Italy. It was a custom long since, 



" susperulis 

Vtstiineiita maris 



ie potent! 

deo." 48 Hor. Od. 1. lib. 5. 



To do the like, in former times they were seduced and deluded as they are now. 
'Tis the same devil still, called heretofore Apollo, Mars, Neptune, Venus, Jilscula- 
pius, &c. as ""^ Lactantius lib. 2. de orig. erroris^ c. 17. observes. The same Jupiter 
and those bad angels are now worshipped and adored by the name of St. Sebastian, 
Barbara, &.c. Christopher and George are come in their places. Our lady succeeds 
Venus (as they use her in many offices), the rest are otherwise supplied, as ^"Lavater 
writes, and so they are deluded. ^' "And God often winks at these impostures, be- 
cause diey forsake his word, and betake themselves to the devil, as they do that seek 
after holy water, crosses," &.c. Wierus, lib. 4. cap. 3. What can these men plead 
for themselves more than those heathen gods, the same cures done by both, the 
same spirit that seduceth ; but read more of the Pagan god's effects in Austin de 
Civitale Dei, I. 10. cap. 6. and of ^sculapius especially in Cicogna I. 3. cap. 8. or 
put case they could help, why should we rather seek to them, than to Christ him- 
self, since that he so kindly invites us unto him, "Come unto me all ye that are 
'4ieavy laden, and I will ease you," Mat. xi. and we know that there is one God, 
" one Mediator between God and man, Jesus Christ, (1 Tim. ii. 5) who gave himself 
a ransom for all men. We know that we have an ^^ advocate with the Father, Jesus 
Christ (1 Joh. ii. L) that there is no other name under heaven, by which we can be 
saved, but by his," who is always ready to hear us, and sits at the right hand of 
God, and from ^^ whom we can have no repulse, solus vult, solus potest, curat uni- 
versos tanquam singulos, et " unumquemque nostrum et solum, we are all as one to 
him, he cares for us all as one, and why should we then seek to any other but 
lo him. 



<3Lib. de orig. Festorum. Collo suspensa et perga- 
ineno iriscripta, cuin signo cruci;:, &c. '* Em. Acosta 
com. rerum in Uriente gest. a societat. Jesu, Anno 
15ti3. Ep'st. Gonsalvi Fernaiulis, Anno 1560. e Japo- 
r,ia. *' Spicel. de morbis djEnioniacis, sic a sacnfi- 

ciilis parati unguentis Magicis corpnri illitis, ut stultx 
nlebeciilie persuadeant tales curari a Saiicto Antonio. 
«6 Printed at liondon 41° by J. Roberts. 1()()5. "Greg. 
lib. 8. Ciijus fanum sgrotantiuin inultitmline refertum, 
jndiquaqiie et lat>ellis pendeiitihns. in quibns sanati 
jnguores eranl inscnpti. *^ "To offer the sailors' 



garments to the deity of the deep." <' Mali angeU 

siiiiipsiTunt oliin nomeii Jnvis, junonis, Apollinis, icJL- 
qnos Gentiles deos credeLaiit, nunc S. Sebastiani, I'ar- 
bariB, &r. noinen habent, et aliorum. w Part. vJ. 

cap. U. de spect. Veneri siibstitiiunl Virginem Mariam 
^' Ad hiRC ludibria Dens connivet frequentvr, ubi relicio 
verho Dei, ad Satanam cnrritur, qiiales hi sunt, qui 
aqiiam InstraiiMii crncem, &.c. lubricx tiilei hominiliii» 
olferiint. 'sciiarior est ipsis homo quain sibi, I'au' 

-3 Bernard. '< Austin. 



270 Cure of Melancholy. ("Part. 2. Sue. 1 

MEMB. IV. 

SuBSECT. I. — Physician^ Patient, Physic. 

Of tliose diverse gifts which our apostle Paul saith God hath bestowed on man, 
this of physic is not the least, but most necessary, and especially conducing to the 
good of mankind. Next therefore to God in all our extremities (" for of tlie most 
high Cometh healing," Ecclus. xxxviii. 2.) we must seek to, and rely upon the Phy- 
sician, " wlro is Manns Dei., saith Hierophilus, and to whom he hath given know- 
ledge, that he might be glorified in lus wondrous works. "With such doth lie heal 
men, and take away their pains," Ecclus. xxxviii. 6. 7. " when thou hast need of 
him, let him not go from, thee. The hour may come that their enterprises may have 
good success," ver. 13. It is not therefore to be doubted, that if we seek a physician 
as we ought, we may be eased of our infirmities, such a one I mean as is sufficient, 
and worthily so called ; for there be many mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, in 
every street almost, and in every village, that take upon them this name, make this 
noble and profitable art to be evil spoken of and contemned, by reason of these base 
and illiterate artificers : but such a physician I speak of, as is approved, learned, skil- 
ful, honest, &c., of whose duty Wecker, Jlntid. cap. 2 et Syntax, med. Crato. Julius 
Alexandrmus medic. Heurn'ms pr ax. 7ued. lib. 3. cap. 1. Sfc. treat at large. For this 
particular disease, him that shall take upon him to cure it, ^^ Paracelsus will have to 
be a magician, a chemist, a philosopher, an astrologer ; Thurnesserus, Severinus the 
Dane, and some other of his followers, require as much : " many of them cannot be 
cured but by magic." "Paracelsus is so stifi' for those chemical medicines, that in 
his cures he will admit almost of no other physic, deriding in the mean time Hippo- 
crates, Galen, and all their followers: but magic, and all such remedies- I have 
already censured, and shall speak of chemistry '''elsewhere. Astrology is required 
by many famous physicians, by Ficinus, Crato, Fernelius ; '^^ doubted of, and exploded 
by others : 1 will not take upon me to decide the controversy myself, Johanne* 
Hossurtus, Thomas Boderius, and Maginus in the preface to his mathematical physic, 
shall determine for me. Many physicians explode astrology in physic (saith he), 
there is no use of it, unam artem ac quasi temerariiun inseclantur, ac gloriam sibi 
ab ejus i7nperitia.i aucupari: but 1 will reprove physicians by physicians, that defend 
and profess it, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicen. Stc, that count them butchers without it, 
homicidas medicos Jlstrologice ignaros, Sfc. Paracelsus goes farther, and will have 
his physician ^"predestinated to this man's cure, this malady; and time of cure, the 
scheme of each genilure inspected, gathering of herbs, of administering astrologically 
observed ; in which Thurnesserus and some iatromathematical professors, are too 
superstitious in my judgment. ^'Hellebore will help, but not alway, not given by 
every phvsician, &c." but these men are too peremptory and self-conceited as I think. 
But what do I do, interposing in that which is beyond my reach .'' A blind man 
cannot judge of colours, nor I perad venture of these things. Only thus much ] 
would require, honesty in every physician, that he be not over-careless or covetous, 
harpy-like to make a prey of his patient ; Carnificis namque est (as ^" Wecker notes) 
inter ipsos cruciatus ingens precium exposcere, as a hungry chirurgeon often produces 
and wire-draws his cure, so long as there is any hope of pay, '■'• J\'on missura cutemy 
nisi plena cruoris hirudo.'''' ^* Many of them, to get a fee, will give physic to every 
one that comes, when there is no cause, and they do so irritare silentem morbuin, 
as^^Heurnius complains, stir up a silent disease, as it often falleth out, which by 
good counsel, good advice alone, might have been happily composed, or by rectifica- 
tion of those six non-natural things otherwise cured. Tiiis is JYaturcB bellum inferre, 
to oppugn nature, and to make a strong body weak. Arnoldus in his 8 and 1 1 
Aphorisms gives cautions against, and expressly forbiddeth it. ®^"A wise physician 

6s Ekicliis. xxxviii. In the sight of great men he sliall i cap. 2. ^s " The leech never releases the skin until 

be ill admiration. soToiii. 4. Tract. 3. de inorbis \ he is filled with hlood." "Quod sa-pe evenit, lib. 3. 



4 



amentium, horuin multi noii nisi a Magis ciirandi et 
Astrologis, quoniain origo ejus a cmlis petenda t'st. 
»' Lib. lie Podagra. "* Sect. 5. '"' Langius. 

J. CiEsar Claudinus consult. »o Praedestinatuui ad 

hunc curaiidum. " Helleborus curat, sed quod ao 



cap. 1. cum non sit necessitas. Frusira fatigaiit reuie- 
dji.^ ^Egros, qui victus ratioiie curari pnssunt, Hcuniius. 
^^ Modestus el sapiens inedicus, nun(|uaiii properahit ad 
pliarmaciim, nisi cogente necessitate, 4i Aplior. prudens 
el pius mfdicus cihis prius Piedicinal quaiii ip.eil:.''ii>>' 



onini datus medico vanuiii est. S'' Antid. gen. lib 3 , puris ui'^r>>'im expellere sata^at. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 2.] 



t'alient. 



211 



will not give physic, but upon necessity, and first try medicinal diet, before he pro- 
ceed to medicinal cure." ^ In another place he laughs those men to scorn, that think 
loncris syrupis expugnare dcemoncs et animi phantasmata, they can purge fantastica 
imagmations and the devil by physic. Another caution is, that they proceed upon 
good grounds, if so be there be need of physic, and not mistake the disease; they 
are often deceived by the ""^ similitude of symptoms, saith Heurnius, and I could give 
instance in many consultations, wherein they have prescribed opposite physic. 
Sometimes they go too perfunctorily to work, in not prescribing a just ^^ course of 
physic : To stir up the humour, and not to purge it, doth often more harm than 
good. Montanus consil. 30. inveighs against such perturbations, " that purge to the 
halves, tire nature, and molest the body to no purpose." 'Tis a crabbed humour to 
purge, and as Laurentius calls this disease, the reproach of physicians : Bcssardus, 
iagellum medlcorum^ their lash ; and for that cause, more carefully to be respected. 
Though the patient be averse, saith Laurentius, desire help, and refuse it again, though 
he neglect his own health, it behoves a good physician not to leave him helpless. 
But most part they offend in that other extreme, they prescribe too much physic, 
and tire out their bodies with continual potions, to no purpose. JEitius tetrabib. 2. 
2. ser. cap. 90. will have them by all means therefore ''^"to give some respite to 
nature," to leave off now and then ; aud Laelius a Fonte Eugubinus in his consulta- 
tions, found it (as he there witnesseth) often verified by experience, ™"that after a 
deal of physic to no purpose, left to themselves, they have recovered." 'Tis that 
which Nic. Piso, Donatus Altomarus, still inculcate, dare requiem naturce, to give 
nature rest. 

Sub SECT. II. — •Concerning the Patient. 

When these precedent cautions are accurately kept^ and that we have now got a 
skilful, an honest physician to our mind, if his patient will not be conformable, and 
content to be ruled by him, all his endeavours will come to no good end. Many 
things are necessarily to be observed and continued on the patient's behalf: First 
that he be not too niggardly miserable of his purse, or think it too much he bestows 
upon himself, and to save charges endanger his health. The Abderites, when they 
sent for " Hippocrates, promised him what reward he would, "" all the gold they had, 
if all the city were gold he should have it." Naaman the Syrian, when he went into 
Israel to Elisha to be cured of his leprosy, took with him ten talents of silver, six 
thousand pieces of gold, and ten changes of raiment, (2 Kings v. 5.) Another thing 
is, that out of bashfulness he do not conceal his grief; if aught trouble his mind, let 
him freely disclose it, '•'• Stultorum incurata pudor vialus ulcera celat :" by that means 
he procures to himself much mischief, and runs into a greater inconvenience : he 
must be willing to be cured, and earnestly desire it. Pars saniiatis velle sanai..juit, 
(Seneca). 'Tis a part of his cure to wish his own health, and not to defer it too long 



'3" (iiii blandiendo dulce nutrivit malum, 
Slto recusal ferre quod subiit juguni." 

'< " Helleborum frustra cum jam cutis itgra tiittiebit, 
Poscentes vjdeas ; veiiienti occurrile morbo." 



' He that by cberishing a mischief doth provoke, 
Too late at last refuseth to cast off his yoke," 

" When the skin swells, to seek it to appease 
With hellebore, is vain ; meet your disease." 



By this means many times, or through their ignorance in not taking notice of their 
grievance and danger of it, contempt, supine negligence, extenuation, wretchedness 
and peevishness; they undo themselves. The citizens, 1 know not of what city now 
when rumour was brought their enemies were coming, could not abide to hear it 
and when the plague begins in many places and they certainly know it, they com 
mand silence and hush it up ; but after they see their foes now marching to theii 
gates, and ready to surprise them, they begin to fortify and resist when 'tis too late: 
when the sickness breaks out and can be no longer concealed, then they lament thei? 
supine negligence : 'tis no otherwise with these men. And often out of prejudice, a 
loathing, and distaste of physic, they had rather die, or do worse, than take any of 



"6 Brev, ]. c. 18. *' Similitudo sfepe bonis medicis 

imponii. fisQui melancholicis pra;bent remedia non 

tatis valida Loiijriores mnrhi imprimis solertiani medici 
jioBtulant et fidelitatem, qui enim tumultuario hos trac- 
ant, vires absque iillocoiiimodo l<edunt et frangiint, &c. 
"•Natura: .•emissionpm dare oportel. 'opierique 



hoc morbo meriicina nihil profecisse visi sunt, et sib 
demissi iiivalnerunt. " Ahderitani ep. Ilippoc. 

'2 Q,iiic(iuid aiiri apud nog est, libenter p..tso'veii''i», 
etiiirasi tola urbs nostra aurum esset. '» jenec» 

■>* Per. 3. Sat. 



278 



'"'^re of Melancholy. 



I Part. 2. Set. 1. 



it. "Barbarous imnianity ('^ Melauctlion terms it) and folly to be Jeplored, so lo 
fontenni the p^rccepts of health, good remedies, and voluntarily to pull death, and 
many maladies upon their own heads." Though many again are in that other 
extreme too profuse, suspicious, and jealous of their health, too apt to take physic 
on every small occasion, to aggravate every slender passion, imperfection, impedi- 
ment : if their finger do but ache, run, ride, send for a physician, as many gentlewo- 
men do, that are sick, without a cause, even when they will themselves, dpon every 
toy or small discontent, and when he comes, they make it worse than it is, by ampli- 
fj ing that which is not. "^ Hier. Cappivaccius sets it down as a common fault of all 
•'• melancholy persons to say their symptoms are greater than they are, to help them- 
selves." And which ■" Mercurialis notes, consil. 53. " to be more troublesome to their 
physicians, than other ordinary patients, that they may have change of physic." 

A third thing to be required in a patient, is confidence, to be of good cheer, and 
have sure hope that his physician can help him. '"Damascen the Arabian requires 
likewise in the physician himself, that he be confident he can cure him, otherwise his 
physic will not be effectual, and promise withal that he will certainly help him, make 
him believe so at least. "Galeottus gives this reason, because the form of health is 
contained in the physician's mind, and as Galen holds *"" confidence and hope to be 
more good than physic," he cures. most in whom most are confident. Axiocus sick 
almost to death, at the very sight of Socrates recovered his former health. Paracelsus 
assigns it for an orfly cause, why Hippocrates was so fortunate in his cures, not for 
any extraordinary skill he had; ^' but '■'• because the common people had a most strongX 
conceit of his worth." To this of confidence we may add perseverance, obedience, 
and constancy, not to change his physician, or dislike him upon every toy; for he 
that so doth (saith ^^ Janus Damascen) "or consults with many, falls into many 
errors; or tnat useth many medicines." It was a chief caveat of ^'^ Seneca to his 
friend Lucilius, that he should not alter his physician, or prescribed physic: "JNTo- 
ihing hinders .leallh more ; a wound can never be cured, that hath sevural plasters." 
Crato consil. 186. taxeth all melancholy persons of this fault: ^'"'Tis proper to 
them, if things fall not out to their mind, and that they have not present ease, to 
seek another and another;" (as they do commonly that have sore eyes) twenty-one 
after another, and they still promise all to cure them, try a thousand remedies ; and by 
this means they increase their malady, make it most dangerous and difficult to be cured. 
They try many (saith ^^ Montanus) and profit by none :" and for this cause, consil. 24. 
he enjoins his patient before he take him in hand, ^^"perseverance and sufferance, 
for in such a small time no great matter can be effected, and upon that condition he 
will administer physic, otherwise all his endeavour and counsel would be to small 
purpose." And in his 3 1 . counsel for a notable matron, he tells her, ^' " if she will be 
cured, she must be of a most abiding patience, faithful obedience, and singular per- 
severance ; if she remit, or despair, she can expect or hope for no good success." 
Consil. 230. for an Italian Abbot, he makes it one of the greatest reasons why this 
disease is so incurable, *^" because the parties are so restless, and impatient, and will 
therefore have him that intends to be eased, ^^ tq>.take physic, not for a month, a year, 
but to apply himself to their prescriptions all the days of his life." Last of all, it is 
required that the patient be not too bold to practise upon himself, without an approved 
physician's consent, or to try conclusions, if he read a receipt in a book ; for so. 
many grossly mistake, and do 'themselves more harm than good. Tiiat which is 
conducing to one man, in one case, the same time is opposite to another. ^An ass 



'sDeanima. Barbara tanien immanitatp, et rieplo- 
randa iiiscilia conleinniiiit priecppla sanitalis mortem 
et niorbos ultro accersiint. "<>Cmisiil. 17:5. e Scoltzio 

Melanch. il^groruiii hoc fere prnprium est, ul gravinra 
ilicant esse symptoinata, quam revera sunt. " Melaii 
uhnlici plerumque medicis sunt niolesti. ut alia aliis 
adjiingant. '^Oporlet iiitirmo imprimere salulem, 

iitcnnqiie pron'iltere, etsi ipse desperet. Nullum inedi- 
caiiientum effica.\,nisi medicus etiam. fiierit fnrtis ima 
ginationis, "De promise, doct. cap. 15. Qiiouiain 

saiiitatls formam animi nieriici continent. 8" Spas et 
confidenlia, plus valent quam medicina. 8i Frelicinr 
in medicina ob fideni Ethnicoruni. S2 Aphorig. 8!t. 

A^ffer qui plurimos consulit medicos, plerumque ir 
crrorem singulurum cadit. m Nihil ita sanitaten 



impedit, ac remediorum crehra mutatio, nee veiiit vul- 
nus ad eicatricem in quo diversa medicamenta tentan- 
tur. !*< Melancholicorum proprium, qiium e.v eorum 

arbitrio tion fit subita mutatio in melius, aiterare 
medicos qui quidvis, &;c. Consil. 31. Dum ad varia 

se conferunt, nullo prosunt. >^ hnprimi.s hoe statuere 
oportet, requiri perseverantiam, et tolerantiam. Exigiio 
enitn tempore nihil ex, &c. «' Si curari vult npua 

est pertinaci perseverantia, fideli obedientia, et pa- 
tientia singulari, si ttedet aul desperet, nullum hibebil 
eirecluni. ^"yEgritudine amittunt patientid Xi, el 

inde inorbi incurahiles. 80 \on ad menser.i aiil 

annum, sed opportet toto vitir curricuio curationi ope 
ram dare. *>Camerarius emb. 55 cent. 2. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 3.] Patient. 279 

and a mule went laden over a brook, the one with salt, the oihei with wool : the 
mule's pack was wet by chance, the salt melted, his burden the lighter, and he thereby 
much eased • he told the ass, who, thinking to speed as well, wet his pack likewise 
at the next vvater, but it was much the heavier, he quite tired. So one thing may 
be good and bad to several parties, upon diverse occasions. "Many things (saith 
"' Penottus) are written in our books, which seem to the reader to be excellent reme- 
dies, but they that make use of them are often deceived, and take for physic poison."" 
I remember in Valleriola's observations, a story of one John Baptist a Neapolitan, 
that finding by chance a pamphlet in Italian, written in praise of hellebore, would 
rtf-eds adventure on himself, and took one dram for one scruple, and had not he been 
sent for, the poor fellow had poisoned himself. From whence he concludes out of 
Damascenus 2 et 3. Aphoris. "^"that without exquisite knowledge, to work out of 
books is most dangerous : how unsavoury a thing it is to believe writers, and take 
upon trust, as this patient perceived by his own peril." 1 could reciie such another 
example of mine own knowledge, of a friend of mine, that finding a receipt in Bras- 
sivola, would needs take hellebore in substance, and try it on his own person ; but 
liad not some of his familiars come to visit him by chance, he had by his indiscre- 
tion hazarded himself: many such I have observed. These are those ordinary cau- 
tions, which I should tliink fit to be noted, and he that shall keep them, as **Mon- 
lanus saith, shall surely be much eased, if not thoroughly cured. 

SuBSECT. III. — Concerning Physic. 

Physic itself in the last place is to be considered ; " for the Lord hath createi 
medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them." Ecclus. xxxviii. 4 
ver. 8. " of such doth the apothecary make a confection, &c." Of these medicines 
there be diverse and infinite kinds, plants, metals, animals, &c., and those of several 
natures, some good for one, hurtful to another : some noxious in themselves, cor- 
rected by art, very wholesome and good, simples, mixed, &c., and therefore left to 
be managed by discreet and skilful physicians, and thence applied to man's use. To 

his purpose they have invented method, and several rules of art, to put these reme- 
dies in order, for their particular ends. Physic (as Hippocrates defines it) is nought 
else but ^''"addition and subtraction;" and as it is required in all other diseases, so 
in this of melancholy it ought to be most accurate, it being (as ^^ Mercurialis acknow- 
ledgeth) so common an afi^ection in these our times, and therefore fit to be understood. 
Several prescripts and methods I find in several men, some take upon them to cure 
all maladies with one medicine, severally applied, as that Panacea Jlurum potabile, 
so much controverted in these days, Herba solis, Sfc. Paracelsus reduceth all dis- 
eases to four principal heads, to whom Severinus, Ravelascus, Leo Suavius, and 
others adhere and imitate : those are leprosy, gout, dropsy, falling-sickness. To 
which they reduce the rest; as to leprosy, ulcers, itches, furfurs, scabs, &c. To 
gout, stone, cholic, toothache, headache, &c. To dropsy, agues, jaundice, cachexia, 
&.C. To the falling-sickness, belong palsy, vertigo, cramps, convulsions, incubus, 
apoplexy, &c. ^^" If any of these four principal be cured (saith Ravelascus) all the 
inferior are cured," and the same remedies commonly serve : but this is loo genera), 
and by some contradicted : for this peculiar disease of melancholy, of which I au' 
now to speak, I find several cures, several methods and prescripts. Thev that intend 
the practic cure of melancholy, saith Duretus in his notes to HoUerius, set down 
nine peculiar scopes or ends ; Savanarola prescribes seven especial canons. ^Klianus 
Montaltus cap. 26. Faventinus in his empirics, Hercules de Saxonia, &.c., have their 
eeveral injunctions and rules, all tending to one end. The ordinary is threefold, 
which I mean to follow. Aiatr fjtixri., Pharmaceutical and Chirurgica, diet, or living, 
apothecary, chirurgery, which Wecker, Crato, Guianerius, &c., and most, prescribe; 

>f which I will insist, and speak in their order. 



» Praefat. de nar. med. In libellis qus viilgo versan- 
tur apiid literatos, incautiores niulta leeunt, a quibus 
oei.ipiuntur, eximia illis, sed portPtilosum haiirinnt v»- 
nenuin. woperari ex lihris, ahsqiie ci giiit'.wnp ot 

solerti ingenio, periciilnsuni est. Unde nioneinur, quaiii 
insipiduni scriptis auctori bus credere, quod hie siio di- 
<iicit periculo. »3Coiisil. 23. hsec omnia si luo 



orriine decet, egerit, vel curabitur, vel certe minus affi 
cietur. ^4 Fuchsius cap. '2. lib. I. "oinpr.ict 

died. h-Ec .iffectio nostris tenipnribus frequeiilissima 
e;j,o (iiJAinie pertinet ad nos hiijiis curatioiierii intelli 
gere. '^gj aliqiiis liorum morborum, suminas atx 

natur, sanantur nmnes iiiferiore.<i 



'^80 Cure of Melancholy. [Pari. 2. Sec. 2 

SLOT. II. MEMH. 1. 
Sub SECT. I. — Diet rectified in substance. 

'Diw.r,^tairrjfixri..iyiclus.,or living, according to ^'Fuchsius and others, comprehend* 
nose SiX non-natural tilings, which I have before specified, are especial causes, and 
oeing lectified, a sole or chief part of the cure. ®* Johannes Arculanus, cap. 16. in 
9. Rhasis^ accounts the rectifving of these six a sufficient cure. Guianerius, trad. 
15, cap. 9. calls them, propriam ct primam c«r«m, the principal cure : so doth Mon- 
tanus, Cralo, Mercurial is, Altomarus, &c., first to be tried, Lemnius, instit. cap. 22, 
names them the hinges of our health, ^^no hope of recovery without them. Reine- 
rus Solenander, in his seventh consultation for a Spanish young gentlewoman, that 
was so melancholy she abhorred all company, and would not sit at table with her 
tamiliar friends, prescribes this physic above the rest, '°°no good to be done without 
it. 'Aretus, lib. 1 . cap. 7. an old physician, is of opinion, that this is enough of itself, 
if the party be not too far gone in sickness. '^Crato, in a consultation of his for a 
noble patient, tells him plainly, that if his highness will keep but a good diet, he 
will warrant him his former health. ^ Montanus, consil. 27. for a nobleman of France, 
admonisheth his lordship to be most circumspect in his diet, or else all his other 
physic will ''be to small purpose. The same injunction [ find verbatim in J. Ccesar 
Claudinus., Respon.'Si. Scoltzii., consil. 183. Tralliamis., cap. IG. lib. 1. Lcelius a 
fonte Miugabinus often brags, that he hath done more cures in this kind by rectifi- 
cation of diet, than all other physic besides. So that in a word 1 may say to most 
melancholy men, as the fox said to the weasel, that could not get out of the garner, 
Macra cavum repefes., quern macra subisti^" the six non-natural things caused it, and 
they must cure it. Which howsoever I treat of, as proper to the meridian of melan- 
choly, yet nevertheless, that which is here said with him in ®Tully, though writ 
especially for the good of his friends at Tarentum and Sicily, yet it will generally 
serve '' most other diseases, and help them likewise, if it be observed. 

Of these six non-natural things, the first is diet, properly so called, which consists 
in meat and drink, in which we must consider substance, quantity, quality, and that 
opposite to the precedent. In substance, such meats are generally commended, which 
are ^" moist, easy of digestion, and not apt to engender wind, not fried, nor roasted, 
but sod (saith Valescus, Altomarus, Piso, &c.) hot and moist, and of good nourish- 
ment;" Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2. admits roast meat, ^ if the burned and scorched 
superficies., the brown we call it, be pared off Salvianus, lib. 2. cap. I. cries out on 
."old ar d dry meats ; '" young flesh and tender is approved, as of kid, rabbits, chickens, 
veal, mutton, capons, hens, partridge, pheasant, quails, and all moimtain birds, which 
are so familiar in some parts of Africa, and in Italy, and as " Dublinij? reports, the 
common fot)d of boors and clowns in Palestine. Galen takes exception al n\utton, 
but without question he means that rammy mutton, which is in Turkey and A«ia 
Minor, which have those great fleshy tails, of forty-eiglit pounds waight, as Verto 
mannus witnesseth, navig. lib. 2. cap. 5. The lean of fat meat is best, and all man- 
ner of brotiis, and pottage, with borage, lettuce, and such wholesome herbs are ex- 
ceiient good, especially of a cock boiled ; all spoon meat. Arabians commend brains, 
but '^ Laurentius, c. 8. excepts against them, and so do many others ; '^ eggs are justi- 
fied as a nutritive wholesome meat, butter and oil may pass, but with some limita- 
tion; so "Cr^jto confines it, and " to some men sparingly at set times, or in sauce," 

" Instit. cap. 8. sect. 1. Victus nomine non tarn cibus i which lean yon entered." « 1. de finibus Tarentinii 
et potns, sed aer, exercitatio, snmnus, vigilia.et reliqua; et Siculis. ' Modo non multum elongentur. 'Lib. 
res sex non-naturales continentiir. "sSuffioit pie- 1. de melan. cap. 7. Caljdus et humidiis cihu.s conr.octu 

ruinqiie regimen reruin sex non-naturalium. "^ Et facilis, flatus exortes, elixi non assi, neqiie sibi frixi 



in his potisslnia sanitas confistit. '""Nihil hie 

agendum sine exquisita viveiidi r^^ioiie, See. ' Si 

lecens malum sit ad pristinum habitum recuperandum, 
alia inedela non est opus. « Consil. 99. lib. 2. si 

ceisiliido tua, rer.tnm victus rationem, &c. • Moiieo 
Dnmine, ul sis prudeiis ad victiim, sine quo cseiera re- 
media frustra adhibentnr. ♦Omnia remedia irrita 
et vana f^ine his. Novistis me plernsque ita laborajites. 
viclu pntius quam niedicanientis ciirasse. ' " When 
you are again lean, seek an exit through that hole by 



sirjt. 'Si irjterna tantum pulpa devorelur, non su- 

perficies torrida ab igne. '" Bene nutrientes cihi, 

teiiella aetas multuni valet, carries non viiosse, nee pin. 
gues. " Hoedoppr. peregr. Hierosol. '"Iiiimica 

stomacho. "Not fried or buttered, but potched ^ 

n Consil. 16. Non iniprobatur hutyrurn el oleum, s 
tameii plus quam par sit, non profuiidaliir ; satcliari et 
niellis usus, utililer ad ciborum condiinpnia coniprt^ 
batur 



vlem. 1. Subs. 1.] Diet rectified. 281 

diid so sugar and honey are approved. '^ All sharp and sour hnuces must be avoided 
and spices, or at least seldom used : and so saffron sometimes in broth may be tola 
mted ; but these things may be more freely used, as the temperature of the party i? 
hot or cold, or as he shall find inconvenience by them. The thinnest, whitest 
smallest wine is best, not thick, nor strong; and so of beer, the middling is fittest 
Bread of good wheat, pure, well purged from the bran is preferred ; Laurentius, cap. 
8. would have it kneaded with rain water, if it may be gotten. 

fVafer.] Pure, thin, light water by all means use, of good smell and taste, like to 
the air in sight, such as is soon hot, soon cold, and which Hippocrates so much 
approves, if at least it may be had. /Rain water is purest, so that it fall not down in 
great drops, and be used forthwith, for it quickly putrefies. • Next to it fountain 
water that risetli in the east, and runneth eastwa-d, from a quick running spring, from 
rtinty, chalky, gravelly grounds : and the longer a river runneth, it is commonly the 
purest, though many springs do yield the best water at their fountains. The waters 
in hotter countries, as in Turkey, Persia, India, within the tropics, are frequently 
purer than ours in the nortli, more subtile, thin, and lighter, as our merchants observe, 
by four ounces in a pound, pleasanter to drink, as good as our beer, and some of 
them, as Choaspis in Persia, preferred by the Persian kings, before wine itself. 

IS" Clitorio quicuiique silini de fonle levarit 
. Vina fugit gaudetqiie iiieris alistemiiis undis." 

Many rivers I deny not are muddy still, white, thick, like those in China, Nile in 
Egypt, Tiber at Rome, but after they be settled two or three days, defecate and clear, 
very commodious, useful and good. Many make use of deep wells, as of qld in the 
Holy Land, lakes, cisterns, when they cannot be better provided ; to fetch it in carts 
or gone 'las, as in Venice, or camels' backs, as at Cairo in Egypt, " Radzivilius ob- 
served 8000 camels daily there, employed about that business ; some keep it in 
trunks, as in the East [ndies, made four square with descending steps, and 'tis not 
amiss, for I would not have any one so nice as that Grecian Calls, sister to Nice- 
phorus, emperor of Constantinople, and '^married to Dominitus Silvins, duke of 
Venice, that out of incredible wantonness, communi aqua ull nolebat., would use no 
vulgar water; but she died tantii (saith mine author) feet idissiini pur is copid, of so 
fulsome a disease, that no water could wash her clean. '"Plato would not have a 
traveller lodge in a city that is not governed by laws, or hath not a quick stream 
running by it ; illud enim aninium., hoc corrumpit valefudinem^ one corrupts tlie botly, 
the other the mind. But this is more than needs, too much curiosity is naught, in 
time of necessity any water is allowed. Howsoever, pure water is best, and which 
(as Pindarus holds) is better than gold ; an especial ornament it is, and " very com- 
modious to a city (according to ^"Vegetius) when fresh springs are included within 
the walls," as at Corinth, in the midst of the town almost, there was arx altissima 
scatensfontibus., a goodly mount full of fresh water springs : " if nature afford them 
not they must be had by art." It is a wonder to read of those ^' stupend aqueducts, 
and infinite cost hath been bestowed in Rome of old, Constantinople, Carthage, Alex- 
andria, and such populous cities, to convey good and wholesome waters : read 
'^^ Front inus, Lipsius de admir. '^^Plinius, lib. 3. cap. 11. Strabo in his Geogr. That 
aqueduct of Claudius was most eminent, fetched upon arches fifteen miles, every 
arch 109 feet high : they had fourteen such other aqueducts, besides lakes and cis- 
terns, 700 as I take it; ^' every house had private pipes and channels to serve them 
for their use. Peter Gillius, in his accurate description of Constantinople, speaks 
of an old cistern which he went down to see, 336 feet long, 180 feet broad, built ol 
marble, covered over with arch-work, and sustained by 330 pillars, 12 feet asunder 
and in eleven rows, to contain sweet water. Infinite cost in channels and cisterns 
from Nil us to Alexandria, hath been formerly bestowed, to the admiration of thes.. 
thnes ; ^ their cisterns so curiously cemented and composed, that a beholder wouk 

'•Mercurialis consil. 88. acerba omnia evitaiitur. natura non preestat, elfondiendi, &c. 21 Opera gigau 

lo Ovid. Met. lib. 15 " Whoever tias allayed liis thirst turn dicit aliqiiis. ^De aquxducA. -sCurliiis 

with the water of tlie Clitdriiis, avoids wine, and ah- Fdiis a quadragesimo lapide in urhem opere arcuato 

steinious delights in pure water only " " Pregr. Hier. perductus. Pliii. 36.15. ^^Ciusque donius Riunw 

1* The Dukes of Venice were the:i permitted tc marry, fi.-itulas habebat el r.aiiales, &c. 2^ Lib. 2. ca. 20. Jod 

* Ue Legibus. 20 Ljt, 4 cap. 10. Mag la urbis a Meggen ':ap. 15. p. .'eg. Hior. Uellonius. 

Htilitas cum perennes folates maris induduiitui , quod si 

36 V •? 



282 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



*ake them to he all of one stone : when the foundation is laid, and cistern made, 
their house is half built. That Segoviun aqueduct in Spain, is much wondered at in 
these days, '^'^ upon three rows of pillars, one above another, conveying swe3t water 
to every house : but each city almost is full of such aqueducts. Amongst the rest 
^'he is eternally to be commended, that brought that new stream to the north side 
of London at his own charge: and Mr. Otho Nicholson, founder of our water- works 
and elegant conduit in Oxford. So much have all times attributed to this element, 
to be conveniently provided of it : althougli Galen hath taken exceptions at such 
waters, which run through leaden pipes, ob cerussam qucE in Us gcneralur., for that 
unctuous ceruse, which causeth dysenteries and fluxes; ^*yet as Alsarius Crucius of 
Genua well answers, it is opposite to common experience. If that were true, most 
of our Italian cities, Montpelier in France, with infinite others, would hud this in- 
convenience, but there is no such matter. For private families, in what sort they 
should furnish themselves, let them consult with P, Crescentius, de Agric. I. I.e. 4, 
Pamphilius Ilirelacus, and the rest. 

Amongst fishes, those are most allowed of, that live in gravelly or sandy waters, 
pikes, perch, trout, gudgeon, smelts, flounders, &.c. Hippolitus Salvianus takes 
exception at carp; but I dare boldly say with ^^ J3ubravius, it is an excellent meat, 
if it come not from ^° muddy pools, that it retain not an unsavoury taste. Erinacius 
Marinus is much commended by Oribatius, iEtius, and most of our late writers. 

^' Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2. censures all manner of fruits, as subject to putrefaction, 
yet tolerable at sometimes, after meals, at second course, they keep down vapours, 
and have their use. Sweet fruits are best, as sweet cherries, plums, sweet apples, 
pear-mains, and pippins, which Laurentius extols, as having a peculiar property 
against this disease, and Plater magnifies, omnibus rnodis appropriata conve7iiunt., but 
tliey must be corrected for their windiness : ripe grapes are good, and raisins of the 
sun, musk-melons well corrected, and sparingly used. Figs are allowed, and almonds 
blanched. Trallianus discommends figs, ^^ Salvianus olives and capers, which '^'^ others 
especially like of, and so of pistick nuts. Montanus and Mercurialis out of Aven 
zoar, admit peaches, ^"^ pears, and apples baked after meals, only corrected with sugar, 
and aniseed, or fennel-seed, and so they may be profitably taken, because they 
strengthen the stomach, and keep down vapours. The like may be said of preserved 
cherries, plums, marn.alade of plums, quinces, &c., but not to drink after them. 
*" Pomegranates, lemons, oranges are tolerated, if they be not too sharp. 

"^Crato will admit of no herbs, but borage, bugloss, endive, fennel, aniseed, baum; 
Callenius and Arnoldus tolerate lettuce, spinage, beets, kc. The same Crato will 
allow no roots at all to be eaten. Some approve of potatoes, parsnips, but all cor- 
rected for wind. No raw salads ; but as Laurentius prescribes, in broths ; and so 
Crato connnends many of them : or to use borage, hops, baum, steeped in their 
ordinary drink. '''Avenzoar magnifies the juice of a pomegranate, if it be sweet, and 
especially rose water, whicii he would have to be used in every dish, which they put 
in practice in those hot countries, about Damascus, where (if we may believe the 
relations of Vertomannus) many hogsheads of rose water are to be sold in the market 
at once, it is in so great request with them. 

SuBSECT. II. — Diet rectified in quantity. 

Man alone, saith ''^Cardan, eats and drinks without appetite, and useth all his 
pleasure without necessity, animce vitio, and thence come many inconveniences unto 
nim. For there is no meat whatsoever, though otherwise wholesome and good, but 
if unseasonably taken, or immoderately used, more than the stomach can well bear, 
it will engender crudity, and do much harm. Therefore ''^ Crato adviseth his patient 



'^Cj'pr. Echovius delit. Hisp. Aqua profluens inde in 
umnes fere donios ducitiir, in puleisquoque jestivo tem- 
pore frifiidissima conservatur. sTgir Hugh Middle- 
ton, Baronet. ** De qiia^silis ined. cent. t'ol. 354. 
^De piscibus lib. Iiabent oniiies in lautiliis, modo noii 
tint e ca'noso loeo. so De pise. c. 2. I. 7. Pluriiiiiiin 
pra;stat ad utilitalein et jucuiHlitalein. Idem Trallia- 
nus lib. 1. c. Iti. pisces petrosi, et inolles carne. si Etsi 
onines putredini sunt obnnxii, uhi secundis niensis, iri- 
cepto jam priore, devorentur conimodi succi prnsnnl.qui 
iulcediiie swnt praditi. Ut dnicia cerasa, pnniM, &.c. 

' jh. 2. cap. 1. ^ .Montanus r.onsil. 24. ^ Pyra 



qua graio sunt sapore, cocta mala, poma tosta, et sac- 
charo, vel auisi semine conspersa, utiliter statini a 
prandio vel a coeria sumi possunt, eo quod ventriciilura 
rohorent et vapores caput petentes reprimant. Mont. 
3=Punica mala autantia commode permittuiitur n>oil6 
noil sint aiistera et acida. 3i>oiera omnia pro<tef 

horagiiiein, bu!.'ios.suin, inlybum, feiiiculuin, aiiijiim, 
melissuni vitari debent. •" Mercurialis pract. Mud. 

™I..il). 2. de com. Solu? homo edit bibitnue, Ac. 
39Consil. 21. 18. si plus ingerata quain niir est it vkfi 
uiiulus tolerare posset, uocet, el cruditules gitieril 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.) 



Diet rectified. 



283 



to eat but twice a day, and that at his set meals, by no means to eat without an 
appetite, or upon a full stomach, and to put seven hours' difference between dinner 
and supper. Which rule if we did observe in our colleges, it would be much bettei 
for our healths : but custom, that tyrant, so prevails, that contrary to all good ordei 
and rules of physic, we scarce admit of five. If after seven hours' tarrying he shail 
have no stomach, let him defer his meal, or eat very little at his ordinary time of 
repast. This very counsel was given by Prosper Calenus to Cardinal Caesius, labour- 
ing of this disease ; and '"' Platerus prescribes it to a patient of his, to be most 
severely kept. Guianerius admits of three meals a day, but Monlanus^ consil. 2S. pro. 
Jib. Italo, ties him precisely to two. And as he must not eat overmuch, so he may 
not absolutely fast ; for as Celsus contends, lib. 1 . Jacchinus 1 5. in 9. Rhasis, ■" re])le- 
lion and inanition may both do harm in two contrary extremes. Moreover, that 
which he doth eat, must be well ^^ chewed, and not hastily gobbled, for that causeth 
crudity and wind ; and by all means to eat no more than he can well digest. " Some 
think (saith '*'' Trincavelius, lib. 1 1. cap. 29. de curand. part, hum.) the more they eat 
the more they nourish themselves :" eat and live, as the proverb is, " not knowing 
that only repairs man, which is well concocted, not that which is devoured." Melan- 
ciioly men most part have good ■'"appetites, but ill digestion, and for that cause they 
must be sure to rise with an appetite ; and that which Socrates and Disarius the 
physicians in ''* Macrobius so much require, St. Hierom enjoins Rusticus to eat and 
drink no more than will ''^ satisfy hunger and thirst. ''^Lessius, the Jesuit, holds 
twelve, thirteen, or fourteen ounces, or in our northern countries, sixteen at most, 
[ioY all students, weaklings, and such as lead an idle sedentary life) of meat, bread, 
kc, a fit proportion for a whole day, and as much or little more of drink. Nothing 
pesters the body and mind sooner llian to be still fed, to eat and ingurgitate beyond 
all measure, as many do. ''*" By overmuch eating and continual feasts they stille 
nature, and choke up themselves ; which, had they lived coarsely, or like galley 
slaves been tied to an oar, might have happily prolonged many fair years." 

A great inconvenience comes by variety of dishes, which causeth the precedent 
distemperature, ""^"than which (saith Avicenna) nothing is worse; to feed on diver- 
sity of meats, or overmuch," Sertorius-like, in lucem cosnare., and as commonly they 
do in Muscovy and Iceland, to prolong their meals all day lonff, or all night. Our 
/iiorthern countries offend especially in this, and we in this island (^ampliter viventus 
in prandiis et coeiiis, as ^° Polydore notes) are most liberal feeders, but to our own 
hurt. ^'Pcrsicos odi puer apparatus: "•Excess of meat breedeth sickness, and glut- 
tony causeth choleric diseases : by surfeiting many perish, but he that dieteth him- 
self prolongeth his life," Ecclus. xxxvii. 29, 30. We account it a great glory for a 
man to have his table daily furnished with variety of meats : but hear the physician, 
he pulls thee by the ear as thou sittest, and telleth thee, *^" that nothing can be more 
noxious to thy health than such variety and plenty." Temperance is a bridle of 
gold, and he that can use it aright, ^'^ego non summis viris comparo., sed simillimum 
Deo judico., is liker a God than a man : for as it will transform a beast to a man 
again, so will it make a man a God. To preserve thine honour, health, and to avoid 
therefore all those inflations, torments, obstructions, crudities, and diseases that come 
by a full diet, the best way is to ^'* feed sparingly of one or two dishes at most, to 
have ventrciii bene nioratum., as Seneca calls it, ^^ " to choose one of many, and to 
feed on that alone," as Crato adviseth his patient. The same counsel ^ Prosper 
Calenus gives to Cardinal Caesius, to use a moderate and simple diet : and though 
his table be jovially furnished by reason of his state and guests, yet for his own part 



•""Observat. lib. 1. Assuescat bis in die cihos, sumere, 
crta semper liora. *^ Ne plus iiigeral cavenduin 

quaiii ventriculus ferre potest, seiiiperque surgat a 
nieiisa non satur. "Siqiiideiii qui semimansum 

velDciter inaerunt cibuin, veiitriculo laborein inferunt, 
ft flatus inaxinios proniovent, Crato. ^ "Q,uidain 

maxinie coinedere iiituntur, putantes ea ratione se vires 
rel'ecturos; ignorantes, non ea quce ingerunt posse 
vires reficere, sed quffi probe concoquunt. *i Multa 

appetunt, pauca digerunt. ■isgaturnal. lib. 7. cap. 4. 
<' Modicus et leiiiperatus cibus ei carni et aniinee utilis 
est. -17 Hygiasticon reg. 14. 16. uncis per diem suf- 

Scii.it, oomiiutato pane, came ovis, vel aliis obsoniis, 
«i it\u'em vel paulo plures uncise protiis « Idem 



reg. 27. Plures in domibus snis brevi tempore pascentes 
extiiignuntur, qui si trireniibus vincti fuissent, aut 
gregarii) pane pasti, sani ei incolumes in longam ffta- 
tem vitam prorngasserit. 40 Nihil deterius quam 

diversa nutrientia simul adjungere, et coinedendi tnm- 
pus prorogare. ^ Lib. I. hist. ^i Hnr. ad lib. 5. 

ode ult. "^ciborum varietatn et copia in eadem 

mensa nihil nocentius homini ad lutem, Fr. Valeriola, 
ob.«erv. I. % cap. G. ^^Tul. orat. pro M. Marcel. 

^ NuUus cibum sumere debet, nisi stomachus sit vacuus 
Gordon, lib. med. I. 1. c. 11. °* E niultis eduliis 

unum elige, relictisque ca^teris. ex eocomede. 6o i^. 

de atra bile Simplex sit cibus et non varius: qn ixl 
licet dignitati tu* ob convivas diflTicile videatur, &r 



284 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2, 



to single out some one savoury dish and feed on it. The same is inculcated by 
'" Crato, consil. 9. I. 2. to a noble personage affected with this grievance, he would 
have his higliness to dine or sup alone, without all his honourable attendance and 
courtly company, with a private friend or so, ^*'a dish or two, a cupof Rbenish wine, 
&.C. Montaiuis, consil. 24. for a noble matron enjoins her one dish, and by nc 
means to drink between meals. The like, consil. 229. or not to eat till he be an 
hungry, which rule Berengarius did most strictly observe, as HilberlUfe, Cenojnecensis 
Episc. writes in his life. 

"cui non fuit unqtiam 

Ante sitim poms, nee cjlius ante famem," 

and which all temperate men do constantly keep. It is a frequent solemnity still 
used with us, when friends meet, to go to the alehouse or tavern, they are not soci- 
able otherwise : and if they visit one another's houses, they must both eat and drink. 
I reprehend it not moderately used ; but to some men nothing can be more offensive; 
they had better, I speak it with Saint *^ Ambrose, pour so much water in their shoes. 

It much avails likewise to keep good order in our diet, ^°" to eat liquid things 
first, broths, fish, and such meats as are sooner corrupted in the stomach ; harder 
meats of digestion must come last." Crato would liave the supper less than the 
dinner, which Cardan, Contradict, lib. 1. Tract. 5. contradict. 18. disallows, and that 
by the authority of Galen. 7. art. curat, cap. 6. and for four reasons he will have the 
supper biggest : I have read many treatises to this purpose, I know not how it may 
concern some few sick men, but for my part generally for all, I should subscribe to 
that custom of the Romans, to make a sparing dinner, and a liberal supper; all 
their preparation and invitation was still at supper, no mention of dinner. Many 
reasons I could give, but when all is said pro and con., ^' Cardan's rule is best, to keep 
that we are accustomed unto, though it be naught, and to follow our disposition and 
appetite in some things is not amiss ; to eat sometimes of a dish which is hurtful, 
if we have an extraordinary liking to it. Alexander Severus loved hares and apples 
above all other meats, as ^^Lampridus relates in his life: one pope pork, another 
peacock, &c.; what harm came of it? J conclude our own experience is the best 
physician; that diet which is most propitious to one, is often pernicious to anothei, 
such is the variety of palates, humours, and temperatures, let every man observe, and 
be a law unto himself; Tiberius, in ^^ Tacitus, did laugh at all such, that thirty 
years of age would ask counsel of others concerning matters of diet ; I say the 
same. 

These few rules of diet he that keeps, shall surely find great ease and speedy 
remedy by it. It is a wonder to relate that prodigious temperance of some hermits, 
anchorites, and fathers of the church : he that shall but read their lives, written by 
Hierom, Athanasius, &c., how abstemious heathens have been in this kind, those 
Curii and Fabritii, those old philosophers, as Pliny records, lib. 11. Xenophon, lib. 
I. de vit. Socrat. Emperors and kings, as Nicephorus relates, Eccles. hist. lib. 18. 
cap. 8. of Mauritius, Ludovicus Pius, &c., and that admirable ®^ example of Ludovicus 
Cornarus, a patrician of Venice, cannot but admire them. This have they done 
voluntarily and in health ; what shall these private men do that are visited with sick-, 
ness, and necessarily ''^enjoined to recover, and continue their health .'' It is a hard 
thing to observe a strict diet, et qui medice vivit^ misere vivit, ^®as the saying is, 
quale hoc ipsum erit vivere., his si privatus fueris? as good be buried, as so much 
debarred of his appetite ; excessit medicina malum., the physic is more troublesome 
than the disease, so he complained in the poet, so thou thinkest : yet he that loves 
himself will easily endure this little misery, to avoid a greater inconvenience ; e 
malis minimum.^ better do this than do worse. And as " Tully holds, " better be a 
temperate old man than a lascivious youth. 'Tis the only sweet thing (which he 



"Celsitudo tua prandeat sola, absque apparatu atili- 
CO, coiileiitus sit illiistrissimus princnps duobus taiitnin 
ferciilis, vinoqiie Rlieiuiiio solum in niensa utatur. 
"Semperiutra satietatem a mensa recedat, uno ferculo, 
contentus. 6a ljI). de Hel. et Jejunio. Multo me- 

lius in lerram vina fudlsses. eoCrato. Multurn 

rpfert non ignorare cpii cibi priores, &c. liqnida pri-pce- 
dant carnium jura, pisces, fructus, &c. Coeiia brpvior 
•ut prandio. ei xracl.6. contradir.t. 1. lib. I. ^2s„per 



omnia qiititidianum leporem habuit, et pomis indiilsit. 
MAiinal.G. Ridere solehat eos, qui post 30. slatis an- 
num, ad cognoscenda r.orpori suo ni).\ia vel utilia, ali- 
cujns consilii indicerent. ^* A Lessio edit. 1614. 

es^gyptii olim omnes morbos curabant vomitu et jeju- 
nio. Bohemus lib. I. cap 5. ^O" He who lives 

medically lives miserably." 67 Cat. Major : Meliof 

conditio senis viventisex prescripto artis nicdicK.uuuui 
adoleEcentis luxuriosi. 



:Hpm. 2. 



Retention and Evacuation rectified. 



285 



adviseth) so to moderate ourselves, that we may have senectiitem in juventute^ et in 
juventute senectutem, be youthful in our old age, staid in our vouth, discreet and 
temperate in both. 



MEMB. II. 

Retention and Evacuation rectified. 

I HAVE declared in the causes what harm costiveness hath done in procuring this 
disease ; if it be so noxious, the opposite must needs be good, or mean at least, as. 
indeed it is, and to this cure necessarily required ; maximb conducit., saith Montaltus 
cap. 27. it very much avails. ^^Altomarus, cap. 7, " commends walking in a morn- 
ing, into some fair green pleasant fields, but by all means first, by art or nature, he 
will have these ordinary excrements evacuated." Piso calls it, Bencficium ventris. 
the benefit, help or pleasure of the belly, for it doth much ease it. Laurentius, cap. 
8, Crato, consil. 21. /. 2. prescribes it once a day at least: where nature is defective, 
art must supply, by those lenitive electuaries, suppositories, condite prunes, turpen- 
tine, clysters, as shall be shown. Prosper Calenus, lib. de atra bile, commends 
clysters in hypochondriacal melancholy, still to be used as occasion serves ; ^^ Peter 
Cnemander in a consultation of his pro hypocondriaco, will have his patient continu- 
nlly loose, and to that end sets down there many forms of potions and clysters. 
Mercurialis, consil. 88. if this benefit come not of its own accord, prescribes ™ clys- 
ters in the first place : so doth Montanus, consil. 24. condl. 31 c< 229. he commends 
turpentine to that purpose : the same he ingeminates, consil. 230. for an Italian abbot. 
'Tis very good to wash his hands and face often, to shift his clothes, to have fair 
linen about him, to be decently and comely attired, for sordes vitiant, nastiness de- 
files and dejects any man that is so voluntarily, or compelled by want, it duUeth the 
spirits. 

Baths are either artificial or natural, both have their special uses in this malady, 
and as "Alexander supposeth, lib. 1. cap. 16. yield as speedy a remedy as any other 
physic whatsoever. iEtius would have them daily used, assidua balnea., Teira. 2. 
sect. 2. c. 9. Galen cracks how many several cures he hath performed in this kind 
by use of baths alone, and Rufus pills, moistening them which are otherwise dry. 
Rhasis makes it a principal cure, Tota cura sit in humectando, to bathe and after- 
wards anoint with oil. Jason Pratensis, Laurentius, cap. 8. and Montanus set down 
their peculiar forms of artificial baths. Crato, consil. 17. lib. 2. commends mallows, 
camomile, violets, borage to be boiled in it, and sometimes fair water alone, and in 
his following counsel. Balneum aqua, dulcis solum scepissi7ne profuisse compertum 
habemus. So doth Fuchsius, lib. 1. cap. 33. Frisimelica., 2. consil. 42. in Trincavelius. 
Some beside herbs prescribe a ram's head and other things to be boiled. '^Fernelius, 
consil. 44. will have them used ten or twelve days together; to which he must enter 
fasting, and so continue in a temperate heat, and after that frictions all over the body. 
Lelius iEgubinus, consil. 142. and Christoph. J^rerus, in a consultation of his, hold 
once or twice a week sufficient to bathe, the " " water to be warm, not hot, for fear 
of sweating." Felix Plater, observ. lib. 1. for a melancholy lawyer, ''^"wiil have 
lotions of the head still joined to these baths, with a ley wherein capital herbs have 
been boiled." '^Laurentius speaks of baths of milk, which I find approved by many 
others. And still after bath, the body to be anointed with oil of bitter almonds, oi' 
violets, new or fresh butter, '"'capon's grease, especially the backbone, and then 
lotions of the head, embrocations, &c. These kinds of baths have been in formei 
times much frequented, and diversely varied, and are still in general use in those 
eastern countries. The Romans had their public baths very sumptuous and stupend, 



** Debet per amsna exerceri, et Inca viridia, excrelis 
oriiis arte vel natura alvi excreincnlis. ^^ (jj|(jt.stiei[n 
ijpicel, 2. de mel. Fritniim omnium oppram flabis ut sin- 
jrulis diebiis habeas beneficium ventris, semper cavendo 
np alvus sit diutius astricta. '" Si non spnnte, clis- 

leribiis piirgetiir. " Balneorum usus diilciiim, siqnid 
iliud ipsis opitulatur. Credo lia^r diri niim aliqua jac- 



tantia, iiiqiiit Montanus consil. 20. " In quihua 

jejuiius diu sedeat eo tempore, ne siidorem excitent ant 
manifestum teporem, sed qiiaiiam rcfrigeratione hii 
niectent. '^ Aqua non sit calida, sed tepida, ni 

sudor sequatur. '< Lotiories capitis ex lixivio, in 

quo herbas capitales coxerint. '^Cap. 8. de mel 

's Aut atungia pulli, Piso. 



286 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Pan. 2 Sec. 2 



ts those of Antoninus and Dioclesian. Plin. 36. saith there were an infinite number 
of them ni Rome, and mightily frequented ; some bathed seven times a day, as Com- 
modus the emperor is reported to have done ; usually twice a day, and they were 
after anointed with most costly ointments : rich women bathed themselves in niilkf 
some in the milk of five hundred she-asses ai once : we have many ruins of such 
baths found in tliis island, amongst those parietines and rubbish of old Roman towns. 
Lipsius, de mag. Urh. Rom. I. 3, c. 8, Rosinus, Scot of Antwerp, and other antiquaries, 
tell strange stories of their baths. Gillius, I. 4. cap. uU. Topogr. Constant, reckons 
up 155 public ''baths in Constantinople, of fair building-, they are still '^frequented 
in that city by the Turks of all sorts, men and women, and all over Greece, and 
those hot countries ; to absterge belike that fulsomeness of sweat, to which they are 
there subject. '''Busbequius, in his epistles, is very copious in describing the manner 
of them, how their women go covered, a maid following with a box of ointment to 
rub them. The richer sort have private baths in their houses ; the poorer go to the 
common, and are generally so curious in this behalf, that they will not eat nor drink 
until they have bathed, before and after meals some, ^''"and will not make water 
(but they will wash their hands) or go to stool." Leo Afer. /. 3. makes mention of 
one hundred several baths at Fez in Africa, most sumptuous, and such as have great 
revenues belonging to them. Buxtorf. cap. 14, Synagog. Jud. speaks of many cere- 
monies amongst the Jews in this kind ; they are very superstitious in their baths, 
especially women. 

Natural baths are praised by some, discommended by others ; but it is in a divers 
respect. ^' Marcus, de Oddis in Hip. affect, consulted about baths, condemns them 
for the heat of the liver, because they dry too fast; and yet by and by, ^'^in another 
counsel for the same disease, he approves them because they cleanse by reason of 
the sulphur, and would have their water to be drunk. Areteus, c. 7. commends alum 
baths above the rest; and ^'Mercurialis, consil.SH. those of Lucca in that hypochon- 
driacal passion. " He would have his patient tarry there fifteen days together, and 
drink the water of them, and to be bucketed, or have the water poured on his head. 
John Eaptista, Sylvaticus conf. Gi. commends all the baths m Italy, and drinking of 
their water, whether they be iron, alum, sulphur; so doth ^^ Hercules de Saxonia 
But in that they cause sweat and dry so much, he confines himself to hypochon- 
driacal melancholy alone, excepting that of the head and the other. Trincavelius, 
consil. 14. lib. 1. refers those "Porrectan baths before the rest, because of the mix- 
ture of brass, iron, alum, and consil. 35. I. 3. for a melancholy lawyer, and consil. 36. 
in that hypochondriacal passion, the *^ baths of Aquaria, and 36. consil. the drinking 
of them. Frisimelica, consulted amongst the rest in Trincavelius, consil. 42. lib. 2. 
prefers the waters of ^'Apona before all artificial baths whatsoever in this disease, and 
would have one nine years affected with hypochondriacal passions fly to them as to 
a ^^holy anchor. Of the same mind is Trincavelius himself there, and yet both put 
a hot liver in the same party for a cause, and send him to the waters of St. Helen, 
which are much hotter. Montanus, consil. 230. magnifies the ^^Chalderinian baths, 
and consil 237. et 239. he exhorteth to the same, but with this caution, ^'"that the 
liver be outwardly anointed with some coolers that it be not overheated." But these 
baths must be warily frequented by melancholy persons, or if used, to such as are 
very cold of themselves, for as Gabelius concludes of all Dutch baths, and especially 
of those of Baden, " they are good for all cold diseases, ^' naught for choleric, hot 
and dry, and all infirmities proceeding of choler, inflammations of the spleen and 
liver." Our English baths, as they are hot, must needs incur the same censure : but 
D. Turner of old, and D. Jones have written at large of them. Of cold baths I find 
little or no mention in any physician, some speak against them : ^ Cardan alone oui 

s' Ad aquas Aponenses vpliit ad sacram anclioram con- 
fiigiat. S8 j,ih. Baubiniis li. 3. c. 14. Itist. adinir 

FoMtis Bollenses in ducal. Wilteiiiberg laudat aquas 
Bollenses ad inelancholicos morbos, niEeroreiii, fascina. 
lloneiii, aliaque animi pathcuiata ^^ Balnea Ciial 

derina. s" llepar externe ungatur ne calefiat. 

81 Mocent calidis et siccis. cliolericis, et omnibus niorbit 
ex cholera, hepatis. t^plenisque atTeclionibus. »'•' Lib. 
de aqua, dui hreve hoc vita? enrriculuin cupiuntsani 
trausigere, (rigidis aquis sa-pe lavare debent, nullia:taS 
rum sit incongrua, calidis imprimis utilis. 



"ThermK. NympheaB. 'sSandes lib. 1. saiih, that 

women go twice a week to the baths at least. ''J Kpist. 3. 
eo Nee alvum exceriiunt, quin aquani secum portent 
qua partes obscsenas lavent. Busbequiiis ep. 3. Leg. 
TurciEE. »' Hildesheim speciel. 2. de niel. Hypocon. 

si non adesset jecoris caliditas, Thermas laudarem, 
et si non nimia hiiinoris exsircatio esset nietuenda. 
s^Fol. 141. M xherinas Lncensps adeat, ibique aquas 
jjus per 15. dies potet.et calidaruni aquaniui slilliridiis 
tujii carit turn ventrieiiluni de more suhjiiiat. si in 
fiaiith. *5 Ajquae Porrectaiiie. <* Aquas Aquarian. 



Dfem. 2. J 



Retention and Evacuation rcctijicd 



287 



o.*" Agathinus " commends bathing in fresh rivers, and cold waters, and adviseth all 
such as mean to live long to use it, for it agrees with all ages and complexions, and 
is most profitable for hot temperatures." As for sweating, urine, blood-letting by 
hajmrods, or otherwise, I shall elsewhere more opportunely speak, of them. 

Innnoderate Venus in excess, as it is a cause, or in defect ; so moderately used to, 
some parties an only help, a present remedy. Peter Forestus calls it aptissimum 
remedium^ a most apposite remedy, ^^'^ remitting anger, and reason, that was other 
wise bound." Avicenna Fen. 3. 20. Oribasius med. collect, lib. 6. cap. 37. contend 
out of Ruffus and others, ''"'that many madmen, melancholy, and labouring of the 
falling sickness, have been cured by this alone." Montaltus cap. 27. de melan. will 
have it drive away sorrow, and all illusions of the brain, to purge the heart and brain 
from ill smokes and vapours that offend them : ^^ " and if it be omitted," as Valescus 
supposeth, "it makes the mind sad, the body dull and heavy." Many other incon- 
veniences are reckoned up by Mercatus, and by Rodericus a Castro, in their tracts 
de mclanchoUdvirginitm et monialium ; ob seminis rclentione/n sceviunt scepe moniaks 
ft virgines, but as Platerus adds, si nubant sananfur, they rave single, and pine away, 
much discontent, but marriage mends all. Marcellus Donatus lib. 2. med. hist. cap. 1. 
tells a story to confirm this out of Alexander Benedictus, of a maid that was mad, 
ob menses inhibitos, cum in ojjicinam meritoriam incidisset, a quindecem viris eadeni 
node compressa., mensinm largo profluvio., quod pluribus annis ante consfiterat^ non 
sine magno pudore mane mcnti restituta discessit. But this must be warily under- 
stood, for as Arnoldus objects, lib. 1. breviar. 18. cayi^ Quid coitus ad melancholicum 
succum? What affinity have these two? ^''"except it be manifest that superabun- 
dance of seed, or fulness of blood be a cause, or that love, or an extraordinary desire 
of Venus, have gone before," or that as Lod. Mercatus excepts^ they be very flatuous, 
and have been otherwise accustomed unto it. Montaltus cap. 27. will not allow of 
moderate Venus to such as have the gout, palsy, epilepsy, melancholy, except they 
be very lusty, and full of blood. ®' Lodovicus Antonius lib. med. miscel. in his chapter 
of Venus, forbids it utterly to all wrestlers, ditchers, labouring men, &c. ^^Ficinus 
and ^^Marsilius Cognatus puts Venus one of the five mortal enemies of a student: 
" it consumes the spirits, and weakeneth the brain." Halyabbas the Arabian, 5. Tlieor. 
cap. 36. and Jason Pratensis make it the fountain of most diseases, ""'" but most per- 
nicious to them who are cold and dry." a melancholy man must not meddle with it, 
but in some cases. Plutarch in his book de san. tuend. accounts of it as one of the 
three principal signs and preservers of health, teinperance in this kind : ' " to rise 
with an appetite, to be ready to work, and abstain from venery," tria saluberrirna, 
are three most healthful things. We see their opposites how pernicious they are to 
mankind, as to all other creatures they bring death, and many feral diseases : Immo- 
dicis brevis est cetas et rara senectus. Aristotle gives instance in sparrows, which are 
farum vivaces ob salacitatem, "^ short lived because of their salacity, which is verv 
frequent, as Scoppius in Priapiis will better inform you. The extremes being both 
bad, ^the medium is to be kept, which cannot easily be determined. Some are better 
able to sustain, such as are hot and moist, phlegmatic, as Hippocrates insinuateth, 
some strong and lusty, well fed like '' Hercules, ^ Proculus the emperor, lusty Lau- 
rence, ^ prostibulum f(Emi7i(B Messalina the empress, that by philters, and such kind 
of lascivious meats, use all means to ' enable themselves : and brag of it in the end, 
confodi mullas enim^ occidi vero paucas per venlrem vidisti, as that Spanish ^Celes- 
tina merrily said : others impotent, of a cold and dry constitution, cannot sustain 
those gymnics without great hurt done to their own bodies, of which number (though 
they be very prone to it) are melancholy men for the most part. 



93 Solvit Venus rationis vim iiiipeditam, ingentes iras 
rpmitlit, &c. 'J^Mulli coniiliales, rnelaricholici, 

insani, liujus usii solo sanali. 9^ Si oinittatur coitus, 
contristat, et pliiriiniim gravat corpus et aniiniim. 
i«Nisi cerfo coiistet niniium semen aiit sanguinem 
caiisani esse, ant aitinr pra^cesserit, aiit, &c. ^^ Ath- 

leti", Arthriticis, podagricis nocet, nee opportuna pro- 
dest, nisi fortihus et qui multo sanguine abundant. 
Idem Scaliger exerc. 2t)9. 'I'urcis ideo luctatorihus pro- 
hibitum. 9"Desanit tuend. lib. 1. 9»Lib. 1. 
ta. 7. exhaurit eiiim spiritus aniinuinque debilitat. 
lOO piigjrtis et siccis corpnrihus inimirissiina. i Vesci 
iiitrt RBlietute n, inipigrum esse ad laborem. viialo 



! semen conservare. "^Jequjtia est quae te noi. sinit 

esse senein. 3 Vide Montaiium, Pet- Godefriduin, 

Ainoruiii lib. 2. cap. 6. curiosiim de liis, nam et nuiiie- 
rum de finire Taliinudistis, unicuiq;je sciatis assignari 
suiim tenipus, <!ltc. ■'Thespiadas genuit ^ Vide 

Lainpridiiim vit. ejus4. ^ Et lassata viris. &c. ' Vid. 
Mizald. cent. 8. II. Lemniuin lib 2. cap. lli. Catiillum 
ad Ipsiphilaiii, &e. Ovid. Eleg. lib. ,"?. et 6. &.c. quod 
itinera una nocte confecisseiit, tot coronas liidicro dcT 
piita Triphallo, Marsia;, HcrniiE, Priapo doiiareiit. Cm. 
genius tibi luentulam ';oronia, &,c. s lVriioboscodi<J 

Gasi). Barthii. 



2HR 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2 Sec. 2. 



MEMB. 111. 

.^ir rectified. With a digression of the Jiir. 

Asa long-winged hawk, when he is first wliistled off the fist, mounts alol't, and 
or his pleasure fetcheth many a circuit in the air, still soaring higher and higher, 
ill he he come to his full pitch, and in the end when the game is sprung, comes 
lown amain, and stoops upon a sudden : so will I, having now come at last into 
hese ample fields of air, wherein I may freely expatiate and exercise myself for my 
•ecreation, awhile rove, wander round about the world, mount aloft to those ethereal 
)vhs and celestial spheres, and so descend to my former elements again. In which 
progress I will first see whetlier that relation of the friar of ^ Oxford be true, con- 
cerning those northern parts under the Pole (if I meet obiter with the M'andering 
few, Elias Artifex, or Lucian's Icaromenippiis., they shall be my guides) whetlier 
.here be such 4. Euripes, and a great rock of loadstones, which may cause the 
leedle in the compass still to bend that way, and what should be the true cause of 
he variation of the compass, '"is it a magnetical rock, or the pole-star, as Cardan 
A'ill ; or some other star in the bear, as Marsilius Ficinus ; or a magnetical meridian, as 
ft'Iaurolicus ; Vel situs in vend terrce., as Agricola-, or the nearness of the next continent, 
as Cabeus will ; or some other cause, as Scaliger, Cortesius, Conimbricenses, Peregri- 
nus contend ; why at the Azores it looks directly north, otherwise not } In the 
Mediterranean or Levant (as sortie observe) it varies 7. grad. by and by 12. and then 
22. In the Baltic Seas, near Rasceburg in Finland, the needle runs round, if any 
«hips come that way, though " Martin Ridley write otherwise, that the needle near 
the Pole will hardly be forced from his direction. 'Tis fit to be inquired whether 
certain rules may be made of it, as \i. grad. Lond. variat. alibi 36. &.c. and that 
which is more prodigious, the variation varies in the same place, now taken accu- 
rately, 'tis so much after a few years quite altered from that it was : till we have 
better intelligence, let our Dr. Gilbert, and Nicholas '^Cabeus the Jesuit, that have 
both written great volumes of this subject, satisfy these inquisitors. Whether the-^ — " 
sea be open and navigable by the Pole arctic, and which is the likeliest way, that of 
Bartison the Hollander, under the Pole itself, which for some reasons I hold best : 
or by Fretum Davis, or Nova Zembla. Whether '^Hudson's discovery be true of a-^'' 
new found ocean, any likelihood of Button's Bay in 50. degrees, llubberd's Hope in 
60. that of ut ultra near Sir Thomas Roe's welcome in Northwest Fox, being that 
the sea ebbs and flows constantly there 15. foot in 12. hours, as our ""new cards 
inform us that California is not a cape, but an island, and the west winds make the 
neap tides equal to the spring, or that, there be any probability to pass by the straits 
of Anian to China, by the promontory of Tabin. If there be, I shall soon perceive 
whether '^ Marcus Polus the Venetian's narration be true or false, of tliat great city 
of Qiiinsay and Cambalu ; whether there be any such places, or that as '^ Matth. 
Riccius the Jesuit hath written, China and Cataia be all one, the great Cham of Tar- 
tary and the king of China be the same ; Xuntain and Quinsay, and the city of 
Cambalu be that new Peking, or such a wall 400 leagues long to part China fronr 
Tartary : whether " Presbyter John be in Asia or Africa ; M. Polus Venetus pats him 
in Asia, '* the most received opinion is, that he is emperor of the Abyssines, which 
of old was Ethiopia, now Nubia, under the equator in Africa. Whether '^Guinea 
be an island or part of the continent, or that hungry ^"Spaniard's discovery of Terra 
Jlustralis Incognita., or Magellanica, be as true as that of Mercurius Britannius, or 
his of Utopia, or his o( Lucinia. And yet in likelihood it may be so, for without 
all question it being extended from the tropic of Capricorn to the circle Antarctic, 
anu lying as it doth in the temperate zone, cannot choose but yield in time some 
flourishing kingdoms to succeeding ages, as America did unto the Spaniards. Shouten 
and Le Meir have done well in the discovery of the Straits of Magellan, in finding 



»Nich. de Lynna, cited by Mercator in his map. 
N Mons Sloto. Sniriecall it the highfst hill in the world, 
next 'I'eneriffe in the Canaries, Lat. Hi. "Cap. 26. 

In his Treatise of Majmetic Bodies. n Lea;e lib. 1. 

c;*p. 23. et 24. de magnetica philosnphia, et lib. 3. cap. 
4. >3 1613. '^ M. Brigs, his map, and Northwest 



FoK. i6Lih. 2. ca. 64. de nob. civitat. Quinsay, el 

cap. 10. de Cambalu. "'Lib. 4. e.xped.ad Sinas, ca. 

3. et lib. 5 c. 18. " M. Polus in Asia Fref b. Job. 

meminit lib. 2. cap. 30. i* Alluaresius et alii. 

'" Lat. lU. Gr. Ausl. «> Ferdinando de (iuif Anno 



Mem. 3.] Digression of Air 289 

a more convenient passage to Mare pacijicum: metninks srme of our modern argo- 
nauts should prosecute the rest. As 1 go by Madagascar, I would see that great 
bird ^' ruck, that can carry a man and horse or an elephant, with that Arabian plioenix 
described by ^^ Adricomius ; see the pelicans of Egypt, those Scythian gryphes in 
Asia : and afterwards in Africa examine the fountains of Nilus, whether Hero 
dotus, ^^ Seneca, Plin. lib. 5. cap. 9. Strabo. lib. 5. give a true cause of hi>. 
annril flowing, "'' Pagaphetta discourse rightly of it, or of Niger and Senegal , 
examine Cardan, ^'' Scaliger's reasons, and the rest. Is it from those Etesian 
winds, or melting of snow in the mountains under the equator (for Jordan 
yearly overflows when the snow melts in Mount Libanus), or from those great 
dropping perpetual showers v^hich are so frequent to the inhabitants within the 
tropics, when the sun is vertical, and cause such vast inundations in Senegal, Marag- 
nan, Oronoco and the rest of those great rivers in Zona Torrida, which have all 
commonly the same passions at set times : and by good husbandry and policy here- 
after no doubt may come to be as populous, as well tilled, as fruitful, as Egypt itself 
or Cauchinthina ? I would observe all those motions of the sea, and from what 
cause they proceed, from the moon (as the vulgar hold) or eartli's motion, which 
Galileus, in the fourth dialogue of his system of tlie world, so eagerly proves, and 
flrmly demonstrates ; or winds, as -'' some will. Why in that quiet ocean of Zi.r, in 
mari pacifico^ it is scarce perceived, in our British seas most violent, in the Mediter- 
ranean and Red Sea so vehement, irregular, and diverse ? Why the current in that 
Atlantic Ocean should still be in some places fi'om, in some again towards the north, 
and why they come sooner than go .'' and so from Moabar to Madagascar in that 
Indian Ocean, the merchants come in three weeks, as ^'Scaliger discusseth, they 
return scarce in three months, with the same or like winds : the continual current is 
from east to west. Whether Mount Athos, Pelion, Olympus, Ossa, Caucasus, Atlas, 
be so high as Pliny, Solinus, Mela relate, above clouds, meteors, uhi nee aurce ner. 
venti spirant., (insomuch that they that ascend die suddenly very often, the air is so 
subtile,) 1250 paces hiffh, according to that measure of Dicearchus, or 78 miles per- 
pendicularly high, as Jacobus Mazonius, sec. 3. et 4. expounding that place of Aris- 
totle about Caucasus ; and as ^' Blancanus the Jesuit contends out of Clavius and 
Nonius demonstrations de Crepusculis: or rather 32 stadiums, as the most received 
opinion is ; or 4 miles, which the height of no mountain doth perpendicularly 
exceed, and is equal to the greatest depths of the sea, which is, as Scaliger holds, 
1580 paces, Exer. 38, others 100 paces. I would see those inner parts of Americit^/ 
whether there be any such great city of Manoa, or Eldorado, in that golden empire, V^ 
where the highways are as much beaten (one reports) as between Madrid and Vala- 
dolid in Spain; or any such Amazons as he relates, or gigantic Patagones in Chica; 
with that miraculous mountain ^^Ybouyapab in the Northern Bva^iil., cujiis jiigum 
slcrnilur in amcenissimavi planitiem., <Sfc. or that of Pariacacca so high elevated in 
Peru. ^The peak of Teneriflfe how high it is .^ 70 miles, or 50 as Patricius holds, 
or y as Snellius demonstrates in his Eratosthenes : see that strange '" Cirknickzerksey 
lake in Carniola, whose waters gush so fast out of the ground, that they will over- 
take a swift horseman, and by and by with as incredible celerity are supped up : 
which Lazius and Wernerus make an argument of the Argonauts sailing under 
ground. And that vast den or hole called '^^Esmellen in Muscovi^, qua. visitiir hor- 
riendo hiaiu, ^c. which if anything casually fell in, makes such a roaring noise, that 
no thunder, or ordnance, or warlike engine can make the like ; such another is Gil- 
ber's Cave in Lapland, with many the like. I would examine the Caspian Sea, and 
see where and how it exonerates itself, after it hath taken in Volga, Jaxares, Oxus, 
and those great rivers ; at the mouth of Oby, or where ? What vent the Mexican 
lake hath, the Titicacan in Peru, or that circular pool in the vale of Terapeia, of which 
Acosta I. 3.C. 16. hot in a cold country, the spring of which boils up in the middle 



'^'Afariim pennsE continent in longitudine 12. passus, 
I'lephantpm in sublime tollcre potest. Polus I. 3. c. 40. 
« iiiif. ii. Descript. terrfE sannUE. ^^ Natur. tiuacst. 

lib. 4. cap. 2. s^ l,ib. de reg. Congo. ^^Kxercit. 

47. -8 See M. Carpenter's Geography, lib. 2. c;ip. 6. 

ft Bern. 'I'eltsiiis lib. de man. 2; Exercit. 52. de 

inaiis niotii caiisminvcstigandce: prima reciprocationis, 
ter.uMda vai letutis. tenia celeritaiis qiiarta cesf^ationis, 



quinta privationis sexta contrarietalis. Patritius saitb 
52 miles in height. '•** Lib, ile explicatinne loco 

rum Mathem. Aristot. 29 Laet. lib. 17. cap. 18 

descrip. occid. Ind. s" I.iiige alii vocaiit. S' Geoi 

Wernerus, AquEE lanta celeritate eriinipiint et absor 
bentur, ul expedito equiti adituni intercludant. " OoU 
sardus de Magis cap. de Pilapiis. 



290 Cure of Melancholy. (Tart. 2. Sect. S 

iwenty foot square, and hath no vent but exhalation : and that ot Mare mortuum it, 
Palestine, of Tlirasymene, at Peruziuni in Italy: the Mediterranean itself For from 
the ocean, at the Straits of Gibraltar, there is a perpetual current into the Levant, and 
so lilvcwise by the Thrucian Bosphorus out of the Euxine or Black Sea, besides ail 
those great rivers of Nile, Po, Rhone, &c. how is this water consumed, by the sun 
or otherwise ? I would find out with Trajan the fountains of Danube, of Ganges, 
Oxus, see those Egyptian pyramids, Trajan's bridge. Grotto de Syb'dla., LucuUus's 
fish-ponds, the temple of Nidrose, Stc. And, if I could, observe vvhat becomes of 
swallows, storks, cranes, cuckoos, nightingales, redstarts, and many other kind ol' 
singing birds, water-fowls, liawks, &.c. some of them are only seen in summer, some 
in winter; some are observed in the ^^ snow, and at no other times, each have their 
seasons. In winter not a bird is in Muscovy to be found, but at the spring in an 
instant the woods and hedges are full of them, saith ^^ Herbastein : how comes it t(> 
pass? Do they sleep in winter, like Gesner's Alpine mice; or do they lie hid (as 
'^Olaus affirms) "in the bottom of lakes and rivers, splritum conlinentes? often so 
found by fishermen in Poland and Scandia, two togellier, mouth to mouth, wing to 
wing; and when the sprmg conies they revive again, or if they be brought into a 
stove, or to the fire-side." Or do they follow the sun, as Peter Martyr legal Baby- 
lonica I. 2. manifestly convicts, out of his own knowledge ; for when he was ambas- 
sador in Egypt, he saw swallows, Spanish kites, ^'' and many such other European 
birds, in December and January very familiarly flying, and in great abundance, about 
Alexandria, uhi. Jioridce, tunc arhores ac viridaria. Or lie they hid in caves, rocks, 
and hollow trees, as most think, in deep tin-mines or sea-cliffs, as ^' Mr. Carew gives 
out } I conclude of them all, for my part, as ^^ Munster doth of cranes and storks ; 
whence tliey come, whither they go, incompertum adhuc^ as yet we know not. We 
see them here, some in summer, some in winter; "-their coming and going is sure 
in the night: in tlie plains of Asia (saith he) the storks meet on such a set day, he 
that comes last is torn in pieces, and so tliey get tliem gone." Many strange places, 
Isthmi, Euripi, Chersonesi, creeks, havens, promontories, straits, lakes, baths, rocks, 
mountains, places, and fields, where cities have been ruined or swallowed, battles 
fought, creatures, sea-monsters, remora, Slc. minerals, vegetals. Zoophytes were fit 
to be considered in such an expedition, and amongst the rest that of ^'■' Ilarbastein 
bis Tartar lamb, '"'Hector Boethius goosebearing tree in the orchards, to which Car- 
dan lib. 7. cap. 36. dc rcrii/n varietat. subscribes : ^' Vertomannus wonderl'ul palm, 
that '*'' fly in Hispaniola, that shines like a torch in the night, that one may well see 
to write; those spherical stones in Cuba which nature hath so made, and those like 
birds, beasts, fishes, crowns, swords, saws, pots, &c usually found in the metal mines 
in Saxony about Mansfield, and in Poland near Nokow and Pallukie, as ''^Munster 
and others relate. Many rare creatures and novelties each part of the world aflbrds: 
amongst the rest, I would know for a certain whether there be any such men, as Leo 
Suavius, in his comment on Paracelsus dc sanit. tuend. and ^''Gaguinus records in his 
description of Muscovy, " that in Lucomoria, a province in Russia, lie fast asleep as 
dead all winter, from the 27 of Novendjer, like frogs and swallows, benumbed with 
cold, but about the 24 of April in the spring they revive again, and go about their 
business." I would examine that demonstration of Alexander Picolomiueus, whe- 
ther the eartli's superficies be bigger than the seas : or that of Archimedes be true 
the superficies of all water is even .'* Search the depth, and see that variety of sea- 
monsters and fishes, mermaids, sea-men, horses, &c. which it aflbrds. Or whether 
that be true which Jordanus Brunus scofis at, that if God did not detain it, the sea 



S3 In campis Lovicen. soliini visiintiir in iiive, et iibi- 
ns.u vere, a;stale, autuiiino se cjccultdiil. Hermes 
Polit. I. 1. Jul. Bellius. 34Staliiri ineiintn vere 

sylvae slrepiitit eorum caiitilenis. Muscovil. coiiiiiieiit. 
"> liiiijiergunl se Huiiiinibus, lacubusque per liyemeiu 
totaiii, &c. ^iCaitcrasque volucres Pdiituin hyeiiie 

adveiijente c nostris regioiiibus Europeistraiisvolaiitee. 
" Survey of Cornwall. ** Porro cicouice quoriam 

e loco veriiant, quo se couferant, inconipertiim adliuc, 
agiiien veiiientiuin, descenileiitium, iit gruuni veiiiiise 
oerninius, norturiiis npiiior te.iiporibiiH. In pateiitlhiis 

Asiae campis certo die cungre^ant se, eaiii qii.T novis- I posteu redeunte vere-il. Ap lis revivi8i;eie 
♦■me advuiit laceranl, inde avolaut. Ciismofi. i. 4 c. | 



126. 39 Comment. Muscov. •'o Hist. Scot. I 1 

<' Vertomannus I. 5. c. 10. meritioneth a trie that hi-ars 
fruits to eat, wood to burn, h.irk to n.iake ropes, wine 
and water to drink, oil and sugar, and leaves as lile> to 
cover houses, tlovvers. for clothes, &c. '•'- Aniniaj 

infectum Uusino, ut quis legere vel scribere possit sine 
alterius ope luminis. •'^Cosmog. lib. I. cap. 4:i5 et 

lib. 3 cap. 1. hahent ollas a natura formatas e terra 
extractas, similes illis a fisrulis factis, coronas, pisces. 
aves, et onines aniuiHritiuin species. ^- lit soleiit 

hirundines et ranic pra; friffo'is niaenitudine mon. el 



Mem. 3.] Digression of Air 291 

would overflow the earth by reason of his higher site, and which Josepnus Blancanus 
the Jesuit in his interpretation on those mathematical places of Aristotle, foolishly 
fears, and in a just tract proves by many circumstances, that in time the sea will 
waste away the land, and all the globe of the earth shall be covered with waiers ; 
risum tcncalis amicl ? what the sea takes away in one place it adds in another. 
Methiidvs he might rather suspect the sea should in time be filled by land, trees grow 
up, carcasses, &lc. that all-devouring fire, omnia devorans et consiimens^ will sooner 
cover and dry up the vast ocean with sand and ashes. I would examine the true 
seat of that terrestrial •*' paradise, and where Ophir was whence Solomon did fetch 
his gold : from Peruana, which some suppose, or that Aurea Chersonesus, as Domi- 
nicus Niger, Arias Montanns, Goropius, and others will. I would censure all Pliny's, 
Soliinis', Strabo's, Sir John Mandeville's, Olaus Magnus', Marcus Polus' lies, correct 
those errors in navigation, reform cosmographical charts, and rectify longitudes, if it 
were possible ; not by the compass, as some dream, with Mark Ridley in his treatise 
of magnetical bodies, cap. 43. for as Cabeus magnet philos. lib. 3. cap. 4. fully 
resolves, there is no hope thence, yet I would observe some better means to find 
v them but. 

y 1 would have a convenient place to go down with Orpheus, Ulysses, Hercules, 
/t^Lucian's Menippus, at St. Patrick's purgatory, at Trophonius' den, Hecla in Iceland, 
' JCtna in Sicily, to descend and see what is done in the bowels of the earth: do stones 
and metals grow there still ? how come fir trees to be ''''digged out from tops of hills. 
as in our mosses, and marshes all over Europe } How come they to dig up fish 
bones, shells, beams, ironworks, many fathoms under ground, and anchors in moun- 
tains far remote from all seas } ^^ Anno 1460 at Bern in Switzerland 50 fathom deep 
a ship was digged out of a mountain, where they got metal ore, in which were 48 
carcasses of men, with other merchandise. That such things are ordinarily found 
in tops of hills, Aristotle insinuates in his meteors, ''^ Pomponius Mela in his first 
book, c. de JYimiidia., and familiarly in the Alps, saith ^"Blancanus the Jesuit, the like 
is to be seen : came this from earthquakes, or from Noah's flood, as Christians sup- 
pose, or is there a vicissitude of sea and land, as Anaximenes held of old, the moun- 
tains of Thessaly would become seas, and seas again mountains ? The whole world 
belike should be new moulded, when it seemed good to those all-commanding 
powers, and turned inside out, as we do haycocks in harvest, top to bottom, or bot- 
tom to top: or as we turn apples to the fire, move the world upon his centre; that 
which is under the poles now, should be translated to the equinoctial, and that which 
is under the torrid zone to the circle arctic and antarctic another while, and so be 
reciprocally warmed by the sun : or if the worlds be infinite, and every fixed star a 
sun, with his compassing planets (as Brunus and Campanella conclude) cast three or 
four worlds into one ; or else of one world make three or four new, as it shall seem 
to them best. To proceed, if the earth be 21,500 miles in ^'compass, its diameter 
is 7,000 from us to our antipodes, and what shall be comprehended in all that space .-' 
What is the centre of the earth ? is it pure element only, as Aristotle decrees, inha- 
bited (as ^^ Paracelsus thinks) with creatures, whose chaos is the earth: or with 
fairies, as the woods and waters (according to him) are with nymphs, or as the air 
with spirits } Dionisiodorus, a mathematician in ^^ Pliny, that sent a letter, ad superos 
after he was dead, from the centre of the earth, to signify what distance the same 
centre was from the superficies of the same, viz. 42,000 stadiums, might have done 
well to have satisfied all these doubts. Or is it the place of hell, as Virgil in his 
iEnides, Plato, Lucian, Dante, and others poetically describe it, and as many of our 
divines think ^ In good earnest, Anthony Rusca, one of the society of that Ambro^ 
sian Collf^ge, in Milan, in his great volume de Inferno, lib. I. cap. 47. is stiff in this 
tenet, 'tis a corporeal fire tow, cap. 5. 1.2. as he there disputes. '•'Whatsoever philo- 
sophers write (saith ^ Surius) there be certain mouths of hell, and places appointed 

"•^Vid. Pereriuin in Gen. Cor. a Lapide, et alios, land some others, held of old as round as a trencher. 
*In Necyoiiiantia Tom. '2. ■" Pracasloriiis lib. de '■^ Li. de Zilphia et Pigineis, they penetrate the earth as 

simp. Georgiiis Menila lib. de mem. Julius Billiiis,&r. we do the air. 'is Lib. 2. c. 112. MCommeiitar. 

<«Simlerus, Ortelius, Brachiis centum subterra reperta ad annum 15:t7. Quicquid diciinl, Philosophi. quKdain 
est, in qua quadrasinta octo cadavera inerant. An- sunt Tarrari ostia, et loca punienriis animis destlnata. 
ehorEE, -fee. •'3 Pi.sces et conchse in montibus repe- ut Hecla moos, &,c. ulii mortuorum spiritus vi.«uutur,itt 

riiit-«..r. 60 Lib. de locis Mathemat. Arisiot. &' Or voluit Deus exlare lalia loca, »l d'«cant mo"ile8 
pUiii, us Patricius holds, which Austin, Lactantius, | 



292 Cure of Melancholy. [Part, 2. Set . 2 

!or the punishment of men's souls, as at Hecla in Iceland, where the ghosts of dead 
men are familiarly seen, and sometimes talk with the living: God would have sucli 
visihle places, that mortal men might be certainly informed, that there be such pun- 
ishments after death, and learn hence to fear God." Kranzius Dan. hist. lib. 2. cap 
24. subscribes to this opinion of Surius, so doth Colerus cap. 12. lib. de immortal 
animcE (out of the authority belike of St. Gregory, Durand, and the rest of the school- 
men, who derive as much from ^tna in Sicily, Lipari, Hiera, and those sulphureous 
vulcanian islands) making Terra del Fuego, and tiiose frequent volcanoes in Amis 
rica, of which Acosta lib. 3. cap. 24. that fearful mount Ilecklebirg in Norway, an 
especial argument to prove it, *^" where lamentable screeches and bowlings are con- ^ 
tinnally heard, which strike a terror to the auditors ; fiery chariots are commonly- 
seen to bring in tlie souls of men in the likeness of crows, and devils ordinarily go 
in and out." Such another proof is that place near the Pyramids in Egypt, by Cairo. 
as well to confirm this as the resurrection, mentioned by '"^ Kornmannus mirac. viort. 
lib. 1. cap. 38. Camerarius oper. sue. cap. 37. Bredenbachius pereg. ter. sanct. and 
some others, "where once a year dead bodies arise about March, and walk, after 
awhile hide themselves again : thousands of people come yearly to see them." But 
these and such like testimonies others reject, as fables, illusions of spirits, and they 
will have no such local known place, more than Styx or Phlegethon, Pluto's court, 
or that poetical fnferniis.. where Homer's soul was seen hanging on a tree, &c., to 
which they ferried over in Charon's boat, or went down at Hermione in Greece, com- 
paidiaria ad Infernos via, which is the shortest cut, quia nullum a inortuis naulum 
eo loci exposeuntj (saith "Gerbelius) and besides there were no fees to be paid. Well 
then, is it hell, or purgatory, as Bellarmine : or Limbus patrum., as Gallucius will, 
and as Rusca will (for they have made maps of it) **or Ignatius parler ? Virgil, 
sometimes bishop of Saltburg (as Aventinus Anno. 745 relates) by Bonifacius bishop 
of Mentz was therefore called in question, because he held antipodes (which they 
made a doubt whether Christ died for) and so by that means took away the seat of 
hell, or so contracted it, that it could bear no proportion to heaven, and contradicted 
tliat opinion of Austin, Basil, Lactantius that held the earth round as a trencher 
(whom Acosta and common experience more largely confute) but not as a ball; and 
Jerusalem where Christ died the middle of it; or Delos, as the fabulous Greeks 
feigned : because when .Jupiter let two eagles loose, to fly from the world's ends east 
and west, they met at Delos. But that scruple of Bonifacius is now quite taken 
away by our latter divines : Franciscus Ribera, in cap. 14. Jjpocalyps. will have hell 
a material and local fire in the centre of the earth, 200 Italian miles in diameter, as 

he defines it out of those words, Exivit sanguis de terra per stadia mille .<tex- 

centa.f 8fc. But Lessius lib. 13. de moribus divinis., cap. 24. will have this local hell 
far less, one Dutch mile in diameter, all filled with fire and brimstone : because, as 
he there demonstrates, that space, cubically multiplied, will make a sphere able to 
hold eight hundred thousand millions of damned bodies (allowing each body six foot 
square) whicii wiL cbandantly sufiice ; Cum ccrtuni sit., inquit., f acta subduct ione.)non 
futuros ccntics mille miUiones damnnndorum. But if it be no material fire (as Sco- 
Thomas, Bonaventure, Soncinas, Voscius, and others argue) it may be there or else- 
where, as Keckerman disputes System. Theol. for sure somewhere it is, cerium est 
alicubi., etsi definitus circnlus non assignetur. I will end the controversy in ^® Aus- 
tin's words, "Better doubt of things concealed, than to contend about uncertainties, 
where Abraham's bosom is, and hell fire:" ^°Vix a mansu.etis,d contentiosis nunquam 
invenitur; scarce the meek, the contentious shall never find. If it be solid earth, 
Ms the fountain of metals, waters, which by his innate temper turns air into water, 
which springs up in several chinks, to moisten the earth's superficies., and that in a 
tenfold proportion (as Aristotle holds) or else these fountains come directly from the 
sea, by *" secret passages, and so made fresh again, by running through the bowels 
of the earth ; and are either thick, thin, hot, cold, as the matter or minerals are by 
which they pass ; or as Peter Martyr Ocean. Decad. lib. 9. and some others hold, 



66UI)i iniserabilps ejiilantiiim vocea niidiuiitiir, qui 
aiiditoribus horroreni iriciitiunt hand vulgarpTii, ic. 
1*8 Ex scpulchris apparftit meiise Martio, et riirsiis sub 
CcMTain se abscoiiiliiiit, &c. '' DusTi;)!. Grsec. lib. 6. 

de Pelup. s» Conclave Ignalii. si Melius dubi 



tare do occultis, qiiaiii litigare de incertis, iil)i flamina 
inferni, &c. ™See Dr. Reynnkl.s pr.plcct. 55. in A(M)r 
6'As thi-y cninc from \hf. si-a, so they return to the se; 
a::ain by secret passages, as In all likelihood the Casriat 
Sea vnta itself into the Kiifine or ocean. 



Mem. 3.] Uigression of Air, 521*3 

Tom ^^ abundance of rain that falls, or from that ambient heat and cold, which alter 
that inward heat, and so per consequens the generation of waters. Or else it may bt 
full of wind, or a sulphureous innate tire, as our meteorologists inform us, which 
sometimes breaking out, causeth those horrible earthquakes, which are so frequent 
•n tiiese days in Japan, China, and oftentimes swallow up whole cities. Let Lucian's 
i\Ienippus consult vvitli or ask of Tiresias, if you will not believe philosophers, he 
shall clear all your doubts when he makes a second voyage. 

In the mean time let us consider of that which is sub dio^ and find out a true cause, 
if it be 'possible, of such accidents, meteors, alterations, as happen above ground. 
»Vhence proceed that variety of manners, and a distinct cliaracter (as it were) to 
several nations } Some are wise, subtile, witty ; others dull, sad and heavy ; some 
big, some little, as TuUy de Fato, Plato in Timaeo, Vegetius and Bodine prove at 
large, method, cap. 5. some soft, and some hardy, barbarous, civil, black, dun, white, 
is it from tlie air, from the soil, influence of stars, or some other secret cause } Why 
doth Africa breed so many venomous beasts, Ireland none .-' Athens owls, Crete 
none .'' ''^ Why hath Daulis and Thebes no swallows (so Pausanius informeth us) 
as well as the rest of Greece, '^'' Ithaca no hares, Pontus asses, Scythia swine .'' wlience 
comes this variety of complexions, colours, plants, birds, beasts, ^^ metals, peculiar 
almost to every place } Why so many thousand strange birds and beasts proper to 
America alone, as Acosta demands lib. 4. cap. 36. were they created in the six days, 
or ever in Noah's ark .'' if tiiere, why are they not dispersed and found in other 
countries.? It is a thing (saith he) hath long held me in suspense; no Greek, Latin, 
Hebrew ever heard of them before, and yet as differing from our European animals, 
as an egg and a chestnut : and which is more, kine, horses, slieep, &c., till the 
Spaniards brought them, were never heard of in those parts ? How comes it to 
pass, tiiat in the same site, in one latitude, to such as are Perioeci., there should be 
such ditierence of soil, complexion, colour, metal, air, Stc. The Spaniards are 
white, and so are Italians, wlien as the inhabitants about ^ Caput boncp. spei are 
blackamores, and yet both alike distant from the equator: nay, they that dwell in the 
same parallel line with these negroes, as about the Straits of Magellan, are white 
coloured, and yet some in Presbyter John's country in jElhiopia are dun ; they in 
Zeilan and Malabar parallel with them again black : Manamotapa in Africa, and St. 
Tiiomas Isle are extreme hot, both under the line, coal black their inhabitants, 
whereas in Peru they are quite opposite in colour, very temperate, or rather cold, 
and yet both alike elevated. Moscow in 53. degrees of latitude extreme cold, as 
those northern countries usually are, having one perpetual hard frost all winter long; 
and in 52. deg. lat. sometimes hard frost and snow all summer, as Button's Bay, &.C., 
or by fits ; and yet ^'' England near the same latitude, and Ireland, very moist, warm, 
and more temperate in winter than Spain, Italy, or France. Is it the sea that causeth 
this difierence, and the air that comes iVom it : Why tlien is *** Ister so cold near the 
Euxine, Pontus, Bithynia, and all Thrace ; frigidas regioncs Maginus calls them, 
and yet their latitude is but 42. which should be hot : ^^Quevira, or Nova Albion in 
America, bordering on the sea, was so cold in July, that our '"Englishmen could 
hardly endure it. " At Noremberga in 45. lat. all the sea is frozen ice, and yet in a 
more southern latitude than ours. New England, and the island of Cambrial Col- 
chos, which that noble gentleman Mr. Vaughan, or Orpheus junior, describes in his 
Golden Fleece, is in the same latitude with little Britain in France, and yet their 
winter begins not till January, their spring till May ; which search he accounts 
worthy of an astrologer : is this from the easterly winds, or melting of ice and snow 
dissolved within the circle arctic ; or that the air being thick, is longer before it be 
warm by the sunbeams, and once heated like an oven will keep itself from cold .-* 



52 Seneca quKst. lib. cap. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.de 
causis aquaruiii perpetuis. ^^jn jjs ngc puHos liiruti- 
dines excludunt, neque, &c. *^ Th. Ravennas lib. 

le vit. hum. praerog. ca. ult. ^^ At Quito in Peru. 

Plus aiiri quam terrcB fodiliir in auriCoiiiiiis. ^^ Ad 

<Japut bonK spei incolE sunt nigerrimi : Si sol causa, 

ur non Hispani et Itali ieque nigri, in eac!s:n la'itudiiie, 
•eque distaules ah jEquntore, lii iid Aussirura, illi ad 
Boreain ? qui sub Presbytero Jolian. hab!*;ira subfusci 
runt in Zeilan et Malaliar nigri, :B(|ue d:s:autes ab 

f<|uatore, eodemque coeli paialleio: sed hoc inagis mi- 

z2 



rari quis possit, in tola America nusquam iiigros inve- 
niri, prslef paucos in loco Quareno illis diclo: qust 
liujus coloris causa efficiens, CQjIivc an terrce qualitas, 
an soli proprietas, aut ipsorum honiinuin innata ratio, 
aut omnia? Urtelius in Africa Tlieat. «' Ilegio 

qnocunque auiii tempore leinperatissirna. Ortel. Mul- 
tas Galliie et lialia; Kegiones, molli tepore, et benigne 
quadam temperie prorsus antecellit, Jovi. *» Lat. 4.\ 
Uanubii. 6«auevira lat. 40. '"InSirFr* 

Drake's voyage. 



294 Cure of Melancholy. Tart. 2. Se(. 2 

Our cline! KithI lice, " Hungary and Irtiand male audiunt m mis kind; come to 
the Azores, \>y a secret virtue of that air they are instantly consumed, and all our 
P^uropean veni.in almost, saith Ortelius. Kgypt is watered with Nilus not far from 
the sea, and yet tliere it seldom or never rains : Rhodes, an island of the same 
nature, yields not a cloud, and yet our islands ever dropfHJg and inclining to rain. 
The Atlantic Ocean is still subject to storjns, but in Del Zur, or Mare pacijico^ sel- 
dom or never any. Is it from tropic stars, aperilo porl.arum, in the dodecotemories 
or constellations, the moon's mansions, such aspects of planets, such winds, or flis~ 
solving air, or thick, air, which causeth this and the like differences of heat and cold.' 
Bodin relates of a Poi'tugal ambassador, tiiat coming from "Lisbon to " Dantzic in 
Spruce, found greater heat there than at any time at home. Don Garcia de Sylva, 
legate to Philip III., king of Spain, residing at Ispahan in Persia, 1619, in his letter 
to the Marquess of Bedmar, makes mention of greater cold in Ispahan, whose lat. is 
31. gr. than ever he felt in Spain, or any part of Europe. The torrid zone was by 
our predecessors held to be uninhabitable, but by our modern travellers found to be 
most temperate, bedewed with frequent rains, and moistening showers, the breeze and 
cooling blasts in some parts, as ''* Acosta describes, most pleasant and fertile. Arica 
in Chili is by report one of the sweetest places that ever the sun shined on, Olympua 
ttrrce^ a heaven on earth : how incomparably do some extol Mexico in Nova His- 
pania, Peru, Brazil, &c., in some again hard, dry, sandy, barren, a very desert, and 
still in the same latitude. Many times we find great diversity of air in the same 
'' country, by reason of the site to seas, hills or dales, want of water, nature of soil, 
and the like : as in Spain Arragon is aspera et sicca^ harsli and evil inhabited ; Estre- 
madura is dry, sandy, barren most part, extreme hot by reason of his plains; Anda- 
lusia another paradise ; Valencia a most pleasant air, and continually green ; so is it 
about "^Granada, on the one side fertile plains, on the other, continual snow to be 
seen all summer long on the hill tops. That their houses in the Alps are three quar- 
ters of the year covered with snow, who knows not ? That Teneriffe is so cold at 
the top, extreme hot at the bottom : Mons Atlas in Africa, Libanus in Palestine, with 
many such, /fln/05 inter ardores fidos nivibus,''' Tacitus calls them, and Radzivilus 
epist. 'i.fol. 27. yields it to be far hotter there than in any part of Italy : 'tis true; 
but they are highly elevated, near the middle region, and therefore cold, oh paucam 
solarium radiorum refractioncm^ as Serrarius answers, com. in. 3. cap. Josua qucest. 5. 
Abulensis qucEst. 37. In the heat of summer, in the king's palace in Escurial, the 
air is most temperate, by reason of a cold blast which comes from the snowy moun- 
tains of Sierra de Cadarania hard by, when as in Toledo it is very hot : so in all 
other countries. The causes of these alterations are commonly by reason of their 
nearness (I say) to the middle region; but this diversity of air, in places equally 
situated, elevated and distant from the pole, can hardly be satisfied with that diversity 
of plants, birds, beasts, which is so familiar with us : with Indians, everywhere, the 
sun is equally distant, the same vertical stars, the same irradiations of planets, as- 
pects like, the same nearness of seas, the same superficies, the same soil, or not much 
different. Under the equator itself, amongst the Sierras, Andes, Lanos, as Herrera, 
Laet, and '* Acosta contend, there is tarn mirahiUs el inopinata varietas, such variety 
of weather, ut meritb excrceat ingcnia, that no philosophy can yet find out the true 
cause of it. When I consider how tempetate it is in one place, saith '^Acosta, with- 
in the tropic of Capricorn, as about Laplata, and yet hard by at Potosi, in that same 
altitude, mountainous alike, extreme cold ; extreme hot in Brazil, &c. Hie ego^ 
saith Acosta, philosophiam Aristotelis meteorologicam vchcmenter irrisi, cum,, «Sfc., 
when the sun comes nearest to them, they have great tempests, storms, thunder and 
lightning, great store of rain, snow, and the foulest weather : when the sun is ver- 
tical, their rivers overflow, the morning fair and hot, noon-day cold and moist : all 
which is opposite to us. How pomes it to pass .^ ScaViger poetices I. 3. c. 16. dis- 
courseth thus of this subject. How comes, or wherefore is this temeraria siderum 
disposition, this rash placing of stars, or as Epicurus will, fortuita, or accidental t 

"Lansius oral, contra Hungaros. '2 Lisbon lat. | betwixt Liege and Ajax not fnr distant, descripl. Belg 

38. "Dantzic lat 54. 14 De nat. novi orbis lib. I ^Magin. aiiadus. " Hist. lib. 5 'fLIbJl 

1. cap. 9. Suavjssimus omnium locus, &c. '& Tlie cap. 7. '" Lib. '2. cap. !l. Cur. Potosi el Pf ita, :ii bc« 

rauiK variety of weather Lol. Guicciardine observes I in tain teiiui intervallo, utra<|iie muni osa, &e 



Vlem. 3,] Digression of Air. 295 

Why are some big, some little, why are tliey so confusedly, unequally situiteil m 
the heavens, and set so much out of order? In all other things nature is equal, pro- 
portionable, and constant; there he juslce dimensiones, et prudcns jjari'mm Jispositio, 
as in the fabric of man, his eyes, ears, nose, face, members are correspondent, cur 
nan idem coclo opcre omnium pulcherrimo? Why are the heavens so irregular, ncque 
paribus molibus, ncque paribus intervaills^ whence is this difierence ? Diversos {\ie 
concludes) cjjlcere iocorum Gcnios, to make diversity of countries, soils, manners, 
■justoms, characters, and constitutions among us, ut quantum vicinia ad charitatem 
addati sldera distrahant ad pcrnlciem^ and so by this means Jhwiovcl monte dislincti 
■iuni dissimiles^ tlie same places almost shall.be distinguished in manners. But this 
reason is weak and most insufficient. The fixed stars are removed since Ptolemy's^. 
tune 26. gr. I'rom the first of Aries, and if the earth be immovable, as their site varies 
so should countries vary, and diverse alterations would follow. But this we per- 
ce[\e not; as in TuUy's time with us in Britain, coelum visu fczdum^ el in quo facile 
generaniur nubes^ Sfc, 'tis so still. Wherefore Bodine Theal. nal. lib. 2. and some 
others, will have all these alterations and eftects immediately to proceed from those 
genii, spirits, angels, which rule and domineer in several places ; they cause storms, 
thunder, lightning, earthquakes, ruins, teflipests, great winds, floods, &c., the phi- 
'osopliers of Conimbra, will refer tliis diversity to the influence of tliat empyrean 
heaven : for some say the eccentricity of the sun is come nearer to the earth than in 
Ftolemy''s lime, the virtue therefore of all tlie vegetals is decayed, ^''men grow less, 
Ike. Tiiere are that observe new motions of the heavens, new stars, palantia sldera., 
comets, clouds, call them what you will, like those Medicean, Burbonian, Austrian 
planets, lately detected, which do not decay, but come and go, rise higher and lower, 
hide and show themselves amongst the fixed stars, amongst the planets, above and 
beneath the moon, at set times, now nearer, now farther off, together, asunder ; as 
he that plays upon a sackbut by pulling it up and down alters his tones and tunes, 
do they their stations and places, though to us undiscerned ; and from those motions 
proceed (as they conceive) diverse alterations. Clavius conjectures otherwise, but 
they be but conjectures. About Damascus in Coeli-Syria is a ^' Paradise, by reason 
of the plenty of waters, in promptu causa est, and the deserts of Arabia barren, be- 
cause of roclis, rolling seas of sands, and dry mountains quod inaquosa (saith Adri- 
comius) monies habens asperos, saxosos, prcecipites, horroris et mortis spccicm prce se 
fercnl.es, ^ uninhabitable tlierefore of men, birds, beasts, void of all green trees, plants, 
and fruits, a vast rocky horrid wilderness, which by no art can be manured, 'tis evi- 
dent." Bohemia is cold, for that it lies all along to the north. But why should it 
be so hot in Egypt, or there i^ever rain.'' Why should those '^^etesian and north- 
eastern winds blow continually and constantly so long together, in some places, at 
set times, one way still, in the dog-days only : lit re perpetual drought, there drop- 
ping showers; here foggy mists, there a pleasant air; here ^'^ terrible thunder and 
lightning at such set seasons, here frozen seas all the year, there open in the same 
latitude, to the rest no such thing, nay quite opposite is to be found .? Sometimes (as 
in ^^ Peru) on the one side of the mountaiiis it is hot, on the other cold, here snow, 
there wind, with infinite such. Fromundus in his Meteors will excuse or solve all 
this by the sun's motion, but when there is such diversity to such as PericBci, or very 
near site, how can that position hold .? 

Who can give a reason of this diversity of meteors, that it should rain *^ stones, 
frogs, mice, &c. Rats, which they call Leinmer in Norway, and are manifestly ob- 
served (as ''"Munster writes) by the inhabitants, to descend and fall with some feci, 
lent showers, and like so many locusts, consume all that is green. Leo Afer speaks 
as much of locusts, about Fez in Barbary there be infinite swarms in their fields upoiK 
a sudden : so at Aries in France, 1553, the like happened by the same mischief all 
their grass and fruits were devoured, magna incolarum admiratione et consternatione 
(as Valeriola obscr. med. lib. 1. obser. 1. relates) caelum subitb obumbrabanl, 6fc. ho 
concludes, ^'it could not be from natural causes, they cannot imagine whence they- 

suTcrra malos homines nunc educat atque pusillos. i Livie. 8«Cosniou;. lib. 4. cap. '2-i. Hie teinpcstati- 

»' Nav. I. 1. c. 5. n^Strabo. s^ ,^s under the bus decidunt e niibibus feculentls, ricpascuntiirqiie niort 

equator in many parts, stiowers here at such a lime, locuj^torum omnia virputia. e^ Hort. Genial. Ai\ a 

winds at such a time, the Brise they call it. ^ Ferd. terra sursum rapiuritur a solo iterumque cum phiviir 
Cnrlesius. lib. Novus orbis inscripi. ^ Lapidatuin est. | prsecipitaiitur ? &c. 



296 



Cure, of Melancholy. 



Tart. 2. Sec. 2 



i;oiiie, but from heaven. Are these and such creatures, co'tu vvoo^I, stones, worms, 
vvool, bh:)o(l, &.c. lifted up into the middle region by the sunbeams, as **Baracellus 
the physician disputes, and thence let fall with showers, or there engendered .'' ^Cor- 
nelius Gemma is of that opinion, they are there conceived by celestial influences : 
others suppose they are immediately from God, or prodigies raised by art and 
dhisions of spirits, which are princes of the air; to wiiom Bodin. Z/Z». 2. Theat. 
jyat. subscribes. In fine, of meteors in general, Aristotle's reasons are exploded by 
Hernarchnus Telesius, by Paracelsus his principles confuted, and other causes 
assigned, sal, sulphur, mercury, in which his disciples are so expert, that they can 
alter elements, and separate at their pleasure, make perpetual motions, not as Cardan, 
Tasneir, Peregrinus, by some magnetical virtue, but by mixture of elements; imitate 
iriiunder, like Sahnoneus, snow, hail, the sea's ebbing and flowing, give life to crea- 
tures (^as they say) without generation, and what not.? P. Nonius Saluciensis and 
Kepler take upon them to demonstrate that no meteors, clouds, fogs, ""vapours, arise 
higher than til'ty or eighty miles, and all the rest to be purer air or element of fire : 
wliich ^' Cardan, ^^Tycho, and ^^John Pena manifestly confute by refractions, and 
many other arguments, there is no such element of fire at all. Jf, as Tycho proves, the 
moon be distant from us fifty and sixty semi-diameters of the earth : and as Peter No- 
nius will have it, the air be so angust, what proportion is there betwixt the other three 
elements and it.'' To what use serves it.'' Is it full of spirits which inhabit it, as-^ 
the Paracelsians and Platonists hold, the higher the more noble, ^^ full of birds, or a 
mere tH/c?<Mm to no purpose .? It is much controverted between Tycho Brahe and 
Christopher Rotman, the landgrave of Hesse's mathematician, in their astronomical 
epistles, whether it be the same DiapJumum., clearness, matter of air and heavens, or 
two distinct essences .? Christopher Rotman, John Pena, JorJanus Brunus, with 
many other late mathematicians, contend it is the same and one matter throughout, 
saving that the higher still the purer it is, and more subtile ; as they find by expe- 
rience in the top of some hills in '•''America ; if a man ascend, he faints instantly for^ 
want of thicker air to refiigerate the heart. Acosta, l. 3. c. 9. calls this mountain 
Peridcaca in Peru ; it makes men cast and vomit, he saith, that climb it, as some 
other of those Andes do in the deserts of Chili for five hundred miles together, and 
for extremity of cold to lose their fingers and toes. Tycho will have two distinct 
matters of heaven and air; but to say truth, with some small qualification, they have 
one and the self-same opinion about the essence and matter of heavens ; that it is 
not hard and impenetrable, as peripatetics hold, transparent, of a quinta essentia. 
'®"but that it is penetrable and soft as the air itself is, and that the j)lanets move in 
it, as birds in the air, fishes in the sea." This they prove by motion of comets, and 
otherwise (though Claremontius in his Antitycho slilHy opposes), which are not 
generated, as Aristotle teacheth, in the aerial region, of a hot and dry exhalation, 
and so consumed : but as Anaxagoras and Democritus held of old, of a celestial 
matter : and as ^^ Tycho, ^* Eliseus, Roeslin, Thaddeus, Haggesius, Pena, Rotman, 
Fracastorins, demonstrate by their progress, paiallaxes, refractions, motions of the 
planets, which interfere and cut one another's orbs, now higlier, and then lower, 
as (^ amongst the rest, which sometimes, as ^° Kepler confirms by his own, and 
Tycho's accurate observations, comes nearer the earth than the Q^ J^'^d is again eft- 
soons aloft in Jupiter's orb; and "* other sufficient reasons, iar above the moon: 
exploding in the meantime that element of fire, those fictitious first watery movers, 
those heavens I mean above the firmament, which Delrio, Lodovicus Imola, Patri- 
cius, and many of the fathers affirm ; those monstrous orbs of eccentrics, and 
Eccrntre Epicycles descrentes. Which howsoever Ptolemy, Alhasen, Vitellio, Pur- 
bachius, Maginus, Clavius, and many of their associates, stiffly maintain to be real 
orbs, eccentric, concentric, circles aequant, &c. are absurd and ridiculous. For who 



w'l'am oiiiinnsus prnvpntiis in nalurales caiisas re- 
fiTii vix piitest. «' Cosmofr. c. (). ^Cardan 

Kailli vapours rise 288 miles from the earlh, Eratosthe- 
nes 48 miles. 51 Dp subtil. 1. 2. ^ In progymiias. 
•s Pr6efal. ad Euclid. Catop. ^ MaiiucodiatPB, hirds 
that live continually in the air. and are never .seen on 
erouiid but dead: See Ulysses Alderovand. Ornithol. 
Seal, exerc. cap. 22i). "^ I^aet. de.scrip. Amer. 
"' £j)i£l. lib. 1. p. 83. Ex quihus constat nee diversa 



aeris et aetheris diaphana esse, nee refractiones aliunde 
quani a crasso acre causari-Non dura aut impervia 
sed liquida, suhtilis, motuique Planetaruni facile redens 
^'' In l'io(;ymn. lili. 2. exempl.quinque. '•"• In Theoriti 
nova Met. ctclestium 15T8. d'* Epit. Astron. lih. 4. 

'"0 Multa sane hiiic consequuntur ahsunla, el si nihil 
aliinl, tot Coniela" in pethere aiiiuiadversi, q>ii nulliut 
orhis dui'tuni coniitautur. id ipsuni sullicit nter ret'ciiuii.= 
Tycho astr. eoisl. paae 107. 



Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 297 

IS so mad to think that there should be so many circles, like subordinate wheels in 
i clock, all impenetrable and hard, as they feign, add and subtract at their pleasure. 
Mao-iiuis makes eleven heavens, subdivided into tlieir orbs and circles, and all too 
little to serve tliose particular appearances : Fracastorius, seventy-two homocentrics ; 
Tycho Bralie, Nicliolas Ramerus, Heliseus Roeslin,have pecidiar hypotheses of their 
own inventions ; and they be but inventions, as most of them acknowledge, as we 
admit of equators, tropics, colures, circles arctic and antarctic, for doctrine's sake 
(though Ramus thinks them all unnecessarj'), they will have them supposed only 
for method and order. Tycho hath feigned I know not how many subdivisions of 
epicycles in epicycles, &c., to calculate and express the moon's motion : but when 
all is done, as a supposition, and no otherwise ; not (as he holds) hard, impenetra- 
ble, subtile, transparent, &c., or making music, as Pythagoras maintained of old. and 
Robert Constantine of late, but still, quiet, liquid, open, &c. 

If the heavens then be penetrable, as these men deliver, and no lets, it were not 
amiss in this aerial progress, to make wings and fly up, which that Turk in Busbe- 
quius made his fellow-citizens in Constantinople believe he would perform : and. 
some new-fangled wits, methinks, should some time or other find out: or if that may 
ncfl be, yet with a Galileo's glass, or Icaromenippus' wings in Lucian, command the 
spheres and heavens, and see what is done amongst them. Whether there be gene- 
ration and corruption, as some think, by reason of etherial comets, that in Cassiopea, 
1572, that in Cygno, 1600, that in Sagittarius, 1604, and many like, which by no 
means Jul. Caesar la Galla, that Italian philosopher, in his physical disputation with 
Galileis de plienomenis in orbe luna:^ cap. 9. will admit: or that they were' created 
ab initio., and show themselves at set times . and as " Helis.Teus Rceslin contends, have 
poles, axle-trees, circles of their own, and regular motions. For, 7ion pereunt^ sed 
minuuntur et rfisjoareni, " Blancanus holds they come and go by fits, casting their 
tads still from the sun :. some of them, as a burning-glass, projects the sunbeams 
from it ; though not always neither : for sometimes a comet casts his tail from Venus, 
as Tycho observes. And as ■* Helisteus Rceslin of some otiiers, from the moon, with 
little stars about them ad stuporem aslmnomorum ; cum mii.It.is aJils in cmlo miracu- 
//s, all which argue with those Medicean, Austrian, and Burbonian siars, that the 
heaven of the planets is indistinct, pure, and open, in wliich the planets move certis 
legibus ac metis. Examine likewise., An cesium sU coloratuDi? Whether the stars 
be of that bigness, distance, as astronomers relate, so many in ^ number, 1026, or 
1725, as J. Bayerus ; or as some Rabbins, 29,000 myriads ; or as Galileo discovers 
by his glasses, infinite, and that via lactea^ a confused light of small stars, like so 
many nails in a door: or all in a row, like those 12,000 isles of the Maldives in the 
Indian ocean ? , Whether the least visible star in the eighth sphere be eighteen times 
bigger than the earth; and as Tycho calculates, 14,000 semi-diameters distant from 
it i Whether they be thicker parts of the orbs, as Aristotle delivers : or so many 
habitable worlds, as Democritus ? Whether they have light of their own, or 
from tlie sun, or give 'ight round, as Patritius discourseth .'' Jin ceque distent a 
Centra mundi? Whether light be of their essence ; and that light be a substance 
or an accident .'' Whether they be hot by themselves, or by accident cause heat .? 
Whether there be such a precession of the equinoxes as Copernicus holds, or 
that the eighth sphere move .'' An bene philosophentur^ R. Bacon and J. Dee, 
Aphorism, de muUiplicatione specierum ? Whether there be any such images 
ascending with each degree of the zodiac in the east, as Aliacensis feigns .'' An 
aqua super coelumf as Patritius and the schoolmen will, a crystalline ® watery heaven, 
which is 'certainly to be understood of that in the middle region ? for otherwise, if 
at Noah's flood the water came from thence, it must be above a Irundred years fall- 
ing down to us, as ^ some calculate. Besides, An terra sit animata ? which some so 
confidently believe, with Orpheus, Hermes, Averroes, from which all other souls of 
men, beasts, devils, plants, fishes, &c. are derived, and into which again, after some 
-evolutions, as Plato in his Timeus, Plotinus in his Enneades more largely discuss, 



1 In Thenricis planelarum, three above llie firiiia- 
•nerit, whicli all wise men reject. ^ Theiir. nova 

Melest. Meteor. '-'■ Lih de lalirira iJtiindi. ^ l.ilj. 

de Coraetis & An sit cru.v el nubecula ir. coelii' ad 

38 



Poliini Antarcticuni, quod ex Oorsalio refert Patritius. 
cGilberliis Orisanus. 'See this discussed in Sir 

W'Hiter Kaleifjii's liistnry.iii Zrtiicli.ail Gasman. "* V d. 
Froniuiiduni (le AJeteons, lib. o. arlic. 6. et Lansbergiuin 



298 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

they .eturn (see Chalcidius and Bennius, Plato's commentators), as all philosophical 
malt« r, in matcriam primam. Keplerus, Patritus, and some other Ncoterics, have in 
part nivived this opinion. ,'And tiiat every star in heaven hath a soul, angel or intel- 
ligence to animate or move it, &,c/ Or to omit all smaller controversies, as matters 
of le^s moment, and examine that main paradox, of the earth's motion, now so much 
in question : Aristarchiis Samius, Pythagoras maintained it of old, D'emocritus and 
many ol llieir scholars, Didacus Astunica, Anthony Fascarinus, a Carmelite, and some 
otiier ronmientators, will have Job to insinuate as much, cap. 9. ver. 4. Qvi com* 
r.iocer. 'erravi de toco suo^i &.c., and that this one place of scripture makes more for 
the earth's motion than all the other prove against it ; whom Pineda confutes moFl 
contradict. Howsoever, it is revived since by Copernicus, not as a truth, but a sup- 
position, as he himself confesseth in the preface to pope Nicholas, but now main- 
tained in good earnest by ^Calcagninus, Telesius, Kepler, Rotman, Gilbert, Digges, 
Galileo, Campanella, and especially by '° Lansbergius, nat.urce.)ratlojii,et veritatl con- 
scntuneum, by Origanus, and some " others of his followers. For if the earth be 
the centre of the world, stand still, and the heavens move, as the most received 
'^opinion is, which ihey call inordinatam coeli dispos'itioncm.1 though stiffly main- 
tained by Tycho, Ptolemeus, and their adherents, quis ille furor? &c. what fury is 
that, saith '^Dr. Gilbert, sails anijnose., as Cabeus notes, that shall drive the heavens 
about with such incomprehensible celerity in twenty-four hours, when as every point 
of the firmament, and in the equator, must needs move (so ''' Clavius calculates) 
176,Gt)0 in one 24tJth part of an hour, and an arrow out of a bow must go seven 
times about the earth, wiiilst a man can say an Ave Maria, if it keep the same space, 
or compass the earth 1884 times in an hour, which is supra humanam cogitaiionem. 
beyond human conceit : ocyor el jaculo., et ventos., cequante sagitra. A man could not 
ride so much ground, going 40 miles a day, in 2904 years, as the firmament goes in 
23 hours : or so much in 203 years, as the firmame^^t in one minute : quod incrcdi- 
hile videtur: and the '^pole-star, which to our thinking scarce moveth out of his 
place, goeth a bigger circuit than the sun, whose diameter is much larger than the 
diameter of the heaven of the sun, and 20,000 semi-diameters of the earth from us, 
with the rest of the fixed stars, as Tycho proves. To avoid therefore these impos- 
sibilities, they ascribe a triple motion to the earth, the sun immovable in the centre 
of the whole world, the earth centre of the moon, alone, above j and ^), beneath 
ht %•) d"? (or as "^ Origanus and others will, one single motion to the earth, still placed 
in the centre of tiie world, which is more probable) a single motion to the firma- 
ment, which moves in 30 or 26 thousand years ; and so the planets, Saturn in 30 
years absolves his sole and proper motion, Jupiter in 12, Mars in 3, &c. and so solve 
all appearances better than any way whatsoever : calculate all motions, be they in 
longum or latum., direct, stationary, retrograde^ ascent or descent, without epicycles, 
intricate eccentrics, Stc. rcclius commodiusque per unicum motum terrce^ saith Lansber- 
gius, mucli morft certain than by those Alphonsine, or any such tables, which are 
grounded from those other suppositions. And 'tis true they say, according to optic 
principles, the visible appearances of the planets do so indeed answer to their mag- 
nitudes and orbs, and come nearest to mathematical observations and precedent cal- 
culations, there is no repugnancy to physical axioms, because no penetration of orbs; 
but then between the sphere of Saturn and the firmament, there is such an incredible 
\nd vast '"space or distance (7,000,000 semi-diameters of the earth, as Tycho cal- 
culates) void of stars : and besides, they do so enhance the bigness of the stars, 
enlarge tiieir circuit, to solve those ordinary objections of parallaxes and retrograda- 
tions of the fixed stars, that alteration of the poles, elevation in several places or 
latitude of cities here on earth (for, say they, if a man's eye were in the firmament, 
he should not at all discern that great annual motion of the earth, but it would still 
appear tmnctum indivisibile, and seem to be fixed in one place, of the same bigness) 
that it, is quite opposite to reason, to natural philosophy, and all out as absurd as 
disproportional (so some will) as prodigious, as that of the sun's swift motion of 



'Peculiari libello. ■"Comment, in mortum tPirae 

Miuui-jltergi JbHv). " ['"niliai; ii'jellf. '^See 

Ml. C;ir|i<;iitfr's Geoar. cap. "t. :■) 1. Campanella et 
Origanus pitef. Ephenier. wi.ert ssiriplnrn places are 
«n8iv«red. "U^ Maguete. '^Cotoaieiit. in 2 



cap. syiiiBr. Jo. de Sacr. Bosc. i^Dist. 3. jir I. i 

Polo. 16 Pripf. Kphem. " VVhicli may te full 

of planets, f<erliaps, ^ «<• unseen, as those aho'if Jur"- 
ler, &c. 



Mnn. 3.1 



Digression of Jlir. 



299 



heavens. But hoc posito^ to grant this tlieir tenet of the earth's motion : if the earth 
move, jt is a planet, and shines to them in the moon, and to the other planetary in- 
habitants, as the moon and they do to us upon the earth : but shine she doth, as 
Galileo, '^ Kepler, and others prove, and then per consequens, the rest of the planets 
are inhabited, as well as the moon, wiiich he grants in his dissertation with Galileo's 
jYuncius Sidereiis, '"'•'■that there be Jovial and Saturn inhabitants," &.C., and those 
several planets have their several moons about them, as the eartli hath hers, as Galileo 
hatli already evinced by his glasses : ^"four about Jupiter, two about Saturn (though 
Sitius the Florentine, Fortunius Licetus, and Jul. Cresar le Galla cavil at it) yet Kep- 
ler, tiie emp<5ror's mathematician, conlirms out of his experience, that he saw as much 
by the same help, and more about Mars, Venus, and the rest they hope to find out, 
peradventure even amongst the fixed stars, which Brunus and Brutius have already 
averred. Then (I say) the earth and they be planets alike, moved about the sun, 
the common centre of the world alike, and it may be those two green children 
which "' Nubrigensis speaks of in his time, that fell from heaven, came from thence; 
anil that famous stone that fell from lieaven in Aristotle's time, olymp. 84, anno 
'erlio^ ad Capua Fluenta^ recorded by Laertius and others, or Ancile or buckler in 
Numa's time, recorded by Festus. We may likewise insert with Canipanella and 
Brunus, that which Pythagoras, Aristarchus, Samius, Heraclitus, Epicurus, Melissus, 
Democritus, Leucippus maintained in their ages, tliere be ^^ infinite worlds, and infi- 
nite earths or systems, la inJiiiUo cethcre, which "Eusebius collects out of their 
tenets, because infinite stars and planets like unto this of ours, which some stick not 
still to maintain and publicly defend, sperabundas expect o innumerabiUum mundorum 
171 cet.ernitate per amhulalionein^ dfc. (JV/c. Hill. Londinensis phlios. Epicur.) For if 
the firmament be of such an incomparable bigness, as these Copernical giants will 
have it, infinitum^ aut infinito proximum^ so vast and full of innumerable stars, as 
being infinite in extent, one above another, some higher, some lower, some 
nearer, some farther ofi", and so far asunder, and those so huge and great, inso- 
much that if the whole sphere of Saturn, and all that is included in it, totum aggre- 
gatum (as Fromundus of Louvain in his tract, rZe immobiUtate terrce argues) evekalur 
inter slellas, videri a nobis non poter at, tam immanis est distantia inter tellur era et 
fixas, sed instar puncti, <SfC. If our world be small in respect, why may we not 
suppose a plurality of worlds, those infinite stars visible in the firmament to be so 
many suns, with particular fixed centres j. to have likewise their subordinate planets, 
as the sun hath his dancing still round him ? which Cardinal Cusanus, Walkarinus, 
Brunus, and some others have held, and some still maintain, Jlaimce Jlr i state iismo 
inautritcB, et minutis speculationibus assuetcB, secus forsan, 3fc. Thougli they seem 
close to us, they are infinitely distant, and so per consequens, there are infinite 
(; habitable worlds : what hinders } Why should not an infinite ca\ise (as God is) 
produce infinite effects.'' as Nic. Hill. Democrit. philos. disputes: Kepler (1 confess) 
will by no means admit of Brunus's infinite worlds, or that the fixed stars should be 
so many suns, with their compassing planets, yet the said '^'' Kepler between jest and 
earnest in his perspectives, lunar geography, ^^ et somnio siio, dissertat. cum nunc, 
sider. seems in part to agree with this, and partly to contradict; for the planets, he 
yields them to be inhabited, he doubts of the stars ; and so doth Tycho in his astro- 
nomical ^pistles, out of a consideration of their vastity and greatness, break out into 
some such like speeches, that he will never believe those great and huge bodies were 
made to no other use than this that we perceive, to illuminate the earth, a point 
insensible in respect of the whole. But who shall dwell in these vast bodies, earths, 
worlds, ^° '' if they be inhabited .'' rational creatures ?" as Kepler demands, "• or have 



i» Luna circiinUerrtfstris Planeta quuin sit, consenta- 
niMim I'St esse in Lima viventes creaturas, et singulis 
Planctarum globis sui serviunt tircu hi tores, ex qua 
coiisiileriitione, de eoriiin incnlis suinina probaliilitate 
eoncliiriiiiius, (luod ct Tyclinni Braheo. e sola consiilera- 
lione vastitalis eorum visum fuit. Kcpl. dissert, cum 
4 nun. sid. f. 20. "Temperate non possum quin ex 

ijiventis tuis hoc moneam, veri non absimile, non tam 
in Luna, sed etiam in Jove, et reliquis Plaiietis incolas 
esse. Kepi. fo. 2ii. Si non sint accolse in Jovis gloUo, 
qui notent admirandam hanc varietateni ociilis, cui 
bono qualuor illi PlanetcE Jovem circumcursitant? 
•"Some of those above Jupiter 1 have seen myself by 



the help of a glass eight feet long. 21 Renim Angl. 

I. 1. c. 27 de vjridihiis pueris. w Intiuiti alii mundi 

vel ut Brunus, terrie huic nostrre similes. 23 Libre 

Cont. philos. cap. 2'J. «' Kepler fol. 2. di?sert. Quid 

inipedit quiii credainus ex his iiiitiis, plures alios mun- 
dos detegeiidos, vi I (ut Democrito placuit) iiifinitos? 
2' Lege soiiiuium Kepleri edit. Jti35. '■"'Ciuid igitiir 

jnquies, si .«int in coelo plures glolii, similes nostra lei- 
luris, an cum illis cerlabimiis, qiiis meliorem mundi 
plagam teneat ? Si nohiliores illorum glohi, nos non 
suiiius crealurarum rationaliuiF nohili.<siitii : quomodc 
igitur oniiiia propter hoiiiinem? quoniodo n08 domip 
operum Dei ? Kepler, fol. 21). 



yOO Cure of Melancholy. [Fart. 2. Sect. 2. 

they souls to be saved ? or do they iiiliabit a better part of the world than we do ? 
Are we or they lords of the world ^ And how are all thiiigs made for man ?" Dif- 
ficile est Jiodum hunc expedij-e^ eb quod nondiim omnia quce hue pertinent exploiaia 
habemus: 'lis hard to determine : this only he proves, that we are in prcecipuo mundi 
sinu., in the best place, best world, nearest the heart of the sun. ^'Thomas Canipa- 
nella, a Calabrian monk, in his second book rfe sensu reriim, cap. 4, subscribes to this 
of Kepler; that they are inhabited he certainly supposeth but with what kind of 
. features he cannot say, he labours to prove it by all means : and that tliere are 
infinite worlds, having maile an apology for Galileo, and dedicates this tenet of his 
to Cardinal Cajetanus. Others freely speak, mutter, and would persuade the world 
(^as ^^^Marinus Marcenus complains) that our modern divines are too severe and rigid 
against mathematicians ; ignorant and peevish, in not admitting their true demonstra- 
tions and certain observations, that they tyrannise over art, science, and all philoso- 
phy, in suppressing their labours (saith Pomponatius), forbidding them to write, to 
speak a truth, all to maintain their superstition, and for their profit's sake. As for 
those places of Scripture which oppugn it, they will have spoken ad capttim vulgi., 
and if rightly understood, and favourably interpreted, not at all against it; and as 
Otho Gasman, Astrol. cap. 1. part. 1. notes, many great divines, besides Porphyrins, 
Proclus, Simplicius, and those heathen philosophers, doctrind et estate vcnerandi., 
Mosis Genesin mundanam popuJaris nescio cujus ruditatis, quce. longa ahsit a vera 
Philosophorum eruditione., insimulant: for Moses makes mention but of two pla- 
nets, O and ti, no four elements, &c. Read more on him, in ^^Grossius and Junius. 
But to proceed, these and such like insolent and bold attempts, prodigious paradoxes, 
inferences must needs follow, if it once be granted, which Rotman, Kepler, Gilbert, Dig- 
geus, Origanus, Galileo, and others, maintain of the earth's motion, that 'tis a planet, 
and shines as the moon doth, which contains in it ^"'•^ both land and sea as the moon 
doth :" for so they find by their glasses that Macidce in facie Luna;, "• the brighter 
parts are earth, the dusky sea," whicli Thales, Plutarch, and Pythagoras formerly 
taught : and manifestly discern hills and dales, and such like concavities, if we may 
subscribe to and believe Galileo's observations. But to avoid these paradoxes of the 
earth's motion (which the Church of Rome hath lately ^'condemned as heretical, as 
appears by Blancanus and Fromundus's writings) our latter mathematicians have 
rolled all the stones that may be stirred : and to solve all appearances and objections, 
have invented new hypotheses, and fabricated new systems of the world, out of their 
own Dedalaean heads. Fracastorius will have the earth stand still, as before ; and 
to avoid that supposition of eccentrics and epicycles, he hath coined seventy-two 
homocentrics, to solve all appearances. Nicholas Ramerus will have the earth the 
centre of the world, but movable, and the eighth sphere immovable, the five upper 
planets to move about the sun, the sun and moon about the earth. Of which orbs 
Tycho Brahe puts the earth the centre immovable, the stars immovable, the rest with 
Ramerus, the planets without orbs to wander in the air, keep time and distance, true 
motion, according to that virtue which God hath given them. ^^Helisaeus Rceslin 
censureth both, with Copernicus (whose hypothesis de terrcs motu, Philippus Lans- 
bergius hath lately vindicated, and demonstrated with solid arguments in a just 
volume, Jansonius Ca;sius ''^hath illustrated in a sphere.) The said Johannes I,ans- 
bergius, 1633, hath since defended his assertion against all tiie cavils and «alumnies 
of Fromundus his Anti-Arislarchus, Baptista Morinus, and Petrus Bartholinus : Fro- 
mundus, 1(534, hath written against him again, J. Rosseus of Aberdeen, &.c. (sound 
drums and trumpets) whilst Rceslin (I say) censures all, and Ptolemeus himself as 
insufficient : one ofiends against natural philosophy, another against optic principles., 
a third against mathematical, as not answering to astronomical observations : one 
puts a great space between Saturn's orb and the eighth sphere, another too narrow. 
In his own hypothesis he makes the earth as before the universal centre, the sun to 
the five upper planets, to the eighth sphere he ascribes diurnal motion, eccentrics, and 
e})icycles to the seven planets, which hath been formerly exploded ; and so. Bum 

21 Franckfort. quarto )6'J0. ibid. 40. 1G22. * Prffi- I ^ Theat. Biblioo. 3" His argumentis plane satisfe- 

fat. ill Comment, in Genesin. Modo suadent Thenlo- cif=ti, do inaculas in Luna esse maria, do lucidas partes 
EOS, suinma ijiiioratione versari, vor.is scienlias admit- | esse terrain. Kepler, t'ol. 1<>. 3' Anno. 1(516. 

lere nclle, el tyraiiiiidein exercert, iit eos falsis dogma- 32 i,i Hypothes. de inundo. Edit. 1597. ^ I^iigilunl 

tibus.sunerstiiioiiibus.cl religioiie Catbolica detiiieaut. | l(i33. 



Mem. 3.J 



Digression of Jiir. 



301 



vitani stuUi. vifia in contraria airrunt,'^* as a tinker stops one hole ana makes two, 
he corrects them, and doth worse himself: reforms some, and mars all. In the 
meAn time, the world is tossed in a blanket amongst them, they hoist the earth up 
and down like a ball, make it stand and go at their pleasures : one saith the sun 
stands, another he moves; a third comes in, taking them all at rebound, and lest 
there should any paradox be wanting, he ^*iinds certain spots and clouds in the sun 
by the help of glasses, which multiply (saith Keplerus) a thing seen a thousand 
times bigger in plano^ and makes it come thirty-two times nearer to the eye of the 
beholder: but see the demonstration of this glass in "''Tarde, by means of which, 
the sun must turn round upon his own centre, or they about the sun. Fabricius 
puts only three, and those in the sun : Apelles 1 5, and those without the sun, float- 
injr like the Cyauean Isles in the Euxine sea. *' Tarde, the Frenchman, hath 
observed thirtv-three, and those neither spots nor clouds, as Galileo, Epist. ad Val- 
ferum, supposeth, but planets concentric with the sun, and not far from him with 
regular motions. ^^Christopher Shemer, a German Suisser Jesuit, Ursicd Rosa, 
divides them in macv.las ef. faculas,?in(\ will have them to be fixed in Solis superfici e : 
and to absolve their periodical and regular motion in twenty-seven or twenty-eight 
days, holding witlial the rotation of the sun upon his centre ; and all are so confi- 
dent, that they have made schemes and tables of their motions. The ^"Hollander, 
in his dissertatiunculd cum Jlpelle, censures all ; and thus they disagree amongst 
themselves, old and new, irreconcileable in their opinions ; thus Aristarchus, thus 
Hipparchus, thus Ptolemeus, thus Albateginus, thus Alfraganus, thus Tycho, thus 
Ramerus, thus Rceslinus, thus Fracastorius, thus Copernicus and his adherents, thus 
Clavius and Maginus, &c., with their followers, vary and determine of these celestial 
orbs and bodies : and so whilst these men contend about the sun and moon, like the 
philosophers in Lucian, it is to be feared, the sun and moon will hide themselves, and 
be as much ofiended as ''"she was with those, and send another messenger to Jupiter, 
by some new-fangled Icaromenippus, to make an end of all those curious controver- 
sies, and scatter them abroad. 

But why should the sun and moon be angry, or take exceptions at mathematicians 
and philosophers ? when as the like measure is offered unto God himself, by a com- 
pany of theologasters : they are not contented to see the sun and moon, measure 
their site and biggest distance in a glass, calculate their motions, or visit the moon in 
a poetical fiction, or a dream, as he saith, '^Kriiidax f acinus el memorabile nunc in- 
cipiam, neque hoc scecuIo usurpatum prius, quid in Lunce regno hdc node gestuin sit 
exponam, et. quo nemo unquam nisi somniando pervrnit, ■'^but he and Menippus: or as 
■•^ Peter Cuneus, Bonri fide agam, nihil eorum quce scripturus sum^ verum esse scitote, 
8fc. qucc nee facta., nee fulura sunt, dicam, ^'^stili tantum et ingenii causa, not in jest, 
but in good earnest these gigantical Cyclops will transcend spheres, heaven, stars, 
into that Empyrean heaven; soar higher yet, and see what God himself doth. The 
Jewish Talmudists take upon them to determine how God spends his whole time, 
sometimes playing with Leviathan, sometimes overseeing the world, Stc, like Lucian's 
Tupiter, that spent much of the year in painting butterflies' wings, and seeing who 
offered sacrifice; telling the hours when it should rain, how much snow should fall 
in such a place, which way the wind should stand in Greece, which way in Africa. 
In the Turks' Alcoran, Mahomet is taken up to heaven, upon a Pegasus sent on pur- 
pose for him, as he lay in bed with his wife, and after some conference with God is 
set on ground again. The pagans paint him and mangle him after a thousand fashions; 
our heretics, schismatics, and some schoolmen, come not far .behind : some paint him 
:n the habit of an old man, and make maps of heaven, number the angels, tell their 
several ""^ names, offices : feome deny God and his providence, some take his oflice 
out of his hands, will "^bind and loose in heaven, release, pardon, forgive, and be 



J4 •' vVhilst these blockheads avoid one fault, they fall 
into its opposite." 3= Jo. Fabritiiis de niaculis in sole. 
Witt'li. Ifill. 36 (n Burboniis sideribii.s. 37 [,jb. 

de Bnrboniis sid. Stcllae sunt erraticae, quiC propriis 
orhihus feruntur, non lonee a Sole dissitis, sed juxta 
Solein. 3B Brarxini fol. 16;i0. lib. 4. cap. 52. 55. 5'J. &c. 
=9 l.utrdun. Bat. An. Itjl2. *" Ne se subducaiit, et 

relicta stalioue deressum parent, ut curiositatis fineni 
fa<M3"« *' Hori^ules tuani Sd^m Satyra Meiiip. 



edit. Ifi08. ■'2" [ shall now enter upon a bold and 

numiorable exploit ; one never before attempted in thi» 
age. I shall explain lliis night's transactions in the 
kinadoui of the moon a place where no one has yet 
arrived, save in his dreams." oSardi venales Satyr 
Menip. An. 1G12. *' Piiteani Conius sic incipit, oi 

asLipsius Satyre in a dream. ^^Tritemins. i de ' 

secundis. ^^Tliey have fetched 'I'rajanus' soul oin 

of hell, and canonise for saints » horn thev list 



2A 



302 



Cure of Mi'lancholy. 



(Part. 2. Sec. 2 



qiiarler-master with him : some call his Godhead in question, his power, ana attri- 
butes, his mercy, jnstice. providence : they will know with ^''Cecilius, why good and 
bad are punished toirether, war, fires, plagues, infest all alike, why wicked mer 
flourish, good are poor, in prison, sick, and ill at ease. Why doth he suffer so much 
miechief and evil to be done, if he be '''able to help.'* wliy doth he not assist good, 
or resi.st bad, reform our wills, if he be not the author of sin, and let such enormities 
be committed, unwf)rthv of his knowledge, wisdom, government, mercy, and provi- 
dence, why lets he all things be done by fortune and chance .'' Others as prodigiously 
iiKpiire after his omnipotencv, an possif plures similes creare deos? an ex scarahcro 
drum? Sfc, et quo dcmiim ructis sacrificuli? Some, by visions and revelations, take 
upon them to be familiar with God, and to be of privy council with him ; they will 
tell how man}^, and wiio shall be saved, when the world shall come to an end, what 
year, what month, and wliatsoever else God hath reserved unto himself, and to his 
angels. Some again, curious fantastics, will know more than this, and inquire with 
^'^ Epicurus, what God did before the world was made ? was he idle ? . Where did he 
bide.' What did he make the world of.' why did he then make it, and not before.' 
If he made it new, or to have an em]^ how is he unchangeable, infinite, &c. Some 
will dispute, cavil, and object, as .Julian did of old, whom Cyril confutes, as Simon 
Magus is feigned to do, in that ''^dialogue betwixt him and Peter: and Ammonius 
the philosopher, in that dialogical disputation with Zacharias the Christian. If God 
be infinitely and only good, why should he alter or destroy the w>orld .' if he con- 
found that which is good, how shall himself continue good.' If he pull it down 
because evil, how shall he be free from the evil tUat made it evil .' &c., with many 
sucIj absurd and brain-sick questions, intricacies, froth of human wit, and excrements 
of curiosity, &c., v/hich, as our Saviour told his inquisitive disciples, are not fit for 
them to know. But hoo! I am now gone quite out of sight, I am aliuost giddy with 
roving about: I could have ranged farther yet; but I am an infant, and not '^"able to 
dive into these profundities, or sound these depths; not able to understand, much 
less to discuss. 1 leave the contemplation of these things to stronger wits, that have 
better ability, and happier leisure to wade into such philosophical mysteries ; for 
put case I were as able as willing, yet what can one man do .' I will conclude with 
*' Scaliger, JYequaquam nos homines sumus, sed partes hominis^ ex omnihus aliquid fieri 
potest^ idque non magnum; ex singulis fore nihil. Besides (as Nazianzen hath it) 
Deus latere nos multa voluit ; and with Seneca, cap. 35. de Comelis, Q^iid miramxir 
tam rara mundi sper.tacula non teneri cert is legibus, nondum intelliglf multcp. sunt 
gentes quce tantum de facie sciunt ccehmi, vcnief, ienipus fortasse., quo ista quce nunc 
latent in lucem dies exirahat longioris cevi diligentia, una cetas non sufficit., pos- 
teri, (Src, when God sees his time, he will reveal these mysteries to mortal men, and 
show that to some few at last, which he hath concealed so long. For I am of*" his 
mind, that Columbus did not find out America by chance, but God directed him at 
that time to discover it : it was contingent to him, but necessary to God ; he reveals 
and conceals to whom and when he will. And which *'one said of liistory and 
records of former times, "God in his providence, to check our presumptuous inqui- 
sition, wraps up all things in uncertainty, bars us from long antiquity, and bounds 
our search within the compass of some few ages :" many good things are lost, which 
our predecessors made use of, as Pancirola will better inform you ; many new things 
are daily invented, to the public good; so kingdoms, men, and knowledge ebb and 
flow, are hid and revealed, and when you have all done, as the Preacher concluded, 
JVihil est sub sole novum (nothing new under the sun.) But my melancholy spaniel's 
quest, my game is sprung, and 1 must suddenly come down and fotlow. 

Jason Pratensis, in his book dc morhis capitis., and chapter of Melancholy, hath 
these words out of Galen, ^ "• Let them come to me to know what meat and drink 



*^ In Miniiliiis, sine delectu tenippstate.s lanffunt Inca 
eacra tl pr.ifaria, bonnrinn et irialoniin fata, jiixta, nnllo 
online res fiunt, snlnta legilms fortiina doiniiiatiir. 
•■> Vel mains vel iinpotens, qni peccatnm pRrinitlit, &c. 
unde ha?c snperstitio? <" Q,n id fecit Deiis ante mnn- 
liuni crfatnm? nbi vixit otiosns a snn snbjocto, &c. 
* Lib. 3. recoc. Pet. cap. 3. I'eter answers by the simile 
iif an c.sz shell, which is cunningly mad", \el nf neces- 
sity to be brnken; si> is the wnrld.&c that tlie excellent 



state nf heaven might be made manifest. ^Vx me 

pliima levat, sic grave mergit onus. 6' Exercil. 184. 

^'^ Laet. descrip. ooid. Indiae. ss Daniel principio his- 
loria;. M Veniant ad me audituri quo esoiilento 

qno item porulentn nti debeant, et priEter aliiiin ituin 
ipsnm, polumqne veiitos ipsos doceho, item aeri'i 'im n- 
enti.s temperiem, ins(jper regiones quas eligere, quai 
vita e ex uRU sit. 



Mem. 3. J Digression of Mr. 303 

ihey shall use. and besides that, I will teach them what temper of ambient air 
they shall make choice of, what wind, what countries they shall choose, and what 
avoid." Out of which lines of his, thus much we may gather, that to this cure of 
melancholy, amongst other things, the rectification of air is necessarily required. 
Tins is performed, either in reforming natural or artificial air. Natural is that which 
is in our election to choose or avoid : and 'tis either general, to countries, provinces; 
particular, to cities, towns, villages, or private houses. What harm those extremi- 
ties of heat or cold do in this malady, I have formerly shown : the medium must 
needs be good, where the air is temperate, serene, quiet, free from bogs, fens, mists, 
all manner of putrefaction, contagious and filihy noisome smells. The ^^ Egyptians 
by all geographers are commended to be hilares^ a conceited and merry nation 
which 1 can ascribe to no other cause than the serenity of their air. They that live 
hi the Orcades are registered by ^'' Hector Boethius and ^'Cardan, to be of fair com- 
plexion, long-lived, most healthful, free from all manner of infirmities of body and 
mind, by reason of a sharp purifying air, which comes from the sea. The Boeotians 
in Greece were dull and heavy, crassi Bceoti, by reason of a foggy air in which they 
lived, ^^Bceotiati in crasso jurares aere 7iatu?n, Attica most acute, pleasant, and refined. 
The clime changes not so much customs, manners, wits (as Aristotle PoUl. lib. 6. 
cap. 4. Vegetius, Plato, Bodine, method, hist. cap. 5. hath proved at large) as consti- 
tutions of their bodies, and temperature itself. In all particular provinces we see it 
confirmed by experience, as the air is, so are the inhabitants, dull, heavy, witty, sub- 
tle, neat, cleanly, clownish, sick, and sound, in ^^ Perigord in , France the air is 
subtle, healthful, seldom any plague or contagious disease, but hilly and barren : the 
men sound, nimble, and lusty ; but in some parts of Guienne, full of moors and 
marshes, the people dull, heavy, and subject to many infirmities. Who sees not a 
great difference between Surrey, Sussex, and Romney Marsh, the wolds in Lincoln- 
shire and the fens. lie therel'ore that loves his health, if his ability will give him 
leave, must often shift places, and make choice of such as are wholesome, pleasant, 
and convenient : there is nothing better than change of air in this malady, and gene- 
rally fi:ir health to wander up and down, as those ^° Tartari Zamolhenses^ tliat live 
in hordes, and take opportunity of times, places, seasons. The kings of Persia had 
their summer and winter houses; in winter at Sardis, in summer at Susa; now at 
Persepolis, then at Pasargada. Cyrus lived seven cold months at Babylon, three at 
Susa, two at Ecbatana, saith '"' Xenophon, and had by that means a perpetual spring. 
The great Turk sojourns sometimes at Constantinople, sometimes at Adrianople, Stc. 
The kings of Spain have their Escurial in heat of summer, '^^ Madrid for a wholesome 
seat, Valladolid a pleasant site, &.C., variety of secessus as all princes and great men 
have, and their several progresses to this purpose. Lucullus the Roman had his house 
at Rome, at Bai^, &.c. ^^ When Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero (saith Plutarch) and 
many noble men in the summer came to see him, at supper Pompeius jested with 
him, that it was an elegant and pleasant village, full of windows, galleries, and all 
offices fit for a summer house; but in his judgment very unfit for winter: Lucullus 
made answer that the lord of the house had wit like a crane, that changeth her 
country with the season ; he had other houses furnished, and built for that purpose, 
all out as commodious as this. So Tully had his Tusculan, Plinius his Lauretan 
village, and every gentleman of any fashion in our times hath the like. The ®'' bishop 
of Exeter had fourteen several houses all furnished, in times past. In Italy, though 
they bide in cities in winter, which is more gentleman-like, all the summer they come 
abroad to their country-houses, to recreate themselves. Our gentry in England live 
most part in the country (except it be some few castles) building still in bottom? 
(saith ''* Jovius) or near woods, corona arborum virentium; you shall know a village 
by a tuft of trees at or about it, to avoid those strong winds wherewith the island is 
infested, and cold winter blasts. Some discommend moated houses, as tmwhole- 
some ; so Camden saith of ^^ Ew-elme, that it was therefore unfrequented, ob stagni 

«s Leo Afer, ]VIas,'iniis, &c. soLib. 1. Scot. hist. | inultique nohiles viri L. Lucullum aistivo tempore con- 



t' Lib. 1. lie rer. var. ^e Horat. ss* Magiiiui 

•» Hailomis tie Turtaiis. ^i Cyr()ita3(l. li. 8. perpetuuiii 
hide ver. "Si'iie air sn .;lear, it never breeds tlie 

^layiK^. s^LHander Albertus in Cainp.inia, e Pin- 

<arr.hu vit^juculli. Ciiiii Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero, 



venissent, Pompeius inter cceiiani ilnm faniiliatiler jii 
cams est, eani villain impninis sibi suniptuosain, e( 
elej;anteiii videri, lenestris, porticibus, &c. 6^Go<i 

will Vita Jo. Voysye al. Haniiaii, ^spescript. Bril 

"^ In Uxfordstiire, 



3fl4 , Cure of Mt'ancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. 

vicini halitvs^ and all such places as be near lakes or rivers. , But 1 am of opinion 
lliat these inconveniences will be mitiijated, or easily corrected by good fires, as 
■' one reports of Venice, that graveolentia and fog of the moors is sufficiently quali- 
fied by those innuniera!)le smokes. Nay more, '''* Thomas Philol. Ravennas, a great 
])hysician, contends that the Venetians are generally longer-lived than any city in 
Europe, and live many of them 120 years. But it is not water simply that so much 
oftends, as the slime and noisome smells that accompany such overflowed places, 
which is but at some few seasons after a flood, and is suliiciently recompensed with 
sweet smells and aspects in summer, Ver pinget vario gemmaniia prafa colore, and 
many other commodities of pleasure and profit ; or else may be corrected by the 
site, if it be somewhat remote from the water, as Lindley, ^^ Orion super monteyn^ 
'"Drayton, or a little more elevated, though nearer, as "Caucut, '^Amington, '^Poles- 
worth, '''' Weddington (to insist in such places best to me known, upon the river of 
Anker, in Warwickshire, "Swarston, and '^Drakesly upon Trent). Or howsoever 
they be unseasonable in winter, or at some times, they have their good use in sum- 
mer. If so be that their means be so slender as they may not admit of any such 
variety, but must determine once for all, and make one house serve each season, I 
know no men that have given better rules in this behalf than our husbandry writers. 
''Cato and Columella prescribe a good house to stand by a navigable river, good 
nighways, near some city, and in a good soil, but that is more for commodity than 
health. 

- The best soil commonly yields the worst air, a dry sandy plat is fittest to build 
upon, and such as is rather hilly than plain, full of downs, a Cotswold country, as 
being most comniocHous for hawking, hunting, wood, waters, and all manner of 
pleasures. Perigord in France is barren, yet by reason of the excellency of the 
air, and such pleasures that it afl^ords, much inhabited by the nobility; as Nurem- 
berg in Germany, Toledo in Spain. Our countryman Tusser will tell us so much, 
that the fieldone is for profit, the woodland for pleasure and health ; the one com- 
monly a deep clay, therefore noisome in winter, and subject to bad highways : the 
other a dry sand. Provision may be had elsewhere, and our towns are generally 
bigger in the woodland than the fieldone, more frequent and populous, and gentle- 
men more delight to dwell in such places. Sutton Coldfield in Warwickshire 
(where I was once a grammar scholar), may be a sufficient witness, which stands, 
as Camden notes, loco ingrato et stcrili, but in an excellent air, and full of all 
manner of pleasures. '^ Wadley in Berkshire is situate in a vale, though not so 
fertile a soil as some vales afford, yet a most commodious site, wholesome, in a 
delicious air, a rich and pleasant seat. So Segrave in Leicestershire (which town 
'® I am now bound to remember) is situated in a champaign, at the edge of the 
wolds, and more barren than the villages about it, yet no place likely yields a better 
air. And he that built that fair house, *°Wollerton in Nottingliamshire, is much to 
be commended (tliough the tract be sandy and barren about it) for making choice 
of such a place. Constantine, lib. 2. cap. dc JjgricuU. praiseth mountains, hilly, 
steep places, above the rest by the seaside, and such as look toward the **' north upon 
some great river, as ^^ Farmack in Derbysliire, on the Trent, environed with hills, 
open only to the north, like Mount Edgecombe in Cornwall, which Mr. ^^Carew so 
much admires for an excellent seat : such is the general site of Bohemia : serenal 
Boreas., the north wind clarifies, *^ "• but near lakes or marshes, in holes, obscure 
places, or to the soutli and west, he utterly disproves," those winds are unwiiole- 
some, putrefying, and make men subject to diseases. The best building for health, 
according to him, is in "'"■high places, and in an excellent prospect," like that of 
Cuddeston in Oxfordshire (wliich place I must honoris ergo mention) is lately and 

fairly "' built in a good air, good prospect, good soil, both for profit and pleasure, not 

> . . . 

f Leander Albertiis. e^Oap. 21. de vit. horn, prorof. i Lord Berkley. 6<>Sir Francis Willoughhy. "i [vjon 
«3The possession of Robert Bradsliaw, Esq. '» OV \Hn'\ et Mnritiiiii salnhriorcs, atclives et ad Boreain 

Geor^ie PiireCey, Ksq. 'I'l'iie possession of William ream vertrentes. WTtie dwelling of Sir To. Burilei. 

Fnrefey, Esq. "The seat of Sir John Reppin-jton, i Knight, Baronet. *« In his Survey of Cornwall, 

Kt. '3 Sir Henry Goodieres, lately deceased. '^The I book '2. "■' Propfi paludes stagna, et loca concuvj, 

liwelling house of Hum. AdUerley, Esq. "Sir John vel ad Auslriini, vel ad Occidentern incliiiatie, donius 

Harpar's, lately deceased. '"Sir George Greselies, ' sunt morbosa!. Oportet igitiir ad saiiitatem do 

Kt. ■'■ Lib. 1. lap. 2. ""'/'he seat of G. Purefey, | inns iti altioril)us redificare, et ad speculalioneni. »« B> 

Esq. ■'» For I am now incumbent of that rectory, ' John Bancroft, Dr. of Divinity, my qiion^m tutor in 

presented thereto by my right honourable patron, the | Christ-church, Oxon now llie Right Ueverend Lord 



Mem. 3.1 



Air rectified. 



305 



so easily to be matched. P. Ciescentius, in his lih. 1. de Agric. cap. 5. is very 
copious ill this subject, how a house should be wholesomely sited, in a good coast 
good air, wind, &c., Varro de re rust. lib. 1. cap. 12. ^^ forbids lakes and rivers, marshy 
and manured grounds, they cause a bad air, gross tfiseases, hard to be cured : ^^"if 
it be so that he cannot help it, better (as he adviseth) sell thy house and land than 
lose thine health." He that respects not this in choosing of his seat, or building his 
house, is rnente captus., mad, *^Cato saith, "•and his dwelling next to hell itself," 
according to Columella : he commends, in conclusion, the middle of a hill, upon a 
descent. Baptista, Porta Villce, Jib. 1. cap. 22. censures Varro, Cato, Columella, and 
those ancient rustics, approving many things, disallowing some, and will by all means 
have the front of a house stand to the south, which how it may be good in Italy and 
hotter climes, I know not, in our northern countries I am sure it is best: Stephanus, 
a Frenchman, j?rcedto rustic. lib. 1. cap. 4. subscribes to this, approving especially 
the descent of a hill south or south-east, with trees to the north, so that it be well 
watered; a condition in all sites which must not be omitted, as Herbastein incul- 
cates, lib. 1. Julius Caesar Claudinus, a physician, consult. 24, for a nobleman in 
Poland, melancholy given, adviseth him to dwell in a house inclining to the ^east, 
and ^' by all means to provide the air be clear and sweet ; which Montanus, consil, 
229, counselleth the earl of Monfort, his patient, to inhabit a pleasant house, and in 
a good air. If it be so the natural site may not be altered of our city, town, village, 
yet by artificial means it may be helped. In hot countries, therefore, they make the 
streets of their cities very narrow, all over Spain, Africa, Italy, Greece, and many 
cities of France, in Languedoc especially, and Provence, those southern parts: Mont- 
pelier, the habitation and university of physicians, is so built, with high houses, 
narrow streets, to divert the sun's scalding rays, which Tacitus commends, lib. 15. 
Annat.., as most agreeing to their health, ^^ •■' because the height of buildings, and 
narrowness of streets, keep away the sunbeams." Some cities use galleries, oi 
arched cloisters towards the street, as Damascus, Bologna, Padua, Berne in Switzer- 
land, Westchester with us, as well to avoid tempests, as the sun's scorching heat. 
They build on high hills, in hot countries, for more air ; or to the seaside, as Baiae, 
Naples, &.C. In our northern countries we are opposite, we commend straight, 
broad, open, fair streets, as most befitting and agreeing to our clime. We build in 
bottoms for warmth : and that site of Mitylene in the island of Lesbos, in the Ji^gean 
sea, which Vitruvius so much discommends, magnificently built with fair houses, 
sed imprudenter positam., unadvisedly sited, because it lay along to the south, and 
wlien the south wind blew, the people were all sick, would make an excellent site 
in our northern climes. 

Of that artificial site of houses I have sufficiently discoursed : if the plan of the 
dwelling may not be altered, yet there is much in choice of such a chamber or room, 
in opportune opening and shutting of windows, excluding foreign air and winds, and 
walking abroad at convenient times. ^^ Crato, a German, commends east and south 
site (disallowing cold air and northern winds in this case, rainy weather and misty 
days), free from putrefaction, fens, bogs, and muck-hills. If the air be sucli, open 
no windows, come not abroad. Montanus will have his patient not to ^^stir at all, 
if the wind be big or tempestuous, as most part in March it is with us ; or in cloudy, 
lowering, dark days, as in November, which we commonly call the black month ; 
or stormy, let the wind stand how it will, consil. 27. and 30. he must not *•*" open 
a casement in bad weather," or in a boisterous season, const/. 299, he especially for- 
bids us to open windows to a south wind. The best sites for chamber windows, in 
my judgment, are north, east, south, and which is the worst, west. Levinus Lera- 
nius, lib. 3. cap. 3, de occult, nat. mir. attributes so much to air, and rectifying of 
wind and windows, that he holds it alone sufficient to make a man sick or well ; to 
alter body and mind. ^®"A clear air cheers up the spirits, exhilarates the mind; a 



Bishop Oxon, who built this house for himself and his 
successors. »' Hyeuie erit vetiementer frigida, cl 

aestare noii saluhris: piiludes euim fariunt crassuiii 
aerein, et difticiles morbos. ss Vendasquot assibiis 

po.ssis, et si nequeas, relinqiias. "» Lib. 1. cap. 2. 

in (>rco habita. ^ .Aurora musis amica, Vitruv. 

■" jEdes Orieiitem Sf eclantes vir nobillissiuiu.^, inhabi- 
!«»., et ciirel ut sit aer clarus, lucidua, odoriferus. Eligat 



39 



habitationenti optimo aere jucundatn. MQ.uoniani 

angustiae ilinerura et altitudo tectorum, non pcrinde 
Solis calorem admittit. »3 Consil. 21. li. 2. Frigi- 

dus aer, nubilosus, densus, vitatuhis, wque ac venti sep- 
tentrionales, &c. "iCoiisil. 24. "spenestram 

non aperiat. osDiscutit Sol horrorem crassi spiri- 

tus, innntem exbilaral, noti enini tain corpora, (iiiain p' 
aniiui (itutatioaem inde subeunt, pro coel- -i ventorum 



2a3 



3U6 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2 



tliick. black, misty, tempestuous, contracts, overthrows." Great heed is therefore to 
be taken at what times we walk, liow we place our windows, lights, and liouses, 
how we let in or exclude this ambient air. The Egyptians, to avoid immoderate 
heat, make tlieir windows on the top of the house like chimneys, with two tunnels to 
draw a tliorough air. hi Spain they commonly make great opposite windows without 
glass, still siuitling those wliich are next to the sun : so likewise in Turkey and 'taly 
(Venice excepted, which brags of her stalely glazed palaces) they use pap^r windows 
to like purpose ; and lie, sub dio^ in the top of their llat-roofed houses, so sh.'eping 
under the canopy of heaven. In some parts of *' Italy they have windmills, to draw 
a cooling air out of hollow caves, and disperse the same through all the chambers 
of their palaces, to refresh them ; as at Costoza, the house of Caesareo Trento, a 
gentleman of Vicenza, and elsewhere. Many excellent means are invented to coi- 
recl nature by art. If none of these courses help, the best way is to make artificial 
air, which howsoever is profitable and good, still to be made hot and moist, and to 
be seasoned with sweet perfumes, ^* pleasant and liglitsome as it may be; to have 
roses, violets, and sweet-smelling fiowers ever in their windows, posies in their 
hand. Laurentius commends water-lilies, a vessel of warm water to evaporate in the 
room, which will make a more delightful perfume, if there be added orange-flowers, 
pills of citrons, rosemary, cloves, bays, rosewater, rose-vinegar, benzoin, laudanum, 
styrax, and such like gums, which make a pleasant and acceptable perfume. ^^Bes- 
sardijs Bisantinus prefers the smoke of juniper to melancholy persons, which is in 
great request with us at Oxford, to sweeten our chambers. '""Guianerius prescribes 
the air to be moistened with water, and sweet herbs boiled in it, vine, and sallow 
(eaves, Sic, 'to besprinkle the ground and posts with rose-Water, rose-vinegar, which 
Avicenna much approves. Of colours it is good to behold green, red, yellow, and 
white, and by all means to have light enough, with windows in the day, wax candle.s 
in the night, neat chambers, good fires in winter, merry companions ; for though 
melancholy persons love to be dark and alone, yet darkness is a great increaser ot 
the humour. 

All'iough our ordinary air be good by nature or art, yet it is not amiss, as I have 
said, still lo alter it; no better physic for a melancholy man than change of air, and 
variety of places, to travel abroad and see fashions. ^Leo Afer speaks of many of 
his countrymen so cured, without all other physic : amongst the negroes, '■ there is 
such an excellent air, that if any of them be sick elsewhere, and brought thither, he 
is instantly recovered, of which he was often an eye-witness." " Lipsius, Zuinger, 
and some others, add as much of ordinary travel. No man, saitli Lipsius, in an 
epistle to Phil. Lanoius, a noble friend of his, now ready to make a voynge, *" can 
be such a stock or stone, whom that pleasant speculation of countries, cities, towns, 
rivers, will not affect." '^Seneca the philosopher was infinitely taken with the sight 
of Scipio Africanus' house, near Linternum, to view those old buildings, cisterns, 
baths, tombs, &.c. And how was ^TuUy pleased with the sight of Athens, to behold 
'.hose ancient and fair buildings, with a remembrance of their worthy inhabitants. 
Paulus .Emilius, that renowned Roman captain, after he had conquered Perseus, the 
last king of Macedonia, and now made an end of his tedious wars, though he had 
been long absent from Rome, and much there desired, about the beginning of autumn 
<as ' Livy describes it) made a pleasant peregrination all over Greece, accompanied 
with his son Scipio, and Atheneiis the brother of king Eumenes, leaving the charge 
of his army with Sulpicius Gallus. By Thessaly he went to Delphos, thence to 
iVIegaris, Aulis, Athens, Argos, Lacedaemon, Megalopolis, kc. He took great content, 
exceeding delight in that his voyage, as who dotli not that shall attempt the .tke, 
though his travel be ad jactalioncm magis quain ad usum reipub. (as *one well 
observes) to crack, gaze, see fine sights and fashions, spend time, rather than for his 



ratione, et sani aliter affecti sini ccelo ntihilo, aliter 
•ereiio. L)e tiatura veiitorum, see Pliiiv, lil). 2 cap. 20. 
27. in. Straho, li. 7. &c. »' Finns Morisoii parr. 1. 

c. 4. "" Altornarus car. 7. Brue!. Aer sit Incidus, 

bciig nicns, huiiiidiis. Montalttis idem ca. 2t). Olfaclus 
rcruiii suaviiiin. I^aureiiliiis, c. 8. »'>Aiit Pliilus. 

cap lie iiielanc. '!'<' Cracl. 15 r. 9. e\ redolenlibus 

herbin et foliis viti.s viiiifer*, salicis, &c. ' Pan- 

qieDluiii accto, ui aqua r sacea irrnrare. LaifKnt, u. H. 



«Lih. 1. cap. de morb. Afroriim In Nigritaruni regione 
taiila aeris tHnipcris, ut siqnis alibi iiiorbf>siis eo adve- 
hatur, nptiins statiiii saiiituti restituatiir, qiind innllia 
acciilisse, ipse nieis oculis vidi. 3L,jb. de pere 

grinat. < Epist. '2. con. 1. Nee qiiisqnain tniii lapii 

aiit frutcx, qiiiMn non titillat an>(BMa ilia, vanaqiii 
spectic) loconiin, urbiuni, ueiiliiini. tc. ^ Bpist. tjf 

• '2. lib. dt; legihus. ' Lib. -15. Kt-rti rmaii orirfal 

polit. 



Mem 3.] 



Air rectified. 



307 



v?\vn or public good ? (as it is to many gallants that travel out their best days, together 
with their means, manners, honesty, religion) yet it availeth howsoever. For pere- 
grination charms our senses with such unspeakable and sweet variety, ® that some 
counf him unhappy that never travelled, and pity his case, that from his cradle to his 
old age beholds the same still ; still, still the same, the same. Insomuch that '"Rhasis, 
conf. lib. 1. Tract. 2. doth not only commend, but enjoin travel, and such variety of 
objects to a melancholy man, "and to lie in diverse inns, to be drawn into several 
companies :" Montaltus, cap. 30. and many neoterics are of the same mind : Celsus 
adviseth him therefore that will continue his health, to have varium vitce genus^ 
diversity of callings, occupations, to be busied about, ""• sometimes to live in the city, 
sometimes in the country; now to study or work, to be intent, then again to hawk 
or hunt, swim, run. ride, or exercise himself." A good prospect alone will ease 
melancholy, as Comesius contends, lib. 2. c. 7. de Sale. The citizens of "'Barcino, 
saith he, otherwise penned in, melancholy, and stirring little abroad, are much de- 
lighted with that pleasant prospect their city hath into the sea, which like that of old 
Athens besides ^Egina Salamina, and many pleasant islands, had all the variety of 
delicious objects : so are those Neapolitans and inhabitants of Genoa, to see the 
ships, boats, and passengers go bv, out of their windows, their whole cities being 
situated on the side of a hill, like Pera by Constantinople, so that each house almost 
hath a free prospect to the sea, as some part of London to the Thames : or to have a 
free prospect all over the city at once, as at Granada in Spain, and Fez in Africa, the 
river running betwixt two declining hills, the steepness causeth each house almost, as 
well to oversee, as to be overseen of the rest. Every country is full of such '^delight- 
some prospects, as well within land, as by sea, as Hermon and '''Rama in Palestina, 
Colalto in Italy, the top of Magetus, or Acrocorinthus, that' old decayed castle in 
Corinth, from which Peloponessus, Greece, the Ionian and Aegean seas were se?nel el 
simul at one view to be taken. In Egypt the square top of the great pyramid, tliree 
hundred yards in height, and so the Sultan's palace in Grand Cairo, the country being 
plain, hath a marvellous fair prospect as well over Nilus, as that great city, five Italian 
miles long, and two broad, by the river side : from, mount Sion in Jerusalem, the 
Holy Land is of all sides to be seen : such high places are infinite : with us those 
of the best note are Glastonbury tower. Box Hill in Surrey, Bever castle, Rodway 
Grange, 'HValsby in Lincolnshire, where I lately received a real kindness, by the 
munificence of the right honourable my noble lady and patroness, the Lady Frances, 
countess dowager of Exeter : and two amongst the rest, which I may not omit for 
vicinity's sake, Oldbury in the confines of Warwickshire, where I have often looked 
about me with great delight, at the foot of which hill '® I was born : and Hanbury in 
Staffordshire, contiguous to which is Falde, a pleasant village, and an ancient patri- 
mony belonging to our family, now in the possession of mine elder brother, William 
Burton, Esquire. "Barclay the Scot commends that of Greenwich tower for ona 
of the best prospects in Europe, to see London on the one side, the Thames, ships, 
and pleasant meadows on the other. There be those that say as much and more of 
St. Mark's steeple in Venice. 'Yet these are at too great a distance : some are espe- 
cially aflected with such objects as be near, to see passengers go by in some great 
road-way, or boats in a river, in siibjectvm forum despicere^ to oversee a fair, a mar- 
ket-place, or out of a pleasant window into some thoroughfare street, to behold a 
continual concourse, a promiscuous rout, coming and going, or a multitude of spec- 
tators at a theatre, a mask, or some such like show. But I rove : the sum is this, 
that variety of actions, objects, air, places, are excellent good in this infirmity, and 
all others, good for man, good for beast, '^Constantine the emperor, lib. 18. cap. 13. 
ex Leontio, " holds it an only cure for rotten sheep, and any manner of sick cattle." 
Laelius a fonte ^gubinus, that great doctor, at the latter end of many of his consul- 
tations (as commonly he doth set down what success his physic had,) in melancholy 



s Fines Morison c. 3. part. 1. "> Mutatio de loco 

in locum, Itinera, et voiagia longa et iniielerrniiiata, et 
hospitare in rtiversis diversoriis. " Modo ruri esse, 

niodo in urlie, scepius in agro venari, &.c. ''^In 

Catalonia in Spain. i' Laudatiirqiie domog longos 

PfUiB prospicit asns. '* Many towns there are of 

:hat name, saitli \dricocnius, all high-sited. I'Latelj' 



resigned for some special reasons. w At Ijiidley in 

Leicestershire, the possession and dwelling place of 
Ralph Burton, Esquire, my late deceased father. " In 
Icon animoruin. is iEgrolantes oves in alium 

locum transportandiP sunt, ut alium aerem et aipin n 
participantes, coalescant et corrobentur. 



3G8 Cuie of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

most especially approves of this above all other remedies whatsi^ever, as appears 
consult. 69. consult. 22U. &c. '^" Many other things helped, but change of air was 
that which wrought the cure and did most good." 



MEMB. IV. 

Exercise rectified of Body and Mind. 

To that great inconvenience, which comes on the one side by immoderate and 
unseasonable exercise, too much solitariness and idleness on the other, must be 
opposed as an antidote, a moderate and seasonable use of it, and that both of body 
and mind, as a most material circumstaiice, much conducing to this cure, and to the 
general preservation of our health. The heavens themselves run continually round, 
the sun riseth and sets, the moon increaseth and decreaseth, stars and planets keep 
their constant motions, the air is still tossed by the winds, the waters ebb and flow 
to their conservation no doubt, to teach us that we should ever be in action. For 
which cause Hieron prescribes Rusticus tlie monk, that he be always occupied about 
some business or other, "^ " that the devil do not find him idle." ^' Seneca would^ 
have a man do something, though it be to no purpose. '^^Xenophon wisheth one 
rather to play at tables, dice, or make a jester of himself (though he might be far 
belter employed) than do nothing. The ^^ Egyptians of old, and many flourishing 
commonwealths since, have enjoined labour and exercise to all sorts of men, to be 
of some vocation and calling, and give an account of their time, to prevent those 
grievous mischiefs that come by idleness : " for as fodder, whip, and burthen belong 
to the ass : so meat, correction, and work iinto the servant," Ecclus. xxxiii. 23. Tiie 
Turks enjoin all men whatsoever, of what degree, to be of some trade or other, the 
Grand Seignior himself is not excused. ^" In our m.emory (saith Sabellicus) Maho- 
met the Turk, he that conquered Greece, at that very time when he heard ambassa- 
dors of other princes, did either carve or cut wooden spoons, or frame something 
upon a table." ^^ This present sultan makes notches for bows. The Jews are most 
severe in* this examination of time. /AH well-governed places, towns, families, and 
every discreet person will be a law unto himself. But amongst us the badge of 
gentry is idleness : to be of no calling, not to labour, for that's derogatory to their 
birth, to be a mere spectator, a drone, /r?/^es consumere nalus., to have no necessary 
employment to busy himself about in church and commonwealth (some few govern- 
ors exempted), " but to rise to eat," Ss.c., to spend his days in hawking, hunting, &c., 
and such like disports and recreations (^^ which our casuists tax), are the sole exer- 
cise almost, and ordinary actions of our nobility, and in which they are too immo- 
derate. : And thence it comes to pass, that in city and country so many grievances 
of body and mind, and this feral disease of melancholy so frequently ragerth, and now 
domineers almost all over Europe amongst our great ones. They know not how to 
spend their time (disports excepted, which are all their business), what to do, or 
otherwise how to bestow themselves : like our modern Frenchmen, that had rather 
lose a pound of blood in a single combat, than a drop of sweat in any honest labour. 
Every man almost hath something or other to employ himself about, some vocation, 
some trade, but they do all by ministers and servants, ad otia diinlaxat se natos ex- 
istimant.1 imb ad sui ipsius plerumque ef aliorum jiernickm^ ^' as one freely taxeih 
such kind of men, they are all for pastimes, 'tis all their study, all their invention 
tends to this alone, to drive away time, as if they were born some of them to no 
other ends. Therefore to correct and avoid these errors and inconveniences, oui 
divines, physicians, and politicians, so much labour, and so seriously exhort ; and 



i9Alia ulilia, sed ex miitatione aeris j)otissimiim cu- 
ratus. 2" Ne le dsmoii otiosiiiri inveniat. '■" Pi;es- 
tat Blind agere quatu nihil. ''■'■ Lib. 3. de dictis Socratis, 
ftui lessens et risui excitando vacant, aliquid faciiint, 
et si liceret his meliora agere. "^ Aiiiasis compelled 

every man once a year to tell how he lived. *• Nostra 
inenioria Mahometes Othomannus qui Grsciae iniite- 
R 



riiitn subvertit, cum oratorum postulata audiret exter- 
naruui gentium, cochlearia lignea assidue CiElahat, aut 
ali(|iiid in tabula affingebal. '^'■> Sands, fol. 37. of bin 
voyage to Jerusalem. 5* Perkins, Cases of Con- 

science, I. 3. c. 4. q. 3. s'LusciniiiB Grnnnio. " They 
seem to think they were horn to iijltness,— nay more, 
for the deslrurlion of themselves and otherc " 



Mem. 4.J 



Exercise rectified 



309 



ibr this disease in particular, '^'" (here can be no better cure than continual business," as 
Rhasis holds, '• to have some employment or other, which may set their mind awork,and 
distract their cogitations. Riches may not easily be had without labour and industry, 
nor learning without study, neither can our health be preserved without bodily exer- 
cise. If it be of the body, Guianerius allows that exercise which is gende, ^''"and 
still after those ordinary frications" which must be used every morning. Montaltus 
cap. 26. and Jason Pratensis use almost the same words, highly commending exer- 
cise if it be moderate ; " a wonderful help so used," Crato calls it, " and a great 
means to preserve our health, as adding strength to the whole body, increasing natu- 
ral heat, by means of which the nutriment is well concocted in the stomach, liver, 
and veins, few or no crudities left, is happily distributed over all the body." Be- 
sides, it expels excrements by sweat and other insensible vapours ; insomuch, that 
''"Galen prefers exercise before all physic, rectification of diet, or any regimen in 
what kind soever ; 'tis nature's physician. '^ Fulgentius, out of Gordonius de con- 
serv. vit. horn. lib. 1. cap. 7. terms exercise, "a spur of a dull, sleepy nature, the 
comforter of the members, cure of infirmity, death of diseases, destruction of all 
mischiefs and vices." The fittest time for exercise is a little before dinner, a little 
before supper, ^^or at any time when the body is empty. Montanus, consil. 31. pre- 
scribes it every morning to his patient, and that, as ''^Calenus adds, "after he hath 
done his ordinary needs, rubbed his body, washed his hands and face, combed his 
head and gargarised." What kind of exercise he should use, Galen tells us, lib. 2 
et 3. de snnit. tiiend. and in what measure, ^* "• till the body be ready to sweat," and 
roused up ; ad ruborem^ some say, non ad sudorem., lest it should dry the body too 
much ; others enjoin those wholesome businesses, as to dig so long in his garden, to 
hold the plough, and the like. Some prescribe frequent and violent labour and ex- 
ercises, as sawing every day so long together (epid. 6. Hippocrates confounds them). 
but that is in some cases, to some peculiar men ; ''^ the most forbid, and by no means 
will have it go farther than a begimiing sweat, as being ^ perilous if it exceed. 

Of these labours, exercises, and recreations, which are likewise included, some 
properly belong to the body, some to the mind, some more easy, some hard, some 
with delight, some without, some within doors, some natural, some are artificial. 
Amongst bodily exercises, Galen commends ludum parvcB piles, to play at ball, be it 
with the hand or racket, in tennis-courts or otherwise, it exerciseth each part of the 
body, and doth much good, so that they sweat not too much. It was in great re- 
quest of old amongst the Greeks, Romans, Barbarians, mentioned by Homer, Hero- 
dotus, and Plinius. Some wTite, that Aganclla, a fair maid of Corcyra, was the in- 
ventor of it, for she presented the- first ball that ever was made to Nausica, the 
daughter of King Alcinous, and taught her how to use it. 

The ordinary sports which are used abroad are hawking, hunting, hilares venandi 
labores, *' one calls them, because they recreate body and mind, ^'^ another, the *^"besl 
exercise that is, by which alone many have been "^ freed from all feral diseases." 
Hegesippus, lib. 1. cap. 37. relates of Herod, that he was eased of a grievous melan- 
choly by that means. Plato, 7. de leg. highly magnifies it, dividing it into three 
parts, " by land, water, air." Xenophon, in Cyropced. graces it with a great name, 
Deorum munus, the gift of the gods, a princely sport, which they have ever used, 
.saith Langius, epist. 59. lib. 2. as well for health as pleasare, and do at this day, it 
being the sole almost and ordinary sport of our noblemen in Europe, and elsewhere 
all over the world. Bohemus, de mor. gent. lib. 3. cap. 12. styles it therefore, stu- 
dium nobilium., communiter venantur, quod sibi solis licere contendunt, 'tis all their 
study, their exercise, ordinary business, all their talk : and indeed some dote too 



M Non est cura melior quam injunpere iis necessaria, 
!t opportuna ; openiin adiiiinislratio illis magnum sani- 
tatis incrcniuntiim, et qiice repleant aiiimns eoriim et 
incutiant iis diversas cogitationes. Cont. 1. tract. 9. 
»9 Ante exercilium, leves toto corpore frictiones conve- 
niiint. Ad liuiic morbiim exercitationes, quuni recte et 
Buo tempore fiiint, mirifice conducunt, et sanilatem 
luentiir, &,c. ^o i.ji,. j. d^ ggn. tiiend. 3' Exercilium 
natura: dorniientjs stimulatio, membrorum solatium, 
^orhorum medela, fuga viliorum, medicina languorum, 
deslructio omnium malorum, Crato M Alimentis 

in venlriculo proheconcoctis. MJejuno ventre vesica 
el alvo ab uxrrpuientis purj-ato, fricatis mc-mbris, lotis 



manibus et oculis, Stc. lib. de atra bile. ^ Quoiisque 
corpus universum iiitumescat, et floriduni appareat, su- 
doreque, &c. ssomnino sudorem vitenl. cap. 7. lib 

1. Valescus de Tar. 36 Exercitluin si exccdat, valde 
periculosum. SaUist. Salvianus de remed, lib. 2 cap. 
1. s' Camden in Staffordshire. 3*Fridevallius, 

lib. 1. cap. 2. optima omnium exercitationum miiiti ab 
hac solummodo morhls liberali. ^a Josephus Quer- 

cetaiius dinloct. polit. sect. 2. cap. 11. Inter omnia ex- 
ercitia priEstantiie laudem merelur. ■'"Chyron iD 

monte I'elio, pra;ceptor lieroiim eos a morbis aaimi ve- 
nationibus et puns cibis tuebatur. M. Tyrius. 



310 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2. 



tiiucli afte, it, they can d ; nolliing else, discourse of naught else. Paulus Jovius, 
desr.r Bnt. doth in some sort tax our '" " English nobility for it, for living in the 
country so much, and too frequent use of it, as if they had no other means but 
hawking and hunting to approve themselves gentlemen with." 

Hawking comes near to hunting, the one in tlie air, as the other on the earth, a 
sport as much alfected as the other, by some preferred. ''" It was never heard of 
amongst the Romans, invented some twelve hundred years since, and first mentioned 
by Firmicus, lib. 5. cap. 8. The Greek emperors began it, and now nothing so fre- 
quent : he is nobody that in the season hath not a hawk on his fist. A great art, 
and many *'^ books written of it. It is a wonder to hear ^* what is related of the 
Turks' officers in this behalf, how many thousand men are employe*! about it, how 
many hawks of all sorts, how much revenues consumed on that only disport, how 
much time is spent at Adrianople alone every year to that purpose. The ""^ Persian 
kings hawk after butterflies with sparrows made to that use, and stares : lesser hawks 
for lesser games they have, and bigger for the rest, that they may produce their .''port 
to all seasons. The Muscovian emperors reclaim eagles to fly at hinds, foxes, &c., 
and such a one was sent for a present to ^^ Queen Elizabeth : some reclaim ravens, 
caslrils, pies, &.C., and man them for their pleasures. 

FowHng is more troublesome, but all out as delightsome to some sorts of men, be 
it with guns, lime, nets, glades, gins, strings, baits, pitfalls, pipes, calls, stalking- 
horses, setting-dogs, decoy-ducks, &c., or otherwise. Some much delight to take 
larks with day-nets, small birds with chaflT-nets, plovers, partridge, herons, snipe, &.c. 
Henry the Third, king of Castile (as Mariana the .Tesuit reports of him, lib. 3, cap. 
7.) was much affected "'"with catching of quails," and many genilemen lake a sin- 
gular pleasure at morning and evening to go abroad with their quail-pipes, and will 
take any pains to satisfy their delight in that kind. The ^^ Italians have gardens fitted 
to such use, with nets, bushes, glades, sparing no cost or industry, and are very 
much affected with the sport. Tycho Brahe, that great astronomer, in the choro- 
graphy of his Isle of Huena, and Castle of Uraniburge, puts down his nets, and 
manner of catching small birds, as an ornament and a recreation, wherein he himself 
was sometimes employed. 

Fishing is a kind of hunting by water, be it with nets, weeles, baits, angling, or 
otherwise, and yields all out as much pleasure to some men as dogs or hawks ; 
•9 u When they draw their fish upon the bank," saith Nic. Henselius Silesiographiae, 
cap. 3. speaking of that extraordinary delight his countrymen took in fishing, and in 
making of pools. James Dubravius, that Moravian, in his book dc pise, telleth, how • 
travelling by the highway side in Silesia, he found a nobleman, ^""booted up to the- 
groins," wading himself, pulling the nets, and labouring as much as any fisherman 
of them all : and when some belike objected to him the baseness of his office, he 
excused himself, ^' *•' that if other men might hunt hares, why should not he hunt" 
carps .-•" Many gentlemen in like sort with us will wade up to the arm-holes upon 
such occasions, and voluntarily undertake that to satisfy their pleasures, which a 
poor man for a good stipend would scarce be hired to undergo. Plutarch, in his 
book de soler. aidmal. speaks against all fishing, ^^" as a filthy, base, illiberal employ- 
ment, having neither wit nor perspicacity in it, nor worth the labour." But he that 
shall consider the variety of baits for all seasons, and pretty devices which our 
anglers have invented, peculiar lines, false flies, several sleights, &c. will, say, that it 
deserves like commendation, requires as much study and perspicacity as the rest, and 
is to be preferred before many of them. Because hawking and hunting are very 
laborious, much riding, and many dangers accompany them ; but this is still and 
quiet : and if so be the angler catch no fish, yet he hath a wholesome walk to the 



« Nobilitas nmnis fere urbes fastidit, castellis, et libe- 
riore coeIo gaiiilet, generisque dignitatt'iii una inaxiiiie 
venatione, et falr.oniiin aiiciipiis tiielur. ••-Jos. 

Bcaliger. comiiieii. in Cir. in fol. 344. Salmuth 23. ile 
Novrepert. corn, in Paiicir. " IX'metrius Constan- 

linop. de re accipitraria, liher a P.Gillir latine reddi- 
tus. jlillius.episl. AquilJE Symaclii et Tneodotionis ad 
Ptolomeuin, &c. << Lonicerus, Geftrcns, jovius. 

• S. Antony Sherlie's relations. ^^Hacluit. 

'Goturnicum aufcupio. •«< Fines Morison, part 3. 



c. 8. " Non majotem voluptatein animo capiiint, 

qiiam qui Teras insect.intur.aiit missis canibiis, com- 
prebemiunt, qnuiii retia Irabentis, squamosas pecudes 
in ripiis adducuril. ^o More piscatoruni crurihus 

ocreatus. "Si principibns venatio Icporis non sit 

inhonesta, nescio quoniodo piscatio cyprinornui videri 
debf'nt pu(leiida. ''^Uniiiino turpis piscatio, naUo 

studio digna, illiberalis crediia est, quod nullum babet 
iugenium, nullam perspicaciam. 



Hfiui. 4.J 



Exercise rectified. 



311 



brookside, pleasant shade by the sweet silver streams ; he hath good air, and sw^^el 
smells of fine fresh meadow flowers, he hears the melodious harmony of birds, tie 
sees the swans, herons, ducks, water-horns, coots, &tc., and many other fowl, with 
thoir brood, which he thinketh better than the noise of hounds, or blast of horns, 
and all the sport that they can make. 

Many otlier sports and recreations there be, much in use, as ringing, bowling, 
shooting, which Ascam recommends in a just volume, and hath in former limey been 
enjoined by statute, as a defensive exercise, and an ^* honour to our land, as well 
may witness our victories in France. Keelpins, tronks, quoits, pitching bars, hurl- 
ing, wrestling, leaping, running, fencing, mustring, swimming, wasters, foils, football, 
baloon, quintan, <kc., and many such, which are the common recreations of the 
countryfolks. Riding of great horses, running at rings, tilts and tournaments, horse- 
races, wild-goose chases, which are the disports of greater men, and good in them- 
selves, though many gentlemen by that means gallop quite out of their fortunes. 

But the most pleasant of all outward pastimes is that of ^* Areteus, deamhulatio 
per amcsna loca^ to make a petty progress, a merry journey now and then with some 
good companions, to visit friends, see cities, castles, towns, 

60 •• Visere stepe airines nitidos, per amsBnaque Tempe, I "/To see the pleasant, fields, the crystal fountains, 
Et placidas sunimis sectari in monlibus auras." | l^ind take tiie gentle air amongst the mountains." 

f To walk amongst orchards, gardens, bowers, mounts, and arbours, artificial wil- 
dernesses, green thickets, arches, groves, lawns, rivulets, fountains, and such like 
pleasant places, like that Antiochian Daphne, brooks, pools, fishponds, between wood 
and water, in a fair meadow, by a river side, "?/it varies avium cantationes, Jlorum 
colores^ j)ratorum, frutices^i^c. to disport in soiue pleasant plain, park, run up a steep 
hill sometimes, or sit in a shady seat, must needs be a delectable recreation. Hortus 
priiicipis et domus ad delectationem facia., cu?n sylvd, monte et piscina., vulgb la 
viontagna: the prince's garden at Ferrara ^^Scliottus highly magnifies, with the 
groves, mountains, ponds, for a delectable prospect, he was much affected with it: a 
Persian paradise, or pleasant park, could not be more delectable in his sight. St. 
Bernard, in the description of his monastery, is almost ravished with the pleasures 
of it. "A sick ^^ man (saith he) sits upon a green bank, and when the dog-star 
parcheth the plains, and dries up rivers, he lies in a sht.dy bower," Fronde sub arho- 
rea ferventia leinperat aslra., "• and feeds his eyes with variety of objects, herbs, 
trees, to comfort his misery, he receives many delightsome smells, and fills his ears 
with that s-vveet and various harmony of birds : good God (saith he), what a com- 
pany of pleasures hast thou made for man !" He that should be admitted on -a sud- 
den to the sight of such a palace as that of Escurial in Spain, or to that which the 
Moors built at Granada, Fontainbleau in France, the Turk's gardens in his seraglio, 
wherein all manner of birds and beasts are kept for pleasure ; wolves, bears, lynxes, 
tigers, lions, elephants, &c., or upon the banks of that Thracian Bosphorus : the 
pope's Belvedere in Rome,'''' as pleasing as those horti pensiles in Babylon, or that 
Indian king's delightsome garden in ^'^Elian ; or ''" those famous gardens of tlie Lord 
Cantelow in France, could not choose, though he were never so ill paid, but be much 
recreated for the time ; or many of our noblemen's gardens at home. To take 
boat in a pleasant evening, and with music *^ to row upon the waters, which Plutarch 
so much applauds, Elian admires, upon the river Pineus :in those Thessalian fields, 
beset with green bays, where birds so sweetly sing that passengers, enchanted as it 
were with their heavenly music, omnium laborum et curarum obliviscantur^ forget 
forthwith all labours, caie, and grief: or in a gondola through the Grand Canal in 
Venice, to see those goodly palaces, must needs refresh and give content to a 
melancholy dull spirit. Or to see the inner rooms of a fair-built and sumptuous 
edifice, as that of the Persian kings, so much renowned by Diodorus and Curtius, in 

anixna viriditas, aures suavi modulamine demulc t 
pictarum concentus avium, &c. Deus bone, quanta 
paiiperibus procuras solatia I ''" Diod. Siculus, lib. i. 
61 Lib. i;j. de animal, cap. 13. <^'' Pet. Gilliua. Paul. 

Hentzeus Itenerar. Italic. 1617. lod. Sincerus Iteno- 
rar. Gallix 1617. Simp. lib. 1. quest. 4. ^J Juc(in 

dissinia deambulatio juxta mare, el navigatio proo* 
terram. In utraque fiuminis ripa. 



03 PrsEcipua hinc Anglis gloria, crebrae victoriae parta;. 
Jovius. s^Cap. 7. '•''Fracastorius. ^^Am- 

bulationps subdiales, quas hortenses aurie ministraiil, 
Bub fornice viriUi, pampinis virentibus concamerats. 
MTheophylact. witinerat. Ital. sagj.det 

cgrotiis cespile viridi, et cum inclementia Canicularis 
terras excoquit, et siccat flumina, ipse securus sedet 
8ub arborea froiide, et ad doloris sui solatium, naribus 
8iiis grariineas redolet species, pascit oculos herbaruin 



312 



Cure uf Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. '2 



which all was almost beaten gold, ^* chairs, stoole, thrones, tabernacles, and pillars 
of gold, plane trees, and vines of gold, grapes of i<recious store's, all the other orna- 
ments of pure gold, 

66"Fiil^'el gemma floris, et jaspide fulva supellex, 
Strata iiiicant 'J'yrio" 

With sweet odours and perfumes, generous wines, opiparous fare, Slc, besides the 
gallantest young men, the fairest '^ virgins, puellcp, scitula: ministranles, the rarest 
beauties the world could afibrd, and those set out with costly and curious attires, ad 
sluporem usque spcclanlmm., with exquisite music, as in ^' Trimaltion's house, in every 
chamber sweet voices ever sounding day and night, incomparabilis luxus^ all delights 
and pleasures in each kind which \.<^ please the senses could possibly be devised or 
had, concivm coronati, deliilis ebrn^ &c. Telemachus, in Homer, is brought in as 
one ravished almost at the sight of that magnificent palace, and rich furniture of 
Menelaus, when he beheld 



*"^ris fulgDreiii pt resonaiitia tecta corusco 

Auro, alqiie eltclro iiilido, sectoque elophanto, 
Argentoque simul. 'Palis Jovis ardua sedes, 
Aiilaque coelicoliun slellaiis splendescii Olyiapo." 



"Such glittering of gold and hrightest brass to shine, 
Clear amber, silver pure, and ivory so fine: 
Jupiter's lofty palace, where the gods do dwell, 
Was even such a one, and did it not excel." 



It will laxare animos^ refresh the soul of man to see fair-built cities, streets, theatres, 
temples, obelisks, &c. The temple of Jerusalem was so fairly built of white mar- 
ble, with so many pyramids covered with gold ; tectumque templi fulvo coruscans 
auro., nbnlo suo fulgorc ohccEcabat oculos Uincrantium., was so glorious, and so glist- 
ened afar off, that the spectators might not well abide the sight of it. But the inner 
parts were all so curiously set out with cedar, gold, jewels, &c., as he said of Cleo- 
patra's palace in Egypt, ^^Crassumquc trabes absconder at aurum., that the b6- 

holders were amazed. What so pleasant as to see some pageant or sight go by, as 
at coronations, weddings, and such like solemnities, to see an ambassador or a prince 
met, received, entertained with masks, shows, fireworks, &c. To see two kings fight 
in single combat, as Porus and Alexander; Canute and Edmund Ironside; Scander- 
beg and Ferat Bassa the Turk ; when not honour alone but life itself is at stake, 
as the '"poet of Hector, 

" nee enim pro tergore Tauri, 

Pro bove nee cerlamen erat, quae priemia cursus 

Esse solnnt, sed pro magni viiaqiie aiiimacjuc Hectoris." 

To behold a battle fought, like that of Cressy, or Agincourt, or Poictiers, q^m ncscio 
(^saith Froissart) anveluslas ullam profcrre possit clariorem. To see one of C«sar's 
triumphs in old Rome revived, or the like. To be present at an interview, " as that 
famous of Henry the Eighth and Francis the First, so much renowned all over Eu- 
rope ; ubi tanto apparatu (saith Hubertus Vellius) tamque IriumphaU pompct ambo 
reges com eorum conjugibus coicrc, ut nulla unquam cut as tarn celebriafesta vidcril 
ant audierit., no age ever saw the like. So infinitely pleasant are such shows, to the 
sight of which oftentimes they will come hundreds of miles, give any money for a 
place, and remember many years after with singular delight. Bodine, when he was 
ambassador m England, said he saw the noblemen go in their robes to the parliament 
house, summd cum jucundilale vidiinus,f he was much afiected with the sight of it. 
Pompouius Coluinna, saith Jovius in his life, saw thirteen Frenchmen, and so many 
Italians, once fight for a whole army : Quod jucundissimum spectaculum in vild dicit 
v««, the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life. Who would not have been 
iffected with such a spectacle.'' Or that single combat of " Ih-eaute the Frenchman, 
and Anthony Schets a Dutchman, before the walls of Sylvaducis in Brabant, anno 
1600. The)' were twenty-two horse on the one side, as many on the other, which 
like Livy's Horatii, Torquati and Corvini fought for their own glory and country''a 
honour, in the sight and view of their whole city and arrny. "When Julius C;Esar 
warred about the banks of Rhone, there came a barbarian prince to see him Liid the 
Roman army, and when he had beheld Caesar a good while, ''* " I see the gods now 



M Aurei panes, aurea obsonia, vis Margaritarum ace- 
to subacta, &;c. t'Liicaii. " The furniture glitters 

with hrilliaiit gems, with yellow jasper, and the coutiies 
daz7,le with thei"- purple dye." "''Mi) pellices pecilla- 
lores et pinceruK innumeri, pueri loti purpura induti, 
&/•,. ex omnium pulcliriliidine deierti. <" Uhi omnia 

rantu strepum. s^Odyss. Si* l.ucan. I. 8. " The 

limbers wert concealed by solid gold." '" Iliad. 10. 



" For neither was the contest for the hide of a bull, not 
for a beeve, which are the usual prizes in trie r;icp, but 
for the life and soulof tliv great Hector.'' 'i lietween 
Ardes and Giiines, 15111. ".Swertius in deliliis, fol 

487. voteri Moratiorum e-iemplo, virtute et sueceBSU ad 
mirabili, cxsis lio.^tibas 17. in cojispictu patriip, tcr 
■"• I'atercul.is, vol. post. '♦ Cluos autea audivi, inguil 
Ixidie Vidi deoe. 



Mem. 4.] 



Exercise rectijied. 



313 



saith lie) which before I heard of," necfceliciorem ullam vitce r^ecR aul oplavi, at* 
sensi diem: it was the happiest day that ever lie had in his life. Such a sight alone 
were able of itself to drive away melancholy ; if not for ever, yet it must needs 
expel it for a time. Kadzivilus was much taken with the pasha's palace in Cairo, 
and amongst many other objects which that place afforded, with that solemnity of 
cutting the banks of the Nile by Imbram Pasha, when it overflowed, besides two vt 
three hundred gilded galleys on the water, he saw two millions of men gathered 
together on the land, with turbans as white as snow ; and 'twas a goodly sight. 
The very reading of feasts, triumphs, interviews, nuptials, tilts, tournaments, coiii- 
t)ats, and monomachies, is most acceptable and pleasant. ''^ Franciscus Modius hath 
made a large collection of such solemnities in two great tomes, which whoso will 
may peruse. The inspection alone of those curious iconographies of temples and 
palaces, as that of the Lateran church in Albertus Durer, that of the temple of Jeru- 
salem in "'Josephus, Adricomius, and Villalpandus : that of the Escurial in Guadas, 
of Diana at Ephesus in Pliny, Nero's golden palace in Rome, ''''Justinian's in Con- 
stantinople, tliat Peruvian Jugo's in ™ Cusco, ut non ah hominihus^ sed a dannonUs 
constructum videatur; St. Mark's in Venice, by Ignatius, with many such ; priscorum 
artljicum opera (saith that ''^ interpreter of Pausanias), the rare workmanship of those 
ancient Greeks, in theatres, obelisks, temples, statues, gold, silver, ivory, marble 
images, non minore ferme quum leguntiir^ quam quum cernnnlur^ anbnum delectatione, 
complent., affect one as much by reading almost as by sight. 

The country hath his recreations, the,city hi? several gymnics and exercises. May 
games, feasts, wakes, and merry meetings, to solace tliemselves ; the very being in 
the country ; that life itself is a suflieient recreation to some men, to enjoy such 
pleasures, as those old patriarchs did. Dioclesian, the emperor, was so mu^h 
affected with it, that he gave over his sceptre, and turned gardener. Constantine 
wrote twenty books of husbandry. ^Lysander, when ambassadors came to see him. 
bragged of nothing more than of his orchard, hi sunt ordines inei. What shall 1 
say of Cincinnatus, Cato, TuUy, and many such } how they have been pleased with 
it, to pru»e, plant, inoculate and graft, to show so many several kinds of pears, apples 
plums, peaches, Stc. 

I*" Nunc captarfi feras laqiieo, nunc fallere visco, I •'Sometimes with traps deceive, with line and string 

Atqne etiani inajinos canihiis circundare saltua To catch wil I liirds and heasts, encompas^sin^ 

Insidias avibus inoliri, incendere vepres." | The ^'rove with dojjs, and out of bnshes firing." 

et nidoa avium scrutari," &;c. 

Jucundus, in his preface to Cato, Varro, Columella, &c., put out by him, confesseth 
of himself, that he was mightily delighted with these husbandry studies, and took 
extraordinary pleasure in them : if the theory or speculation can so much affect, 
what shall the place and exercis? itself, the practical part do ? The same confession 
I find in Herbastein, Porta, Camerarius, and many others, which have written of that 
subject. If my testimony were aught worth, I could say as much of myself; 1 am 
vere Safurnus ; no man ever took more delight in springs, woods, groves, gardens, 
walks, fishponds, rivers, &c. But 

8' " Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia captat 
Fluniina ;" 

.And SO do I; Velle licet, potlri non licet.'''' ^^ 

Every palace, every city almost hath its peculiar walks, cloisters, terraces, groves, 
theatres, pageants, games, and several recreations ; every country, some professed 
gymnics to exhilarate their minds, and exercise their bodies. The *^ Greeks had 
their Olympian, Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean games, in honour of Neptune, Jupiter, 
Apollo; Athens hers: some for honour, garlands, crowns; for ^''beauty, dancing, 
running, leaping, like our silver games. The ^^ Romans had their feasts, as the Alhe- 
i ians, and Lacedaemonians held their public banquets, in Pritanaeo, Panathenaeis, 
Fhesperiis, Phiditiis, plays, naumachies, places for sea-fights, *® theatres, amphitheatres 
Me to contain 70,000 men, wherein they had several delightsome shows to exliila- 



'sPandectsB Triumph, fol. '6 Lib. 6. cap. 14. do 

hello .lud. "Procopius. '8 Laet. Lib. 10 Ainer. 

descript. '» Romulus Amaseus prsfat. Pausan. 

•oVirg. 1. Oeor. si " The thirsting Tantalus ga|)es 

fot the water that eludes liis lips." (Q"I may 



desire, but can't enjoy." *3 Boterus lib. 3. polit 

cap. I. 84See Alh ■ifpus dipnoso. Ludi votivi, 

sacri, ludicri. Meaalenses, I'ereales, Florales, Mar- 
tia'es, &c. Rositius, 5. \i. >^Sf(' I^ipsius Aiuphith*- 

atruui Rosinus lib. 5. Mearsius de ludis GriecuruiB 



40 



2B 



314 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 2. 

rtfle the people; ^gladiators, combats of men with themselves, with wiid beasts, and 
•vild beasts oi e with another, like our bull-baitings, or bear-baitmgs (in which many 
countrymen a id citizens amongst us so much delight and so frequently use), dancers 
on ropes. Jugglers, wrestlers, comedies, tragedies, publicly exhibited at the cmpe- 
•or's and city's charge, and that with incredible cost and magnificence. In the Low 
Countries (as '''Meteran relates) before these wars, they had many solemn feasts, 
plays, challenges, artillery gardens, colleges of rhymers, rhetoricians, poets : and to 
this day, such places are curiously maintained in Amsterdam, as appears by that 
description of Isaacus Ponlanus, rrrum Amslelrod. lib. 2. cap. 25. So likewise not 
long since at Friburg in Germany, as is evident by that relation of ""'Neander, they 
had Ludos septennales.i solemn plays every seven years, which Bocerus, one of their 
own poets, hath elegantly described : 

"O" At nunc inagiiifico spectariila structa paratu 
Cluid iiieiiioreiri, veteri non coiicessura Quirino, 
Luiloruin poinpa," &c. 

In Italy they have solemn declamations of certain select young gentlemen in Florence 
(like those reciters in old Rome), and public theatres in most of their cities, for 
stage-players and others, to exercise and recreate themselves. All seasons almost, 
all places, have their several pastimes; some in summer, some in winter; some 
abroad, some within : some of the body, some of the mind : and diverse men have 
diverse recreations and exercises. Domitian, the emperor, was much delighted with- 
catching flies ; Augustus to play with nuts amongst children; ^'Alexander Severus 
was often pleased to play with whelps ami young pigs. ^^ Adrian was so wholly 
enamoured with dogs and horses, that he bestowed monuments and tombs of them, 
and buried them in graves. In foul weather, or when they can use no other conve- 
nient sports, by reason of the time, as we do cock-fighting, to avoid idleness, I 
think, (though some be more seriously taken with it, spend much time, cost and 
charges, and are too solicitous about it) "^Severus used partridges and quails, as many 
Frenchmen do still, and to keep birds in cages, with which he was much pleased, 
when at any time he had leisure from public cares and businesses. He had (saith 
Lampridius) lame pheasants, ducks, partridges, peacocks, and some 20,000 ringdoves 
and pigeons. Busbequius, the emperor's orator, when he lay in Constantinople, and 
could not stir much abroad, kept for his recreation, busying himself to see them fed, 
almost all manner of strange birds and beasts ; this was something, though not to 
exercise his body, yet to refresh his mind. Conradus Gesner, at Zurich in Switzer- • 
land, kept so likewise for his pleasure, a great company of wild beasts ; and (as he 
saith) took great delight to see them eat their meat. Turkey gentlewomen, that are 
perpetual prisoners, still mewed up according to the custom of the place, have little 
else beside their household business, or to play with their children to drive away 
time, but to dally with their cats, which they have in delitiis, as many of our ladies 
and gentlewomen use monkeys and little dogs. The ordinary recreations which we 
have in winter, and in most solitary times busy our minds with, are cards, tables and 
dice, shovelboard, chess-play, the philosopher's game, small trunks, shuttlecock, 
billiards, music, masks, singing, dancing, ulegames, frolics, jests, riddles, catches, 
purposes,' questions and commands, ^'' merry tales of errant knights, queens, lovers, 
lords, ladies, giants, dwarfs, thieves, cheaters, witches, fairies, goblins, friars, &.C., such 
as the old woman told Psyche in ^^Apuleius, Boccace novels, and the rest, quarum 
auditione puerl delectantur., senes narraiione., which some delight !■ hear, some to 
tell ; all are well pleased with. Amaranthus, the philosopher, met Hermocles, Dio- 
phantus and Philolaus, his companions, one day busily discoursing about Epicurus 
and Democritus' tenets, very solicitous which was most probable and came nearest 
to truth : to put them out of that surly controversy, and to refresh their spirits, he 
told them a pleasant tale of Stratocles the physician's wedding, and of all the parti- 
s' 1500 men at once, tigers, lions, elephants, horses, l their spectacles produced with the most mairnificent 



dogs, lii'ars, &c. «* Lib. nit. et I. 1. ad tinem con- 

suelridine non minds laudahili, quam veteri contuher- 
nia Rhetoruni Rythinoruni in urbibus et municipiis, cer- 
lisque diebus exercebaiit se sajtillarii, pladiatores, &c. 
Alia ingenii, aniniiqiie exerritia, quorum prapcipuum 
Btiidiuni, princineni poptiium iraetcdiis, coinoediis, fabu- 
lis scenicis, aliisque id genus ludis recreare. MOrhis 
«rra> descript. part. 3. so "What shall I say of 



decorations,— a degree of costliness never inilulgi'd 
even by the Romans." »' Lampridius. s^Spailian. 
83Delectatus liisis catuloruni, pnrcellorum, ut perdice* 
inter se pugnarent, aut ut avcs parvulae sursu n el 
deorsum volitarent, his maxima delfctatus, ut S' litu 
dines publicas suhlevaret. " Bru males lice ul 

possint producere nodes. "Miles. 4. 



Mem. 4 



Exercise rectified. 



315 



culars, the company, the cheer, the music, Stc, for he was new come rrorn it; with 
which relation they were so much (.'fUghted, that Philolaus wished a blessing to his 
heart, and many a good wedding, ^"many such merry meetings might he be at, " to 
please himself with the sight, and others with the narration of it." News are gene- 
rally welcome to all our ears, avi.de audimtis,, aures enim hominum novitat.e latanlur 
("'as Pliny observes), we long after rumour to hear and listen to it, ^densum huineris 
Mbit aurc viiJgus. 'We are most part too inquisitive and apt to hearken after news, 
which Ctesar, in his "" Commentaries, observes of the old Gauls, they would be 
inquiring of every carrier and passenger what they had heard or seen, what news 
abroad ? 

" quid tnto fiat ill orbe, 

duid Seres, quid Tliraci'S agant, pecreta noverca;, 
Et pucri, qiiis aiiiet," &.C. ' 

as at an ordinary with us, bakehouse or barber's shop. When that great Gonsalva 
was upon some displeasure confined by King Ferdinand to the city of Loxa in Anda- 
lusia, the only comfort (saiih '°°.Jovius) he had to ease his melancholy thoughts, was 
to hear news, and to listen after those ordinary occurrences which were brought him 
cu7n primis, by letters or otherwise out of the remotest parts of Europe. Some men's 
whole delight is, to take tobacco, and drink all day long in a tavern or alehouse, to 
discourse, sing, jest, roar, talk of a cock and bull over a pot, &c. Or when three or 
four good companions meet, tell old stories by the fireside, or in the sun, as old folks 
usually do, qiice aprici mcminere senes., remembering afresh and with pleasure ancient 
matters, and such like accidents, which happened in their younger years : others' best 
pastime is to game, nothing to them so pleasant. ^Hic. Veneri indidget., hiinc decoquit 
alca — 'many too nicely take exceptions at cards, ^ tables, and dice, and such mixed 
lusorious lots, whom Gataker well confutes. Which though they be honest recrea- 
tions in themselves, yet may justly be otherwise excepted at, as they are often abused, 
and forbidden as things most pernicious; insanam rem et damnosam,, ''Lemnius calls 
it. " For most part in these kind of disports 'tis not art or skill, but subtlety, cun- 
nycalching, knavery, chance and fortune carries all away:" 'tis ambulatorla pccunia, 

*" piincto mohilis horse 

Permulal doininos, et cedit in altera jura." 

They labour most part not to pass their time in honest disport, but for filthy lucre, 
and covetousness of money. In foedissimum lucrum et avaritiam hominum convcr- 
litur^ as Dancus observes, Fons fraudum et maleftciorurn., 'tis tlie fountain of 
cozenage and villany. '"A thing so common all over Europe at this day, and so 
generally abused, that many men are utterly undone by it," their means spent, patri- 
monies consumed, they and their posterity beggared ; besides swearing, wrangling, 
drinking, loss of time, and such inconveniences, which are ordinary concomitants : 
*''for when once they have got a haunt of such companies, and habit of gaming, 
they can hardly be drawn from it, but as an itch it will tickle them, and as it is with 
whoremasters, once entered, hey cannot easily leave it off:" Vexat menfes insania 
cupido., they are mad upon their sport. And in conclusion (which Charles the 
Seventh, that good French king, published in an edict against gamesters) unde pice, et 
hilar is vita, sujfugium sihi suisque liberis., totique fa7nilice., Sfc. "Th?t which was. 
once their livelihood, should have maintained wife, children, family, i.-> now spent 
and gone ;" mceror et egestas, ^'c, sorrow and beggary succeeds. So good things 
may be abused, and that which was first invented to ''refresh men's weary spirits, 
when they come from other labours and studies to exhilarate the mind, to entertain 
time and company, tedious otherwise in those long solitary winter nights, and keep 
tiiem from worse matters, an honest exercise is contranly perverted. 



08O dii similibus siepe conviviis date ut ipse videndo 
ileltctPtur, et pnstmoduiu uarrando delectet. Theoil. 
proiirnrnus Auioruin dial, interpret. GilbertoGiaulinio. 
*» Kpist. lil). 8. Ruffino. «» Hor. «*> Lib. 4. Gal- 

!]ca> consuetudinis est ut viatores etiam invitos consis- 
t-re cngaiit. et quill quisque eoruni audierit autcognorit 
de qua re quierunt. lo" Vilce ejus lib. ult. ' Juven. 

riR'y account them unlawful because sortilegious. 
• [nslit. c. 44. In his ludis plerunique non ars aut peri- 
tia vijiet.sed fraus, fallacia, dolus astulia, casus, forluna, 
'.eiuerits:' locum hahent, non ratio consilium, sapien- 
liu ke. « ' In a moment of tleeting lime it changes 



masters and submits to new control." ^Abusus 

tani frequens liodie in Europa ut pleriquecrebro liarum 
iisu palrimonium profundant, exhaustisque faciiltati- 
bus, ad iuopiani redisantur. eUbi semel prurigo 

ista animum occup^it a;gre discuti potest, solicitantibus 
undique ejusilem farinas honiiiiibns, damnosas illas vo- 
luptates repetunt, quod et scnrtatoribus insitum, &c. 
' Instituitur ista exercitatio, non lucri, sed valetudiiiig 
et oblectamenti ratione, et quo animus defaligatua re 
spiret, novasque vires ad subeundos laborer denuc 
concipiat. 



816 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. See V 

Chess-j;lay is a goDcl and witty exercise of the mind for some kmd of men, and 
fit for such melancholy, Rhasis holds, as are idle, and have extravagant impertinent 
thouglits, or troubled with cares, nothing better to distract their mind, and alter their 
meditations: invented (some say) by the * general of an army in a famine, to keep 
soldiers from nmtiny : but if it proceed from overmuch study, in such a case it may 
do more harm than good ; it is a game too troublesome for some men's brains, too 
fp.U of anxiety, all out as bad as study; besides it is a testy choleric game, and very 
offensive to him that loseth the mate. ® William the Conqueror, in his younger 
years, playing at chess with the Prince of France (Dauphine was not annexed to 
that crown in those days) losing a mate, knocked the chess-board about his pate. 
which was a cause afterward of much enmity between them. For some such reason 
it is belike, that Patrilius, in his 3. book., tit. 12. dc reg. instlt. forbids his prince to 
play at chess ; hawking and hunting, riding, &c. he will allow ; and this to other 
men, but by no means to him. In Muscovy, where they live in stoves and hot 
houses all winter long, come seldom or little abroad, it is again very necessary, and 
therefore in those parts, ( saith "^ Herbastein) nmch used. At Fez in Africa, where 
the like inconvenience of keeping within doors is through heat, it is very laudable; 
and (as " Leo Afer relates) as much frequented. A sport fit for idle gentlewomen, 
soldiers in garrison, and courtiers that have nought but love matters to busy them- 
selves about, but not altogether so convenient for such as are students. The like I 
may say of Col. Bruxer's philosophy game, D. Fulke's Metromachia and his Ouro- 
no?nachia, with the rest of those intricate astrological and geometrical fictions, for 
such especially as are mathematically given; and the rest of those curious games. 

Dancing, singing, masking, mumming, stage plays, howsoever they be heavily 
censured by some severe Catos, yet if opportunely and soberly used, may justly be 
approved. Melius est fodcre, quam scdtare,'^ saith Austin : but what is that if they 
delight in it? '^ JYemo saltal. sobrius. But in what kind of dance.'' I know these 
sports have many oppugners, whole volumes writ against them ; when as all they 
say (if duly considered) is but ignoratio Elcnchi; and some again, because they are 
now cold and wayward, past themselves, cavil at all such youthful sports in others, 
as he did in the comedy; they think them, ?7/ico nasci scnes, Sfc. Some out of pre- 
posterous zeal object many times trivial arguments, and because of some abuse, will 
quite take away the good use, as ii' they should forbid wine because it makes men 
drunk; but in my judgment they are too stern: there '•'is a time for all things, a 
time to mourn, a time to dance," Eccles. iii. 4. " a time to embrace, a time not to 
embrace, (verse 5.) and nothing better than that a man should rejoice in his own 
works," verse 22. ; for my part, I will subscribe to the king's declaration, and was 
ever of that mind, those May games, wakes, and Whitsun ales, Stc, if they be not 
at unseasonable hours, may justly be permitted. Let them freely feast, sing and 
dance, have their puppet-plays hobby-horses, tabors, crowds, bagpipes, Stc, play at 
ball, and barley-breaks, and what sports and recreations they like best. In Fran- 
conia, a province of Germany, (saith '^Aubanus Bohemus) the old folks, after even- 
ing prayer, went to the alehr use, the younger sort to dance : and to say truth with 
'^ Salisburiensis, salius fiierat sic oliari., quam hirpius occiipari^ better to do so than 
worse, as without question otlierwise (such is the corruption of man's nature) many 
of them will do. For that cause, plays, masks, jesters, gladiators, tumblers, jugglers, 
&c., and all that crew is admitted aud winked at: "^Tota jocuJarium scena procedit^ 
et idea spectamla admissa sunt., et infinita tyrocinia vanitahwi., ut his occupcmur., qui 
perniciosii/s otiuri solenl: that the) might be busied about such toys, that would 
otherwise more perniciously be idle So that as " Tacitus said of the astrologers in 
Rome, we may say of tliein, genus homimwi est quod in civitate nostra et vilabitur 
semper et retinebifur, tiiey are a debi uched company most part, still spoken against, 
as well they deserve some of them ^for I so relish and distinguish them as fiddlers, 
and musicians), and yet evei retained. "■ Evil is not to be done (I confess) that good 

s I.atninciiloriim Iiidiis inventus est a liuc-, ut cum ! latriinculnriim ludus est usitatissimus, lib. 3, de Afrxck 



miles intnlerabili fame lalHiiarct, alterodieedens altero 
ludens, faniis iibliviscereUir. Hellonius. See n ore of 
Ibis game in Daniel Sonter's I'alamedes, vel de variis 
ludis, I. 3. " D Hayward in vita ejus. 'o Mus- 

eovit. coiQiDentariuin. » later cives Fessanus 



IS" It is belter to dig than to dance." 'STullii.-* 

"No sensible man dances." '* De mor. fjeal. 

isPolycrat. I. 1. cap. 8. i« Idem SalisburionBit 

"Hist. lib. 1. 



Mom. 4.j Exercise rectified. 31? 

may come of ii •" but this is evil per accidens, and in a r£ualified sense, to avoul a 
greater inconvenience, may justly be tolerated. Sir Thomas More, in his Utopian 
Commonwealth, '*as he will have none idle, so will he have no man labour over 
hard, to be toiled out like a horse, 'tis more than slavish infelicity, the life oi most 
of our hired servants and tradesmen elsewhere (excepting his Utopians) but half the 
day allotted for work, and Kalf for honest recreation, or whatsoever employment the' 
shall think fit for themselves." If one half day in a week were allowed to our house 
hold servants for their merry meetings, by their hard masters, or in a year some feas^ts, 
like those Roman Saturnals, I think they would labour harder all the rest of their 
time, and both parties be better pleased : but this needs not (you will say), for some 
of them^do nought but loiter all the week long. 

This which I aim at, is for such as are fracf I animis^ troubled in mind, to ease 
them, over-toiled on the one part, to refresh : over idle on the other, to keep them- 
selves busied. And to this purpose, as any labour or employment will serve to the 
one, any honest recreation will conduce to the other, so that it be moderate and 
sparing, as the use of meat and drink; not to «pend all their life in gaming, playing, 
and pastimes, as too many gentlemen do; but to revive our bodies and recreate our 
souls with honest sports : of which as there be diverse sorts, and peculiar to several 
callings, ages, sexes, conditions, so there be proper for several seasons, and those o 
distinct natnreg, to fit that variety of humours which is amongst them, that if on 
will not, another may : some in summer, some in winter, some gentle, some more 
violent, some for the mind alone, some for the body and mind : (as to some it is 
both business and a pleasant recreation to oversee workmen of all sorts, husbandry, 
cattle, horses, Slc. To build, plot, project, to make models, cast up accounts, &.c.) 
some without, some within doors ; new, old, &c., as the season serveth, and as men 
are inclined, it is reported of Philippus Bonus, that good duke of Burgundy (by 
Lodovicus Vives, in Epist. and Pont. "*Heuter in his history) that the said duke, at 
the marriage of Eleonora, sister to the king of Portugal, at Bruges in Flanders, which 
was solemnized in the deep of winter, when, as by reason of unseasonable weather, 
he could neither hawk nor hunt, and was now tired with cards, dice, &c., and such 
other domestic sports, or to see ladies dance, with some of his courtiers, he would 
m the evening walk disguised all about the town. It so fortuned, as he was walking 
late one night, he found a country fellow dead drunk, snorting on a bulk; ^°he 
caused his followers to bring him to his palace, and there stripping him of his old 
clothes, and attiring him after tlie court fashion, when he waked, he and they were 
all ready to attend upon his excellency, persuading him he was some great duke. 
The poor fellow admiring how he came there, was served in stale all the day long ; 

A after supper he saw them dance, heard music, and the rest of those court-like plea- 
sures : bat late at night, when he was well tippled, and again fast asleep, they put on 
his old robes, and so conveyed him to the place where they first found him. Nom 
the fellow had not made them so good sport the day before as he did when he re- 
turned to himself; all the jest was, to see how he ^' looked upon it. In conclusion 
after some little admiration, the poor man told his friends he had seen a vision, con- 
stantly believed it, would not otherwise be persuaded, and so the jest ended. ^^An- 
tiochus Epiphanes would often disguise himself, steal from his court, and go into 
merchants', goldsmiths', and other tradesmen's sliops, sit and talk with them, and 
sometimes ride or walk alone, and fall aboard with any tinker, clown, serving man, 
carrier, or whomsoever he met first. Sometimes he did ex insperato give a poor fel- 
low money, to see how he would look, or on set purpose lose his purse as he went, 
to watch who found it, and withal how he would be afl^ected, and with such objects 
he was much delighted. Many such tricks are ordinarily put in practice by great 
men. to exhilarate themselves and others, all which are harmless jests, and have their 
good uses. 

But amongst those exercises, or recreations of the mind within doors, there is 



16 Nemo (losidet otiosus, ita nemo asinino more ad 
■eram iiocteni labural; iiamea pliii^quaiii siTvilis srum- 
na, qucE npjfiruiii vita est, exceptis Utopiensibus qui 
iliem in !i4. hnras dividiini, sexdiiiitaxat operi (iepiitant, 
reliquiiiii i eomno et cibo cujusque arl)itrio permittitiir. 
'* fteruai Biir^unii. lib. 4. ^Jiissit hoiiiinem de- 

2b2 



ferri ad palatiiim et ler.to ducali collucari, &c. mtran 
homo ubi se eo loci videt. '' Q,iiid interest, inquil 

Lod'ivicus Vives, (epist. ad Francisc. Barduccm) intnl 
diem illiu.s el POKlros aliquot aiinos? nihil punilni 
nisi quod, &f ""Hen. Stephaii. priE'at. Htiri)iii.ti 



318 



Cure of Melancholy. 



Part. 2. Sec. 2 



aone so general, so aptly to he applied to all sorts of men, so fit and proper to expe'. 
idleness and melancholy, as that of study : Sindia seneclutem oblectant, adolescentiam 
alunt^ sccundas res nniani., adversis perfugium et solatium, prcebenf^ domi dehctont. 
(See find the rest in Tully pro Archia PoetaP What so full of content, as lo read 
walk, and see maps, pictures, statues, jewels, marbles, which some so much mag 
nify, as those that Phidias made of old so exquisite and pleasing to be beheld, that 
as ^^Chrysostom thinketh, "•if any man be sickly, troubled in mind, or that cannot 
sleep for grief, and shall but stand over against one of Phidias' images, he will forget 
all care, or whatsoever else may molest him, in an instant ?" There be those as 
much taken with Michacd Angelo's, Raphael de Urbino's, Francesco Francia's pieces, 
and many of those Italian and Dutch painters, which were excellent in their ages ; 
and esteem of it as a most pleasing sight, to view those neat architectures, devices, 
escutcheons, coats v-f arms, read such books, to peruse old coins of several sorts in 
a fair gallery ; artificial works, perspective glasses, old relics, Roman antiquities, 
variety of colours. A good picture is falsa Veritas., et muta poesis: and though (as 
'^Vives saith) artificialia delcctant, ssd mox fasti dimus., artificial toys please but for 
a time ; yet who is he that will not be moved with them for the present ? When 
Achilles was tormented and sad for tlie loss of his dear friend Patroclus, his mother 
Thetis brought him a most elaborate and curious buckler made by Vulcan, in which 
were engraven sun, moon, stars, planets, sea, land, men fighting, running, riding, 
women scolding, hills, dales, towns, castles, brooks, rivers, trees. Sec, witli many 
pretty landscapes, and perspective pieces : with sight of which he was infinitely de 
lighted, and much eased of his grief. 

2ti"Continuo eo spectaculo captus deleiiito mnsrore 

Oblectabiitur, in iiianibus lenens dei spleiidida dona." 

Who will not be affected so in like case, or see those well-furnished cloisters and 
galleries of the Roman cardinals, so riclily stored with all modern pictures, old 

statues and antiquities.^ Cum se spcclando recreet siinul et legendo, to see.thei'" 

pictures alone and read the descriptioji, as " Boisardus well adds, whom will it not 
affect } which Bozius, Pomponius, Lfetus, Marlianus, Schottus, Cavelerius, Ligorius. 
&c., and he himself hath well performed of late. Or in some prince's cabinets, like 
that of the great dukes in Florence, of Felix Platerus in Basil, or noblemen's houses, 
to see such variety of attires, faces, so many, so rare, and such exquisite pieces, of 
men, birds, beasts, &c., to see those excellent landscapes, Dutch works, and curious 
cuts of Sadlier of Prague, Albertus Durer, Goltzius Vrintes, &c., such pleasant pieces 
of perspective, Indian pictures made of feathers, China works, frames, thaumaturgi- 
cal motions, exotic toys, &c. Who is he that is now wholly overcome with idle- 
ness, or otherwise involved in a labyrinth of- worldly cares, troubles and discontents 
that will not be much lightened in his mind by reading of some enticing story, true 
or feigned, whereas in a glass he shall observe what our forefathers have done, the 
begiiniings, ruins, falls, periods of commonwealths, private men's actions displayed 
to the life, &c. '^'^ Plutarch therefore calls them, se'cundas mensas et hellaria., the 
second .course and junkets, because they were usually read at noblemen's feasts 
Who is not earnestly affected with a passionate speech, well penned, an elegani 
poem, or some pleasant bewitching discourse, like that of '^^Heliodorus, ubi ohlectatio 
qucpdafn placidefuii, cum hllaritate conjuncta? Julian the Apostate was so taken 
with an oration of Libanius, the sophister, that, as he confesseth, he could not be 
quiet till he had read it all out. Legi orationem tuam magna ex parte., hesterna die 
ante prandium^ pransus vera sine ulld intermissione totam absolvi?° O argumcnta ! 
O compositionem ! I may say the same of this or that pleasing tract, which will 
draw his attention along with it. To most kind of men it is an extraordinary de- 
light to study. For what a world of books offers itself, in all subjects, arts, and 
sciences, to the sweet content and capacity of the reader } In arithmetic, geometry, 
perspective, optics, astronomy, architecture, sculpture, painting, of which so many 



«" Study is the delight of old age, the support of 
youth, the ornament of prosperity, the solace and refuge 
of adversity, the comfort of domestic lile, &c." ^^Orat. 
12. siqnis animo fiierit atfliclus aut a-ger, riec somnum 
•dinittens, is inihi videtur e resione stans talis iinagi- 
nis, oblivieci oinniuni posse, qiiie Ininiaine vitse nirucia 



et difficilia accidere sclent. s* De anima. "'Ilihii. 
19. !>• Topogr. Rom. part. 1. sfQuod heroiiir 

convivlis legi solil;e. ^ Melancthon de Heliodoro. 

30 I read a considerable part of your speech before din 
niT, but after I had dined I finished it complexly. Ok 
what arguments, what eloquence I 



Mem. 4.J Exercise reclined. 319 

and such elab jrate treatises are of late written : in mechanics and their mysteries, 
military matters, navigation, ^'riding of horses, *^ fencing, swimming, gardening, 
planting, ffreat tomes of husbandry, cookery, falconry, hunting, fishing, fowling, &.c., 
with exquisite pictures of all sports, games, and what not ? In music, metaphysics, 
natural and moral philosophy, philology, in policy, heraldry, genealogy, chronology 
&c., they afford great tomes, or those studies of ^^ antiquity, &.C., et ^* quid subtiliiis 
Arithmeticis inventionihus^ quid jucundius Musicis ralioiiibus, quid divinius ^Islrono- 
micis, quid rectius Geometricis demonstrationihis? What so sure, what so pleasant.' 
He that shall but see that geometrical tower of Garezenda at Bologna in Italy, the 
steeple and clock at Sirasburg, will admire the effects of art, or that engine of Archi- 
medes, to remove the earth itself, if he had but a place to fasten his instrument : 
Archimedes Coclea, and rare devices to corrivate waters, musical instruments, and 
tri-syllable echoes again, again, and again repeated, with myriads of such. What 
vast tomes are extant in law, physic, and divinity, for profit, pleasure, practice, specu- 
lation, in verse or prose, Slc. ! their names alone are the subject of whole volumes, 
we have thousands of authors of all sorts, many great libraries full well furnished. 
like so many dishes of meat, served out for several palates ; and he is a very block 
that is affected with none of them. Some take an infinite delight to study the very 
languages wherein these books are written, Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic, 
&c. Methinks it would please any man to look upon a geographical map, ^'^ sauvi 
animum delectatione allicere, oh incredibilem rerum varietatcm et jucunditatem, et ad 
pleniorem sui cognilionein excitare, chorographical, topographical delineations, to 
behold, as it were, all the remote provinces, towns, cities of the world, and never 
to go forth of the limits of his study, to measure by the scale -ind compass their 
extent, distance, examine their site. Charles the Great, as Platina writes, had three 
fair silver tables, in one of which superficies was a large map of Constantinople, in 
the second Rome neatly engraved, in the third an exquisite description of the whole 
worjd, and much deliglit he took in them. What greater pleasure can there now be, 
than to view those elaborate maps of Ortelius, '^ Mercator, Hondius, &,c. .'' To peruse 
those books of cities, put out by Braunus and Hogenbergius ? To read those exqui- 
site descriptions of Maginus, Munster, Herrera, Laet, Merula, Boterus, Leander, 
Albertus, Camden, Leo Al'er, Adricomius, Nic. Gerbelius, &c. .? Those famous expe- 
ditions of Christoph. Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Marcus Polus the Venetian, 
Lod. Vertomannus, Aloysius Cadamustus, &c. .'' Those accurate diaries of Portu- 
guese, Hollanders, of Bartison, Oliver a Nort, &c. Hakluyt's voyages, Pet. Martyr's 
Decades, Benzo, Lerius, Linschoten's relations, those Hodaeporicons of Jod. a Meg- 
gen, Brocard the monk, Bredenbacliius, Jo. Dublinius, Sands, Slc, to Jerusalem, 
Egypt, and other remote places of the world .^ those pleasant itineraries of Paulus 
Hentzerus, Jodocus Sincerus, Dux Polonus, Sec, to read Bellonius' observations, P. 
GiUius his surveys ; those parts of America, set out, and curiously cut in pictures, 
by Fratres a Bry. To see a well-cut herbal, herbs, trees, flowers, plants, all vegeta- 
bles expressed in their proper colours to the life, as that of Matthiolus upon Dios- 
corides, Delacampius, Lobel, Bauhinus, and that last voluminous and mighty herbal 
of Beslar of Nuremburg, wherein almt>.dt every plant is to his own bigness. Tc 
see birds, beasts, and fishes of the sea, spiders, gnats, serpents, flies, Slc, all crea- 
tures set out by the same art, and truly expressed in lively colours, with an exact 
description of their natures, virtues, qualities, Slc, as hath been accurately performed 
by ^lian, Gesner, Ulysses Aldrovandus, Bellonius, Rondoletius^ Hippolytus Salvia- 
nus, Slc ^''Arcana cceli^ naturce secreta, ordinem universi scire majoris felicitatis el 
dv.lcedinis est^ quam cogitati,one quis asseqxd possit^ aut mortalis sperare. What more 
pleasing studies can there be than the mathematics, theoretical or practical parts r 
as to survey land, make maps, models, dials, Slc, with which 1 was ever much de- 

" PIdvinos. s^Thibault. as As in travelling i jirsefat. Mercatoris. " It allures the mind hy its asree- 

the rest go (brwariJ and look before tbem, an aiitiqiinry able attraction, on account of .lie incredible variety and 



alone looks round about him, seeing things past, &c, 
hath a complete horizon. Janus liilrons. s^Car- 

Jan. " Wtiiit is more subtle Ihan arithmetical conclu- 
sions; what more agreeable than musical harmonies; 
what more divine than astronomical, what more cer- 
tain than ^('ome'ncal den onstra^iuns?" ^ Hondius 



pleasantness of the subjects, a id excites to a further 
step in knowledge." se Atlas Geog. s' Cardan. 

"To learn the mysteries of the heavens, the secret 
workings of nature, the order of the universe, i« a 
greater happiness and gralifiralion Ihan any mortal can 
think or exited to obtain." 



320 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2 



lighted mysef. Talis est Mathemafum pulchritudo (saith "^Plutarcli) u( his indignum 
sit dicitiarum phaleras istas et bullas^ ef puellaria sped acuta comparari; such is the 
excellency of these studies, that all those ornaments and childish bubbles of wealth, 
xre not worthy to be compared to them : credi mihi (™ saith one) extingid dulce erii 
Mat hc7na tic arum artium studio, I could even live and die with such meditation, '"'and 
lake more delight, true content of mind in them, than thou hast in all thy wealth 
iud sport, how rich soever thou art. And as "" Cardan well seconds me,^ Honorifi' 
cum magis est et gloriosum hccc inleUigere, quam prnvinciis pra;esse, forjnosurn au 
ditcm juvenem esse.'*'^ The like pleasure there is in all other studies, to such as an 
truly addicted to them, '^^ ca suavitas (one holds) ut cum quis ea degustaverit, quasi 
poculis Circeis captus, non possit iinquam ah illis divelli; the like sweetness, which 
us Circe's cup bewitcheth a student, he cannot leave off, as well may witness those 
many laborious hours, days and nights, spent in the voluminous treatises written by 
them; the same content. ''^Julius Scaliger was so much affected with poetry, that 
he brake out into a pathetical protestation, he had rather be the author of twelve 
verses in Lucan, or such an ode in '"Horace, than emperor of Germany. ^^ Nicho- 
las Gerbelius, that good old man, was so much ravished with a few Greek authors 
restored to light, with hope and desire of enjoying the rest, that he exclaims forth- 
with, Jlrahihus atque Indis omnibus erimus ditiores, we shall be riclier than alJ 
the Arabic or Indian princes; of such '"esteem they were M'ith him, incomparabh 
worth and value. Seneca prefers Zeno and Chrysippus, two doting stoics (he wa' 
so much enamoured of their works), before any prince or general of an army; 
and Orontius, the mathematician, so far admires Archimedes, that he calls him 
Divinum et homine majorcm, a petty god, more than a man ; and well he might, 
for aught I see, if you respect fame or worth. Pindarus, of Thebes, is as much 
renowned for his poems, as Epaminondas, Pelopidas, Hercules or Bacchus, his 
fellow citizens, for their warlike actions ; et si famam respicias, non pauciores 
Jiristotelis quam Alexandri meminerunt (as Cardon notes), Aristotle is more known 
than Alexander ; for we have a bare relation of Alexander's deeds, but Aristotle, totus 
vivit in monumentis, is whole in his works : yet 1 stand not upon this ; the delight 
is it, which I aim at, so great pleasure, such sweet content there is in study. '"^King 
James, 1605, when he came to see our University of Oxford, and amongst other 
edifices now went to view that famous library, renewed by Sir Thomas Bodley, in 
imitation of Alexander, at his departure brake out into that noble speecli. If J were not 
a king, I would be a university man: ''^''and if it were so that I must be a prisoner, 
if I might have my wish, I would desire to have no other prison than that library, 
and to \)e chained together with so many good authors et mortuis magistris.'''' So 
sweet is the delight of study, the more learning they have (as he that hath a dropsy, 
the more he drinks the thirstier he is) the more they covet to learn, and the last day 
is prioris discipulus; harsh at first learning is, radices amarcB, but fr act us duices^ 
according to that of Isocrates, pleasant at last ; the longer they live, the more they 
are enamoured with the Muses. Heinsius, the keeper of the library at Leyden in 
Holland, was mewed up in it all the year long: and that which to thy thinking should 
have bred a loathing, caused in him a greater liking. ^"'* 1 no sooner (saith he) come 
into the library, but I bolt the door to me, excluding lust, ambition, avarice-, and all 
such vices, whose nurse is idleness, the mother of ignorance, and melancholy, hei- 
self, and in the very lap of eternity, amongst so many divine souls, I take my seat, 
with so lofty a spirit and sweet content, that I pity all our great ones, and rich men 
that know not this happiness." I am not ignorant in the meantime (notwithstanding 
this which I have said) how barbarously and basely, for the most part, our ruder 
gentry esteem of libraries and books, how they neglect and contemn so great a trea- 
sure, so inestimable a benefit, as ^sop's cock did the jewel he found in the dung-/| 



s* Lib. dft ciipid. divitiarum S9 Leon. Disgs. prrefat. 
«d pprpet. prognost. '"'Plus capio volnplalis, &c. 

•In Hipperchen. divis. 3. <2 " it js more lionoiirahle 
and glorious to understand these truths than to govern 
provinces, to be beautiful or to be young." <3 Cardan, 
prififat. rernm variet. ••< f'oelices lib. i^Lib. 3. 

Ode 0. Donee grains eram tihi, &c. « f)e Pelopones. 
lib. 6. ilescript. (Jr.TC. <' Quos si integros habere- 

nius. Oii boni, quas opes, quos thesauros tenereinus. 
• ■' Isaark Wake musa: regnaiites. "Si unquani rnihi 



in fatis sit.ut captivus ducar. si mihi daretur optin, hoc 
cuperem carcere concludi, hiscatenis illigari, cum hisce 
captivis c.oncatenatis oetatem agere. so Kpisi. Pri- 

niiero. Pleriinque in qua sirnul ac pedem posui, foribu* 
pessulnm ahdo; nmhilionein autem, amnrem, libidi 
nein.etc. e.\clU(lo,qnorinn parens est ignavia, iinperiiia 
iiutrix, et in ipso a^ternitatis greinio, inter tot illustret 
animas scdem mihi sumo, cum ingeiitl quidern aniiiic. 
ut subinde magnatum nie misereat. qui fjElivitalem 
hanc ignorant. 



Mem 4.' Exercise rectified. 321 

hill ; and all tlirough error, ignorance, and want of education. And hiS a wonder, 
witlial, to observe how much they will vainly cast away in unnecessary expenses, 
qiiot modis percant (saith ^' Erasmus) magnalibns pecimice., quantum absiimant alea^ 
scoria., co?npotationeSj prof ect tones non neccssaricB.i jjompcz, bella qucBsita., amhllio., colax, 
morio., ludio, Sfc, what in hawks, hounds, lawsuits, vain building, gormandising, 
drinking, sports, plays, pastimes, &c. If a well-minded man to the Muses, would sue 
to some of them for an exhibition, to the farther maintenance or enlargement of such 
a work, be it college, lecture, library, or whatsoever else may tend to the advance- 
ment of learning, they are so unwilling, so averse, that they had rather see these 
which are already, with such cost and care erected, utterly ruined, demolished or 
otherwise employed ; for they repine many and grudge at such gifts and revenues so 
bestowed : and therefore it were in vain, as Erasmus well notes, vel ah his., vel a 
negolialoribus qui se MammoncB dediderunt., improbum fortasse tale ojjicium exigere, 
to solicit or ask anything of such men that are likely damned to riches; to tliis pur- 
pose. 'For my part 1 pity these men, stultos jubeo esse libenter, let them go as they 
are, iii the catalogue of Ignoramus. How much, on the other side, are all we bound 
that are scholars, to those munificent Ptolemies, bountiful Maecenases, heroical 
patrons, divine spirits, 

'- ' qui nobis hffic otio fecerunt, namqne erit ille tnihi semper Deus" 

"These blpssings, friend, a Deity bestovv'd. 
For never can I deem him less than God." 

That have provided for us so many well-fuinished libraries, as well in our public 
academies in most cities, as in our private colleges .'' How shail I remember ^^ Sir 
Thomas Bodley, amongst the rest, ^^ Otho Nicholson, and the Right Reverend John 
Williams, Lord Bishop of Lincoln (with many other pious acts), who besides that 
at St. John's College in Cambridge, that in Westminster, is now likewise in Fieri 
with a library at Lincoln (a noble precedent for all corporate towns and cities to imi- 
tate), O quam te memorem [vir illustrissime) quibus elogiis? But to my task again. 

y> Whosoever he is therefore that is overrun with solitariness, or carried away with 
^^pleasing melancholy and vain conceits, and for want of employment knows not how 
to spend his time, or crucified with worldly care, I can prescribe him no better 
remedy than this of study, to compose himself to the learning of some art or science. 
Provided always that this malady proceed not from overmuch study; for in such 
case he adds fuel to the fire, and nothing can be more pernicious : let him take heed 
he do not overstretch his wits, and make a skeleton of himself; or such inamoratoes 
as read nothing but play-books, idle poems, jests, Amadis de Gaul, the Knight of the 
Sun, the Seven Champions, Palmerin de Oliva, Huon of Bourdeaux, &c. Such many 
times prove in the end as mad as Don Quixote. Study is only prescribed to those 
that are otherwise idle, troubled in mind, or carried headlong with vain thoughts and 
imaginations, to distract their cogitations (although variety of study, or some serious 
subject, would do the former no harm) and divert their continual meditations another 
way. Nottiing in this case better than study; semper aliquid memoriter ediscant, 
saith Piso, let them learn something without book, transcribe, translate, &c. Read 
the Scriptures, which Hyperius, lib. 1. de quotid. script, lec.fol. 77. holds available 
of itself, "^^the mind is erected thereby from all worldly cares, and hath much quiet 
and tranquillity." For as ^^ Austin well hath it. 'tis scientia scicnfiarum., omni melle 
dulcior, omni pane, suavior., omni vino., hilarior : 'tis the best nepenthe, surest cordial, 
sweetest alterative, presentest diverter: for neither as "Chrysostom well adds, "those 
boughs and leaves of trees which are plashed for cattle to stand under, in the heat 
of the day, in summer, so much refresh them with their acceptable shade, as the 
■ ^j^eaii'mg of the Scripture doth recreate and comfort a distressed soul, in sorrow and 

(affliction." Paul bids "pray continually;" quod cibus corpori, lectio animm facit^ 
saith Seneca, as meat is to the body, such is reading to the soul. *^"To be at leisure 
without books is another hell, and to be buried alive." *^ Cardan calls a library the 
physic of the soul; '^"divine authors fortify the mind, make men bold and constant; 



f-Chil. 2. Cent. 1. Adag. I. 62Virg. eclog. 1. 

*• Founder of our public library in Oxon. ^^Oursin 
Christ Church, Oxon. ^ Animus levatur inde a 

cuiis_multa quieti! at tranqiiillitate frnens. "'Ser. 38. 



meridie per restatem, optabilem exhibeiites umbram nve* 
ila reficiunt, ac scripturariim lectio afflictas anjrorr- 
animas solatur et recrcat. MOtiuni sine Uteris mor> 
est. et vivi hominis st-piiltura, Seneca. 69Cap iH; 



a- Pratres Erem. '''' Hoiii. 4. de pcenitentia. Nam I. 57. de rer. var. '« Porteni reddunt anir>iim ri cmi 

'HI: iwi arhnruai conix pro pticoruiu tuguriis facts, | stanteio ; et piuni colloquium nun permil'il aiiimum 
41 



322 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec '£ 



and (as Ilyp^rius adds) godly conference will not permit the mind to be tortuied 
with absurd cogitations." Rhasis enjoins continual conference to such melancholy 
men, perpetual 'discourse of some history, tale, poem, news, Stc, allernos sermones 
tdere ac biberc, ceque jucundum quam cibiis,sive polus, wliich feeds the mind as mea 
and drink doth the body, and pleaseth as much : and therefore the said Rhasis, not 
without good cause, would have somebody still talk seriously, or dispute with them, 
and sometimes "•*' to cavil and wrangle (so that it break not out to a violent pertur- 
bation), for sucli altercation is like stirring of a dead fire to make it burn afresh," it 
whets a dull spirit, '" and will not suffer the mind to be drowned in those profound 
cogitations, which melancholy men are commonly troubled with." "Ferdinand and 
Alphonsus, kings of Arragon and Sicily, were both cured by reading the history, one 
of Curtius, the other of Livy, when no prescribed physic would take place. ^^Came 
rarius relates as much of Lorenzo de' Medici. Heathen philosophers are so full ol 
divine precepts in this kind, tliat, as some think, they alone are able to settle a dis- 
tressed mind. ^''Sunt verba et. voces., quibus hunc lenire dolorem., Sfc. Epicletus, Plu- 
tarch, *and Seneca; qualis tile., quce tela., saith Lipsius, adversus omnes animi casus 
adrainislrati et ipsam morlem., quomodu vitia eripit., infert virtutes? when I read 
Seneca, ^^ " methinks I am beyond all human fortunes, on the top of a hill above 
mortality." Plutarch saith as much of Homer, for which cause belike Niceratus, in 
Xenoplion, was made by his parents to con Homer's Iliads and Odysseys without 
book, ut in virum bonum evadereU as well to make him a good and honest man. 
as to avoid idleness. If this comfort be got from philosophy, what shall be had 
from divinity.' What shall Austin, Cyprian, Gregory, Bernard's divine meditations 
afford us .' 

^" dui qui«i sit piilohnim, quid tiirpe, quid utile, quid non, 
rienius el melius Clirysippo et Ciantore dicuiit." 

Nay, what shall the Scripture itself.'' Which is like an apothecary's shop, wherein 
are all remedies for all infirmities of mind, purgatives, cordials, alteratives, corrobo- 
ratives, lenitives, &c. " Every disease of the soul," saith ^' Austin, " hath a peculiar 
medicine in the Scripture ; this only is required, that the sick man take the potion 
which God hath already tempered." ®^ Gregory calls it "a glass wherein we may 
see all our infirmities," ?'^7i(7M//i coUoqiiium., Psalm cxix. 140. ^^Origen a charm. 
And therefore Hierom prescribes Rusticus the monk, '"" continually to read the 
Scripture, and to meditate on that which he hath read ; for as mastication is to meal, 
so is meditation on that which we read." I would for these causes wish him that 
is melancholy to use both human and divine authors, voluntarily to impose some 
task upon himself, to divert his melancholy thoughts : to study the art of memory, 
•Cosmus Rosselius, Pet. Ravennas, Scenkelius' Detectus, or practise Brachygraphy, 
&.C., that will ask a great deal of attention : or let him demonstrate a proposition in 
Euclid, in his five last books, extract a square root, or study Algebra : than which, 
as " Clavius holds, " in all human disciplines nothing can be more excellent and plea- 
sant, so abstruse and recondite, so bewitching, so miraculous, so ravishing, so easy 
withal and full of delight," omnem humanuni captuni supe.rare videtur. By this 
means you may define ex ungiie leoncm, as the diverb is, by his thumb alone the 
bigness of Hercules, or the true dimensions of the great " Colossus, Solomon's tem- 
ple, and Domitian's amphitheatre out of a little part. By this art you may contem- 
plate the variation of the twenty-three letters, which may be so infinitely varied, that 
the words complicated and deduced thence will not be contained within the compass 
of the firmament ; ten words may be varied 40,320 several ways : by this art you 
may examine how many men may stand one by another in the whole superficies of 
the earth, some say 148,456,800,000,000, assignando singulis passum quadrat um 



abaurda co>;itati one torqueri. °i Altercationibus 

■Mtantur, i]iix non permittunt animuni subinergi pro- 
fundis cogitalionibiis, de quibus otiose cogitat et trisla- 
tur in iis. «- Bodin. prefat. ad iiieth. hist. 63 Ope- 
rum siibcis. cap. 15. "■• Hor. ^liFateMduni est 
racuniine Olynipi constitutus supra ventos et procellas, 
at omnes res humanas. 66 '• yv ho explain what is 
.fair foul, useful, worthless, more fully and faithfully 
Ihati Ohrysippus and Craiitor?" «' In Ps. xxxvi. 
oiiinis morbus aniini in scriptura hahet iiiedicinaui ; 
lantum opus est ut qui sit a:ger, noti recuse! potionein 



quam Deus temperavit. os [p moral, speculum quo 

nos intueri possiinus. cs Horn 28. Ut ineanta- 

tione viris fiigatur, ita lectione malum. '° [teruin 

atque, iteruni in'oneo, ut aniniam sacra; scripturae lec- 
tione occupe-s. Masticat divinuni pabulum meditatin. 
" Ad 2. definit. 2. elem. In disciplinis hiimaiiis nihil 
pr.'Bstantius rrperitur: qiiippe miraciila quteilam nume 
rorurn emit tani ahstrusa et reronilita, tantii nii>iio 
minus facilitate et voluptate, ut. &c. '^Whith 

contained ^USU.UOO weights of brass. 



Mom. 4.] Exercise rectified. 323 

assigning a square foot to each), how many men, supposing all the world as habit- 
sbiv as France, as fruitCul and so long-lived, may be born in 60,000 years, and so 
ma}^ you demonstrate with "Archimedes how many sands the mass of the wh(>le 
world might contain if all sandy, if you did but first know how much a small cube as 
big as a muslard-seed might hold, with infinite such. But in all nature what is there so 
stupendous as to examine and calculate the motion of the planets, their magnitudes, 
apogees, perigees, eccentricities, how far distant from the earth, the bigness, thick- 
ness, compass of the firmament, each star, with their diameters and circumference, 
apparent area, superficies, by those curious helps of glasses, astrolabes, sextants, 
quadrants, of which Tycho Brahe in his mechanics, optics (" divine optics) arithmetic, 
geometry, and such like arts and instruments .'' What so intricate and pleasing withal, 
as to peruse and practise Heron Alexandrinus's works, de spiritalibus, de machinis 
heUicis^ de machind.se movente^ Jordani JYemorarii de ponderibus proposit. 13, that 
pleasant tract of Machometes Bragdedinus de superficierum ofbistoni^MS, Apollonius's 
Conies, or Commandi<nus's labours in that kind, de centra gravitaiis, with many 
such geometrical theorems and problenis .'' Those rare instruments and mechanical 
inventions of Jac. Bessonus, and Cardan to this purpose, with many such experi- 
ments intimated long since by Roger Bacon, in his tract de ''^Sccretis artis et naturce^ 
as to make a chariot to move sine anima/i, diving boats, to walk on the water by 
art, and to fly in the air, to make several cranes and pulleys, quibus homo Irahat ad 
se mille homines, \ih up and remove great weights, mills to move themselves, Archita's 
dove, Albertus's brazen head, and such thaumaturgical works. But especially to do 
strange miracles by glasses, of which Proclus and Bacon writ of old, burning glasses, 
multiplying glasses, perspectives, ut unus homo appareat exercitus, to see afar ofi', to 
represent solid bodies by cylinders and concaves, to walk in the air, ut veraciter 
videant (saith Bacon) aurum et argentum et quicquid aliud volunt, et quum veniant 
ad locum visionis, nihil inveniant, which glasses are much perfected of late by Bap- 
tista Porta and Galileo, and much more is promised by Maginus and Midorgius, to 
be performed in this kind. Olocousticons some speak of, to intend hearing, as the 
other do sight; Marcellus Vrencken, a Hollander, in his epistle to Burgravius, makes 
mention of a friend of his that is about an instrument, quo videbit quce in altera 
horizonte sint. But our alchymists, methinks, and Rosicrucians aftbrd most rarities, 
and are fuller of experiments : they can make gold, separate and alter metals, extract 
oils, salts, lees, and do more strange works than Geber, LuUius, Bacon, or any of 
those ancients. CroUius hath made after his master VdiVd-ceXsw^, aurum fulminans, or 
aurum volatile, which shall imitate thunder and lightning, and crack louder than anv 
gunpowder; Cornelius Drible a perpetual motion, inextinguishable lights, linumnon 
ardens, with many such feats ; see his book de naturd clementorum, besides hail, 
wind, snow, thunder, lightning, &c., those strange fire-works, devilish petards, and 
such like warlike machinations derived hence, of which read Tartalea and others. 
Ernestus Burgravius, a disciple of Paracelsus, hath published a discourse, in which 
he specifies a lamp to be made of man's blood, Lucerna vi.t(P. et mortis index, so he 
terms it, which chemically prepared forty days, and afterwards kept in a glass, shall 
show all the accidents of this life ; si lampas hie clarus, tunc homo hilaris et s'anus 
corpore et animo; si nebulosus et depressus, male ajjicitur, et sic pro statu hominis 
variatur, unde sumptus sanguis; '^ and which is most wonderful, it dies with the 
party, cum hoinine perit, et evanescit, the lamp and the man whence the blood 
was taken, are extinguished together. The same author hath another tract 
of Mumia (all out as vain and prodigious as the first) by which he will cure 
most diseases, and transfer them from a man to a beast, by drawing blood 
from one, and applying it to the other, vel in plantam derivare, and an Ahxi' 
pharmacum, of which Roger Bacon of old in his Tract, de' retardanda seneciute, 
to make a man young again, live three or four hundred years. Besides pana- 
ceas, martial amulets, unguentum armarium, balsams, strange extracts, elixirs, 
and such like magico-magnetical cures. Now what so pleasing can there be 



'3 Vide Clavium in com. de Sacrobopco. i* Dis- 

tantias cailorum sola Optica dijiidicat. "Cap. 4. 

e» 5. '6" If the Idiiip burn brightly, then the man 

i« rhe*"*""" and he? •by in mind and body; if, on the 



other hand, he from whom the blood is taken be melan- 
cholic or a spendthritt, then it will burn dimly, aad 
flicker in the socket." 



324 Cure >f Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

as the speculation of these things, to read and examine such experiments, or if a 
man be more mathematically given, to calculate, or peruse Napier's Logarithms, or 
those tables of artificial "sines and tangents, not long since set out by mine old col- 
legiate, good friend, and late fellow-student of Christ-church in Oxford, " Mr. Ed- 
mund Gunter, which will perform that by addition and substraction only, which 
heretofore Regiomontanus's tables did by multiplication and division, or those elabo- 
rate conclusions of his '^ sector, quadrant, and cross-staff Or let him that is melan- 
choly calculate spherical triangles, square a circle, cast a nativity, which howsoever 
some tax, I say with ^^Garcaeus, dahimus hoc petulantibus ingeniis^ we will in some 
cases allow : or let him make an ephemerides, read Suisset the calculator's works 
Scaliger de emendatione temporum^ and Petavius his adversary, till he understand 
them, peruse subtle Scotus and Suarez's metaphysics, or school divinity, Occam, 
Thomas, Entisberus, Durand, &c. If those other do not afiect him, and his means 
be great, to employ his purse and fill his head, he may go find the philosopher's 
stone; he may apply his mind, I say, to heraldry, antiquity, invent impresses, em- 
blems ; make epithalaniiums, epitaphs, elegies, epigrams, palindroma epigrammata, 
anagrams, chronograms, acrostics, upon his friends' names ; or write a comment on 
Martianus Capella, TertoUian de pallio, the Nubian geography, or upon J£\ia Lselia 
Crispis, as many idle fellows have essayed ; and rather than do nothing, vary a 
*' verse a thousand ways with Putean, so torturing his wits, or as Rainnerus of Lune- 
burg, ^^2150 times in his Proteus PoeticuSj or Scaliger, Chrysolithus, Cleppissius, 
and others, have in like sort done. If such voluntary tasks, pleasure and delight, 
or crabbedness of these studies, will not yet divert their idle thoughts, and alienate 
their imaginations, they must be compelled, saith Christophorus a Vega, cogi de- 
bent^ I. 5. c. 14, upon some mulct, if they perform it not, quod ex officio incumhat^ 
loss of credit or disgrace, such as our public University exercises. For, as he that 
plays for nothing will not heed his game ; no more will voluntary employment so 
thoroughly affect a student, except he be very intent of himself, and t^ke an extra- 
ordinary delight in the study, about which he is conversant. It should be of that 
nature his business, which volcns nolens he must necessarily undergo, and without 
great loss, mulct, shame, or hindrance, he may not omit. 

Now for women, instead of laborious studies, they have curious needleworks, 
cut-works, spinning, bone-lace, and many pretty devices of their own making, to 
adorn their houses, cushions, carpets, chairs, stools, ('^ for she eats not the bread of 
idleness," Prov xxxi. 27. qucesivit lanam et linum) confections, conserves, distilla- 
tions, &c., which they show to strangers. 

8>" Ipsa comes praesesqiie operis venientibus tillro I "Which to her guests she shows, with all her pelf, 
Hospltibiis inonslraro solet, iioii segniier lioras Thus far my uiaids, but this 1 did myself." 

Coutestata suas, sed ncc silii deperiisse." | 

This they have to busy themselves about, household offices, &c., ^* neat gardens, full 
of exotic, versicolour, diversely varied, sweet-smelling flowers, and plants in all 
kinds, which they are most ambitious to get, curious to preserve and keep, proud to 
possess, and much many times brag of. Their merry meetings and frequent visita- 
tions, mutual invitations in good towns, I voluntarily omit, which are so much in 
use, gossipping among the meaner sort, Sic, old folks have their beads : an excel- 
lent invention to keep them from idleness, that are by nature melancholy, and past 
all affairs, to say so many paternosters, avemarias, creeds, if it were not profane and 
superstitious. In a word, body and mind must be exercised, not one, but both, and 
that in a mediocrity ; otherwise it will cause a great inconvenience. If the body be 
overtired, it tires the mind. The mind oppresseth the body, as with students it often- 
times falls out, who ^as *** Plutarch observes) have no care of the body, "but compel 
that which is mortal to do as much as that which is immortal : that which is earthly, 
as that which is ethereal. But as the ox tired, told the camel, (both serving one 

■"Printed at London, Anno 1620. '8 Once astrono- '■ mortalem immortali, terrestrem SEthereiEsequalem prses- 
my reader at Gresham College. " Printed at Lon- I tare industriam : Caiteruin ut Caniftio usu vetiit, quod 

don by William Jones, 1623. ^opi-fjfat. Melli. Astrnl. ei bos proedixerat, cum eidem servirent domino et parte 
*' Tot tihi sunt doles Virgo, quot sidera coelo. fS Da 1 oneris levare ilium Caint-lus recusasset, pajjo post et 

pie Christe urbi bona sit pax tempore nostro. *3Cha- ipsius culem, et totum onus cogerctur gt-stare (quod 
ionerus, lib. 9. de Rep. Angel. "■' Hortus Coronarius | mortuo bove impletum) Ita aniaio quoqud conticB*' 

nedicus et culinarius, &c. "'Tom. I. de •nuit. .duiii defatigato r.orpori, &.C. 

tuend. Qui rationem corporis non habent, sed coguKt 



Mem. 5.] Waking and dreams rectijied. 326 

master) that refused to carry some part of his burden, before it were long he should 
he compelled to carry all his pack, and skin to boot (which by and by, the ox beinj* 
dead, fell out), tlie body may say to the soul, that will give him no respite or remis ' 
sion : a little after, an ague, vertigo, consumption, seizeth on them both, all hii 
study is omitted, and they must be compelled to be sick together :" he that tenders 
his own good estate, and health, must let them draw with equal yoke, both alike, 
^ '•' that so they may happily enjoy their wished health." 



MEMB. V. 

Waking and terrible Dreams rectified. 



As waking that hurts, by all means must be avoided, so sleep, which so muc»i 
helps, by like ways, ^'" must be procured, by nature or art, inward or outward medi- 
cines, and be protracted longer than ordinary, if it may be, as being an especial help." 
It moistens and fattens the body, concocts, and Jielps digestion (as we see in dor- 
mice, and those Alpine mice that sleep all winter), which Gesner speaks of, when 
they are so found sleeping under the snow in the dead of winter, as fat as butter. 
It expels cares, pacifies the mind, refresheth the weary limbs after long work : 

M " Somne qiiies rerum, placidissitne somne dcorum, I "Sleep, rest of tilings, O ple.ising deity. 

Pax aniini, qiiein cura fiigit, (lui corpora duris Peace of the soul, which cares dost crucify, 

Fessa iniuisteriis inulces reparasque labori." | Weary bodies refresh and mollify." 

The chiefest thing in all physic, ^ Paracelsus calls it, omnia arcana gemmarum su- 
perans et metallorum. The fittest time is "" two or three hours after supper, when 
as the meat is now settled at the bottom of the stomach, and 'tis good to lie on the 
right side first, because at that site the liver doth rest under the stomach, not molest- 
ing any way, but heating him as a fire doth a kettle, that is put to it. After tlie first 
sleep 'tis not amiss to lie on the left side, that the meat may the better descend ;" 
and sometimes again on the belly, but never on the back. Seven or eight hours is 
a competent time for a melancholy man to rest, as Crato thinks ; but as some do, to 
lie in bed and not sleep, a day, or half a day together, to give assent to pleasing con- 
ceits and vain imaginations, is many ways pernicious. To procure this sweet moist- 
ening sleep, it's best to take away the occasions (if it be possible) that hinder it, 
and then to use such inward or outward remedies, which may cause it. Constat 
hodie (saith Boissardus in his tract de Tnagid, cap. 4.) muUos ita fascinari ut noctes 
inlcgras exigant insomnes, swnmil inqa'ictudlne animorum et corporum; many cannot 
sleep for witches and fascmations, which are too familiar in some places ; they call 
it, dare alicui malum noctcm.. But the ordinary causes are heat and dryness, which 
must first be removed : ^' a hot and dry brain never sleeps well : grief, fears, cares, 
expectations, anxieties, great businesses, ^'In aurum utramque otiose ut dormias, and 
all violent perturbations of the mind, must in some sort be qualified, before we can 
hope for any good repose. He that sleeps in the day-time, or is in suspense, fear, 
any way troubled in mind, or goes to bed upon a full ^^ stomach, may never hope 
for quiet rest in flie night ; nee enim meritoria somnos admittunt^ as the ^^ poet saith ; 
inns and such like troublesome places are not for sleep ; one calls ostler, another 
tapster, one cries and shouts, another sings, whoops, halloos, 

96 " abseiitem cantat aniicam, 

Miilta prolutus vappa nauta atque viator." 

Who not accustomed to such noises can sleep amongst them .'' He that will intend 
to take his rest must go to bed ammo securo^ quieto et libero., with a ®* secure and 
tjomposed mind, in a quiet place: omnia noctes erunt placida compdsta quiete: and 



* ITt pulchram illam et amabilem sanitatem prffiste. 
mus. 87 interdicendae Vigilis, somni paulo longio- 

res coiiriliandi. Altomarus cap. 7. Somiius supra iiio- 
dum prodest, qiiovismodo conciliandus, Piso. eeovid. 
w In Hippoc. Aplinris. 9* Crato cons. 21. lib. 2. duabiis 
aiit tribus horis post ca;nain,quuin jamcihusad fundum 
ventriculi resederit, prinium super latere dextro quies- 
cendum, quod in tali decnbitij jecur sub ventricnlo qui- 
e»cat, non gravans sed cihnm calfaciens, perinde ac 
»|"'s lebcteni qui illi aduiovetur; post primuin somnuin 

2C 



quiescendum latere sinistro, &c. 9' Siepius accidit 

mclancholicis, ut nimiuni e.xsiccato cerebro vigiliis at- 
tenuentur. Ficinus, lib. ]. cap. 29. 93Ter. "That 

you may sleep calmly on either ear." 93 Ut sis nocte 
levis, sit tibi, csna brevis. 94 juven. Sat. 3. 95 Hor. 
Scr. lib. I. Sat. 5. " The tipsy sailor and his travellin,; 
companion sing the praises of their absent sweethearts.' 
9sSepL>sitis ruris omnibus quantum fieri potest, una 
cum vestibuii, &.C. Kirkst. 



3'26 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2 



if" that will not serve, or may nov be obtained, to seek then such means as are requi- 
site. To lie in clean linen and sweet; before he goes to bed, or in bed, to hear 
*'" sweet music," which Ficinus commends, lib. 1. cap. 24, or as Jobertus, med. 
vracf. lib. 3. cap. 10. ^^"to read some pleasant author till he be asleep, to have a 
bason of water still dropping by his bedside," or to lie near that pleasant murmur. 
lene sonantis aquce. Some floodgates, arches, falls of water, like London Bridge, or 
some continuate noise which may benumb the senses, lenis motus, silentium et iene- 
bra, turn et ipsa voluntas somnos faciunt ; as a gentle noise to some procures sleep, 
so, which Bernardinus Tilesius, lib. de somno, well observes, silence, in a dark room, 
and the will itself, is most available to others. Piso commends frications, Andrew 
Borde a good draught of strong drink before one goes to bed ; I say, a nutmeg and 
ale, or a good draught of muscadine, with a toast and nutmeg, or a posset of the 
same, which many use in a morning, but methinks, for such as have dry brains, are 
much more proper at night; some prescribe a ^^sup of vinegar as they go to bed, a 
spoonful, saith ^tius Tetrabib. lib. 2. scr. 2. cap. 10. lib. 6. cop. 10. jEgineia, lib. 3. 
cap. 14. Piso, "a little after meat, "'*' because it rarefies melancholy, and procures an 
appetite to sleep." Donat. ab Mtoinar. cap. 7. and Mercurialis approve of it, if the 
malady proceed from the ' spleen. Salust. Salvian. lib. 2. cap. 1. de remed. Hercules 
de Saxonia in Pan. ^linus, Montaltus de morb. capitis, cap. 28. de Melan. are alto- 
gether against it. Lod. Mercatus, de inter. Morb. can. lib. 1. cap. 17. in some cases 
doth allow it. ^Rhasis seems to deliberate of it, though Simeon commend it (in 
sauce peradventure) he makes a question of it : as for baths, fomentations, oils, 
potions, simples or compounds, inwardly taken to this purpose, ^ I shall speak of 
them elsewhere. If, in the midst of the night, when they lie awake, which is usual 
to toss and tumble, and not sleep, '' Ranzovius would have them, if it be in warm 
weather, to rise and walk three or four turns (till they be cold) about the chamber 
and then go to bed again. 

Against fearful and troublesome dreams. Incubus and such inconveniences, where- 
with melancholy men are molested, the best remedy is to eat a light supper, and of 
such meats as are easy of digestion, no hare, venison, beef, &c., not to lie on hia 
back, not to meditate or think in the day-time of any terrible objects, or especially 
talk of them before he goes to bed. For, as he said in Lucian after such conference, 
Hecates somniare mihi videor, I can think of nothing but hobgoblins : and as Tully 
notes, ^"for the most part our speeches in the day-time cause our fantasy to work 
■*.pon the like in our sleep," which Ennius writes of Homer : Et cants in sovinis 
leporis vestigia latrat: as a dog dreams of ^ hare, so do men on such subjects they 
thought on last. 

6"Soninia qua", mentes ludunt volitantibus iinibris, 
Nee delubra deiim, nee ab SBthcre numiiia niittuiit, 
Sed sibi quisque facil," &c. 

For that cause when Ptolemy, king of Egypt, had posed the seventy interpreters in 
order, and asked the nineteenth man what would make one sleep quietly in the night, 
he told him, ' " the best way was to have divine and celestial meditations, and to use 
rtonest actions in the day-time. * Lod. Vives wonders how schoolmen could sleep 
quietly, and were not terrified in the night, or walk in the dark, they had such mon- 
strous questions, and thought of such terrible matters all day long." They had 
need, amongst the rest, to sacrifice to god Morpheus, whom ^Philostratus paints in 
a white and black coat, with a horn and ivory box full of dreams, of the same 
colours, to signify good and bad. If you will know how to interpret them, read 
Artemidorus, Sambucus and Cardan ; but how to help them, '" I must refer you to a 
more convenient place. 



8' Ad liorain somni aiires suavibus carilibus et sonis 
delinire. i"* Lectio juciiiida, aut sermo, ad queni 

atteiitior animus convi-rtiitijr, aut aqua ab alto in sub- 
jectatn pelvini delabatiir, &c. Ovid. ^ Aceti snr- 

bitio. ">i'Attenuat uielancholiam, et adconcilian- 

dum snmruim juvat. iQuod lieni acetuni coiiveuiat. 
* Cont. 1. tract. 9. meditanrium de aceto. 3 Sect. 5. 

nieitib. 1. Suhsect. (i. < Lib. de sanit. tuenda. »lri 
Som. Scip. fit eniin fere ut cofjitationes nostras et ser- 
moiies pariant aliquid in somno, quale de Honiero scri- 
••it Ennius, de quo videlicet sxpissimS vigilans solebat 



cofitare el loqui. 6 Aristee hist. " Neither th« 

shrines of the gods, nor the deities themselves, send 
down from the heavens those dreams which mock oui 
minds with these flitting shadows, — we cau.^e them to 
ourselves." ' Optimum de coelestibus et honestia 

meilitari, et ea facere. *'Lih. 3. de causis corr. art. 

tarn mira monstra qua;stionuin sa.'pe nascuntur inter 
eos, ut mirer eos interdum in soijiniis non terreri. aut 
de illis in tenebris audere verba f'tci- !, ad;o re5 «unt 
mon.^trosae. »Icon. lib. I. wSert. 5. IVIe«ii>.I 

Subs. 6. 



Mem. 6. Subs. 1.] 



Passions rectified. 



327 



MEMB. Vi. 

SuBSECT. I. — Perturbations of the mind rectified. From himself., by resisting to the 
utmost, confessing his grief to a friend., ^c. 

Whosoever he is that shall hope to cure this malady in himself or any other, 
m'ust first rectify these passions and perturbations of the mind : the chiefest cure 
consists in them. A quiet mind is that voluptas, or summum bonum of Epicurus, 
no7i dolere, curls vacare, animo tranquillo esse., not to grieve, but to want cares, and 
have a quiet soul, is the only pleasure of the world, as Seneca truly recites his opi 
oion, not that of eating and drinking, which injurious Aristotle maliciously puts 
upon him, and for which he is still mistaken, male audit et vapulat., slandered with- 
out a cause, and lashed by all posterity. ""Fear and sorrow, therefore, are espe- 
cially to be avoided, and the mind to be mitigated with mirth, constancy, good hope ,' 
vain terror, bad objects are to be removed, and all such persons in whose companies 
they be not well pleased." Gualter Bruel. Fernelius, consil. 43. Mercurialis, consil 
6. Piso, Jacchinus, c«j9. 15. mQ.Rhasis, Capivaccius, Hildesheim, &c., all inculcate 
this as an especial means of their cure, that their '^ " minds be quietly pacified, vain 
conceits diverted, if it be possible, with terrors, cares, '^ fixed studies, cogitations, 
and whatsoever it is that shall any way molest or trouble the soul," because that 
otherwise there is no good to be done. '''"The body's mischiefs," as Plato proves, 
" proceed from the soul : and if the mind be not first satisfied, the body can never be 
cured." Alcibiades raves (saith '^Maximus Tyrius) and is sick, his furious desires 
carry him from Lyceus to the pleading place, thence to the sea, so into Sicily, thence 
to Lacedaemon, thence to Persia- thence to Samos, then again to Athens ; Critias 
tyranniseth over all the city ; /'^^rdanapalus is love-sick ; these men are ill-affected 
all, and can never be cured, tlil their minds be otherwise qualified. Crato, therefore, 
in that often-cited Counsel of his for a nobleman his patient, when he had sufficiently 
informed him in diet, air, exercise, Venus, sleep, concludes with these as matters of 
greatest moment. Quod reliquuin est., animce, accidentia corrigantur., from which alone 
proceeds melancholy ; they are the fountain, the subject, the hinges whereon it 
turns, and must necessarily be reformed. '^ "• For anger stirs choler, heats the blood 
and vital spirits ; sorrow on the other side refrigerates the body, and extinguisheth 
natural heat, overthrows appetite, hinders concoction, dries up the temperature, and 
perverts the understanding :" fear dissolves the spirits, infects the heart, attenuates 
the soul : and for these causes all passions and perturbations must, to the uttermost 
of our power and most seriously, be removed, ^lianus Montallus attributes so 
much to them, " " that he holds the rectification of them alone to be sufficient to the 
cure of melancholy in most patients." Many are fully cured when they have seen 
or heard, &.c., enjoy their desires, or be secured and satisfied in tbeir minds; Galen, 
the common master of them all, from whose fountain they fetch water, brags, lib. 1. 
de san. tuend., that he, for his part, hath cured divers of this infirmity, solum animis 
ad rectum institutis, by right settling alone of their minds. 

Yea, but you will here infer, that this is excellent good indeed if it could be done; 
but how shall it be effected, by whom, what art, what means } hie labor, hoc opm 
est. 'Tis a natural infirmity, a most powerful adversary, all men are subject to pas- 
sions, and melancholy above all others, as being distempered by their innate humours, 
abundance of choler adust, weakness of parts, outward occurrences ; and how shall 
they be avoided .? the wisest men, greatest philosophers of most excellent wit, rea- 
son, judgment, divine spirits, cannot moderate themselves in this behalf; such as 
are sound in body and mind. Stoics, heroes, Homer's gods, all are passionate, and 



'• Animi pfirturbationes summe fugiendae, inetus po- 
(issimurii et tristilia : enriinique loco animus deinulceii- 
ilus hilaiitate, aniini constantia, bona s()e ; reniovendi 
terrores, et eoruin consortium quos non probant. 
wPhantasicB eorum placide subverlenda>, terrores ab 
a^'rao removendi. '^ Ab oniiii fixa cogitatione 

quovismodo avertantur. KCuncla mala corporis 

ab animo procedunt, quie nisi cursntur, corpus curari 
rniniine potest, Cbarmid. "Disputat. An morbi 

gtaviores corporis an animi. Renoldo interpret, ut 



parum absit a furore, rapitur a Lyceo in concionem, a 
concione ad mare, a mari in Siciliam, &c. >° Ira 

hilem movet, sanguinem adurit, vitales spiritus accen- 
dit, mcestitia universum corpus infrijidat, calorem if,, 
natuin extinguit, appctilum destruit, concoctionera 
inipedit, corpus exsiccat, intellecluni pervertit. Qua- 
mobrem lisc omnia pto.'-sus vitanda sunt, et pro virili 
fugienda. "De mel. c. 2t. ex lllis solum remediuio; 

inuiti ex vUis, audilis, &c. sanati sunt. 



a28 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. bee. 'i 



furiously carried sometimes ; and how shall we that are already crazed., fracti animis, 
sick in body, sick in mind, resist? we cannot perform it. You niav advise and giv* 
good precepts, as vvlio cannot } But how shall they be put in practice .'' I may not 
deny but our passions are violent, and tyrannise of us, yet tiiere be means to curb 
them ; though they be headstrong, they may be tamed, tliey may be qualified, if he 
himself or his friends will but use their honest endeavours, or make use of such 
ordinary helps as are commonly prescribed. 

He himself (I say); from the patient himself the first and chiefest remedy must 
be had ; for if he be averse, peevish, waspish, give way wholly to his passions, will 
not seek to be helped, or be ruled by his friends, how is it possible he should be 
cured ? But if he be willing at least, gentle, tractable, and desire his own good, no 
doubt but he may viagnam morbi deponere partem., be eased at least, if not cured.' 
He himself must do his utmost endeavour to resist and withstand the beginnings. 
Principiis obsta., "■ Give not water passage, no not a little," Ecclus. xxv. 27. If they 
open a little, they will make a greater breach at length. Whatsoever it is that run 
neth in his mind, vain conceit, be it pleasing or displeasing, which so much affects 
or troubleth him, "*"by all possible means he must withstand it, expel those vain, 
false, frivolous imaginations, absurd conceits, feigned fears and sorrows; from which," 
saith Piso, " this disease primarily proceeds, and takes his first occasion or begin- 
ning, by doing something or other that shall be opposite unto them, thinking of 
something else, persuading by reason, or howsoever to make a sudden alteration of 
them. "^^. Though he have hitherto run in a full career, and precipitated himself, fol- 
lowing his passions, giving reins to his appetite, let him now stop upon a sudden, 
curb himself in; and as '"Lemnius adviseth, "strive against with all his power, to 
the utmost of his endeavour, and not cherish those fond imaginations, which so 
covertly creep into his mind, most pleasing and amiable at first, but bitter as gall at 
last, and so headstrong, that by no reason, art, counsel, or persuasion, they may be 
shaken off." Though he be far gone, and habituated unto such fantastical imagina- 
tions, yet as ^"Tully and Plutarch advise, let him oppose, fortify, or prepare himself 
against them, by pre-meditation, reason, or as we do by a crooked staff, bend him- 
self another way. 

" In thn meantime expel tliem fVom ttiy mind, • 
Pale fears, sad cares, and jrriefs which do it ^rind, 
Revengeful aiiger, pain and discontent, 
I Let all thy soul be set on merriment." 

Curas tolle graves, irasci crede profanum. If it be idleness hath caused this in- 
firmity, or that he perceive himself given to solitariness, to walk alone, and please 
his mind with fond imaginations, let him by all means avoid it; 'tis a bosom enemy, 
'tis delightsome melancholy, a friend in show, but a secret devil, a sweet poison, it 
will in the end be his undoing; let him go presently, task or set himself a work, 
get some good company. If he proceed, as a gnat flies about a candle, so long till 
at length he burn his bodv, so in the end he will undo himself: if it be any harsh 
object, ill company, let him presently go from it. If by his own default, through 
ill diet, bad air, want of exercise, &c., let him now begin to reform himself. " It 
would be a perfect remedy against all corruption, if," as " Roger Bacon hath it, " we 
could but moderate ourselves in those six non-natural things. ^^ If it be any dis- 
grace, abuse, temporal loss, calumny, death of friends, imprisonment, banisliment, 
be not troubled with it, do not fear, be not angry, grieve not at it, but with all courage 
sustain it." (Gordonius, lib. 1. c. l^.de conser. vit.) Tu contra audenlior ito. ^^ If 
it be sickness, ill success, or any adversity that hath caused it, oppose an invmcible 
courage, "■ fortify thyself by God's word, or otherwise," 7nala bonis persiiadenda. set 
prosperity against adversity, as we refresh our eyes by seeing some pleasant meadow. 



21 "Tu tamen iiiterea effugito qnce tristia mentem 
Sniicitant, prociil esse jiibe ciirasque metuirKiue 
Pallentuin, ultrices iras, sint omnia Ixta." 



'spro viribus annitendum in pra-dlctis, turn in aliis, 
I qiiibus malum velut a primaria causa occasionem 
fiactum est, imaginationes ahsurdtB fals.Tqueet mosstitia 
i,uiecunque subierit propulsetiir, aut aliud agendo, auf 
tatinne persuadendo earuni iniitationem subito facere. 
''J L.ib. 2. c. 16. de occult, iiat. Ciuisqnis huic main ob- 
aoxiiis est, acriter ohsistat, et suninia cura oblucfetur, 
aer alio inodo foveat imacinationes tacite nbrepontes 
aniino, hlandas ab initio et hmahiles, sed qus adeocon- 
va escuiit, >n nulla ratione excuti qiieant. ""S. Tusc. 
ad Apollonium. » Fracasturius. ^Epist.do 



secretis artis et natursecap. 7. de retard, .sen. Kemediillu 
psset contra corruptionem propriam, si quilibet exerce- 
ret regimen saiiilatis, quod cousrstit in rebus sex noii 
naturalibus. ^^ Pro aliqui) vituperio non indi-gneris, 
neo pro amissione alicujus rei, pro inorte alicnjiis, iiec 
pro carcere, nee pro exilio, nee pro alia re, nee irascaris, 
iiec limeas, nee doleas, sed cum suuiina pr;esentia hiec 
sustineas. ^tQuodsi incommoda adversiiaiis infor- 

tnnia hoc nialinn invexerint, bis infraetnm animum op 
ponas, Uei verbo ejusque tiducia te siitl'iilcias, &c.. I«n» 
nius, lib. 1. c. 16. 



jttom. 6. Subs. l.J • Passions rectijied. 329 

fountain, picture, or the like : recreate thy mind by some contrary object, with so..■>^ 
more pleasing meditation divert thy thoughts. 

Yea, but you infer again, yaci/e consilium damns aids, we can easily give ounsel 
lo others; every man, as the saying is, can tame a shrew but he that hath her; si 
hie esses, aliter sent ires; if you were in our misery, you would find it otheiwise, 
'tis not so easily performed. We know this to be true; we should moderate our- 
selves, but we are furiously carried, we cannot make use of such precepts, we ar*^ 
overcome, sick, male sani, distempered and habituated to these courses, we can make 
no resistance ; you may as well bid him that is diseased not to feel pain, as a melai>- 
choly man not to fear, not to be sad ; 'tis within his blood, his brains, his whole tem- 
perature, it cannot be removed. But he may choose whether he will give way too far 
unto it, he may in some sort correct himself A philosopher was bitlen with a mad dog, 
and as the nature of that disease is to abhor all waters, and liquid things, and to think 
still they see the picture of a dog before them : he went for all this, reluctantc sf , to the 
bath, and seeing there (as he thought) in the water the picture of a dog, with reason 
overcame this conceit, quid cani cum balneof what should a dog do in a bath? 
a mere conceit. Thou thinkest thou hearest and seest devils, black men, &c., 
'tis not so, 'tis thy corrupt fantasy; settle thine imagination, thou art well. Thou 
thinkest thou hast a great nose, thou art sick, every man observes thee, laughs thee 
to scorn ; persuade thyself 'tis no such matter : this is fear only, and vain suspicion. 
Thou art discontent, thou art sad and heavy; but why. ^ upon what ground .^ con- 
sider of it: thou art jealous, timorous, suspicious; for what cause? examine it 
thoroughly, thou shalt find none at all, or such as is to be contemned; such as thou 
wilt surely deride, and contemn in thyself, when it is past. Rule thyself then with 
reason, satisfy thyself, accustom thyself, wean thyself from such fond conceits, vain 
fears, strong imaginations, restless thoughts. Thou mayest do it; Est in nobis 
assuescere (as Plutarch saith), we may frame ourselves as we will. As he that useth 
an upright shoe, may correct the obliquity, or crookedness, by wearing it on the 
other side ; we may overcome passions if we will. Quicquid sihi imperavit ani?nus 
obtinuit (as ^® Seneca saith) niiUi tarn fcri ajfecfus^ ut nan discipUnd perdomentur^ 
whatsoever the will desires, she may command: no such cruel affections, but by dis- 
cipline they may be tamed ; voluntarily thou wilt not do this or that, which thou 
oughtest to do, or refrain, &c., but when thou art lashed like a dull jade, thou wilt 
reform it : fear of a whip will make thee do, or not do. Do that voluntarily then 
which thou canst do, and must do by compulsion ; thou mayest refrain if thou wilt, 
and master thine affections. '^''As in a city (saith Melancthon) they do by stubborn 
rebellious rogues, that will not submit themselves to political judgment, compel them 
by force; so must we do by our affections. If the heart will not lay aside those 
vicious motions, and the fantasy those fond imaginations, we have another form of 
government to enforce and refrain our outward members, that they be not led by our 
passions." If appetite will not obey, let the moving faculty overrule her, let her 
resist and compel her to do otherwise. In an ague the appetite would drink ; sore 
eyes that itch would be rubbed ; but reason saith no, and therefore the moving 
faculty will not do it. Our fantasy would intrude a thousand fears, suspicions, chi- 
meras upon us, but we have reason to resist, yet we let it be overborne by our appe- 
tite; ^'"•imagination enforceth spirits, which, by an admirable league of nature, compel 
the nerves to obey, and they our several limbs :" we give too much way to our pas- 
sions. And as to him that is sick of an ague, all things are distasteful and unplea- 
sant, non ex cibi vitio, saith Plutarch, not in the meat, but in our taste : so many 
things are offensive to us, not of themselves, but out of our corrupt judgment, 
jealousy, suspicion, and the like : we pull these mischiefs upon our own heads. 

If then our judgment be so depraved, our reason overruled, will precipitated, that 
we cannot seek our own good, or moderate ourselves, as in this disease commonly 
it is, the best vvay for ease is to impart our misery to some friend, not to smother it 
up in our own breast: aliter vitium crescitque tegendo, <S|-c., and that which was most 



asLih. 2. de ira. "sCap. 3. de affect, a-niin. Ut in 

livitatihus conliimaces qui non cediint politico imperio 
vi coercendi sunt; ita Dens nohis iiididit alternni im- 
perii formani ; si cor non depnnit vitiosnni atfi'ctum, 
nembra forascoercenda sunt, na ruant in i|uod atf>::ctus 

42 2 c 3 



impellat: et locomotiva, qus herili imporioobtemperat. 
alteri resistat. 2? |ina!;inatio inipcllit spiritns, el 

inde nervi nioventur. &c et oblernperant imaeina 
tioni et appetitui iiiirat)ili fivdere, ud exequenduin quoi 
jnlient. 



330 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part 2 =ect. 2 



offensive to us, a cause of fear and grief, quod nunc te coquif., another hell ; for 
'^strangulat inclusus dolor atque excestuat intus, grief concealed strangles the soul; 
but when as we shall but impart it to some discreet, trusty, loving friend, it is 
'•''instantly removed, by his counsel happily, wisdom, persuasion, advice, bis good 
means, which we could not otherwise apply unto ourselves. A friend's counsel is 
a charm, like mandrake wine, ciiras sopit. ; and as a ^'bull that is tied to a lig-tree 
becomes gentle on a sudden (which some, saith ^' Plutarch, interpret of good words), 
so is a savage, obdurate heart mollified by fair speeches. " All adversity finds ease 
in complaining (as ^Msidore holds), "and 'tis a solace to relate it," ^'AyaOride rfopou,'- 
papt,^ iotiv troipov. Friends' confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in 
winter, shade in summer, quale sopor fcssis in gramine, meat and drink to him that 
is hungry or athirst ; Democritus's coUyrium is not so sovereign to the eyes as this 
!s to the heart; good words are cheerful and powerful of themselves, but much more 
from friends, as so many props, mutually sustaining 'each other like ivy and a waif, 
which Camerarius hath well illustrated in an emblem. Lenit animum simplex vel 
scppe narralio, the simple narration many times easeth our distressed mind, and in 
the midst of greatest extremities; so diverse have been relieved, by ** exonerating 
themselves to a faithful friend : he sees that which we cannot see for passion and 
discontent, he pacifies our minds, he will ease our pain, assuage our anger ; quavla 
inde voluplas, quanta securitas, Chrysostom adds, what pleasure, what security by 
that means ! ^^^ Nothing so available, or that so much refresheth the soul of man." 
Tully, as I remember, in an epistle to his dear friend Atticus, much condoles the 
defect of such a friend, ^.'•'■fl live here (saith he) in a great city, where I have a multi- 
tude of acquaintance, but not a man of all that company with whom I dare familiarly 
breathe, or freely jest. Wherefore I expect thee, I desire thee, I send for thee; for 
there be many things which trouble and molest me, which had I but thee in presence. 
I could quickly disburden myself of in a walking discourse."' The like, perad- 
venture, may he and he say with ihat old man in the comedy, 

37" Neinn est inrorum amicorum hodie, 

Apud quein e.xpromere occulta niea audeani." 

and much inconvenience may both he and he suffer in the meantime by it. He or 
he, or whosoever then labours of this malady, by all means let him get some trusty 
friend, ^* Semper habens Pylademquc aliquem qui curet Orestem, a Pylades, to whom 
freely and securely he may open himself For as in all other occurrences, so it is 
in this, Si quia in caelum ascendisset, 8fc. as he said in ^^ Tully, if a man had gone 
to heaven, " seen the beauty of the skies," stars errant, fixed, &c., insuavis erit 
admiratio^ it will do him no pleasure, except he have somebody to impart what he 
hath seen. It is the best thing in the world, as ■'° Seneca therefore adviseth in such 
a case, " to get a trusty friend, to whom we may freely and sincerely pour out our 
secrets ; nothing so delightelh and easeth the mind, as when we have a prepared 
bosom, to which our secrets may descend, of whose conscience we are assured as 
our own, whose speech may ease our succourless estate, counsel relieve, mirth expel 
our mourning, and whose very sight may be acceptable unto us." It was the counsel 
which that politic *" Commineus gave to all princes, and others distressed in mind. 

by occasion of Charles Duke of Burgundy, that was much perplexed, " first to pray 

(to God, and lay himself open to him, and then to some special friend, whom we 
hold most dear, to tell all our grievances to him; nothing so forcible to strengthen, 
recreate, and heal the wounded soul of a miserable man." 



^eOvidTrist. lib. 5. 29 Participes inde calaiiiltatis 

nostra; sunt, et velut exonerata in eos sarcina onere 
Icvamiir. Arist. Kth. lib. 9. ao Camerarius Enibl. 26. 
Cen. 2. 31 Sympos. lib. 6. cap. 10. sa Epist. 8. 

lib. 3. Adversa I'ortuna liabet in querelis levanientum ; 
et nialorumj^latio, &,c. ^ Alloquium chari jiivat, 

et solanien aiiiici. Eiiiblem. 54. cent. 1. 3^ As David 
did to Jonathan, 1 Sam. xx. ^Seneca Epist. t)7 

86 Hie in civitale macna et turb.^ magna neminem 
feperire po.-isntnus quocum suspirare familiariter aut 
jocari libere possimns. dnare te expectamus, te desi- 
deramus, te arcessinnis. Multa sunt enim (\uve nie 
solicit.'i'it et angunt, quae mihi videor aures tuas nactus, 
dnius ambulatiunis serinone ezhaurire posse. '^ I 



have not a single friend this rlay, to whom I dare to 
disclose my secrets." s^Ovid. so Oe amicitia, 

^oDe tranquil, c. 7. Optimum est amiciim fidelem nan- 
cisci in quem secreta nostra infundaniiis; nihil aique 
oblectat animum, quam uhi sint pra'parata pc^ctora, in 
quEE tuto secreta descendant, quorum coiiscientia teque 
ao tua: quorum sernio solitudineni leniat, seiit<;ntia 
consilium expediat, hilaritas tristitjam dissipet, con- 
spectusque ipse delectet. 4' Comment. /. 7. Ad 

Deum confugiamus, et peccatis veniam precemur 'Tide 
ad aniicos, et cni pluriinum trihuimus, nos pat'.^oia 
mus lotos, et animi vnlniis quo aflligimur: n Ai! a(t 
reficiendum animum edicacius. 



Mem. 6. Subs. 2. J 



Mind rectified. 



331 



SuBSECT. II. — Help from friends by counsel^ comfort.^ fair and foul mcans^ witty 
devices., satisfaction., alteration of his course of life., removing objects., &jc. 

When the patient of himself is not able to resist, or overcome these heart-eating 
passions, his friends or physician must be ready to supply that which is wanting. 
Suce. erit humanitalis et sapicnti.cE (which "'^Tully enjoinetii in like case) siquid erra~ 
ttim., curare., aiit improvisum., sua diligcntia corrigere. Tliey must all join ; nee satis 
medico., sailh ^^ Hippocrates, suum fecisse ojficiwn., nisi suum quoque cegrotus, suum 
astantes, 6fc. First, tliey must especially beware, a melancholy discontented person 
(be it in what kind of melancholy soever) never be lei't alone or idle : but as physi- 
cians prescribe physic, cum cuslodid, let them not be left unto themselves, but with 
some company or other, lest by that means they aggravate and increase their dis- 
ease; non oportet cegros humjusmodi esse solos vel inter ignotos., vcl inter eos quos 
non amant aut negligunt, as Rod. a. Fonseca, torn. 1. consul. 35. prescribes. Lugentes 
custodire solemus (saith ''■' Seneca) ne solitudme male utantur; we watch a sorrowful 
person, lest he abuse his solitariness, and so should we do a melancholy man; set 
him about some business, exercise or recreation, which may divert his thoughts, and 
still keep him otherwise intent; for his fantasy is so restless, operative and quick, 
that if it be not in perpetual action, ever employed, it will work upon itself, melan- 
cholise, and be carried away instantly, with some fear, jealousy, discontent, suspi- 
cion, some vain conceit or other. If his weakness' be such that he cannot discern 
what is amiss, correct, or satisfy, it behoves them by counsel, comfort, or persua- 
sion, by fair or foul means, to alienate his rnind, by some artificial invention, or some 
contrary persuasion, to remove all objects, causes, companies, occasions, as may 
any ways molest him, to humour him, please him, divert him, and if it be possible, 
by altering his course of life, to give him security and satisfaction. If he conceal 
his grievances, and will not be known of them, ■'^''' they must observe by his looks, 
gestures, motions, fantasy, what it is that offends," and then to apply remedies unto 
him : many are instantly cured, when their minds aie satisfied. ""^ Alexander makes 
mention of a woman, " that by reason of her husband's long absence in travel, was 
exceeding peevish and melancholy, but when she heard her husband was returned, 
beyond all expectation, at the first sight of him, she was freed from all fear, without 
help of any other physic restored to her former health." Trincavellius, consil. 12, 
lib. I. hath such a story of a Venetian, that being much troubled with melancholy, 
■•'"•and ready to die for grief, when he heard his wife was brought to bed of a son, 
instantly recovered." As Alexander concludes, ^**" If our imaginations be not in- 
veterate, by this art they may be cured, especially if they proceed from such a 
cause." No better way to satisfy, than to remove the object, cause, occasion, if 
by any art or means possible we may find it out. If he grieve, stand in fear, be in 
'suspicion, suspense, or any way molested, secure him, Solvitur malum, give him 
satisfaction, the cure is ended ; alter his course of life, there needs no other physic. 
If the party be sad, or otherwise aflected, ^^ consider (saith ''^Trallianus) the manner 
of it, all circumstances, and forthwith make a sudden alteration," by removing the 
occasions, avoid all terrible objects, heard or seen, ^"'^ monstrous and prodigious 
aspects," tales of devils, spirits, ghosts, tragical stories ; to such as are in fear they 
strike a great impression, renewed many times, and recall such chimeras and terrible 
fictions into their minds. ^' " Make not so much as mention of them in private talk, 
or a dunib show tending to that purpose : such things (saith Galateus) are offensive 
to their imaginations." And to those that are now in sorrow, ^' Seneca " forbids all 
sad companions, and such as lament ; a groaning companion is an enemy to quiet- 



« Ep. a. frat. « Aphor. prim. ** Epist. \0. 

«6 Observando motus, gfcstus, inatuis, pedes, oculos, 
^liaiitasiam, Piso. *^M\i\ier melaricliolia correpta ex 
loiiga viri peregrinatione, et iracuiide omnibus respon- 
Jens, qiiurn maritus domum reversiis, priEler spam, &c. 

PriB dolore morituriis quuiii niincialum esset uxorem 
peperisse A<iuin suhito recuperavit. ** Nisi affecliis 

i.-ngo tempore infestaverit, tali ariificio imaginatioiies 
curare oportet, pra>sertiin ubi malum ah Ins velut a pri- 
piaria causa occasionem habuerit. 4" Lib. 1. cap. lU. 



Si ex tristitia aut alio aftectu caeperit, sfieciem cotisi- 
dera, aut aliud qui eorum, qu;E siibitam alteraliouem 
facere possuiit. ^o Evitaiidi moiistrifici aspectus, &,c. 
61 Neque eriim tarn actio, aut recordatio rpruui tiujus. 
modi displicet, sed iis vel gestus alterius Imaginationi 
adumbrarc, vehementer molestum. Galat. de mor. rap. 
7. sai'mnqiiil. Pra-cipue vitentur tristcs, et i>mnia 

deplorarites ; tranquillitati iriimicus est comes porlur 
batus, omnia gemens. 



332 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 

aess. ' '''Or if tlieru be any such party, at whose presence the patient is not wt^i 
pleaded, he must be removed : gentle speeches, and fair means, must first be tried; 
no harsh language used, or uncomfortable words ; and not expel, as some do, one 
madness with another; he that so doth, is madder than the patient himself:" all 
things must be quietly composed ; evcrsa nan evertenda, sed erigenda, things down 
must not be dejected, but reared, as Crato counselleth ; ^''"he must be quietly and 
gently used," and we should not do anything against his mind, but by little and little 
effect it. As a horse that starts at a drum or trumpet, and will not endure the shoot- 
ing of a piece, may be so manned by art, and animated, that he cannot only endure, 
but is much more generous at the hearing of sucli things, much more courageous 
than before, and much delighteth in it : they must not be reformed ex ahrupto,, bul 
by all art and insinuation, made to such companies, aspects, objects they could not 
formerly away with. Many at tirst cannot endure the sight of a green wound, a 
sick man, which afterward become good chirurgeons, bold empirics : a horse starts 
at a rotten post afar oi\\ whiih coming near he quietly passeth. 'Tis much in the 
manner of making such kind of persons, be they never so averse from company, 
bashful, solitary, timorous, they may be made at last with those Roman matrons, to 
desire nothing more than in a public show, to see a full company of gladiators breathe 
out their last. 

If they may not otherwise be accustomed to brook such distasteful and displeas- 
ing objects, the best way then is generally to avoid them. Montanus, consil. 229. 
to the Earl of Montfort, a courtier, and his melancholy patient, adviseth him to leave 
the court, by reason of those continual discontents, crosses, abuses, ^^" cares, suspi- 
cions, emulations, ambition, anger, jealousy, which that place afforded, and which 
surely caused him to be so melancholy at the first :" Maxima quceque domus servis 
est plena superbis : a company of scoffers and proud jacks are commonly conversant 
and attend in such places, and able to make any man that is of a soft, quiet disposi- 
tion (as many tinses they do) ex stullo insanum, if once they humour him, a very 
idiot, or stark mad. A thing too much practised in all common societies, and they 
have no better sport than to make themselves merry by abusing some silly fellow. 
or to take advantage of another man's weakness. \i\ such cases as in a plague, the 
best remedy is cild., huge tarde: (for to such a party, especially if he be apprehen- 
sive, there can be no greater misery) to get him quickly gone far enough off, and not 
to be overhasty in his return. If he be so stupid that he do not apprehend it, his 
friends should take some order, and by their discretion supply that which is want- 
ing in him, as in all otiier cases they ought to do. If they see a man melancholy 
given, solitary, averse from company, please himself with such private and vain medi- 
tations, though he delight in it, they ought by all means seek to divert him, to dehorl 
him, to tell him of the event and danger that may come of it. If they see a man 
idle, that by reason of his means otherwise will betake himself to no course of life, 
they ought seriously to admonish him, he makes a noose to entangle himself, his 
want of employment will be his undoing. If he have sustained any great loss, suf- 
fered a repulse, disgrace, 8cc., if it be possible, relieve him. If he desire aught, let 
him be satisfied ; if in suspense, fear, suspicion, let him be secured : and if it may 
conveniently be, give him his heart's content; for the body cannot be cured till the 
mind be satisfied. ^® Socrates, in Plato, would prescribe no physic for Charmides' 
headache, " till first he had eased his troubled mind ; body and soul must be cured 
together, as head and eyes. 

M" Oculum noil curabis sine toto capite. 
Nee caput sine toto corpore, 
Nee tolum corpus sine anima." 

[f that may not be hoped or expected, yet ease him with comfort, cheerful speeches, 
fair promises, and good words, persuade him, advise him. " Many," saith ^* Galen, 

Mlllorum qnoque hominum, a quorum consortio ab- lancholicum. ceNisi prius animura turbatissimum 



horrent, pra-sentia aniovenda, nee sermonibus iiigralis 
obtudendi ; si quis iiisariiain ab insania sic curari iBsti- 
met, ot prnterve utilnr, inagis qiiam iEger iiisanit. 
Crato consil. 184. Scoltzii. " Molliter ac suaviter 

eger tractetur, nee ad ea adicatur qus non curat 



curasset; oculi sine capite, nee corpus sine anima cu- 
rari potest. " E grajco. " You sliall not cure the 
eye, unless you cure the whole head also ; nor the head, 
unh'ss the whole body; nor the whole body, unless the 
soul besides." "* Kt nos non paucos sanavimus. 



•'Ob suspiciones curas, a?ni(ilaiionem, ambitionein, I animj motibus ad debitum revocatis, lib 1. de sanit 
iias, &c. quas locus ille ministrat, et quee fecisseut me- tuend. 



Mem. 6. Subs. 2.] Mind rectified. 333 

'*■ have been cured by good counsel and persuasion alone. Heaviness of the heart 
of man doth bring it down, but a good word rejoiceth it," Prov. xii. 25. "And there 
is he that speaketh words lil^e the pricking of a sword, but the tongue of a wise 
man is health," ver. 18. Oratio^namqrie saiicii animi est, remedium., a gentle speed; 
IS the true cure of a wounded soul, as ^^ Plutarch contends out of ^schylus anc> 
Euripides : " if it be wisely administered it easeth grief and pain, as diverse remedies 
do many other diseases." 'Tis incaniattonis instarj a charm, cestuantis animi refri- 
gerium., that true Nepenthe of Homer, which was no Indian plant, or feigned medi- 
cine, which Epidamna, Thonis' wife, sent Helena for a token, as Macrobius, 7. 
Saturnal. Goropius Hermat. lih. 9. Greg. Nazianzen, and others suppose, but oppor- 
tunity of speech : for Helena's bowl, Medea's unction, Venus's girdle, Circe's cup, 
cannot so enchant, so forcibly move or alter as it doth. A letter sent or read will 
do as much •, multum allevor quum tuas iiteras lego, I am much eased, as *" TuUy 
wrote to Pomponius Atticus, when I read thy letters, and as Julianus the Apostate 
once signified to Maximus the philosopher ; as Alexander slept with Homer's works, 
so do I with thine epistles, tanquam PcEoniis medicamentis, easqiie assidue lanquam 
recentes et novas iteramus; scribe ergo, et assidue scribe, or else come thyself; ami- 
cus ad amicuni venies. Assuredly a wise and well-spoken man may do what he will 
in such a case ; a good orator alone, as ^' TuUy holds, can alter affections by power 
of his eloquence, ^ comfort such as are afflicted, erect such as are depressed, expel 
and mitigate fear, lust, anger," &c. And how powerful is the charm of a discreet 
and dear friend .'' IlJe regit dictis animos et temperat iras. What may not he effect ? 
As ^^Chremes told Menedemus, '■^ Fear not, conceal it not, O friend ! but tell me what 
it is that troubles thee, and I shall surely help thee by comfort, counsel, or in the 
matter itself./ ""Arnoldus, lib. 1. breviar. cap. 18. speaks of a usurer in his time, thai 
upon a loss, much melancholy and discontent, was so cured. As imagination, fear, 
grief, cause such passions, so conceits alone, rectified by good hope, counsel, Stc, 
are able again to help : and 'tis incredible how much they can do in such a case, as 
^Trincavellius illustrates by an example of a patient of his; Porphyrins, the philo- 
sopher, in Plotinus's life (written by him), relates, that being in a discontented 
humour through insufl^erable anguish of mind, he was going to make away himself: 
but meeting by chance his master Plotinus, who perceiving by his distracted looks 
all was not wfll, urged him to confess his grief: which when he had heard, he used 
such comfortable speeches, that he redeemed him e faucibus Ercbi, pacified his 
unquiet mind, insomuch that he was easily reconciled to himself, and much abashed 
to think afterwards that he should ever entertain so vile a motion. By all means, 
therefore, fair promises, good words, gentle persuasions, are to be used, not to be 
too rigorous at first, *^" or to insult over them, not to deride, neglect, or contemn," 
but rather, as Lemnius exhorteth, " to pity, and by all plausible means to seek to 
redress them :" but if satisfaction may not be had, mild courses, promises, comfort- 
able speeches, and good counsel will not take place ; then as Christopherus a Vega 
determines, lib. 3. cap. 14. de Mel. to handle them more roughly, to threaten and 
chide, saith ^® Altomarus, terrify sometimes, or as Salvianus will have them, to be 
lashed and whipped, as we do by a starting horse, ^' that is affrighted without a cause, 
or as ^ Rhasis adviseth, " one while to speak fair and flatter, another while to terrify 
ai\d chide, as they shall see cause." 

When none of these precedent remedies will avail, it will not be amiss, which 
Savanarola and jElian Montaltus so much commend, clav7im clavo pellere,^^''\tn 
drive out one passion with another, or by some contrary passion," as they do Ideed- 
Ing at nose by letting blood in the arm, to expel one fear with another, one grief 
with another. ™ Christopherus a Vega accounts it rational pliysic, non alienum a 



MConsol. ad Apolloniiim. Si quis sapionter et siio 
lsin))(>re adliiheat, Remedia morbis diversis diversa 
■luiit ; dolenteni sermo benignus sublevat. ^ Lib. 

/'.'. Epist. "' De nat. deorum coiisolatiir afHictos, 

ilcdiicit perterritos a timore, cupidilales iinpriniis, et 
•raciindias cimipriiiiit. ^2 Heauton. Act. 1. Seen. ]. 

Ne metiie, ne verere, crede iriquam mihi, aiit consolan 



hominibus insultet, ant in illns sit severior, veruin mi- 
seria> pntiiis inilolescat, vicfMiique deplorct. lib. 2. cap. 
11). <!6Cap. 7. Idem Piso L:iurenrius cap 8. s'Cinod 
timet nihil est, iibi cngitur et videt. 6* Una vice 

blatidiantiir, una vice iisdem terrorem iiicutiant 
MSi vero fiierit e.x novo malo andito. vel ex animi ac 
cidente, ant de ainissione inerciiim, ant morte amiri, 



do, ant consilio, aut rcjnvero. 63 ivovi fencraiorem '• introducantur nova contraria his qnfE ipsnm ad gaudia 

ivarnd apud meos sic curatnm, qui multani pecuniam moveant; de hoc semper niti debi'aius, &.c, ™ljb, 

amisprat. " Lib, 1. consil. 12. Incredibile dictii | 3. cap. 14. 

quanlur" juvvnt. 66 Nemo istiusmodi cojidilionis I 



334 



Cure of Melancholy 



[Part. 2. Sec. 'i 



rufionc: »jnd Lemnius much approves it, " to use a hard wedge to a hard knot," to 
'Irive out one (Hsease with another, to pull out a tooth, or wound him, to geld him. 
saith ■" Flatenis, as they did epileptical patients of old, because it quite alters the 
temperature, that the pain of the one may mitigate the grief of the other; '^"and 1 
knew one that was so cured of a quartan ague, by the sudden coming of his enemies 
upon him." If we may believe " Pliny, whom Scaliger calls mendacioriim pafrcm, 
the father of lies, Q,. Fabius Maximus, that renowned consul of Rome, in a battle 
fought with the king of the AUobroges, at the river Isaurus, was so rid of a quartan 
.igue. Valesius, in his controversies, holds this an excellent remedy, and if it be 
discreetly used in this malady", better than any physic. 

Sometimes again by some '■* feigned lie, strange news, witty device, artificial inven- 
tion, it is not amiss to deceive them. '^''As they hate those," saith Alexander, " that 
neglect or deride, so they will give ear to such as will soothe them up. If they say 
they have swallowed frogs or a snake, by all means grant it, and tell them you can 
easilv cure it ; 'tis an ordinary thing. Philodotus, the physician, cured a melancholy 
king, that thought his head was off, by putting a leaden cap thereon ; the weight 
made him perceive it, and freed him of his fond imagination. A woman, in the said 
Alexander, swallowed a serpent as she thought; he gave her a vomit, and conveyed 
a serpent, such as she conceived, into the basin ; upon the sight of it she was 
amended. The pleasantest dotage that ever I read, saith '** Laurentius, was of a gen- 
tleman at Senes in Italy, who was afraid to piss, lest all the town should be drowned ; 
the physicians caused the bells to be rung backward, and told him the town was on 
fire, whereupon he made water, and was immediately cured. Another supposed his 
nose so big that he should dash it against the wall if he stirred ; his physician took 
a great piece of flesh, and holding it in his hand, pinched him by the nose, making 
him believe that flesh was cut from it. Forestus, obs. lib. 1. had a melancholy patient, 
who thought he was dead, ""he put a fellow in a chest, like a dead man, by his 
bedside, and made him rear himself a little, and eat : the melancholy man asked the 
counterfeit, whether dead men use to eat meat ? He told him yea ; whereupon he 
did eat likewise and was cured." Lemnius, lib. 2. cap. 6. de 4. complex, hath many 
such instances, and Jovianus Pontanus, lib. 4. cap. 2. of Wisd. of the like; but 
amongst the rest I find one most memorable, registered in the '" French chronicles 
of an advocate of Paris before mentioned, who believed verily he was dead, &c. I 
read a multitude of examples of melancholy men cured by such artificial inventions. 

SuBSECT. III. — Music a remedy. 

Many and sundry are the means which philosophers and physicians have prescribed 
to exhilarate a sorrowful heart, to divert those fixed and intent cares and meditations, 
which in this malady so much offend ; but in my judgment none so present, none so 
powerful, none so apposite as a cup of strong drink, mirth, music, and merry company 
Ecclus. xl. 20. "Wine and music rejoice the heart." '^Rhasis, cont. 9. Tract. 15 
Altomarus, cap. 7. J^lianus Montaltus, c. 26. Ficinus. Bened. Victor. Faventinus are al- 
most immoderate in the commendation of it ; a most forcible medicine *" Jacchinus calls 
it: Jason Pratensis, "a most admirable thing, and worthy of consideration, tliat can 
so mollify the mind, and stay those tempestuous affections of it." Musica est mentis 
medicina moestce., a roaring-meg against melancholy, to rear and revive the languish- 
ing soul; ^'"afl^ecting not only the ears, but the very arteries, the vital and animal 
spirits, it erects the mind, and makes it nimble." Lemnius, instil, cap. 44. This it 
will efl^ect in the most dull, severe and sorrowful souls, ^^'^ expel grief with mirth, 
and if there be any clouds, dust, or dregs of cares yet lurking in our thoughts, most 



"Cap. 3. Castratio olim a veterihiis usa in morbis 
desperatis, &c. ''Lib. 1. cap. 5. sic morbum morbo, 

ut clavuiii clavo, retuiuliinus, et inalo nodo nialiim cu- 
neuni adhibemiis. Novi ego qui ex subito hnstiuni in- 
ciKsii f t inopi natotiinorpquartaiiam ilepiilerat. "3 Lib. 
7. cap. 50. In acie pugnans fehre qiiartana liberatus 
i-Ft. '* Jacchinus, c. 15. in 9. Rhasis Moiit. cap. 26. 

"Lib. J. cap. 16. aversantiir eos qui enrum affectiis ri- 
dent, tontemnunt. Si ranas et viperas cnmndisse se 
piitant, concedcre deberniis, et sppin dc ciira facere 
"Tap. 8. de mel. TiOistnni nosiiit ex Medicorum 



consilin prope eutn, in qiiem alium se mortiium fingen- 
trm paciiit; liic in cisia jacens, .fcc. 't'Serres. 1550. 

'» In 9. Rhasis. Magnani vim haliet musica. «> ('ai- 

de Mania. Admiranda profeclo res est, et difrna expei.- 
sione, quod sniinrnm concinnitas nientem emolliat, t-is- 
tatque procellnsas ipsius aflecliones. »' Lansuens 

animus inde erigitnr et reviviscit, nee tarn anres afficit, 
sed et sonitu per arterias undiqiie diffiisn, spiritus tuni 
vitales turn aninialps exci'lt. nientPin reddens anilem, 
Sci:. <« Musica venustate sua mentes severiores 

capit., &c. 



Mem. 6, Subs. 3.J Perturbations rectified. 335 

powerfully it wipes thepi al. away," Salisbur. 7)o//7. lib. 1. cap. 6. and that which is 
more, it will perform all this in an instant: ^^" Cheer up the countenance, expel 
austerity, bring in hilarity (Girakl. Cnmb. cap. 12. Topog. Hiber.) inform our man- 

• iiers, mitigate anger;" Athenseus (Dipnosophist. lib. 14. cap. 10.) calleth it an infinite 
treasure to such as are endowed with it : Dulcisonum reficit tristia corda melos. 
Eobunas Hessus. Many other properties ^^ Cassiodorus, epist. 4. reckons up of this 
our divine music, not only to expel the greatest griefs, but " it doth extenuate fears 
and furies, appeaseth cruelty, abateth heaviness, and to such as are watchful it 
causelli quiet rest ; it takes away spleen and hatred," be it instrumental, vocal, with 
strings, wind, ^^Qu.ce. a spiritu., sine manuum dexteritate gubernet.ur.i Sfc. it cures all 
irksomeness and heaviness of the soul. "^^ Labouring men that sing to their work, 
can tell as much, and so can soldiers when they go to fight, whom terror of death 
cannot so much affright, as the sound of trumpet, drum, fife, and such like music 
animates ; metus enim mortis., as **' Censorinus informeth us, mnsica depellUur. '( It 
makes a child quiet," the nurse's song, and many times the sound of a trumpet on 
a sudtTen, bells ringing, a carman's whistle, a boy singing some ballad tune early in 
the streets, alters, revives, recreates a restless patient that cannot sleep in the night, 
&c. In a word, it is so powerful a thing that it ravisheth the soul, regina sensuum, 
the queen of the senses, by sweet pleasure (which is a happy cure), and corporal 
tunes pacify our incorporeal soul, sine ore loquens, dominatum in animam exercet, 
and carries it beyond itself, helps, elevates, extends it. Scaliger, exercit. 302, gives 
a reason of these effects, ^'*'*' because the spirits about the heart take in that trembling 
and dancing air into the body, are moved together, and stirred up with it," or else 
the mind, as some suppose harmonically composed, is rbused up at the tunes of 
, music. And 'tis not only men that are so affected, but almost all other creatures 

J-'You know the tale of Hercules Gallus, Orpheus, and Amphlon, fcelices ani mas Ovid 
calls them, that could saxa movere sono testudinis., S^c. make stocks and stones, as 
well as beasts and other animals, dance after their pipes : the dog and hare, wolf and 
lamb; viciniimque lupo prcebuit agna latus ; clamosus gracalus^ stridula comix., ei 
Jovis aquilaf as Philostratus describes it in his images, stood all gaping upon Or- 
pheus ; and *^ trees pulled up by the roots came to hear him, Et comitem quercum 
pivMS arnica trahit. 

Arion made fishes follow him, which, as common experience evinceth, ^°are much 
affected with music. All singing birds are much pleased with it, especially nightin- 
fi^ales, if we may believe Calcagninus ; and bees amongst the rest, though they be fly- 
mg away, when they hear any tingling sound, will tarry behind. ^' " Harts, hinds, 
horses, dogs, bears, are exceedingly delighted with it." Seal, exerc. 302. Elephants, 
Agrippa adds, lib. 2. cap. 24.- and in Lydia in the midst of a lake there be certain 
floating islands (if ye will believe it), that after music will dance. 
' But to leave all declamatory speeches in praise ^^ of divine music, i will confine 
myself to my proper subject : besides that excellent power it hath to expel many 
other diseases, it is a sovereign remedy against ®^ despair and melancholy, and will 
drive away the devil himself. Canus, a Rhodian fiddler, in ^'' Philostratus, when 
ApoUonius was inquisitive to know what he could do with his pipe, told him, "That 
he would make a melancholy man merry, and him that was merry much merrier 
than before, a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout. Ismenias the 
Theban, ^' Chiron the centaur, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by 
music alone : as now they do those, saith '"^ Bodine, that are troubled with St. Vitus's 
Bedlam dance. ®' Timotheus, the musician, compelled Alexander to skip up and down, 
and leave his dinner (like the tale of the Friar and the Boy), whom Austin, de civ. 

*3 Animns tristes subiloexhilarat, niibilos viiUiis sere- show tliemselves dancing at the sounil of a Trumpet, 
nal, ausle -ilalein reponit, jiiciiiiditatHm exponit, har- fol. 35. 1. et fol. 1,54. iJ huok. ^i f)e cervo, eqim, cane, 
barieiiiriue facit deponere geriles, mores iiisiitiiit, ira- ; urso idem compertum ; musica afficiiiritiir. ^-Sfuir.eii 
ciiiidiam initigat. 64(;jthara Iristitiain jucundat, ; inest numeris. ^13 S;epe graves iikorbos modiilatiuri 

tJmidos furores attenuat, cnieiitam sa;vitiain blande re- ; carmen abef;it. Et desperatis conciliavit opem. ^"^ Lib. 
fic.it, laiigiioreiii. &c. "'Pet Aretiiie. s'-Castilio ' 5. cap. 7. IMoBrentibus moBrorem adimam. lEtatitem 

de aiilic. lib 1. ibl. 27. ^' Lib. de Natali. cap. 12. vero seipso reddam hilariorem, amantem calidioreiii, 

•"(iuod spiritiis qui in corde agilarit Ireniulem et sub- religiosiim divine numine rorreptnm, et ad Deos colen- 
•altaiitem recipiunt aerem in pectus, et Inde excitantur, dos paratiorem. ^ Natalis Comes .Myth. lib. 4. cap. 

i spiritu niusculi moventiir, &c. '» Arhores radicihiis | 12 "6 Lib. 5. de rep. Curat. iMu.<ica furorein Sanrf 

■ viilsEP, &c. ^ .VI. Carew of Aiithotiy, in descript. viti. ''> Kxiliro 6 convivio. Cardan, subtil, lib. 11. 

Ciiriiwall, saith of vt'liales, that they will come and j 



336 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec 2. 

Dei^ lib. 17. cap. 14. so much commends for it. Who hath not heard how David's 
harmony drove away tlie evil spirits from king Saul, 1 Sam.xvi. and Elisha when he 
was much troubled by importunate kings, called" for a minstrel, "and when he played, 
the hand of the Lord came upon him," 2 Kings iii. Censorinus de natali., cap. 12. re- 
ports how Asclepiades the physician helped many frantic persons by this means, p/ire- 
neLicorummentes morho turbatas — Jason Pratensis, cap.de Mania., hath many examples, 
how Clinias and Empedocles cured some desperately melancholy, and some mad by 
this our nmsic. Which because it hath such excellent virtues, belike ®^ Homer brings 
in Phemius playing, and the Muses singing at the banquet of the gods. Aristotle, 
Polit. I. 8. c. 5, Plato 2, de legibus, highly approve it, and so do all politicians. The 
Greeks, Romans, have graced music, and made it one of the liberal sciences, 
though it be now become mercenary. All civil Commonwealths allow it : Cneius 
Manlius (as ^^Livius relates) anno ab urb. cond. 567. brought first out of Asia to 
Rome singing wenches, players, jesters, and all kinds of music to their feasts. 
Your princes, emperors, and persons of any quality, maintain it in their courts ; no 
mirth without music. Sir Thomas More, in his absolute Utopian commonwealth, 
allows music as an appendix to every meal, and that throughout, to all sorts. Epic- 
tetus calls mensam mulam prcesepe, a table without music a manger : for " the con- 
cert of musicians at a banquet is a carbuncle set in gold ; and as the signet of an 
emerald well trimmed with gold, so is tlie melody of music in a pleasant banquet. 
Ecclus. xxxii. 5, 6. '"'^ Louis the Eleventh, when he invited Edward the Fourth to 
come to Paris, told him that as a principal part of his entertainment, he should hear 
sweet voices of children, Ionic and Lydian tunes, exquisite music, he should have 

a , and the cardinal of Bourbon to be his confessor, which he used as a most 

plausible argument : as to a sensual man indeed it- is. ' Lucian in his book, de salla- 
fione, is not ashamed to confess that he took infinite delight in singing, dancing, 
music, women's company, and such like pleasures : " and if thou (saith he) didsl 
but hear them play and dance, I know thou wouldst be so well pleased with the 
object, that thou wouldst dance for company thyself, without doubt thou wilt be 
taken with it." So Scaliger ingenuously confesseth, erercit. 274. ^" I am beyond all 
measure affected with music, I do most willingly behold them dance, I am mightily 
detained and allured with that grace and comeliness of fair women, 1 am well pleased 
to be idle amongst them." And what young man is not } As it is acceptable and 
conducing to most, so especially to a melancholy man. Provided always, his disease 
proceed not originally from it, that lie be not some light ina7narato, some idle phan- 
tastic, who capers in conceit all the day long, and thinks of nothing else, but how 
to make jigs, sonnets, madrigals, in commendation of his mistress, hi such cases 
music is most pernicious, as a spur to a free horse will make him run himself blind, or 
break his wind; Incitamenfum enim amoris musica., for music enchants, as Menander 
holds, it will make such melancholy persons mad, and the sound of those jigs and 
hornpipes will not be removed out of the ears a week after. ^ Plato for this reason 
forbids music and wine to al' young men, because they are most part amorous, ne 
ignis addalur igni., lest one fire increase another. Many men are melancholy by 
hearing music, but it is a p'.easing melancholy that it causeth ; and therefore to such 
as are discontent, in woe, fear, sorrow, or dejected, it is a most present remedy: it 
expels cares, alters their grieved minds, and easeth in an instant. Otherwise, saith 
* Plutarch, Musica magis dementat quam vinum ; music makes some men mad as a 
tiger; like Astolplios' horn in Ariosto ; or Mercury's golden wand in Homer, that 
made some wake, others sleep, it hath divers effects : and ^ Tlieophrastus right well 
prophesied, that diseases were either procured by music, or mitigated. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Mirth and merry company., fair objects., remedies. 

Mirth and merry company may not be separated from music, both concerning 
and necessarily required in this business. "Mirth," (saith ^Vives) " purge th the 

wiliad. I. M Libro 9. cap. 1. Psaltrias. Sambij- ] aspicio, pulchrariim fceminartim venustate detineor, 



cistrasque et rnnvivalia ludoriiiii ohlectanninla addita 
cpiiliis ex Asia iiivexH in urbein. nwcomineiis. 

> Ista libenter et maj2;iia cum voliiplate spectare soleo. 
Et scio tH illecehris lusce caf)tum iri et insuper tripiidia- 
tiiruin, haud dubiS demulcebere. * In iniisicis supra 

niauem tidem capior et oblector; choreas libentivsime 



otiari inter lias snliitus niris possum. '3. De legibuo 
♦ Sympiis. quest. 5. Musica iniiltus tnasis detneiitil 
qiiaiM vinnin. ^ Animi moriti vel a ninsica curantui 

vel interuiitur. e l,j|). ;). jg aiiinia Lajtitia piTgal 

sangiiinem, valettidinem coiiiservat, colorem induri 
flurenteiii, nitidum gratiim. 



M-3in 6 Subs. 4.] 



Mind rectified by Mirth. 



337 



biood, confirms health, causeth a fresh, pleasing, and fine colour," , rorogues life, 
whets the wit, makes tlie body young, lively and fit for any manner of employment. 
Tlie merrier the heart the longer the life ; " A merry heart is the life of the flesh," 
Prov. xiv. 30. "Gladness prolongs fiis days," Ecclus. xxx. 22; and tliis is one of 
the three Salernitan doctors. Dr. Merryman, Dr. Diet, Dr. Quiet, 'which cure all 

diseases Mens hilaris, reqnics, moderata dieta. ^ Go7nesius, prtsfat. lib. 3. de sal. 

en. is a great magnifier of honest mirth, by which (saith he) "we cure many pas- 
sions of the mind in ourselves, and in our friends ;" which ^ Galateus assigns for a 
cause why we love merry companions : and well they deserve it, being that as 
'" Magninus holds, a merry companion is better than any music, and as the saying is, 
comes jucundus in via pro vehicul.o.i as a waggon to him that is wearied on the way. 
Jucunda confabulatio., sales., joci., pleasant discourse, jests, conceits, merry tales, 
melliti verborum globuli.) as Petr'onius, "Pliny, '^Spondanus, '^Caelius, and many 
good authors plead, are that sole Nepenthes of Homer, Helena's bowl, Venus's 
girdle, so renowned of old '■* to expel grief and care, to cause mirth and gladness of 
heart, if they be rightly understood, or seasonably applied. In a word, 



■o" Amor, voluptas, Venus, gaudium, 

Jocus, luiliis, sernin suavis, suaviatio." 



"Gratification, pleasure, love, joy, 
Mirth, sport, pleasant words and no alloy," 



are the true Nepenthes. For these causes our physicians generally prescribe this 
as a principal engine to batter the walls of melancholy, a chief antidote, and a suffi- 
cient cure of itself " By all means (saith '^ Mesne) procure mirth to these men in 
such things as are heard, seen, tasted, or smelled, or any way perceived, and let them 
have all enticements and fair promises, the sight of excellent beauties, attires, orna- 
ments, delightsome passages to distract their minds from fear and sorrow, and such 
things on which they are so fixed and intent. "Let them use hunting, sports, plays, 
jests, merry company," as Rhasis prescribes, "which will not let the mind be 
molested, a cup of good drink now and then, hear music, and have such companions 
with whom they are especially delighted; '^ merry tales or toys, drinking, singing, 
dancing, and whatsoever else may procure mirth : and by no means, saith Guianerius 
Buffer them to be alone. Benedictus Victorius Faventinus, in his empirics, accounts 
it an especial remedy against melancholy, '*"to hear and see singing, dancing, 
maskers, mummers, to converse with such merry fellows and fair maids. For the 
beauty of a woman cheereth the countenance," Ecclus. xxxvi. 22. ^"Beauty alone 
s a sovereign remedy against fear, grief, and all melancholy fits; a charm, as Peter 
je la Seine and many other writers affirm, a banquet itself; he gives instance in dis- 
contented Menelaus, that was so often freed by Helena's fair face : and ^' TuUy, 
3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chief patron of this tenet. To expel grief, and procure 
pleasure, sweet smells, good diet, touch, taste, embracing, singing, dancing, spor 
plays, and above the rest, exquisite beauties, quibus oCuli jucunde moventur et animi.., 
are most powerful means, obvia forma., to meet or see a fair maid pass by, or to be 
in company with her. He found it by experience, and made good use of it in his 
own person, if Plutarch belie him not; for he reckons up the names of some more 
elegant pieces; ^^Leontia, Boedina, Hedieia, Nicedia, that were frequently seen in 
Epicurus' garden, and very familiar in his house. Neither did he try it himself alone, 
but if we may give credit to ^' Atheneus, he practised it upon others. For when a sad 
and sick patient was brought unto him to be cured, "he laid him on a down bed, 
crowned him with a garland of sweet-smelling flowers, in a fair perfumed closet 
delicately set out, and after a portion or two of good drink, which he administered. 



■" s^piritiis temperat, calorem excitat, naturalem virtu- 
tern corroborat, juvenile corpus din servat, vitani pro- 
rogat, ingeiiiutn aciiit et hominum negotii quibuslibet 
aptiorem rediiit. Schola Salem. * Dum contuiiielia 

vacant et festiva lenitate mordent, mediocres aiiiini 
fjgritudines sanari solent, &c. o De mor. fol. 57. 

A namusideo eos qui sunt faceti et jucundi. 'ORegiin. 
annit. part. '2. Nota quod amicus bonus et dilectus 
»i)cius, narrationibus suis jucundis superat omnein 
nielodiam. " Lib. 21. cap. 27. i^ Comment, in 

4 Odyss. i3Lib. 2G. c. 1.5. " Homericum illud 

Vepenthes quod niicrorem tollit, et cuthimiam, et liila- 
iitatem parit. '5 Plaui. Bacch. '« De Kgritud. 

:apitis. (Jmni modo generet Ifetitiam in iis, de iis quse 

idiuntur et videntur, aut odorantur, aut gustantiir, 
•ut quocunque modo sentiri possunt, et aspectu forma- 
•'(« iDulli decoris et ornatus, et negotialioiie ; jucunda, 



et blandieiitihus liidis,et promissis distrahantur, eorum 
animi, de re aliqua qiiani timeiit et dolent. " Ulan 
tur ve nalionibus luilis, jocis, amicorum consortiis qua- 
non sinunt animun\ turbari, vinoetcantu et loci niuta 
tlone, et biberia. et gandio, ex quibus pra!cipue delec- 
tantur. '» Piso ex fabniis et ludis qucerenda delec 

tatio. His versetur qui maxinie grati, sunt, cantus pt 
chorea ad la;titiam profunf. i3Pra;cipue valet ad 

expelleiidam nielancholiam stare in cantihus, ludis, et 
sonis et habilare cum familiaribus, et praecipue cum 
puellis jucundis. ™ Par. 5. de avocamentis lib. df 

absolvendo luctu. "Corporiim coinplexus, cantus 

liidi, formae, &c. ^^circa hortos Epiruri frequente*. 

■•'^ Dypnosoph. lib. 10. Coronavit florido Si^rto incendens 
odores, in culcitra plumea collocavit dulciculam Jf» 
tionem propinans psaltriam adduxit. Slc. 



43 



2D 



338 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 2 



he brought iii a Deautiful young ^'' wench that could play upon a lute, sing, and 
dance," &c. TuUy, 3. Tusc. scoffs at Epicurus, for this his profane physic (as well 
he deserved), and yet Phavorinus and Sfobeu^ highly approve of it ; most of our 
looser physicians in some cases, to such parties especially, allow of this ; and all of 
them will have a melancholy, sad, and discontented person, make frequent use ol 
honest sports, companies, and recreations, et incilandos ad Venerem, as ^^ Rodericus 
a Fohseca will, asprclu et contaclu pulcherrimarum fcBminarum, to be drawn to such 
consorts, whether they will or no. Not to be an auditor only, or a spectator, but 
sometimes an actor himself. Dulce est desipere in loco^ to play the fool now am! 
then is not amiss, there is a time for all things. Grave Socrates would be merry b> 
tits, sing, dance, and take his liquor too, or else Theodoret belies him; so would old 
Cato, "''Tully by his own confession, and the rest. Xenophon, in his Sympos. brings 
in Socrates as a principal actor, no man merrier than himself, and sometimes he would 

''"'ride a cockhorse with his children." equitare in arundine longa. (Though 

Alcibiades scoffed at him for it) and well he might; for now and then (sailh Plu- 
tarch) the most virtuous, honest, and gravest men will use feasts, jests, and toys, as 
we do sauce to our meats. So did Scipio and Laelius, 



'""Qui ul)i se a vulgo et scena in secreta remorant, 
Virlus Scipiada; et niitis sapientia L^li, 
Nugari cum illo, et disci ncli ludere, donee 
Decoquerelur olus, soliti" 



" Valorous Scipio and gentle Lsliiis, 
Removed from tlie scene and rout so clamorous. 
Were wont to recreate themselves their robes laid b) 
Whilst supper by the cook was making ready." 



Machiavel, in the eighth book of his Florentine history, gives this note of Cosmo de 
Medici, the wisest and gravest man of his time in Italy, that he would ^^"now and 
then play the most egregious fool in his carriage, and was so much given to jesters, 
players and childish sports, to make himself merry, that he that should but consider 
his gravity on the one part, his folly and lightness on the other, would surely sav, 
there were two distinct persons in him." Now methinks he did well in it, though 
'"Salisburiensis be of opinion, that magistrates, senators, and. grave men, should not 
descend to lighter sports, ne respublica hidere videatur: but as Themistocles, still 
keep a stern and constant carriage. 1 commend Cosmo de Medici and Castruccius 
Castrucanus, than whom Iialy never knew a worthier captain, another Alexander, If 
"Machiavel do not deceive us in his life: "when a friend of his reprehended him 
for dancing beside his dignity," (belike at some cushion dance) he told him again, 
qui sapit interdiu., vix unquam noctu desipit, he that is wise in the day may do4e a 
little in the night. ^ Paulus Jovius relates as much of Pope Leo Decimus, that he 
was a grave, discreet, staid man, yet sometimes most free, and too open in his sports. 
And 'tis not altogether '^^ unfit or misbeseeming the gravity of such a man, if that 
decorum of time, place, and such circumstances be observed. ^^ Misce slullitiam 
consiliis brevem; and as ^ he said in an epigram to his wife, I would have every mar 
say to himself, or to his friend, 



' Moll, once in pleasant company by chance, 
I wished that you tor company would dance: 
Which you ""efus'd, and said, your years re(iuire, 
Now, matron. like, both manners and attire. 
Well, M(dl, if needs you will be matron-like, 
Then trust to this, I will thee matron like : 
Ye^ so to you my love may never lessen, 
As you for church, house, bed, observe this lesson : 
Sit in the church as solemn as a saint, 
No deed, word, thought, your due devotion taint: 



Veil, if you will, your head, your soul reveal 

To him that only wounded souls can heal: 

Be in my house as busy as a bee. 

Having a sling for every one but me; 

Buzzing in every corner, gath'ring honey. 

Let nothing waste, that costs or yieldeth mon<»y. 

s^ ;'\nd when thou seest my heart to mirth incline. 

Thy tongue, wit, blood, warm with good cheer and wine 
'I'hen of sweet sports let no occasion scape. 
But be as wanton, toying as an ape." 



'fhose old ^Greeks had their Lubentiam Deam, goddess of pleasure, and the Lace- 
daimonians, instructed from Lycurgus, did Deo Risui siicrijicare, after their wars 
especially, and in times of peace, v/hich was used in Thessaly, as it appears by that 
of ^' Apuleius, who was made an instrument of their laughter himself: ''^"Because 
laughter and merriment was to season their labours and modester life," ^^Risus enirn 



**Vt reclinata sua' iter in tectum puella,&c. "'Tom. 
2. consult. fS. 26 Epist. fam. lib. 7. 22. epist. Heri 

demum bene potus, seroque reMieram. s; Valer. 

Max. cap. 8. lib. 8. Inlerposita arundine cruribus suis, 
cum hiiis ludens. ab Alcihiade risus est. ^ Hor. 

*' Hoininibus facetis, et liidis puerilibns ultra modum 
deditus adeo ut s. cui in eo tain gravitatem, quam levi. 
tatem considerare liberet. dims personas riistinctas in 
lo esse riiceret. 3o De iiugis curia I. lib. I. ca(i. 4. 

^fa^istratus et viri graves, a ludis leviuribus arccndi. 



31 Machiavel vita ejus. Ab amico reprehensus, quod 
priBter dignitatem tripudiis operam daret, respondet, 
&.C. -^There is a time for all things, to weep, 

laugh, mourn, dance, Eccles. iii. 4. S3 Hor. *iSir 

John Harrington, Epigr. .50. S6i^„cretia toto sig 

licet usque die, Thaida nocte volo. 36 Lil. Giraldu" 

hist, deor Syntag. I. 3' Lib. 2. de aur. as. ^ Eo 

quod risus essel laboris et luudesti victuscondiiiientum. 
3'»Caicag. epig. 



Mem. 6. Subs. 4.] 



Mind rectified hy Mirth. 



339 



diourn at que; hominum est (Sterna volupfas. Princes use jesters, players, ana have 
• hose masters of revels in their courts. The Romans at every supper (for they had 
no solemn dinner) used music, gladi^U^ors, jesters, &c. as '"'Suetonius relates of Tibe- 
rius, Dion of Commodus, and so did the Greeks. Besides music, in Xenophon's 
Sijmpos. Phdippus ridendi artifex, Philip, a jester, was brought to make sport. 
Paulus Jovius, in the eleventh book of his history, hath a pretty digression of our 
English customs, whiph howsoever some may misconstrue, I, for my part, will inter- 
pret to the best. '"^'The whole nation beyond all other mortal men, is most given 
to banquetting and feasts; for they prolong them many hours together, with dainw 
3heer, exquisite music, and facete jesters, and afterwards they fall a dancing an ' 
courting their mistresses, till it be late in the night." Volateran gives the same tes- 
timon}^ of this island, commending our jovial manner of entertainment and good 
mirth, and methiijks he saith well, there is no harm in it ; long may they use it, and 
all such modest sports. Ctesias reports of a Persian king, that had 150 maids 
attenthne at his table, to play, sing, and dance by turns; and ''^Lil. Geraldus of an 
Egyptian prmce, that kept nine virgins still to wait upon him, and those of most 
excellent feature, and sweet voices, which afterwards gave occasion to the Greeks 
of that fiction of the nine Muses. The king of ^Ethiopia in Africa, most of oui 
Asiatic princes have done so and do ; those Sophies, Mogors, Turks, &c. solace 
themselves after supper amongst their queens and concubines, quce jucundioris oblec- 
lamenti causa ('^ saith mine author) coram rege psallere et saltare consueverant, 
taKmg great pleasure to see and hear them sing and dance. This and many such 
means to exhilarate the heart of men, have been still practised in all ages, as knowing 
there is no better thing to the preservation of man's life. What shall I say, then, 
but to every melancholy man, 



*•> ■' Utere convivis, noii tristihus ulere amicis, 
duos iiuga! el risun, t-t jdca salsa juvaiil." 



' Feast often, and use friends not still so sad, 
VV'hose jests and merriments may make thee glad." 



Use honest and chaste sports, scenical shows, plays, games ; ^^Jlccedant juvennmque. 
Chori, mistceque ■pueiion. And as Marsilius Ficinus concludes an epistle to Bernard 
Canisianus, and some other of his friends, will I this tract to all good students^ 
**'■'. Live merrily, O my friends, free from cares, perplexity, anguish, grief of mind 
live'mernly," Icetitia c(Elu7n vos creavit: '''"Again and again J request you to bf- 
merry, it anything trouble your hearts, or vex your souls, neglect and contemn it, 
*^let it pass. ''^And tms I enjoin you, not as a divine alone, but as a physician; foi 
without this mirth, wnich is the life and qiiintessence of physic, medicines, and 
whatsoever is used ano applied to prolong the life of man, is dull, dead, and of no 
force." Dumfata sinurUf vivite Iccti (Seneca), I say be merry. 

'0"Nec lusibus virentem 

Viduenius lianc juventam." 

It was Tircsias the prophet's council to *' Menippus, that travelled all the world over, 
even down to hell itseli to seek content, and his last farewell to Menippus, to be 
merry. *^" Contemn the world (saith he) and count that is in it vanity and toys, 
this only cover all thy lile (ong ; be not curious, or over solicitous in anything, but 
with a well composed and contented estate to enjoy thyself, and above all things to 
be merry." 

63 "Si Nnmerns nti censet sine amore jocisque. 
Nil est jucundiim, vivas in amore jocisqiie." 

Nothing better (to conclude with Solomon, Ecclus. iii. 22), "Than that a mau 
should rejoice in his affairs." 'Tis the same advice which every physician in this 
case rings to his patient, as Capivaccius to his, ^'' " avoid overmuch study and per- 



^Cap. 61. In delicijs habuit scurras et adulatores. 
•*Uni versa gens supra mortales caeteros conviviorum 
stndiosissima. Ea eniin per varias et exquisilas dapes, 
interpnsitis niusicis et jorulatorihus, in multas sa;pius 
hor.is extrahunt, ac subinde productis choreis et amori- 
bus foRuiinariim indulgent, &i;. ■'^Syntag. de Musis. 

"Atheneus lib 12 et 14. assiduis mulierum vocihus, 
cantuque fymplioniEe Palatiurn Persarum regis totun 
personabat. Jovius hist lib. 18. ** Eobanus 

Hessus. <6 Fracastorius. <8 vivite ergo l:eti, 

O amici, procul ab angustia, vivite leeti. *' Iterum 

precor et nittestor, vivite laeti : illud quod cor urit, ne- 
gligite. <* Lstiis in priEsens animus quod ultra 

oderit curate. Hot. He was both Sar.erdos et Mediouf. 



<9 Hsc autem non tarn ut Sacerdos, aniici, mando vobis, 
quam ut inedicus; nam absque hac una tanqiiani medi- 
iinarum vita, medicins omnes ad vitam producendam 
jdh bitae moriuntur : vivite la;ti. Mjjocheus Ana- 

:reon. s' Lucian. Necyomantia. Tom. 2. '^ Om- 

nia mundana nugas sestima. Hoc solum tota vita pur- 
sequere, ut praesentibus bene composilis, minimu curio- 
sus. aut ulla in re solicitus,quam plurimum potes vitam 
hilareni traducas. ^^" If the world think that no- 

thing can be happy without love and mirth, then liv< 
in love and jollity." ^ Hildesheim spicel. 2. dn 

Mania, fol. 161. Studia literarum ot animi perturba 
tiunes fugiat, et quantum potest jucundd vivat. 



340 Cure of Melancholy. [Part 2. Sec 2 

turbations of the mind, and as much as in thee lies live at heart's-ease ' Procpej 
Calenus to that melancholy Cardinal Caesius, ^'"amidst thy serious studies and busi- 
ness, use jests and conceits, plays and toys, and whatsoever else may re reate thy 
mind." Nothing better than mirth and merry company in this malady. ^^''It begin.* 
with sorrow (sailh Montanus), it must be expelled with hilarity." 

But see the mischief; many men, knowing that merry company is the only medi 
cine against melancholy, will therefore neglect their business ; and i i anotl.ei 
extreme, spend all their days among good fellows in a tavern or an ale-1 ouse, and 
know not otherwise how to bestow their time but in drinking; malt-wo-ms, men- 
fishes, or water-snakes, ^'' Qui bibunf. solum ranarum more^ nihil comedentrs, like so 
many frogs in a puddle. 'Tis their sole exercise to eat, and drink ; to SAcrifice to 
Volupia, Rumina, Eckilica, Potina, Mellona, is all their religion. They wish for 
Phihixenus' neck, Jupiter's trinoctium, and that the sun would stand J'till as in 
Joshua's time, to satisfy their lust, that they might dies noctesque perrrcecari et 
bibere. Flourishing wits, and men of good parts, good fashion, and good worth, 
basely prostitute themselves to every rogue's company, to take tobaccovand drink, to 
roar and sing scurrilous songs in base places. 

W" Invenies aliquem cum perciissore jacentem, 
Peniiistuin iiautis, aut furibus, aut fugitivis." 

Which Thomas Erastus objects to Paracelsus, that he Vv'ould be drinkinij^ all daj 
long with carmen and tapsters in a brothel-house„ is too frequent among us, with 
men of better note : like Timocreon of Rhodes, multa bibens, el. multa vorans, Sfc. 
They drown their wits, seethe their brains in ale, consume their fortunes, lose their 
time, weaken their temperatures, contract filthy diseases, rheums, dropsies, calen- 
tures, tremor, get swoln jugulars, pimpled red faces, sore eyes, &c. ; heat their livers, 
alter their complexions, spoil their stomachs, overthrow their bodies; for drink 
drowns more than the sea and all tiie rivers that fall into it (mere funges and casks.), 
confound their souls, suppress reason, go from Scylla to Charybdis, and use that 
which is a help to their undoing. ^^Quid refert inorbo an ferro perearnve riiind? 
*" When the Black Prince went to set the exiled king of Castile into his kingdom, 
there was a terrible battle fought between the English and the Spanish : at last the 
Spanish fled, the English followed tliem to the river side, where some drowned them- 
selves to avoid their enemies, the rest were killed. Now tell me what difference is 
between drowning and killing } As good be melancholy still, as drunken beasts and 
beggars. Company a sole comfort, and an only remedy to all kind of discontent, is 
their sole misery and cause of perdition. As Hermione lamented in Euripides, ma/<« 
niulieres me fecerunt malam. Evil company marred her, may they justly complain, 
bad companions have been their bane. For, ®' malus malum vult ut sit sui similis; 
one drunkard in a company, one thief, one whoremaster, will by his goodwill make 
all the rest as bad as himself. 



Nocturnos jiires te formidare vapores," 

be of what complexion you will, inclination, love or hate, be it good or bad, if you 
come amongst them, you must do as they do; yea, *^ though it be to the prejudice 
of your health, you must drink vencnum pro vino. And so like grasshoppers, whilst 
they sing over their cups all summer, they starve in winter ; and for a little vain 
merriment shall find a sorrowful reckoning in the end. 

65 Lib. de atra bile. Gravioribuii curis udus et face- I "What does it signify whether I perish by diseaa« crf 
♦ ias aliquando inlerpone, jocos, et qiiJC soU it aniiiium I by the sword !" ^ Frossard. hist. lib. 1. Hispani 

iclaxare. seconsil.SO. mala valeiudo ancta et con- cum Angloruin vires ferre non possent, in fiigani M 

tracta est tristitia, ac proptera exhilara ,oiie animi dederunt, &c. PriRcipites in fluvium se dederunt, ne ir 
lemovenda. c? Athen. dypnosoph. lib. I. ^sjuven. nostiiim manus venirent. "i Ter. *2 Him 

sat. 8. " You will find him besiue some cut-throat, ' Although you swear that you dread the night aj^. 
»tonj with sailors, or iliieves, or rur.awav8. 5»Hor. »' "H jr^ic r. (iiri^i. •' Either drink or deoart ' 



Mem. 1 . i. ubs. 1 .J Remedies against Discontents. 34 1 

SECT. II]. MEMB. I. 

SuBSECx. I. — 'A Condolatory Digression., containing the Remedies of all manner 

of Discontents. 

Because in the preceding section I hav made mention of good counsel, comfort- 
able speeches, persuasion, how necessarily tncy are required to the cure of a discon- 
t/^nted or troubled mind, how present a remedy they yield, and many times a sole 
surticient cure of themselves; I have thought fit in this following section, a little to 
digress (if at least it be to digress in this subject), to collect and glean a few reme- 
dies, and comfortable speeches out of our best orators, philosophers, divines, and 
fathers of the church, tending to this purpose. ] confess, many have copiously 
written of this subject, Plato, Seneca, Plutarch, Xenophon, Epictetus, Theophrastus, 
Xenocrates, Grantor, Luciaii, Boethius : and some of late, Sadoletus, Cardan, Bu- 
daeus, Stella, Petrarch, Erasmus, besides Austin, Cyprian, Bernard, &c. And they 
so well, tiiat as Hierome in like case said, si nostrum areret ingeniu?n, de illorum 
posset fontibus irrigari, if our barren wits were dried up, they might be copiously 
irrigated from those well-springs : and I shall but actum agere; yet because these 
tracts are not so obvious and common, I will epitomise, and briefly insert some of 
their divine precepts, reducing their voluminous and vast treatises to my small scale; 
for it were otherwise impossible to bring so great vessels into so little a creek. And 
although (as Cardan said of his book de consol.) ^'' " I know beforehand, this tract 
of mine many will contemn and reject; they thai are fortunate, happy, and in hour- 
ishing estate, have no need of such consolatory speeches ; they that are miserable 
and unhappy, think them insufhcient to ease their grieved minds, and comfort their 
misery :" yet I will go on ; for this must needs do some good to such as are happy 
to bring them to a moderation, and make them reflect and know themselves, by 
seeing the inconstancy of human felicity, others' misery ; and to such as are dis- 
tressed, if they will but attend and consider of this, it cannot choose but give some 
content and comfort. " " 'Tis true, no medicine can cure all diseases, some affec- 
tions of the mind are altogether incurable ; yet these helps of art, physic, and 
philosophy must not be contemvied." Arrianus and Plo'tinus are stiff in the contrary 
opinion, that such precepts can do little good. Boethius himself cannot comfort in 
some cases, they will reject such speeches like bread of stones., Insana stultce mentis 
hcec solatia.^ 

Words add no courage, which ^'^ Catiline once said to his soldiers, " a captain's 
oration doth not make a coward a valiant man :" and as Job ®^ feelingly said to his 
friends, " you are but miserable comforters all." 'Tis to no purpose in that vulgar 
phrase to use a company of obsolete sentences, and familiar sayings: as '^^Plmius 
Secundus, being now sorrowful and heavy for the departure of his dear friend Cor- 
nelius Rufus, a Roman senator, wrote to his fellow Tiro in like case, adhibe solatia., 
sed nova uliqua., sed fortia., qucp. audierim nuaquam., legerim nunquam: nam quce 
audivi., quce legi omnia., lanto dolore supcrantur., either say something that I never 
"ead nor heard of before, or else hold thy peace. Most men will here except trivial 
consolations, ordinary speeches, and known persuasions in this behalf will be of 
small force ; what can any man say that hath not been said .? To what end are such 
paraenetical discourses .? you may as soon remove Mount Caucasus, as alter some 
men's affections. Yet sure I think they cannot choose but do some good, and com- 
fort and ease a little, though it be the same again, I will say it, and upon that hope 
I will adventure. ''°JS'on mens hie ser?no, 'tis not my speech this, but of Seneca. 
Plutarch, Epictetus, Austin, Bernard, Christ and his Apostles. If I make nothing, 
as '"■ Montaigne said in like case, I will mar nothing ; 'tis not my doctrine but my 
study, I hope I shall do nobody wrong to speak what I think, and deserve not blame 

64 Lib. de lib. propriis. Hos lihros scio multos i animi qui prorsiis gunt insanabiles? non tamen artis 
epernere, nam felices his se noii indigere imtant, infe- opus sperm debc-l, aiit inedicinae, ant philosopbiae. 
ices ad polalidnein iiiiseriae non suflicere. El lariien ««" Tne insane consolations of a foolish mind." 
feiicibus nioderaticiiiein, dnm inconstantiiini huinana^ I e? Salust. Verba virtutem non addunt, nee iniperatoris 
felicitatis docent, pra'stant, infelices si omnia rrcle I oratio facile tiniido forlem. f^^.Toh, cjip. 16. ^a Epiat 
«»timare velitit, felices reddere possunt 66 Nnlluin | 13. lib. 1. '" Hor. 'i Lib. 2. Essays, rap. 6. 

3P«dicamentuni onines sanare potest su.il affectu:^ ' 

2d 2 



318 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. ?. Sec. 3 

;n imparting my mind. If it be not for thy ease, it may for mine own ; so T'ully, 
Cardan, and Boethius wrote de consol. as well to help themselves as others ; be U as 
it may I will essay. 

Discontents and grievances are either general or particular; general are wars^ 
plagues, dearths, famine, fires, inundations, unseasonable weathei, epidemical diseases 
which afflict whole kingdoms, territories, cities; or peculiar to private men, '^ as 
cares, crosses, losses, death of friends, poverty, want, sickness, orbities, injuries, 
abuses, &c. Generally all discontent, "/(ommes ^'Ma/mwrybr/MWo; saZo. No condi- 
tion free, quisque suos patlmur manes. Even in tlie midst of our mirth and jollity, > 
there is some grudging, some complaint ; as '■* he saith, our whole liie '« a glucupri-^ 
con, a bitter sweet passion, honey and gall mixed together, we are all miserable and 
discontent, who can deny it.? If all, and that it be a common calamity, an mevitable 
necessity, all distressed, then as Cardan infers, ^^ " who art thou that hopest to go 
free .? Why dost thou not grieve thou art a mortal man, and not governor of the 
world ?" Ferre quam sortetn patlunlur omncs^ JVemo recusei, '^ " If it be common to 
all, why should one man be more disquieted than another ?" If thou alone wert 
distressed, it were indeed more irksome, and less to be endured ; but when the 
calamity is connnon, comfort thyself with this, thou hast more fellows, Solamen 
miseris socios habulssc doloris; 'tis not thy sole case, and why shouldst thou be so 
impatient .? " " I, but alas we are more miserable than others, what shall we do } 
Besides private miseries, we live in perpetual fear and danger of common enemies : 
we have Bellona's whips, and pitiful outcries, for epithalamiums ; for pleasant music, 
that fearful noise of ordnance, drums, and warlike trumpets still sounding in oui 
ears ; instead of nuptial torches, we have firing of towns and cities ; for triumphs, 
lamentations; for joy, tears. "*So it is, and so it was, and so it ever will be. He,^ 
that refusetli to see and hear, to suffer this, is not fit to live in this world, and knows 
not the common condition of all men, to whom so long as they live, with a recipro- 
cal course, joys and sorrows are annexed, and succeed one another." It is inevita- 
ble, it may not be avoided, and why then shouldst thou be so much troubled .? Grave 
nihil est homin'i quodfert nccessiias, as ™ Tully deems out of an old poet, " that which 
is necessary cannot be grievous." If it be so, then comfort thyself in this, ^ " tha 
whether thou wilt or no, it must be endured :" make a virtue of necessity, and con 
form thyself to undergo it. ^'Si longa est, Levis est; si gravis est., brevis est. If it 
be long, 'tis light; if grievous, it cannot last. It will away, dies dolorem minuit. 
and if nought else, time will wear it out ; custom will ease it ; *^ oblivion is a com 
mon medicine for all losses, injuries, griefs, and detriments whatsoever, ^^"and when 
they are once past, this commodity comes of infelicity, it makes the rest of our life 
sweeter unto us :" ^^Atqiie hcBc olim meminlsse juvabit, '^ recollection of the past is 
pleasant :" " the privation and want of a thing many times makes it more pleasant 
and delightsome than before it was." We must not think the happiest of us all to 
escape here without some misfortunes, 

85 " Usque adeo nulla esl sincera voluptas, 

Soliciturmiue aliquid la;tis interveiiit." 

Heaven and earth are much unlike: ''^" Those heavenly bodies indeed are freelj 
carried in their orbs without any impediment or interruption, to continue their course 
for innumerable ages, and make their conversions : but men are urged with many 
difficulties, and have diverse hindrances, oppositions still crossing, interrupting their 

" Alium paupertas, alium orliitas, liiinc morbi, ilium i es, aut potius ndstroruin omnium conditionem ignoras, 

tinior, alium injuriae, hunc insidine, ilium uxor, filii dis- quil)us reciproco quoriam hhxu lata tristlDus, tristia 

trahunt, Cardan. '^ Bnptliius 1. 1. met. 5. '^ Apu- liflis inviceni siicceduiit. '" In Tusc. e V'^tere pi)eta 

leius 4. florid. Nihil houjini tarn prospere datum divi- ""Cardan lili. ]. de consol. Est consolationis genus non 

nilus, qiiin ei adniixtum sit aliquid diflicultalis, in leve, quod a necessitate fit; sivp feras, sive non fera.i 

aniplissinia quaque la'titia subest quaidam querinionia, ferendum est tanieii. si Senecn. sJOnini dolori 

conjuijatione qudilam tnellis et fellis. '''Si onines tenipus est medicina ; ipsum Inctum extinguit, injurirtt 

premantur, quis tu es qui solus evadere cupis ah ea lege ddet, omnis mail oldiviDiiem adfert. ^s Ilabet hoc 

qua; nemiiiem praeterit? cur te non mortalem factum ! quoque comuiodnni omnis infelicilas. suaviorem vitam 



et nniversi orbis re^'em fieri non doles ? "■puteaiiui 
ep. 75. Neqne cuiquam pra-cipue dolendum eo quod 
accidit universis. "Lorchan. Gallobelgicus lib. 

3. Anno ]5!I8. de Belgis. Sed elieu iriquis euge quid 
agenius ? nbi pro Epithalamio Bellonae flagellnm, pro 
musica liarmonia terribiluni lituornm et ttibarum au- 
dias clangorem, pro tsedis nuptialibus. villarnm, pajio- 
run), nrbinm videas inceiidia ; ubi pro jubilo lanienta, 
oro risu fietus aerem complent. '" Ita est profi-cto, 

ft quisquis liiEc videre abnuis, liuic seculi paruni aptus 



cum abierit relinquit. "^Virg. "^Ovid. " Foi 

there is no pleasure perfect, some aniety always in 
terveues." i^^ l,orchan Siini namqi. = infera superis, 
humatia terrenis longe disparia. Etemrn beats nietilef 
feruntur libere, et sine ullo impedimento, stellae, £Ethe 
reique orbes cursus et couversionessuas jam saculis in 
numcrahilibus constantissiuie ronficiunt ; veru ti liomi 
nes magnis angustiis. Neque 'bc natura; 'cge est quis 
quam mortalium solutus. 



Mem 1. Subs. 1.] 



Remedies against Discontents. 



343 



enaeavours and desires, and no mortal man is free from tliis law of nature." We 
-tiust not therefore hope to have all things answer our own expectation, to hare a 
continuance of good success and fortunes, Forluna nunquam perpeiud est bona. And 
as Minutius Felix, the Roman consul, told that insulting Coriolanus, drunk with his 
good fortunes, look not for that success thou hast hitherto had ; *'"' "• It never yet hap- 
pened to any man since the beginning of the world, nor ever will, to have all things 
according to his desire, or to whom fortune was never opposite and adverse." Even 
so it fell out to him as he foretold. And so to others, even to that happiness of 
Augustus ; though he were Jupiter's almoner, Pluto's treasurer, Neptune's admiral 
it could not secure him. Such was Alcibiades's fortune, Narsetes, that great Gon- 
salvus, and most famous men's, that as **Jovius concludes, " it is almost fatal to 
great princes, through their own default or otherwise circumvented with envy and 
malice, to lose their honours, and die contumeliously." 'Tis so, still hath been, and 
ever will be, JVihil est ab omni parte beatum, 

"There's no perfection is so absolute, 
That some impurity doth not pollute." 

Whatsoever is under the moon is subject to corruption, alteration ; and so long a« 
t.hou livest upon earth look not for other. ^^ " Thou shalt not here find peaceable 
and cheerful days, quiet times, but rather clouds, storms, calumnies, such is our 
fate." And as those errant planets in their distinct orbs have their several motions, 
sometimes direct, stationary, retrograde, in apogee, perigee, oriental, occidental, com- 
bust, feral, free, and as our astrologers will, have their fortitudes and debilities, by 
reason of those good and bad irradiations, conferred to each other's site in the hea- 
vens, in their terms, houses, case, detriments, &lc. So we rise and fall in this world, 
ebb and flow, in and out, reared and dejected, lead a troublesome life, subject to 
many accidents and casualties of fortunes, variety of passions, infirmities as well 
from ourselves as others. 

Yea, but thou thinkest thou art more miserable than the rest, other men are happy 
but in respect of thee, their miseries are but flea-bitings to thine, thou alone art un- 
happy, none so bad as thyself ^''e* if, as Socrates said, ^'''•'' All men in the world 
should come and bring their grievantsb together, of body, mind, fortune, sores, ulcers, 
madness, epilepsies, agues, and all those common calamities of beggary, want, servi- 
tude, imprisonment, and lay them on a heap to he equally divided, wouldst thou 
share alike, and take thy portion ^ or be as thou art.? Without question thou wouldst 
be as thou art. If some Jupiter should say, to give us all content. 



' Jam faciam quod vultis ; eris tu, qui modo miles, 
Mercator; tu consiiltus modo rusticus ; hinc vos, 
Voshinc mutatis riiscedite partibus; eia 
Quidstatis? nolint." 



' ^ell he't so then : you master soldier 
Shall be a merchant; you sir lawyer 
A country {jentlemen ; go you to this, 
That side you ; why stand ye ? It's well as 'tis.' 



'^"Everyman knows his own, but not others' defects and miseries; and 'tis the 
nature of all men still to reflect upon themselves, their own misfortunes," not to 
examine or consider other men's, not to compare themselves with others : To re- 
count their miseries, but not their good gifts, fortunes, benefits, which they have, oi- 
ruminate on their adversity, but not once to think on their prosperity, not what they 
have, but what they want : to look still on them that go before, but not on those 
infinite numbers that come after. ®''" Whereas many a man would think himself in 
heaven, a pretty prince, if he had but the least part of that fortune which thou so 
much repirrest at, abhorrest and accountest a most vile and wretched estate." How 
many thousands want that which thou hast? how many myriads of poor slaves, 
captives, of such as work day and niglit in coal-pits, tin-iuines, with sore toil to 
maintain a poor living, of such as labour in body and mind, live in extreme anguish, 
and pain, all which thou art free from ? Ofortunatos nimium bona si suanorint: 
Thou art most happy if thou couldst be content, and acknowledge thy happiness ; 



^ Dionysius Halicar. lib. 8. nonenitp unquam contigit, 
••c post homines natos invenieg nuenquam, cui omnia 
ex aniuii i^ententia successerint, ita ut nulla in re (or- 
tuna sil ei adversata. "^ Vit. Gonsalvi lib. ult. ut 

ducibus fatale sit clarissimis a culpa sua, secus circum- 
veniri cum malitia et invidia, imminutaque dignitate 
jier contumeliam mori. "^In terris purum ilium 

etiierem non invenies, et ventos serenos; nimbos po- 
lius, prof^ilas luUurucia* Lips. cent. misc. ep. 8. 



3" Si omnes homines sua mala suasquf curas in unum 
cumulum coiiCerrent, requis divisuri pnrtionibus, &c. 
81 Hor. ser. lib. I. 92Q,||od uiiusquisque propria mala 
novit, aliorum nesciat, in causa est, ut se infer alios 
miserum pulet. Cardan, lib 3 de ronsol. Plutarch 
de corisol. ad Apollonium. ^^Quam multos putaa 

qui se coelo proximos putarent. tolidem reguloa, si de 
fdrtunae ture reliquiis pars iis min'ma contingat. Boetb. 
de consol. lib. 2. pros. 4. 



84 i 



Cure of Mclunclioly. 



fParl. 2, Sec. 3. 



**Rem carendo^ non fruendo cognoscimus, when thou shall hereafter come to want 
that which thou now loathest, abhorrest, and art weary of, and tired with, when 'tis 
past thou wilt say thou wert most happy : and after a little miss, wish with all thine 
heart thou hadst the same content again, mightst lead but such a life, a world for 
such a life : the remembrance of it is pleasant. Be silent then* "^ rest satisfied, desine^ 
.lUuensque in aliorum inforl.unia solare incntem^ comfort thyself with other men's 
misfortunes, and as the n^.oldiwarp in iEsop told the fox, complaining for want of a 
uiil, and the rest of his companions, tacete^ quando me occiiUs cwplum videtis^ you 
complain of toys, but I am blind, be quiet. I say to thee be thou satisfied. It is 
■"recorded of the hares, that with a general consent they went to drown themselves, 
out of a feeling of their misery ; but when they saw a com})any of frogs more fear- 
ful than they were, they began to take courage, and comfort again. Compare thine 
estate with others. Similes aliorum respice casus, mitiusisla feres. Be content and 
rest satisfied, for thou art well in respect to others : be thankful for that thou hast, 
that God hath done for thee, he hath not made thee a monster, a beast, a base crea- 
ture, as he might, but a man, a Christian, such a man ; consider aright of it, thou art 
full well as thou art. ^' Quicquid vult habere nemo potest, no man can have what he 
will, Illud potest nolle quod non hahet, he may choose whether he will desire that 
which he hath not. Thy lot is fallen, make the best of it. ^'^''If we should all 
sleep at all times, (as Endymion is said to have done) who then were happier than 
his fellow V Our life is but short, a very dream, and while we look about ^^ immor- 
lalitas adest, eternity is at hand : ""'•'■ Our life is a pilgrimage on earth, which wise 
men pass with great alacrity." If thou be in woe, sorrow, want, distress, in pain, 
or sickness, think of that of our apostle, " God chastiseth them whom he loveth : 
they that sow in tears, shall reap in joy," Psal. cxxvi. 6. "As the furnace proveth 
the potter's vessel, so doth temptation try men's thouglits," Eccl. xxv. 5, 'tis for ' thy 
good, Periisses nisi periisses: hadst thou not been so visited, thou hadst been 
utterly undone : "as gold in the fire," so men are tried in adversity.^ Tribulatio 
ditvt : and which Camerarius hath well shadowed in an emblem of a thresher and 



corn. 



" Si tritura absil paleis sunt abdita grana, 
Nos crux miitulaiiis separal A paleis :" 



" As tlireshing separates from straw the corn, 
Bv crosses from the world's chali" are we born.' 



'Tis the very same which '^Chrysostom comments, horn. 2. in 3 Mat. " Corn is not 
separated but by threshing, nor men from worldly impediments but by tribulation.''\ 
'Tis that which ^Cyprian ingeminates, Ser.4. de immort. 'Tis that which "* Hierom, 
which all the fathers inculcate, " so we are catechised for eternity." 'Tis that which 
the proverb insinuates. JVocumcntum documentum; 'tis that which all the world 
rings in our oars. Deus unicum huhet flium sine peccato, nullum sine Jlagello: God, 
saith ^Austin, hath one son without sin, none w;thout correction. ^^ An expert sea- 
man is tried in a tempest, a runner in a race, a captain in a battle, a valiant man in 
adversity, a Christian in tentation and misery." Basil, horn. 8. We are sent as so 
many soldiers into this world, to st'-ive with it, the flesh, the devil ; our life is a 
warfare, and who knows it not.' '' JS'on est ad astra mollis e terrisvia: ^" and there- 
fore peradventure this world here is made troublesome unto us," that, as Gregory 
notes, " we should not be dejighted by the way, and forget whither we are going." 



8" Ite nunc fortes, nbi celsa niagni 
Ducit exempli via, <Mir ineriis 
Terga nudatis? siiperata tellus 
Sidera donal." 



Go on then merrily to heaven. If the way be troublesome, and you in misery, in 
many grievances : on the other side you have many pleasant sports, objects, sweet 
smells, delightsome tastes, music, meats, herbs, flowers, &c. to recreate your senses. 



»<"Yoii know the value of a thing from wanting 
more than from enjoying it." ^^ Hesiod. Estoquod 

es ; quod sunt alii, sine quemlibet esse; Ciuod non es, 
nolis : quod putes esse, velis. "^i^isopi fab. "Se- 
neca. ssSi dorinirent semper omnes, nulliis alio 
fielicior esspl. Card. ^^ Seneca de ira. ""Plato, 
Axlocho. An ignoras vitam banc peregrinationein, 
&,c. quain sapientes cum gaudio percurrunt. • Sic 
••xpedil; medicus non dat quod patieiis vull, sed quod 
ipse bonum scit. « Frunienlum non egreditur nisi 
tritiiratuni. &.c. * Non est pteua daniiiantis sed fla- 



gellum corrigentis. ♦ Ad haereditatem Eeternam sit 

erudimur. 'Confess. 6. s ivauclerum tempcstas, 

atliletam stadium, ducem pugna, magnanimum calami- 
tas, Christianum vero teiitatio probat et examiiiRt. 
'Sen. Here. fur. "The way from Ule earth to ilie stars 
is not so downy." » Ideo Deus asperum fecit iter, ne 
dum delectanlur in via, obliviscanlur eorum qus b.wii 
in patria. » Boetbiiis I. 5. met. iilt. "Go now. 

brave fellows, whither the l-fly path of a great exam- 
ple leads. Why do you stupidly expose yo"i baclr« ' 
The earth brings the elars to sub'ectioii.'' 



>Iem. 2. J Remedies against Discontents. 345 

Or put case thou art now forsaken of the world, dejected, contemned, yet ccmfor. 
thyself, as it was said to Agar in the wilderness, '" " God sees thee, he takes notice 
of thee :" there is a God above that can vindicate thy cause, that can relieve thee. 
And surely "Seneca thinks he takes delight in seeing thee. "The gods are well 
pleased when they see great men contending with adversity," as we are to see men 
fight, or a man with a beast. But these are toys in respect, '^•'Behold," saith he, 
•' a spectacle worthy of God ; a good man contented with his estate." A tyrant is 
the best sacrifice to Jupiter, as the ancients held, and his best object " a contented 
mind." For thy part then rest satisfied, " cast all thy care on him, thy burthen on 
him, "rely on him, trust on him, and he shall nourish thee, care for thee, give thet 
thine heart's desire;" say with David, "God is our hope and strength, in troubles 
ready to be found," Psal. xlvi. 1. "for they that trust in the Lord shall be as Mount 
Zion, which cannot be removed," Psal. cxxiv. 1.2. "as the mountains are about 
Jerusalem, so is the Lord about his people, from henceforth and for ever." 



MEMB. n. 

Deformity of body^ sickness., ^baseness of birth.) peculiar discontents. 

Particular discontents and grievances, are either of body, mind, or fortune, 
which as they wound the soul of man, produce tliis melancholy, and many great 
inconveniences, by that antidote of good counsel and persuasion may be eased or 
expelled. Deformities and imperfections of our bodies, as lameness, crookedness, 
deafness, blindness, be they innate or accidental, torture many men : yet this may 
comfort them, that those imperfections of the body do not a whit blemish the soul, 
or hinder the operations of it, but rather help and much increase it. Thou art lame 
of body, deformed to the eye, yet this hinders not but that thou mayest be a good, 
a wise, upright, honest man. '^"Seldom," saith Plutarch, "honesty and beauty 
dwell together," and oftentimes under a thread-bare coat lies an excellent under- 
standing, scp.pe sub attrita latitat sapientia veste. '* Cornelius Mussus, that famous 
preacher in Italy, when he came first into the pulpit in Venice, was so much con- 
temned by reason of his outside, a little lean, poor, dejected person, '^ tliey were all 
ready to leave the church ; but when they heard his voice they did admire him, and 
■happy was that senator could enjoy his company, or invite him first to his house. 
A silly fellow to look to, may have more wit, learning, honesty, than he that struts 
it out Ampullis jactans., tSfc. grandia gradiens, and is admired in the world's opi- 
nion : Vilis scepe cadus nobile nectar habct., the best wine comes out of an old vessel 
ilow many deformed princes, kings, emperors, could I reckon up, phili -sophers, 
orators ? Hannibal had but one eye, Appius Claudius, Timoleon, blind, Mnleasse, 
king of Tunis, John, king of Bohemia, and Tiresias the propiiet. " " The night hath 
his pleasure ;" and for the loss of that one sense such men are commonly recom- 
pensed in the rest ; they have excellent memories, other good parts, music, and many 
recreations ; much happiness, great wisdom, as Tully well discourseth in his '^Tus- 
culan questions: Homer was blind, yet who (saith he) made more accurate, lively, 
or better descriptions, with both his eyes? Demociitus was blind, yet as Laertius 
writes of him, he saw more than all Greece besides, as '^ Plato concludes. Turn sane 
mentis oculus acute incipit cernere., quum primum corporis oculus deflorescit., when our 
bodily eyes are at worst, generally the eyes of our soul see best. Some philosophers 
and divines have evirated themselves, and put out their eyes voluntarily, the better 
l; contemplate. Angelus Politianus had a tetter in his nose continually running, 
fulsome in company, yet no man so eloquent and pleasing in his works. jEsop was 
crooked, Socrates purblind, long-legged, hairy ; Democritus withered, Seneca lean an(J 
harsh, ugly to behold, yet show me so many fiourishing wits, such divine spirits 



i^Boeth. pro. ult. Manet spectator ccinctoriim desuper 
praescius deus, bonis proemia, malissupplicia dispensans. 
" Lib. de provid. voluptalem capi ..it dii siqiiando irias;- 
Bo« viros (;i>lliiclantes ciim i-alaiiiitate videiit. '^ Kcce 
spectaculum Deo dimium. Vir fortis mala fortiina roiri- 
pusitus. '3 ] Pel. V. 7. Psal. Iv. 22. '■• Raro sub j sapiens et bealus, &c. 'n In Coiivivio lib. 25, 

44 



eodem lare honestas et forma habitant. i* Josepliiis 

Mussus vita ejus. '^ Homuncio brevis, macilentus. 

umbra lioininis, &c. Ad stuporein ejus friiditioiiem e( 
elo()uentiain adniirali sunt. >'' Nox liabet »<iA> 

viiliiptaies "Lib. 5. ad finetn cinrii? potest esue 



U6 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 3. 



Horace a little blear-eyed contemptible fellow, yet who so sententious and wiser 
Marcilius I'lcinus, Faber Stapulcnsis, a couple of dwarfs, ^° Melancthon a short hard- 
favoured man, parvus erul, sed magnus crat, Sfc, yet of incomparable parts all three. 
' Ignatius Loyola the founder of the Jesuits, by reason of a hurt he received in his 
leg, at the siege of Pampeluna, the chief town of Navarre in Spain, unfit for wars 
and less serviceable at court, upon that accident betook himself to his beads, and by 
those means got more honour than ever he should have done with the use of his 
limbs, and properness of person?' '^^ Vulnus non penetrat animum^ a wound hurts not 
the soul. Galba the emperor was crook-backed, Epictetus lame: that great Alexan- 
der a little man of stature, *' Augustus Caesar of the same pitch: Agesilaus despicabi/i 
formri ; Boccharis a most deformed prince as ever Egypt had, yet as ''* Diodorus Siculus 
records of him, in wisdom and knowledge far beyond his predecessors. .^. Dom. 1306. 
*^ Uladeslaus Cubitalis that pigmy king of Poland reigned and fought more victorious 
battles than any of his long-shanked predecessors. JS'ullam virtus respuit siaturam, 
virtue refuseth no stature, and commonly your great vast bodies, and fine features, 
are sottish, dull, and leaden spirits.; What's in them ? '*^Quid nisi pondus iners sto- 
lidcBque ferocia niemtis, What in Osus and Ephialtes (Neptune's sons in Homer), 
nine acres long ? 



""ftiii lit niaKiius Orion, 

C'liiii pedes iiicedit, medii per maxima Nerei 
Sl.igiia, viam findeiis huiiiero siipereminet undas.' 



" Like tall Orion stalking o'er the flood : 
When with liis brawny breast he cuts the waves, 
His shoulder scarce the topmost billow laves." 



What in Maximinus, Ajax, Caligula, and the rest of those great Zanzummins, or 
gigantical Anakims, heavy, vast, barbarous lubbers .'' 

28" si membra tibi dant grandia ParcEB, 

Mentis eges ?" 

Their body, saith ^^Lemiiius, "is a burden to them, and their spirits not so lively, 
i:or they so erect and merry :" JVon est in mngno corpore mica salis : a little diamond 
is more worth than a rocky mountain : which made Alexander Aphrodiseus posi- 
tively conclude, "The lesser, the ^"wiser, because the soul was more contracted in 
such a body." Let Bodine in his 5. c. method, hist, plead the rest; the lesser they 
are, as in Asia, Greece, they have generally the finest wits. And for bodily stature 
which some so much admire, and goodly presence, 'tis true, to say the best of them, 

great men are proper, and tall, 1 grant, caput inter niibiJa condunt., (hide their 

heads in the clouds); but belli jmsilli., little men are pretty: " 6Vd si bcllus homo 
est Colta., pusillus homo est.''"' Sickness, diseases, trouble many, but without a cause; 
^' It may be 'tis for the good of their souls :" Pars fati f nit, the flesh rebels against the 
spirit; that which hurts the one, must needs help the other. Sickness is the mother 
of modesty, putteth us in mind of our mortality; and when we are in the full career 
of worldly pomp and jollity, she pulleth us by the ear, and maketh us know our- 
selves. '^^ Pliny calls it, the sum of philosophy, " If we could but perform that in 
our health, which we promise in our sickness." Quum injirmi sumus, optimi sumusf'^ 
for what sick man (as ^^Secundus expostulates with Rufus) was ever "lascivious," 
covetous, or ambitious } he envies no man, admires no man, flatters no man, despiseth 
no man', listens not after lies and tales, &c." And were it not for such gentle remem- 
brances, men would have no moderation of themselves, they would be worse than 
tigers, wolves, and lions : who should keep them in awe' "princes, masters, parents, 
magistrates, judges, friends, enemies, fair or foul means cannot contain us, but a little 
sickness, (as ^'Chrysostom observes) will correct and amend us." And therefore 
with good discretion, '^^ Jovianus Pontanus caused this short sentence to be engraven 
on his tomb in Naples " Labour, sorrow, grief, sickness, want and woe, to serve 
proud masters, bear tha^ superstitious yoke, and bury your dearest friends, &.c., are 



*> Joachimus Camerarius vit. ejus. !" Riber. vit. 

Jus. 2iiviacrobius. aaSueton. c. 7. 9. ^^Lib. 1. 
Corpore exili et (lespecto, sed ingenioet prudentia loiige 
ante se reges cffiteros praiveniens. 2» Alexander 

Gaguinis hist. Polandis. Corpore parvus eram, cubito 
vix altior niio, Sed lamen in parvo corpore magnis 
eram. ^eOvid. "v vir. ^nei. 30. *8"Iftie 

fateg give you large proportions, do you not require 
faculties ?" 29 Ljb. '2. cap. 20. oneri est iUis corporis 

innles, et spiritus minus vividi. 3» Corpore breves 

orudentiores q..nni coarctata sit anima. Ingenio pollet 
tui vim nature negavit. si Mullia ad salutem anima; 



profuit corporis iBgritudo, Petrarch. 3^ 1 ;(,. 7 Siimnia 
est totius PhilosophiEe, si talis, &c. 3- ' When we 

are sick we are most amiable." 34 piinius ep.'«t. 7. lib. 
Cluem inhrmum libido solicital, aut avarilia, au^ 
honores? tiemini invidet, Jieminem miratur, nemineni 
ilespicit, serinoiie mallgno non alitur. 3^ Non terre< 

priiiceps, magister, parens, judex; at aesritiido super- 
veniens, omnia correxit. sejvat. Ch)trrrus Europ 

deliciis. Labor, dolor, sgritudo, liictus, .sei 'ire s iperbi» 
dominis, jugum ferre superstionis, quos nabet charon 
sepelire, &c. condtmenta vitx sunt. 



RIem 2 ] Remedies against Discontents. 347 

the sauces of our life." If thy disease be continuate ai>d [/ainful to thee, it will not 
surely last : " and a liglit affliction, which is but for a moment, causeth unto us a far 
more excellent and eternal weight of glory." 2 Cor. iv. 17. bear it with patience; 
women endure much sorrow in cliildbed, and yet they will not contain-, and those 
that are barren, wish for this pain ; "• be courageous, '^^ there is as much valour to be 
shown in thy bed, as in an army, or at a sea fight :" aut vincetur, aut vincet, thou 
shalt be rid at last. In the mean time, let it take its course, thy mind is not any way 
disabled. Bilibaldus Pirkimerus, senator to Charles the Fifth, ruled all Germany, 
lying most part of his days sick of the gout upon his bed. The more violent thy 
torture is, the less it will continue : and though it be severe and hideous for the 
time, comfort thyself as martyrs do, with honour and immortality. "'^That famous 
philosopher Epicurus, being in as miserable pain of stone and cholic, as a man might 
endure, solaced himself with a conceit of immortality ; " the joy of his soul for his 
rare inventions, repelled the pain of his bodily torments." 

Baseness of birth is a great disparagement to some men, especially if they be 
wealthy, bear office, and come to promotion in a commonweahh ; then (as ^^he 
observes) if their b-irtli be not answerable to their calling, and to their fellows, they 
are much abaslied and asliamed of themselves. Some scorn their own father and 
mother, deny brothers and sisters, with the rest of their kindred and friends, and wiU 
not suffer them to come near them, when they are in their pomp, accounting it a 
scandal to their greatness to have such beggarly beginnings. Simon in Lucian, hav- 
ing now got a little wealth, changed his name from Simon to Simonides, for that 
there were so many beggars of his kin, and set the house on fire where he was born, 
because no body should point at it. Others buy titles, coats of arms, and by all 
means screw themselves into ancient families, falsifying pedigrees, usurping scutch- 
eons, and all because they would not seem to be base. The reason is, for that this 
gentility is so much admired by a company of outsides, and such honour attributed 
unto it, as amongst '"'Germans, Frenchmen, and Venetians, the gentry scorn the 
commonalty, and will not suffer them to match with them ; they depress, and make 
them as so many asses, to carry burdens. In our ordinary talk and fallings out, the 
most opprobrious and scurrile name we can fasten upon a man, or first give, is to 
call him base rogue, beggarly rascal, and the like : Whereas in my judgment, this 
ought of all other grievances to trouble men least. Of all vanities'and fopperies, to 
braff of gentility is the greatest ; for what is it they crack so much of, and challenge 
such superiority, a? if they were demi-gods ? Birth } Tantane vos generis tenuit 
jiducia vestri ? '" It is non ens., a mere flash, a ceremony, a toy, a thing of nought. 
( Consider the beginning, present estate, progress, ending of gentry, and then tell me 
what it is. '^'•'Oppression, fraud, cozening, usury, knavery, bawdery, murder, and 
tyranny, are the beginning of many ancient families : ""^ one hath been a blood-sucker, 
a parricide, the death of many a silly soul in some unjust quarrels, seditions, made 
many an orphan and poor widow, and for that he is made a lord or an earl, and his 
posterity gentlemen for ever after. Another hath been a bawd, a pander to some 
great men, a parasite, a slave, ''^ prostituted himself, his wife, daughter," to some las- 
civious prince, and for that he is exalted. Tiberius preferred many to honours in his 
time, because they were famous whoremasters and sturdy drinkers ; many come into 
this parchment-row (so "^ one calls it) by flattery or cozening; search your old fami- 
lies, and you shall scarce find of a multitude (as ^neas Sylvius observes) qui seek- 
ratum non hahent ortum^ that have not a wicked beginning; aut qui vi et dolo eo 
fastigii non ascendunt, as that plebeian in ''^ Machiavel in a set oration proved to his 
fellows, that do not rise by knavery, force, foolery, villany, or such indirect means. 



"Non tam mari quam proelio virlus, etiam lectn ex- | caJumniis, &c. Agrip. de vanit. scien. « Ex ho 

liibulur: viiicetiir aut viiicet ; aut tu febreiii reliiiques, micidio s»pe oria iiohilitas eJ strenua carnidcina 
aui ipsa te. Seneca. asTulliiis lib. 7. ftim. ep. ■•'Phires ob prostitutas filias, uxores, nobiles facti; 

Ves,iciP morbo lahnrans, et urin.-E mittenriff: (iifficultate multos venatioiies, rapiiia;, caides, prastie;ia,&c. i^Sat. 



tanta, iil vix increinentum caperet ; repellehat hsec oui 
Ilia aiiimi yaudium ob rneinoriain inveiitoruin. so Boeth. 
lib. '2. pr. 4. Huic senpiis exuperat, sed est piidori de- 
erier sanguis. 4° Caspar Ens polit. tbes. ■ii " Does 
Bnch presumption in your origin possess you?" 

WAlii pro pecunia emtinl nobilitateni, alii illam leno- - , 

finio. ali' yflneficiis, alii parricidiis; multis perditio faciunt, plerique ex oavis, itc. Florent. hist lib. a 
Aohiiitate coucilliit, pleriau* adulatione, detractione. 



Menip. •'^Cuin eiiim hos riici nobiles viilemus, qui 

divitiis abundant, divitis vero raro virtutis sunt comi- 
tes, quis non videt ortnin nobilitatis degenereni? hunc 
usurse ditarunt, ilium spolia, proditiones; hir veneficiia 
ditatus, ille adulationib.is, huic adulteria lucrum prs 
bent, nnnullis menda'-ia, cpiidam ex conjuge qua^stum 



348 Cure of Melancholy. 'Part. 2. Sec. 3 

"Tiiey are commonly able that are wealthy ; virtue and riclies seldom settle on one 
;aan : who then sees not the beginning of nobility ? spoils enrich one, usury an- 
other, treason a tliird, witchcraft a fourth, flattery a fifth, lying, stealing, bearing false 
witness a sixth, adultery the seventh," &cc. One makes a fool of himself to make 
his lord merry, another dandles my young master, bestows a little nag on him, a 
third marries a cracked piece, &c. Now may it please your good worship, your 
iordsliip, who was the first founder of your family ? The poet answers, " '■'■^ut 
Pastor fuit^ aid illud quod dicere nolo^ Are he or you the better gentleman .' If 
he, then we have traced him to his form. If you, what is it of which thou boastest 
so much .'' That thou art his son. It may be his heir, his reputed son, and yet 
indeed a panest or a serving man may be the true father of him ; but we will not 
controvert tliat now ; married wornen are all honest ; thou art his son's son's son, 
begotten and born infra quatuor maria^ &^c. Thy great great great grandfather was 

a rich citizen, and then in all likelihood a usurer, a lawyer, and then a a courtier, 

and then a a country gentleman, and then he scraped it out of sheep, &c. And 

you are the heir of all his virtues, fortunes, titles ; so then, what is your gentry, but 
as Hierom saith. Opes antique., inveteratce divitice, ancient Avealth .? that is the deh 
nition of gentility. The father goes often to the devil, to make his sdn a gentleman 
For tbe present, what is it.' "It began (saith ''^Agrippa) with strong impiety, with 
tyranny, oppression, Stc." and so it is maintained : wealth began it (no matter how 
got), wealth continueth and increaseth it. Those Roman knights were so called, if 
they could dispend per annum so much. *^ In the kingdom of Naples and France, 
he that buys such lands, buys the honour, title, barony, together with it; and they 
that can dispend so much amongst us, must be called to bear ofliice, to be knights, or 
fine for it, as one observes, ^ nobillorum ex censu judicant^ our nobles are measured 
by their means. And wliat now is the object of honour .? What maintains our gentry 
but wealth .' ^^ JYobUUas sine re project.d vilior alga. Without means gentry is 
naught worth, notliing so contemptible and base. ^'^Disputare de nobililate generis, 
sine divUiis, est dispulare de nobilitale stercoris., saith Nevisanus the lawyer, to dis- 
pute of gentry without wealth, is (saving your reverence) to discuss the original of a 
mard. So that it is wealth alone tliat denominates, money which maintains it, gives 
esse to it, for which every man may have it. And what is their ordinary exercise } 
^'^"sit to eat, drink, lie down to sleep, and rise to play:" wherein lies their worth and 
sufficiency .-* in a few coats of arms, eagles, lions, serpents, bears, tigers, dogs, crosses, 
bends, fesses, Slc, and such like baubles, which they commonly set up in their gal- 
leries, porches, windows, on bowls, platters, coaches, in tombs, churches, men's 
sleeves, &c. ^^"If he can hawk and hunt, ride a horse, play at cards and dice, 
swagger, drink, swear," take tobacco with a grace, sing, dance, wear his clothes in 
fashion, court and please his mistress, talk big fustian, *^ insult, scorn, strut, contemn 
others, and use a little mimical and aoish compliment above the rest, he is a com- 
plete, (^Egregiam verb laudem) a well-qualified gentleman ; these are most of their 
employments, this their greatest commendation. What is gentry, this parchment 
nobility then, but as '^^Agrappa defines it, "a sanctuary of knavery and naughtiness, 
a cJoak for wickedness and execrable vices, of pride, fraud, contempt, boasting, op- 
pression, dissimulation, lust, gluttony, malice, fornication, adultery, ignorance, im- 
piety V A nobleman therefore in some likelihood, as he concludes, is an "• atheist, 
an oppressor, an epicure, a "gull, a dizard, an illiterate idiot, an outside, a glow- 
worm, a proud fool, an arrant ass," Ventris et inguinis mancipium., a slave to his lust 
and belly, solaque libidine fords. And as Salvianus observed of his countrymen the 
Aquitanes in France, sicut titulis pri?nifue.re, sic et viliis (as they were the first in 
rank so also in rottenness) ; and Cabinet du Roy, their own writer, distinctly of the 
rest. " The nobles of Berry are most part lechers, they of Touraine thieves, they 
of Narbonne covetous, they of Guienne coiners, they of Provence atheists, they of 



<'Juven. "A sheplirrd, or something that I should 
rather not tell." ■'» Robiista iniprobitas a tyrannide 

incepta, &c. i^Gasper Ens Ihesauro polit. 'OGres- 
ierus Itinerar. fol. 2Gti. " Hor. " Nobility without 

ivealtli is more worthless than sea-weed." s-gyi. 

Tiup. lib 4. nutn 111. 'S Cxod. xxxii. '■'Omnium 



Dobilium sutiiciiwitia in eo prubatur si venatica nove- 1 mask, 'twas apposite. 



rint, SI aleani, si corporis vires ingentibus pociilis com- 
inoiistrent, si iiaturie robur iiunierosa venere probent 
&c. ^^ Difficile est, ut non sit superlms dives, Aus 

tin. ser. 24. ^e fjobilitas nihil aliud nisi improfcitas 

furor, rapina, latrorinium. homiculiuni, luxus, venatio 
violentia, &.c. "The fool took away uiy lord in Itu 



Mem. 2.1 



Remedies against Discontents. 



34& 



Kheims superstitious, they of Lyons treaclierous, of Normandy proud, of Picardy 
insolent, &c." We may generally conclude, the greater men, the more vicious. In 
fine, as ^^jEneas Sylvius adds, " they are most part miserable, sottish, and lilthy fel- 
lows, like the walls of their houses, fair without, foul within." What dost thou 
vaunt of now } ***" What dost thou gape and wonder at.? admire him for his brave 
apparel, horses, dogs, fine houses, manors, orchards, gardens, walks? Why.'' a fool 
may be possessor of this as well as he ; and he that accounts him a better man, a 
nobleman for having of it, he is a fool himself." Now go and brag of thy gentility 
This is it belike which makes the '''' Turks at this day scorn nobility, and all those 
hufhng bombast titles, which so much elevate their poles : except it be such as havv^ 
got it at hrfat, maintain it by some supereminent quality, or excellent worth. And 
for this cause, the Ragusian commonwealth, Swit2*rs, and the united provinces, in 
all their aristocracies, or democratical monarchies, (if I may so call them,) exclude 
all these degrees of hereditary honours, and will admit .of none to bear oflice, but 
such as are learned, like those Athenian Areopagites, wise, discreet, and well brought 
up. The '''Chinese observe the same customs, no man amongst them noble by 
birth ; out of their philosophers and doctors tliey choose magistrates : their politic 
nobles are taken from such as be moraUter nohiles, virtuous noble ; nohilUas ut olim 
ab officio^ non a naiurd, as in Israel of old, and their office was to defend and govern 
their country in war and peace, not to hawk, hunt, eat, drink, game alone, as too 
many do. Their Loysii, Mandarini, literati, licentiati, and such as have raised them- 
selves by their worth, are their noblemen only, though fit to govern a stale : and 
why then should any that is otherwise of worth be ashamed of his birth } why 
should not he be as much respected that leaves a noble posterity, as he that hath had 
noble ancestors } nay why not more .? for ])lures sohm orientem^ we adore the sun 
rising most part ; and how luuch better is it to say. Ego meis majorihus virtute prce- 
luxi, (1 have outshone my ancestors in virtues), to boast himself of his virtues, than 
of his birth .? Cathesbeius, sultan of Egypt and Syria, was by his condition a slave, 
but for worth, valour, and manhood second to no king, and for that cause (as ''^ Jovius 
writes) elected emperor of the Mamelukes. That poor Spanish Pizarro for his valoui 
made by Charles the Fifth Marquess of Anatillo ; the Turkey Pashas are all such. 
Pertinax, Phillippus Arabs, Maximinus, Probus, Aurelius, Sec, from common soldiers, 
became emperors, Cato, Cincinnatus, &c. consuls. Pius Secundus, Sixtus Quintus, 
Johan, Secundus, Nicholas Quintus, Stc. popes. Socrates, Virgil, Horace, libertino 
parte natus. *^The kings of Denmark fetch their pedigree, as some say, from one 
Ulfo, that was the son of a bear. ^^£ tenui. casa scepe vir magnus exit., many a 
(^worthy man comes out of a poor cottage. Hercules, Romulus, Alexander (by 
, Olympia's confession), Themistocles, Jugurtha, King Arthur, William the Conqueror, 
Homer, Demosthenes, P. Lumbard, P. Comestor, Bartholus, Adrian the fourth Pope, 
&c., bastards ; and almost in every kingdom, the most ancient families have been at 
first princes' bastards : their worthiest captains, best wits, greatest scholars, bravest 
spirits in all our annals, have been base. ^^ Cardan, in his subtleties, gives a reason 
why they are most part better able than others in body and mind, and so, per csn- 
sequens, more fortunate. Castruccius Castrucanus, a poor child, found in the field, 
exposed to misery, became prince of Lucca and Senes in Italy, a most complete 
soldier and worthy captain; Machiavel compares him to Scipio or Alexander. " And\ 
'tis a wonderful thing (^® saith he) to him that shall consider of it, that all those, or 
the greatest part of them, that have done the bravest exploits here upon earth, and 
excelled the rest of the nobles of their time, have been still born in some abject, ob- 
scure place, or of base and obscure abject parents." A most memorable observation, 



's I)e miser, curial. Miseri sunt, inepti sunt, turpes 
liunl, iniiUi ul parietes ajilium suarum speciosi. saivjj. 
•aris Hiireas vestes, equos, canes, ordiiiem fainuliiruin, 
Uiitas laensas, aedes, villas, pra^dia, piscinas, sylvas, 
to iiSbC cninia scaltus asseqiii potest. Pandalus noster 
lenocinio nobilitalus est, jEneas Sylvius. ^o Bellunius 
observ. lib. 2. "i Mat. Riccins lib. 1. cap, 3. Ad re- 

gendain re in p. soli dnctores, aut licentiati adsciscuntur, 
tc. "^Lib. 1. hist, cmiditione servus, weterum acer 
beilo, et pninii magniludine niaximoruni reguni neniini 
aeciindus- ob ha-c a Mainelnchis in regeni electus. 
"<Jlaus Mp.gnus lib. 18. Saxo Graniniaticus. d quo rex 



Sueno et ccetpra Danornm regum steinmata. *J Se- 

neca de Contro. l*hilos, epist. t^^Corpore sunt et 

aninio fortiores spurii, pirruniqiie oh amoris vehenien 
tiain, seini MIS crass. iScc. se Vita Kastruccii. Ne 

pra'ler ralioneni inirum videri debet, si quia rem con 
siderare velit, omnes eos vel saltern niaximain partem 
qui in hue terrarum orhe res prffstaiilioresaggressi sunt, 
aique inler ca'teros a!vi sui heroas excelluerunt, aul 
ohscuro, aut ahjecto loco editop, el prognatos fuisse ah 
jectis parentibus. li^orum t.'go Catalogum inlini'uia 
recensere possem. 



2E 



350 



Cure of Melanc'ioly. 



[Part. 2. Sect. 3 



'''Scaligtfr accounts it, f ^ non prcptercundumj maximorum virorum pJcrosque pafres 
ig noratos^ malrcs impudicas fuisse.^^ "• I could recite a great catalogue of them,'* 
every kingdom, every province will yield innumerable examples: and why then 
should baseness of birth be objected to any man ? Who thinks worse of Tully for 
being arpinas, an upstart ? Or Agathocles, that Silician king, for being a potter's son? 
Iphicrates and Marius were meanly born. What wise man thinks better of any person 
for his nobility.? as he said in **Machiavel, onnies eodem patre nati., Adam's sons, con- 
ceived all and born in sin, &c. ''We are by nature all as one, all alike, if you see us 
naked ; let us wear theirs and they our clothes, ami what is the difference ?" To speak 
truth, as ™Bale did of P. Schalichius, " I more esteem thy worth, learning, honesty, than 
thy nobility; honour thee more that thou art a writer, a doctor of divinity, than Earl oi 
the Huns, Baron of Skradine, or hast title to such and such provinces, &.c. Thou art 
more fortunate and great (so " Jovins writes to Cosmo de Medici, then Duke of Flo- 
rence) for thy virtues, than for thy lovely wife, and happy children, friends, fortunes, 
or great duchy of Tuscany." So I account thee ; and who doth not so indeed .' 
''Abdolominus was a gardener, and yet by Alexander for his virtues made King 
of Syria. How much better is it to be born of mean parentage, and to excel in 
worth, to be morally noble, which is preferred before that natural nobility, by 
divines, philosophers, and '^ politicians, to be learned, honest, discreet, well-qualified, 
to be fit for any manner of employment, in country and commonwealth, war and 
peace, than to be Degenercs JYeoptolemi, as many brave nobles are, only wise 
because rich, otherwise idiots, illiterate, unfit for any manner of service .'' '^Udalri- 
rus. Earl of Cilia, upbraided John Huniades with the baseness of his birth, but he 
replied, in te Ciliensis comitalus turpiter exiinguitur, in me gloriose Bistricensis 
exorltiir, thine earldom is consumed with riot, mine begins with honour and renown. 
Thou hast had so many noble ancestors ; what is that to thee } Vix ea nostra voco, 
'* when thou art a dizzard thyself: quod pr ode st^ Pontice, longo sttmmate censeri? 
xc. I conclude, hast thou a sound body, and a good soul, good bringing up .'' (Art 
thou virtuous, honest, learned, well-qualified, religious, are thy conditions good } — 
thou art a true nobleman, perfectly noble, although born of Thersites — dum mndo 

tu sis jEacidce similis, non natus^ sed f actus, noble xat'' s^oxrjv, '*" for neither 

sword, nor fire, nor water, nor sickness, nor outward violence, nor the devil himself 
can take thy good parts from thee." Be not ashamed of thy birth then, thou art a 
gentleman all the world over, and shall be honoured, when as he, strip him of his 
fine clothes, " dispossess him of his wealth, is a funge (which '^Polynices in his 
banishment found true by experience, gentry was not esteemed) like a piece of coin 
in another country, that no man will take, and shall be contemned. Once more, 
though thou be a barbarian, born at Tontonteac, a villain, a slave, a Saldanian negro, 
or a rude Virginian in Dasamonquepec, he a French monsieur, a Spanish don, a 
seignior of Italy, I care not how descended, of what family, of what order, baron, 
count, prince, if thou be well qualified, and he not, but a degenerate Neoptolemus, I 
tell thee in a word, thou art a man, and he is a beast. 

Let no terrcB filius, or upstart, insult at this which I have said, no worthy gentle- 
man take offence. I speak it not to detract from such as are well deserving, trnly 
virtuous and noble : I do much respect and honour true gentry and nobility ; I was 
born of worshipful parents myself, in an ancient family, but I am a younger brother, 
it concerns me not : or had I been some great heir, richly endowed, so minded as I 
am, I should not have been elevated at all, but so esteemed of it, as of all other 
human happiness, honours, &.c., they have their period, are brittle and inconstant. 
As '^ he said of that great river Danube, it riseth from a small fountain, a little brook 



«' Exercit. 265. ^^" It is a thing deserving of our 

notice, that most great men were horn in ohscurity, and 
of unchaste mothers." MFIor. hist. 1. .3. Uuod si 

nudos nos conspici contingat, umniuui una eadeniqne 
erit facies; nam si i[isi nostras, nns eorum vestes indu- 
amiis, nos, &c. '"> Ut merito dicam, quod sinipliciter 
eentiam, Paulum Schalicliium scriptorein, et doctorem, 
pluris facio quam con\itrm Hunnoruui, et Baroneui 
Skradinum; Encyclopajdiam tuam, et orbem discip'.ina- 
rum omiiibns provinciia aiitefero. Calajus epist. nun- 
cupat. ad 5 cent, ultimam script. Brit. " Priefat 

hist. lib. I. virtute tua major, quam aut Hetrusci im- 
perii fortuna, aut nuinerosa et decora prolis fielicitate 
lu.-alior evadiB. '^'.'Curlius. ''^Bodiiie de rep. 



lib. 3. cap. 8. '< .lErieas Siivius, lib. 2. cap. 20. 

">" If children he proud, haughty, foolish, they defile 
the nobility of their kindred," Eccl.xxii. 8. '^Cujus 
possessio nee furto eripi, nee incendio absumi, nee 
aquarum vorasine absorberi, vel vi morbi destrui po- 
test. "Send them both to some strange place 
naked, ad ignotos, as Aristippus said, you shall see the 
difference. Bacon's Essays. '* Familiae splendor 
nihil opis attulit. Sec. '^Fluvius hie illusJris, 
humaiiarum reruin imago, qiise parvis ductce sub inltiis, 
in immensum irescunt, et siibit.i evanesrunt. E.xilii 
hie priiiio fluviiis, in admirandam magnitudinem ex 
crescit, laiidemque in mari Euxino evanesnit. 1 Siunii 
ius pere^. iiiar. Euxini 



Mem. 2.] 



Remedies against Discontents. 



351 



at first, sometimes broad, sometimes narrow, now slow, then swift, increased at last 
o an incredible greatness by the confluence of sixty navigable rivers, it vanishetb in 
conclusion, loseth his name, and is suddenly swallowed up of the Euxine st^a • ^ 
may say of our greatest families, they were mean at first, augmented by rich mar- 
riages, purchases, ofiices, they continue for some ages, with some little alteration oi 
circumstances, fortunes, places, &c., by some prodigal son, for some default, or for 
<vant o^ issue they are defaced in an instant, and their memory blotted out. 

So much in the mean time I do attribute to Gentility, that if he be well-descended, 
of worshipful or noble parentage, he will express it in his conditions, 

fo "nee enirn fernces 

Progeneraiit aquilai columbas." 

And although the nobility of our times be much like our coins, more in number and 
value, but less in weight and goodness, with finer stan^ps, cuts, or outsides than of 
old ; yet if he ittain those ancient characters of true gentry, he will be more affable, 
courteous, gently disposed, of tairer carriage, better temper, or a more magnanimous, 
heroica'l, and generous spirit, than that vuJgus hominum, those ordinary boors and 
peasants, qui adeo improbi., agrestes, et inculti plerumque sunt, ne dicam maliciosi, 
ut ncmini ullam humanitatis officium prceslent, ne ipsi Deo si advencrit, as ^' one 
observes of them, a rude, brutish, uncivil, wild, a currish generation, cruel and mali- 
cious, incapable of discipline, and such as have scarce common sense. And it may 
be generally spoken of all, which ^"Lemnius the physician said of his travel into 
England, the common people were silly, sullen, dogged clowns, sed mitior nobililas., 
ad omne humanitatis ojicium paratissima, the gentlemen were courteous and civil. 
If it so fall out (as often it doth) that such peasants are preferred by reason of their 
wealth, chance, error, &c., or otherwise, yet as the cat in the fable, when she was 
turned to a fair maid, would play with mice ; a cur will be a cur, a clown will be a 
clown, he will likely savour of the stock whence he came, and that innate rusticitry 
can hardly be shaken ofl; 

63" Licet siiperbus ambulet pecunia, 
Fortuna iioii inutat genus." 

And though by their education such men may be better qualified, and more refined^ 
yet there be njany symptoms by which they may likely be descried, an aflfected 
fantastical carriage, a tailor-like spruceness, a peculiar garb in all their proceedings ; 
choicer 'than ordinary in his diet, and as ^^ Hierome well describes such a one to his 
Nepotian ; "An upstart born in a base cottage, that scarce at first had coarse bread 
to fill his htingry guts, must now feed on kickshaws and made dishes, will have all 
variety of flesh and fish, the best oysters," &c. A beggar's brat will be commonly 
more scornful, imperious, insulting, insolent, than another man of his rank : " No- 
thing so intolerable as a fortunate fool," as ^ TuUy found out long since out of his 
experience ; Asperius nihil est humili cum surgit in altum, set a beggar on horse- 
back, and he will ride a gallop, a gallop, Slc. 

M " desffivit in omnes 

Diiin se posse piitat, nee bellua sajvior ulla est, 
Qiiani servi rabies in lil)era colla furentis;" 

he forgets what he was, domineers, &c., and many such other symptoms he hath 
by which you may know him from a true gentleman. Many errors and obliquities 
are on both sides, noble, 'ignoh\e,factis,natis; yet still in all callings, as some dege- 
nerate, some are well deserving, and most worthy of their honours. And as Busbe- 
quius said of Solyman the Magnificent, he was tanto dignus imperio, worthy of that 
great empire. Many meanly descended are most worthy of their honour, politice 
nohilcs, and well deserve it. Many of our nobility so born (which one said of 
llephaestion, Ptolemeus, Seleucus, Antigonus, &c., and the rest of Alexander's fol- 
lowers, they were all worthy to be monarchs and generals of armies) deserve to be 
princes. And I am so far forth of *' Sesellius's mind, that they ought to be preferred 
(if capable) before others, "as being nobly born, ingenuously brought up, and from 



<*)"For fierce eagles do not procreate timid ring- 
'oves." sisahinus in ti. Ovid. Met. fab. 4. ea Lib. 
1. de 4. Complexinnihiis. ^.3 Hor. ep. Od. 2. "And 

although he boast of his wealth, Fortune has not 
'laneed his nature.'' si | jh. \>, ep 1.5. Nalus sor- 

tido tiigunolo et paupere (^oiiio, qui vix inilio rugien- 



tem vent rem, &c. *« Nihil fortunato insipienie 

intolenibilius. sepiaud. I. 9. in Eiitrop. »' Lib. 

J.deRep. Gal. duoniain el coinniodiore utiinturcon- 
ditione, el nonesiiore loco nati, jam indo a parviilis a"* 
moruni civiliiatem educali sunt, el assuefacli. 



352 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 3. 



theii infancy trained to all manner of civility." For learning and virtue in a noble- 
man is more eminent, and, as a jewel set in gold is more precious, and much to be 
respected, such a man deserves better than others, and is as great an honour to hi.s 
family as his noble family to him. In a word, many noblemen are an ornament to 
their order : many poor men's sons are singularly well endowed, most eminent, and 
well deserving for their worth, wisdom, learning, virtue, valour, integrity; excellent 
members and pillars of a commonwealth. And therefore to conclude that which I 
first intended, to be base by birth, meanly born is no such disparagement. El sic 
demonstraiur, quod erat dernonstrandum. 



MEMB. 111. 

.Against Poverty and Want, with such other Adversities. 

One of the greatest miseries that can befal a man, in the world's esteem, is poverty 
)r want, which makes men steal, bear false witness, swear, forswear, contend, mur- 
der and rebel, which breaketh sleep, and causeth death itself, ovbtv rtfw'a; fiapvtipov 
iazi ^optuov, no burden (saith ^^Menander) so intolerable as poverty: it makes men 
desperate, it erects and dejects, census honorcs., census amicitias; money makes, but 
poverty mars, &c. and all this in the world's esteem : yet if considered aright, it is a 
great blessing in itself, a happy estate, and yields no cause of discontent, or that men 
should therefore account themselves vile, hated of God, forsaken, miserable, unfor- 
tunate. Christ himself was poor, born in a manger, and had not a house to hide his 
head in all his life, ^''"lest any man should make poverty a judgment of God, or an 
odious estate." And as he was himself, so he informed his Apostles and Disciples, 
they were all poor. Prophets poor. Apostles poor, (Act, iii. " Sil/ver and gold have J 
none.") "As sorrowing (saith Paul) and yet always rejoicing;' as having nothing, 
and yet possessing all things," 1 Cor. vi. 10. Your great Philosophers have been 
voluntarily poor, not only Christians, but many others. Crates Thebanus was adored 
for a God in Athens, ""^ a nobleman by birth, many servants he had, an honourable 
attendance, much wealth, many manors, fine apparel; but when he saw this, that ai 
the wealth of the world was but brittle, uncertain and no whit availing to live well,"" 
he flung his burden into the sea, and renounced his estate." Those Curii and Fabricii 
will be ever renowned for contempt of these fopperies, wherewith the world is so 
much afl^ected. Amongst Christians I could reckon up many kings and queens, that 
have forsaken their crowns and fortunes, and wilfully abdicated themselves from 
these so much esteemed toys ; ^' many that have refused honours, titles, and all this 
vain pomp and happiness, which others so ambitiously seek, and carefully study to 
"ompass and attain. Riches I deny not are God's good gifts, and blessings; and honoj 
est in honorante, honours are from God; both rewards of virtue, and fit to be sought 
after, sued for, and may well be possessed : yet no such great happiness in having. 
or misery in wanting of them. Dantur quidem bonis, saith Austin, ne quis mala trsti- 
met : mails autem ne quis nimis bona, good men have wealth that we should not think 
it evil ; and bad men that they should not rely on or hold it so good ; as the rain 
falls on both sorts, so are riches given to good and bad, sed bonis in bonum, but they 
are good only to the godly. But ^^ compare both estates, for natural parts they are 
not unlike ; and a beggar's child, as ®^ Cardan well observes, " is no whit inferior to 
a prince's, most part better;" and for those accidents of fortune, it will easily appear 
there is no such odds, no such extraordinary happiness in the one, or misery in the 
other. He is rich, wealthy, fat; what gets he by it? pride, insolency, lust, ambition, 
cares, fears, suspicion, trouble, anger, emulation, and many filthy diseases of body 
and mind. , He hath indeed variety of dishes, better fare, sweet wine, pleasant sauce, 



8" Nullum paupertate gravius onus. *• Ne quis irse 
diviniE judicium putaret, ant paupertas exosa foret. 
Gault. in cap. 2. ver. 18. Lucsb. winter proceres 

Tliebanns iiumeratus, lectum habuit grnus, frequens 
famulitium, domus amplas, &c Apuleiiis Florid. 1. 4. 
" P. Blesensis ep. 72. et 232. oblatos respui hcmores px 
•>n»te meliens; iiiotus ambitiosos rogaiiis non ivi. &c. 



^Sudat pauper forasin opere, dives in cogitatione : hic 
OS aperit oscitatione, ille ructatione ; pravius ille fasli 
riio, quam hic inedia nruciatur. Ber. ser. "^ In Hy« 

perchen Natura a>qua est, puprosque videmus meuiil 
corum nulla ex pane repmu filiis dissimiles, plerumou* 
saniores. 



Mem. 3 



Remefi.iS asainst Discontents. 



353 



dainty iDUsic, gay clothes, lordci it bravely out, Stc, and all that which Misillus 
admired in ^'^ Lucian ; but with them he hath the gout, dropsies, apoplexies, palsies, 
stone, pox, rheums, catarrhs, crudities, oppiliations, ®^ melancholy, &.c., lust enters in, 
anger, ambition, according to ■'^Chrysostom, "-the sequel of riches is pride, riot 
intemperance, arrogancy, fury, and all irrational courses." 

"" turpi fregenint s«cula luxu 

DiviticE molles" 

with their variety of dishes, many such maladies of body and mind get in, which the 
poor man knows not of As Saturn in *** Lucian answered the discontented common- 
alty, (which because of their neglected Saturnal feasts in Rome, made a grievous 
complaint ana exclamation against rich men) that they were much mistaken in sup- 
posing such happiness in riches; ^^"you see the best (said he) but you know not 
their several gripings and discontents :" they are like painted walls, fair without, rot- 
ten within: diseased, filthy, crazy, full of intemperance's effects; '"""•and who can 
reckon half? if you but knew their fears, cares, anguish of mind and vexation, to 
which they are subject, you wouid hereafter renounce all riches." 



" O si pateant peclora divitiiin, 
Qiiantos iiitus siiblimi:< a.^il 
Fortuna metus? Briitia Coro 
Pulsaiite fretum iiiitior unda est." 



" O that their breasts were but conspicuous 
How full of fear within, hcuv furious? 
The narrow seas are not so boisterous." 



Tea, but he hath the world at will that is rich, the good things of the earth : suave 
est de magno tollere acervo, (it is sweet to draw from a great heap) he is a happy 
man, ^adored like a god, a prince, every man seeks to him, applauds, honours,. ad- 
mires him. He hath honours indeed, abundance of all things; but (as I said) withal 
'" pride, lust, anger, faction, emulation, fears, cares, suspicion enter with his wealth;" 
for his intemperance he hath aches, crudities, gouts, and as fruits of his idleness, and 
fulness, lust, surfeiting and drunkenness, all manner of diseases : pecuniis augetur 
improbitas., the wealthier, the more dishonest. ''"He is exposed to hatred, envy, 
peril and treason, fear of death, degredation," &c. 'tis lubrica slatio et proxima prcn- 
cipitioj and the higher he climbs, the greater is his fall. 

5 " celssE graviore casu 

Decidunt turres, feriuntque summo8 
Fulgura montes," 

the lightning commonly sets on fire the highest towers; ^in the more eminent place 
he is, the more subject to fall. 

" Rumpitur innumeris arbos uberrima pomis, 
Et suhito niniiie prsecipitantur opes." 

As a tree that is heavy laden with fruit breaks her own boughs, with their own great- 
ness they ruin themselves : which Joachimus Camerarius hath elegantly expressed 
in his 13 Emblem, cent. 1. Inopem se copia fecit. Their means is their misery, though 
they do apply themselves to the times, to lie, dissemble, collogue and flatter their 
lieges, obey, second his will and commands as much as may be, yet too frequently 
they miscarr)^, they fat themselves like so many hogs, as ''^Eneas Sylvius observes, 
that when they are full fed, they may be devoured by their princes, as Seneca by 
Nero was served, Sejanus by Tiberius, and Haman by Ahasuerus : I resolve with 
Gregory, potestas culminis^ est tempestas mentis ; et quo dignitns altlor., casus gravi.or 
honour is a tempest, the higher they are elevated, the more grievously depressed. 
For the rest of his prerogatives which wealth affords, as he hath more his expenses 
are the greater. -'When goods increase, they are increased that eat them; and what 
good Cometh to the owners, but the beholding thereof with the eyes.''" Eccles. iv. 10 



• Millia frumenti tua triverit area centum, 
Non tuus hinc capiet venter plus quam rheus"- 



" an evil sickness," Solomon calls it, " and reserved to them for an evil," 1 2 verse. 
T.^hey that will be rich fall into many fears and temptations, into many foolish and 



i: 



»«GalloTom. 2. s^Et 6 contubernio foedi atnue 

olidi ventris mors tandem educit. Seneca ep. WX 
•••Divitianim sequela, luxus, intemperies, arroganta, 
Siiperbia. furor injustus, omnisque irrationibilis motus. 
•' juven. Sat. (j. " Effeminate riches have destroyed the 
ase by the introduction of shameful luxury." *Saturn. 
Kpist. 89 Vos quidem divites putatis felices, sed 

ne^citis eoriim miserias loogt quota pars ha!c 

eonim qua isios disrruciant ? si nossetis metus etcuras, 
<)uri)us chnoxii sunt, plaii6 fugiendas vobis divilias 
mistimjretis. ' Seneca in Here. Oeteo. ^Et 



diis similes stulta cogitatio facit. ^ Flamma simu 

libidinis ingreditur ; ira, furor tt superbia, divitiaruni 
sequela. Chrys. 4 Omnium oculis, odio, insidiis expo 
situs, semper solicitus, fortune ludibrium. ^ Hor. 2 

I. od. 10. ^(iuid nie felicem toties jactastis amici 

(iui cecidit, stabili non fuit ille loco. Boelh. ' Ui 

postquam impinguati fuerint, devorentur. *Hor 

"Although a hundred thousand bushels of wheat may 
have been threshed in your granaries, year stomach 
will not contain more than mine. 



45 



2e2 



354 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. h 



noisome lusts, which drown men in perdition." 1 Tim. vi. 9. " Gold and silver hath 
destroyed many," Ecclus. viii. 2. dividcp, scecull sunt laquei diaboli: so writes Ber- 
nard , worldly wealth is the devil's bait : and as the Moon when she is fuller of 
light is still farthest from the Sun, the more wealth they have, the farther they are 
commonly from God. (If I had said this of myself, rich men would have pulled 
me to pieces ; but hear who saith, and who seconds it, an Apostle) therefore St 
iames bids them " weep and howl for the miseries that shall come upon them ; their 
ra'd shall rust and canker, and eat their flesh as fire," James v. 1, 2, 3. I may then 
yoldly conclude with ^Theodoret, quoliescunque divitiis affiuentem, Sfc. "As often 
as you shall see a man abounding in wealth," qui gernmis Mbit ct Serrano dormit in 
ostro, " and naught withal, I beseech you call him not happy, but esteem him unfor- 
tunate, because he hath many occasions offered to live unjustly; on the other side, 
a poor man is not miserable, if he be good, but therefore happy, that those evil occa- 
sions are taken from him." 



io"Non possidontem multa vocaveris 
Recte heatiiiii ; rectius occupat 
Noriien buati, qui deoruni 
JWuiierihiis sapienter uli, 
Durainque callet paiiperiem pati, 
Pejusque Istho flagiliuiii timet." 



' He is not happy that is rich, 

And hath the world at will, 
But he that wisely can God's gifts 

Possess and use theni still : 
That suffers and with patience 

Abides hard poverty. 
And tliooseth rather tor to die; 

Than do such villany." 



Wherein now consists his happiness ? what privileges hath he more than other men.' 
or rather what miseries, what cares and discontents hath he not more than other 
men ? 



1' " Non enim gazse, neque consularis 
Summovet lictor triiseros luinultus 
Mentis, et curas laqueata circum 
Tecta volantes." 



" Jlifor treasures, nor majors officers remove 
The miserable tumults of the mind: -'-' 
Or cares that lie about, or fly above [bin'd." 

Their high-roofed houses, with huge beams com- 



'Tis not his wealth can vindicate him, let him have Job's inventory, sint Croesi ei 
Crassi licet, non hos Pactolus aureus undas agens, eripiat unquum e miseriis, CrcEsus 
or rich Crassus cannot now command health, or get himself a stomach. '^"His 
worship," as Apuleius describes him, " in all his plenty and great provision, is for- 
bidden to eat, or else hath no appetite, (sick in bed, can take no rest, sore grieved 
with some chronic disease, contracted with full diet and ease, or troubled in mind) 
when as, in the meantime, all his household are merry, and the poorest servant that 
he keeps doth continually feast." 'Tis Bracteaia fclicitas, as '^Seneca terms it, tin- 
foiled happiness, infelixf elicit as, an unhappy kind of happiness, if it be happiness 
at all. His gold, guard, clattering of harness, and fortifications against outward ene- 
mies, cannot free him from inward fears and cares. 



'Reveraque inetus hominum, curfeque sequaces 
Nee metuunt fremitus armoruni, ant feerea tela, 
Audacterque inter reges, regumque potentes 
Versantur, neque fulgorem reverentur ab auro." 



" Indeed men still attending fears and cares 
Nor armours clashing, nor fierce weapons fears: 
With kings converse they boldly, ami kings peers, 
Fearing no flashing that from gold appears." 



Look how many servants he hath, and so many enemies he suspects; for liberty he 
entertains ambition ; his pleasures are no pleasures ; and that which is worst, he 
cannot be private or enjoy himself as other men do, his state is a servitude. "A 
countryman may travel from kingdom to kingdom, province to province, city to city, 
and glut his eyes with delightful objects, hawk, hunt, and use those ordinary dis- 
ports, without any notice taken, all which a prince or a great man cannot do. He 
keeps in for state, nc majestatis dignitas evilescat, as our China kings, of Borneo, 
and Tartarian Chams, those aurea mancipia, are said to do, seldom or never seen 
abroad, ut major sit hominum erga se observantia, which the '^ Persian kings so pre- 
cisely observed of old. A poor man takes more delight in an ordinary meal's meat, 
which he hath but seldom, than they do with all their exotic dainties and continual 
viands ; Quippe voluptaiem commendat rarior usus, 'tis the rarity and necessity that 
makes a thing acceptable and pleasant. Darius, put to flight by Alexander, drank 
puddle water to quench his thirst, and it was pleasanter, he swore, than any wine or 



• Cap. 6. de curat, grsc. affect, rap. de providentia; 

quoliescunque divitiis atBuentem hominem videmus, 
cumque pessimuni, ne quceso hunc beatissimnni pute- 
Diiis, sed infelicrm, censpamus, &c. "> Hor. I '2. ()rl.9. 
k^H"- 'v^.2. "Pond. lib. 4. Dives iile cit),> luier- 



dicitur, et in omni copia sua cibum non accipit, euro 

interea totuin ejus servitiuin hilare sit, atque epuh^tur. 
15 Rpist. 11.5. '■> H r. et mihi ciirto Ire licet >«ulo 

vel si libet usque Tarentum. '5 Brisoiuus. 



Alem 3. 



Remedies against Discontents. 



355 



meaJ. All excess, as '^ Epictetus argues, will cause a dislike ; sweet will ne sour 
which made that temperate Epicurus sometimes voluntarily fast. But they Deing 
always accustomed to the same "dishes, (which are nastily dressed by slovenly 
cooks, that after their obscenities never wash their bawdy hands) be they fish, flesh, 
compounded, made dishes, or whatsoever else, are therefore cloyed; nectar's self 
grows loathsome to them, they are weary of all their fine palaces, they are to them 
but as so many prisons. A poor man drinks in a wooden dish, and eats his meat in 
wooden spoons, wooden platters, earthen vessels, and such homely stuff": the other 
in gold, silver, and precious stones ; but with what success ? in auro hihilur venerium, 
fear of poison in the one, security in the other. A poor man is able to write, to 
speak his mind, to do his own business himself; locuples milt it parasitum, saith 
'^Philostratus, a rich man employs a parasite, and as the major of a city, speaks by 
the town clerk, or by Mr. Recorder, when he cannot express himself. "* Nonius the 
senator hath a purple coat as stiff with jewels as his mind is full of vices ; rings on 
his fingers worth 20,000 sesterces, and as ^° Perox the Persian king, an union in his 
ear worth one hundred pounds weight of gold : "*' Cleopatra hath whole boars and 
sheep served up to her table at once, drinks jewels dissolved, 40,000 sesterces in 
value ; but to what end ? 

22" Num tibi rum fauces urit sitis, aurea quceris 
Pociila ?" 

Doth a man that is adry desire to drink in gold ? Doth not a cloth suit become him 
as well, and keep him as warm, as all their silks, satins, damasks, taffeties and tis- 
sues ? . Is not homespun cloth as great a preservative against cold, as a coat of Tartar 
lamb's-wool, died in grain, or a gown of giant's beards ? Nero, saith ^^ Sueton , 
never put on one garment twice, and thou hast scarce one to put on } what's the 
difference ? one's sick, the other sound : such is the whole tenor of their lives, and 
that which is the consummation and upshot of all, death itself makes the greatest 
difl^erence. One like a hen feeds on the dunghill all his days, but is served up at 
last to his Lord's table ; the other as a falcon is fed with partridge and pigeons, and 
carried on his master's fist, but when he dies is flung to the muckhill, and there lies 
The rich man lives like Dives jovially here on earth, temulentus divitiis, make the 
best of it ; and " boasts himself in the multitude of his riches," Psalm xlix. 6. 1 1 
he thinks his house " called after his own name," shall continue for ever; "■ but he 
perisheth like a beast," verse 20. "his way utters his folly," verse 13. male parta, 
male dilabuntur ; "like sheep they lie in the grave," verse 14. Puncto descendunt 
ad infernum, " they spend their days in wealth, and go suddenly down to hell," Job 
xxi. 13. For all physicians and medicines enforcing nature, a swooning wife, fami- 
lies' complaints, friends' tears, dirges, masses, ncenias, funerals, for all orations, coun- 
terfeit hired acclamations, eulogiums, epitaphs, hearses, heralds, black mourners 
solemnities, obelisks, and Mausolean tombs, if he have them, at least, ^^ he, like 
hog, goes to hell with a guilty conscience [propter hos dilaiavit infernos os suum), 
and a poor man's curse ; his memory stinks like the snuff' of a candle when it is 
put out ; scurrilous libels, and infamous obloquies accompany him. When as poor 
Lazarus is Dei sacrarium, the temple of God, lives and dies in true devotion, hath 
no more attendants, but his own innocency, the heaven a tomb, desires to be dis- 
solved, buried in his mother's lap, and hath a company of ^^ Angels ready to convey 
his soul into Abraham's bosom, he leaves an everlasting and a sweet memory behind 
hmi. Crassus and Sylla are indeed still recorded, but not so much for their wealth 
as for their victories : Croesus for his end, Solomon for his wisdom. In a word, 
* " to get wealth is a great trouble, anxiety to keep, grief to lose it." 

^ " Uiiid dignum stolidis mentibus imprecer? 
Opes, honores ainhiaiit: 
Et cum falsa gravi mole paraverint, 
Turn vera cognoscant bona." 



'^Si modum excesseris, suavissima sunt molesta. 
"Et in cupidiis gulae, coquus et pueri illotis manibus 
ab exoneratione ventris omnia tractant, &c. Cardan. 
I. 8. cap. 46. de rerum varielate. '^ Epist. 'spiin. 
!ib. 57. cap. 6. ^ozonaras 3. aniial. 21 Plutarch, 

vit. ejua «Hor Ser. lib. 1. Sat. 2. 23Cap. 30. 

gullam vestem bis iiiduit. !"< Ad generum Cereris 

»ine f.ffide et sanguine pauci descendunt reges, et sicca 
worte tyranni. ^a "God shall deliver his snul from 



the povifer of the grave," Psal. xlix. 15. "^Conterapl. 
Idiot. Cap. 37. divitiarum acquisitio magni lahoris, 
possessio magni timoris, amissio magni doloris. 
2' Boethius de consol. phil. I. 3. "How contemptible 
stolid minds! They covet riches and titles, and when 
they have obtained these commodities of false weight 
and measures, then, and Taot before, 't!'iv understand 
what is truly valuable. 



350 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. 

But consider all those other unknown, concealed happinesses, which a poor man 
hath (I call them unknown, because they be not acknowledged in the world's esteem, 
or so taken) O fortunatos nimium bona si sua norint: happy they are in the mean- 
time if tliey would take notice of it, make use, or apply it to themselves. "A poor 
man wise is better ttian a foolish king," Eccles. ii. 13. ^*" Poverty is the way to 
heaven, ^'the mistress of philosophy, ^° the mother of religion, virtue, sobriety, sister 
of innocency, and an upright mind." How many such encomiums might I add out 
of the fathers, philosophers, orators .'' It troubles many that are poor, they account 
of it as a great plague, curse, a sign of God's hatred, ipsu7n scelus, damned villany 
itself, a disgrace, shame and reproach; but to whom, or why.? *'"]f fortune hath 
envied me wealth, thieves have robbed me, my father have not left me such revenues 

us others have, that I am a younger brother, basely born, cvi sine luce genuSj 

surdumque parentum nomen^ of mean parentage, a dirt-dauber's son, am I there- 
fore to be blamed.? an eagle, a bull, a lion is not rejected for his poverty, and why 
should a man.?" 'Tis ^^fortunce telum^ non ciilpce, fortune's fault, not mine. "-Gjod 
Sir, 1 am a servant, (to use '^^ Seneca's words) howsoever your poor friend ; a servant, 
and yet your chamber-fellow, and if you consider better of it, your fellow-servant." 
I am thy drudge in the world's eyes, yet in God's .sight peradventure thy bettrr, my 
soul is more precious, and I dearer unto him. Etiam servi diis curcB sunt., as Evan- 
gelus at large proves in Macrobius, the meanest servant is most precious in his sigiit. 
Thou art an epicure, I am a good Christian ; thou art many parasangs before me in 
means, favour, wealtli, honour, Claudius's Narcissus, Nero's Massa, Domitian's Par- 
ihenius, a favourite, a golden slave ; thou coverest thy floors with marble, thy roofs 
with gold, thy walls with statues, fine pictures, curious hangings, &c., what of all 
this .? calcas opes., 8fc., what 's all this to true happiness .? I live and breathe undei 
that glorious heaven, that august capitol of nature, enjoy the brightness of stars, that 
clear light of sun and moon, those infinite creatures, plants, birds, beasts, fishes, 
herbs, all that sea and land afford, far surpassing all that art and opulentia can give. 
1 am free, and which ** Seneca said of Rome, culmen liberos texii., sub marmore ct 
auro postea servitus habitavit, thou hast JlmalthecB cornu, plenty, pleasure, the world 
at will, I am despicable and poor; but a word overshot, a blow in choler, a game at 
tables, a loss at sea, a sudden fire, the prince's dislike, a little sickness, &c., may 
make us equal in an instant ; howsoever take thy time, triumph and insult awhile, 
cinis ccquat.1 as ^^Alphonsus said, death will equalise us all at last. I live sparingly, 
in the mean time, am clad homely, fare hardly ; is this a reproach .? am I the worse 
for it .? am I contemptible for it ? am I to be reprehended .? A learned man in ^ Nevi- 
sanus was taken down for sitting amongst gentlemen, but he replied, " my nobility 
is about the head, yours declines to the tail," and they were silent. Let them mock, 
scoff and revile, 'tis not thy scorn, but his that made thee so; " he that mocketh the 
poor, reproacheth him that made him," Prov. xi. 5. "'•and he that rejoiceth at afflic- 
tion, shall not be unpunished." For the rest, the poorer thou art, the happier thou 
art, dilior est, at non melior, saith *' Epictetus, he is richer, not better than thou art, 
not so free from lust, envy, hatred, ambition. 

" Beatus ille qui prnciil nesrofiis 
Pateriia rura bolius exercet suis." 

Happy he, in that he is "^ freed from the tumults of the world, he seeks no honourSj_ 
gapes after no preferment, flatters not, envies not, temporiseth not, but lives privately, 
and well contented with his estate ; 

Nee spes corde avidas, nee curani paseit inanem 
Securus quo fata cadaiil." 

He is not troubled with state matters, whether kingdoms thrive better by succession 
or election ; whether monarchies should be mixed, temperate, or absolute ; the house 



2* Austin in Ps. Ixxvi. omnis Philosophiae niagistra, 
ad coBluni via. *JBonie mentis soror paupertas. 

•0 Pffidagoga pietat'a sohria, pia mater, cullu simplex, 
habitu secura, consilio benesuada. Apul. ^i cardan. 
Opprobrium non est paupertas: quod latro eripit, aut 



conservus si cogitaveris. ** Epist. 66 et 90. 35 pa- 
norniitan. rebus gestis Alph. ss Lib. 4. num. 218 

quidam depreliensus quod sederet loco nohilium, mea 
nobilitas, ait. est circa caput, vestra declinat ad can- 
dam. 37 Taiito beatior es, qiianto sollectior. ss jvop 



pater non reliquit, cur mihi vitio daretur, si fortuna amoribus inservit, non appetit houores, et qualitercun 

divitias invidit ? non aquilse, non, &c. s^Tully. que relictus satis habet, honiinem se esse meminit, if 

" Kpist 74. scrvus summe homo; gervus sum, immo videt nemini, nemiueni despicit, neminem miratur,se> 

lontubernalis, servus sum, at humilis amicus, immo monibus ir.alignis non atteiidit aut al'tur. Pliniua 



Mem. 3.] 



Remedies aaaimt Discontents. 



35? 



of Ottomon's and Austria is all one to him ; he inquires not after colonies or new 
discoveries ; whether Peter were at Rome, or Constantine's donation be of force , 
what comets or new stars signify, whether the earth stand or move, there be a 
new world in the moon, or infinite worlds, &c. He is not touched with fear o<" 
invasions, factions or emulations ; 



39" Fcelix iile anirni, divisque simillimiis ipsis, 
Quem non niordaci resplendens j;luria fuco 
Solicitat, non fastosi mala gaudia luxus, 
Sed tacitos sinit ire dies, ct paupere ciiitu 
^oExigit innocuae Iranquilla silentia vitae." 



"A happy soul, and like to God himself, 
Whom not vain a;lory macerates or strife, 
Or wicked joys of that proud swelling pelf, 
But leads a still, poor, and contented life." 



A secure, quiet, blissful state he hath, if he could acknowledge it. But here is the 
misery, that he will not take notice of it ; he repines at rich men's wealth, brave 
hangings, dainty fare, as '" Simonides objected to Hieron, he hath all the pleasures of 
the world, ''^ in lectis eburneis dormit, vinum phialis Mbit., optimis unguentis delibuitur, 
" he knows not the affliction of Joseph, stretching himself on ivory beds, and singing 
to the sound of the viol." And it troubles him that he hath not the like : there is a dil- 
ference (he grumbles) between LaploUy and Pheasants, to tumble i'th' straw and lie in a 
down bed, betwixt wine and water, a cottage and a palace. " He hates nature (as 
*^ Pliny chaiacteriseth him) that she hath made him lower than a god, and is angry 
with the gods that any man goes before him;" and although he hath received much, 
yet (as ^''Seneca follows it) "-he thinks it an injury that he hath no more, and is so 
far from giving thanks for his tribuneship, that he complains he is not praetor, neither 
doth that please him, except he may be consul." Why is he not a prince, why not 
a monarch, why not an emperor .'' Why should one man have so much more than 
his fellows, one have all, another nothing ^ Why should one man be a slave or 
drudge to another ? One surfeit, another starve, one live at ease, another labour, 
without any hope of better fortune .'' Thus they grumble, mutter, and repine : not 
considering that inconstancy of human affairs, judicially conferring one condition 
with another, or well weighing their own present estate. What they are now, thou 
mayest shortly be ; and what thou art they sh&U likely be. Expect a little, compare 
future and times past with the present, see the event, and comfort thyself with it. It 
is as well to be discerned in commonwealths, cities, families, as in private men's 
estates, Italy was once lord of the world, Rome the queen of cities, vaunted herself 
of two •'^ myriads of inhabitants ; now that all-commanding country is possessed by 
petty princes, ''^ Rome a small village in respect. Greece of old the seat of civility, 
mother of sciences and humanity; now forlorn, the nurse of barbarism, a den of 
thieves. Germany then, saith Tacitus, was incult and horrid, now full of magnifi- 
cent cities : Athens, Corinth, Carthage, how flourishing cities, now buried in their 
own ruins! Corvorum.,ferarum^ aprorum et bestiarum lustra, like so many wilder- 
nesses, a receptacle of wild beasts. Venice a poor fisher-town; Paris, London, small 
cottages in Caesar's time, now most noble emporiums. Valois, Plantagenet, and Sca- 
liger how fortunate families, how likely to continue! now quite extinguished and 
rooted out. He stands aloft to-day, full of favour, wealth, honour, and prosperity, 
in the top of fortune's wheel : to-morrow in prison, worse than nothing, his son 's a 
beggar. Thou art a poor servile drudge, Fcex populi, a very slave, thy son may 
come to be a prince, with Maximinus, Agathocles, &c. a senator, a general of an 
army; thou standest bare to him now, workest for him, drudgest for him and 
his,"takest an alms of him: stay but a little, and his next heir peradventure shall 
consume all with riot, be degraded, thou exalted, and he sliall beg of thee. Thou 
shalt be his most honourable patron, he thy devout servant, his posterity sliall run, 
ride, and do as much for thine, as it was with ''■' Frisgobald and Cromwell, it may b. 
for thee. Citizens devour country gentlemen, and settle in their seats ; after two or 
three descents, they consume all in riot, it returns to the city again. 

39PoIitianus in Rnstico. •"OGyges regno Lydiae I «De ira cap. 31. lib. 3. Et si multiim acceperit, injuriam 

•nflatussciscitatummisit Apollineman quis mortalium pntat plura non accepi?se ; non agit pro Irihunatii 
ge felicior essel. Aglaium Arcadnm paiiperrimum gratias, sed quoritur quod non sit ad prseturam perdue- 
Apollo prstulit, qui terminos agri sui nunquam exces- I tus; neque lifec grata, si desit conanlatus. ■'^^Lips. 
serat, rure suo contentus. Val. lib. I. c. 7. ii Hor. admir. wQf some 90,000 iiihabilants now. •"Read 
•jiec est Vita solitorurn misera amhitione, graviqne. the story at large in John Fox, his Acts and Monu 
«>Amo8. 6. M Prsefat. lib. 7. Odit natiiram quod ments. 
infra decs sit* irascitur diis quud quis illi antecedat. 



358 



Cure of Melancholy. 



Tait. 2. ate. 3. 



' " Noviis incola venit; 

N'am iiroprix lelluris lierum natura, neque ilium, 
Nen inc, nee qiienr|ua.'ii statuit; nos expulit ille: 
Ilium aul nequities, aut vafri iiiscitia juris." 



"have we liv'd at a more frugal rate. 

Since this new stranger seiz'd on our estate? 

Nature will no perpetual heir assign. 

Or make the farm liis properly or mine. 

He turn'd us out : but follies all his own. 

Or lawsuits and their knaveries yet unknown, 

Or, all his follies and his law-suits past, 

Some long-liv'd heir shall turn him out at last." 



A lawyer buys out his poor client, after a while his client's posterity buy out him 
and his ; so things go round, ebb and flow. 



' Nunc ager Umbreni sub nomine, nuper Ofclli 
Dictus erat, nulli proprius sed cedit in usum 
Nunc mihi, nunc aliis ;" 



'The farm, once mine, now bears Umbrenus' name; 
The use alone, not property, we claim ; 
Then be not with your present lot deprest. 
And meet the future with undaunted breast;" 



us he said then, agcr ciijus^ quot habes Dominos? So say I of land, houses, move- 
ables and money, mine to-day, his anon, whose to-morrow ? In fine, (as ''^ Machiavel 
observes) "virtue and prosperity beget rest; rest idleness; idleness riot; riot destruc- 
tion; from which we come again to good laws ; good laws engender virtuous actions; 
virtue, glory, and prosperity; and 'tis no dishonour then (as Guicciardine adds) for 
a flourishing man, city, or state to come to ruin, ^°nor infelicity to be subject to the 
law of nature." Ergo terrena calcanda, sitienda coelestia, (therefore I say) scorn 
this transitory state, look up to heaven, think not what others are, but what thou 
art : ^' Qua parte locatus es in re : and what thou shalt be, what thou mayest be. 
Do (I say) as Christ himself did, when he lived here on earth, imitate him as much 
as in thee lies. How many great Caesars, mighty monarchs, tetrarchs, dynasties, 
prmces lived in his days, in what plenty, what delicacy, how bravely attended, what 
a deal of gold and silver, what treasure, how many sumptuous palaces had they, 
what provinces and cities, ample territories, fields, rivers, fountains, parks, forests, 
lawns, woods, cells, &.c. } Yet Christ had none of all this, he would have none of 
this, he voluntarily rejected all this, he could not be ignorant, he could not err in 
his choice, he contemned all this, he chose that which was safer, better, and more 
certain, and less to be repented, a mean estate, even poverty itself; and why dost 
thou then doubt to follow him, to imitate him, and his apostles, to imitate all good 
men : so do thou tread in his divine steps, and thou shalt not err eternally, as too 
many worldlings do, that run on in their own dissolute courses, to their confusion 
and ruin, thou shalt not do amiss. Whatsoever thy fortune is, be contented with it, 
trust in him, rely on him, refer thyself wholly to him. For know this, in conclu- 
sion, JYon est, vokntis nee currentis^ sed miserenlis Dei^ 'tis not as men, but as God 
will. " The Lord maketh poor and makelh rich, bringeth low, and exalteth (1 Sam. ii. 
ver. 7. 8), he lifteth the poor from the dust, and raiseth the beggar from the dunghill, 
to set them amongst princes, and make them inherit the seat of glory ;" 'tis all as he 
pleaseth, how, and when, and whom ; he that appoints the end (though to us 
unknown) appoints the means likewise subordinate to the end. 

Yea, but their present estate crucifies and torments most mortal men, they have 
no such forecast, to see what may be, what shall likely be, but what is, though not 
wherefore, or from whom, hoc anget^ their present misfortunes grind their souls, and 
an envious eye which they cast upon other men's prosperities, Vicinumque pecus 
grandius uher hahet., how rich, how fortunate, how happy is he .? But in the mean- 
time he doth not consider the other miseries, his infirmities of body and mind, that 
accompany his estate, but still reflects upon his own false conceived woes and wants, 
whereas if the matter were duly examined, ^^ he is in no distress at all. he hath no 
cause to complain. 



• tolle querelas, 



" Then cease complaining, friend, and learn to live. 
He is not poor to v\hom kind fortune grants. 
Even with a frugal hand, what Nature wants." 



Pauper enim non est cui rerum suppetit usus," 

he is not poor, he is not in need. ^ " Nature is content with bread and water ; and 
lie that can rest satisfied with that, may contend with Jupiter him.self for happiness.'^ 
In that golden age, °^somnos dedit umbra sahibres., potuin quoque Inbricus amnis^ the 
tree gave wholesome shade to sleep under, and the clear rivers drink. The Israelites 

<* Hor. Sat. 2. ser. lib. 2. ^^5 Florent. hist, virtus I divites qui roelo et terra frui possunt. m Hor. lib. 1. 

qiiietem parat, quies otium, otium porro luxum gene- | epis. 12. " geneca epist. 15. panem et aquam natura 
rat, luxus interitum, a quo iterum ad saluberriinas, &c. desiderat, et haec qui hahet, ipso cum Jove de felicitate 
soGuicciard. in Hiponest nulla infelicitas subjectum I contendat. Cihus simplex famem sedat, vestis V null 
«8se leg laturae &c. 6i Persius. wOinnes frigii s arcet. Senec. epist. 8. ^Boethius- 



Mem. 3.1 



Remedies against Discontents. 



351* 



drank water in the wilderness; Samson, David, Saul, Abraham's servant when he 
went for Isaac's wife, tlie Samaritan woman, and how many besides mio-ht I reckon 
up, Egypt, Palestine, whole countries in the ^'^ Indies, that drank pure water all their 
lives. "Tlie Persian kings themselves drank no other drink than the water o. 
Chaospis, that runs by Susa, which was carried in bottles after them, whithersoevo* 
they went. Jacob desired no more of God, but bread to eat, and clothes to put or 
in his journey, Gen. xxviii. 20. Bene est cui deus obtiiJit Parca quod satis est manii, 
bread is enough ^^ " to strengthen the heart." And if you study philosophy aright, 
saith ^"Maudarensis, "whatsoever is beyond this moderation, is not useful, but trouble- 
some." ^"Agellius, out of Euripides, accounts bread and water enough to satisfy 
nature, "■ of which there is no surfeit, the rest is not a feast, but a riot." ®' S. Hierome 
esteems him rich ' that hath bread to eat, and a potent man that is not compelled to 
be a slave ; hunger is not ambitious, so that it have to eat, and thirst doth not prefer 
a cup of gold." It was no epicurean speech of an epicure, he that is not satisfied 
with a little will nover have enough: and very good counsel of him in the ^^poet, 
''O my son, mediocrity of means agrees best with men ; too much is pernicious." 

" DivitiE grandes homini sunt vivere parcS, 
^quo aniino." 

And if thou canst be content, thou hast abundance, nihil est^ nihil deest^ thou hast 
little, thou wantest nothing. 'Tis all one to be hanged in a chain of gold, or in a 
rope ; to be filled with dainties or coarser meat. 



' Si ventri henp, si lateri, pedibusqiie luis, nil 
DivilicE poterunt regales addere iriajus." 



' If helly, sides and feet be well at ease, 
A prince's treasure can thee no more please. 



Socrates in a fair, seeing so many things bought and sold, such a multitude of people 
convented to that purpose, exclaimed forthwith, " O ye gods what a sight of things 
do not I want ? 'Tis thy want alone that keeps thee in health of body and mind, 
and that which thou persecutest and abhorrest as a feral plague is thy physician and 
''■' chiefest friend, which makes thee a good man, a healthful, a sound, a virtuous, an 
honest and happy man." For when virtue came from heaven (as the poet feigns) 
rich men kicked her up, wicked men abhorred her, courtiers scoffed at her, citizens 
hated her, ^^ and that she was thrust out of doors in every place, she came at last to 

/ her sister Poverty, where she had found good entertainment. Poverty and Virtue 

I dwell together. 

"" 8*" O vits tiita facultas 

Pauperis, angiistique lares, 6 inunera nondum 
Intellecta deiim." 

' How happy art thou if thou couldst be content. " Godliness is a great gain, if a man 
can be content with that which he hath," 1 Tim. vi. 6. And all true happiness is in 
a mean estate. I have a little wealth, as he said, ^''sed quas animus magnas facit, a 
kingdom in conceit : 

68 " nil atnpllns opto 

Maia nate, nisi ut propria haec inihi munera faxis;" 

have enough and desire no more. 



69" n-ii bene fecerunt inopia 
Fecerurit animi" 



me quodque pusilli 



'tis very well, and to my content. ""'Vestem ei fortunam concinnam potius quam laxam 
vrobo, let my fortune and my garments be both alike fit for me. And which "Sebas- 
tian Foscarinus, sometime Duke of Venice, caused to be engraven on his tomb in 
St. Mark's Church, " Hear, O ye Venetians, and I will tell you which is the best 
thing in the world : to contemn it." I will engrave it in my heart, it shall be my 
whole study to contemn it. Let them take wealth, Stercora stercus amet, so that i 
may have security: bene qui latuit, bene vixit; though I live obscure, '^yet 1 live 
clean and honest; and when as the lofty oak is blown down, the silky reed may 



'6 MiifTsus et alii. s? gi-jssnnius. 6S Psal. Ixxxiv. 
"Si "icte philosophemini, quiequid aptain modera- 
tionem BU|)ergreditur, oneri potius quam Usui est. 
•"Lib. 7. 16. Cereris munus et aquae poculum mortales 
qusrunt habere, et quorum saties nunquam est, luxus 
^utem, sunt CiBtera, non epulae. 6i Satis est dives 

qui pane non indiget; niniium potens qui sfrvire non 
cogitur. Anibitiosa non est fames, &c. 62 Euripides 
Menalip, O fili, mediocres divitiie hominihus conve- 
liunt, nimia vero moles perniciosa. 63 Hor. 64 o 
Joctes coenxque deum. 66 per mille fraudes doctos- 



que dolos ejicitur, apud sociain paupertatem ejusque 
cultores divertens in eorum sinu et tutela deliciatur. 
66 Lucan. " O protecting quality of a poor man's life, 
frugal means, gifts scarce yet understood by the gods 
themselves." 67 L,ip. miscell. ep. 40. 68 gai 6. 

lib. 2. 69Hor. Sat. 4. 'OApuleius. "Chytreus 

in Europse deliciis. Accipite cives Veneti quod est 
optimum in rebus humanis, res hiirnanas contemnere. 
'2 Yah, vivere etiain nunc lubel, as Demea said, Adelph. 
Act. 4. Quam multis non egeo, quam niulta non desi 
dero, ut Socrates in pompa, ille in nund>ni« 



360 



Cure of Melancholy. 



I Part. 2. Sec. o 



Bland. TiPt them take glory, for that's their misery ; let them take honour, so liiai 
I may liave heart's ease. Due me O Jupiter el tu fatum^^ S^c. Lead me, O God. 
whither thou wilt, I am ready to follow, command, I will obey. I do not envy at 
their wealth, titles, offices; 

'<"Stet qiiiciiriqne volet poteiis 
AulsE ciilmiiie lubrjco, 
-Me diilcis saluret quies." 

let me live quiet and at ease. ''^ Erimus forfasse (as he comforted himself) quando 
Hli non erunt., when they are dead and gone, and all their pomp vanished, our 
memory may flourish : 

'6 '• dant perennes 

Steininata non peritura Miisa;." 

Let him be my lord, patron, baron, earl, and possess so many goodly castles, 'tis 
well for me" that I have a poor house, and a little wood, and a well by it, &.c. 

" His me coiisolor victuriiiii siiaviiis, ac si I " Willi wiiicli 1 feel myself more truly hiest 

(lua;slor avus paler atqiie mens, iiatruusquefuisseiit." | Than if my sires the qiia.'stc)r's power possess'd." 

I live, I thank God. as merrily as he, and triumph as much in this my mean estate, 
as if my father and uncle had been lord treasurer, or my lord mayor. He feeds of 
many dislies, 1 of one: ''^qui Chrishim curat., non muUum curat quam de preciosis 
cibis stercus conficiat., what care I of what stuff my excrements be made .? '^"^ He that 
lives according to nature cannot be poor, and he that exceeds can never have enough," 
lotus non sufficit orbis, the whole world cannot give him content. " A small thing 
that the righteous hath, is better than the riches of the ungodly," Psal. xxxvii. 19; 
"■ and better is a poor morsel with quietness, than abundance with strife," Prov. xvii. 7 
Be content then, enjoy thyself, and as ^"Chrysostora adviseth, "-be not angry foi 
what thou hast not, but give God hearty thanks for what tliou hast received." 



' Si dat oliiscula 
Merita niinuscula 
pace referta, 



Nepete grandia, 

Laiituque prandia 

lite repleta." 



But what wantest thou, to expostulate the matter? or what hast thou not better than 
a rich man? ^^" health, competent wealth, children, security, sleep, friends, liberty, 
diet, apparel, and what not," or at least mayest have (the means being so obvious, 
easy, and well known) for as he inculcated to himself, 

•S" Vitam quifi faciunt beatiorem, 
Jucundissirne Martialis, liiec snnf 
Kes non [larta laliore, sed relicta, 
Lis nunqnain, (tc." 

say again thou hast, or at least mayest have it, if thou wilt thyself, and that which 
am sure he wants, a merry heart. ^ Passing by a village in the territory of Milan," 
saith ^""St. Austin, " I saw a poor beggar that liad got belike his bellyful of meat, 
jesting and merry; I sighed, and said to some of my friends that were then with 
me, what a deal of trouble, madness, pain and grief do we sustain and exaggerate 
unto ourselves, to get that secure happiness which this poor beggar hath prevented 
us of, and which we peradventure shall never have ? For that which he hath now 
attained with the begging of some small pieces of silver, a temporal happiness, and 
present heart's ease, 1 cannot compass with all my careful windings, and running in 
and out, ^^And surely the beggar was very merry, but I was heavy; he was secure, 
but I timorous. And if any man should ask me now, whether I had rather be merry, 
or still so solicitous and sad, I should say, merry. If he should ask me again, 
whether I had rather be as 1 am, or as this beggar was, J should sure choose lo be 
as I am, tortured still with cares and fears ; but out of peevishness, and not out of 
truth.'' That which St. Austin said of himself here in this place, I may truly sa^ 



" Epictetus 77. cap. quo sum destinatus, et sequar 
alacriter. ''•'•' Let whosoever covets it, occupy 

the highest pinnacle of fame, sweet tranquillity shall 
satisfy me." ''^ Puteanus ep. 02. "-Marullus. 

"The immortal Muses confer imperishable pride of 
origin." " Hoc erit in votis, modus agri non ita 

parvus, Hortus iibi et tecto vicinus jiigis aquaj fons, et 
paulum sylv;e,&;c. Hnr. Sat. 6. lib. 2. St^r. '"Hieronym. 
'^Seneca consil ad Albinum c. J I. qui continet se intra 
natnro: limites, paupertatem non sentit; qui excedit, 
eum in opibus paupertas sequitur. so Hotn. 12. pro 

iHs qiiie accepisli gratias age, noli indignare pro his 
qua; non accepisli. »' Nat. Chylreus deliciis Europ. 

3iU'»onii in a-dibus Hnbi.tiiis in cffiiiaculo 6 regione 
iiensa:. "If your table afford frugal fare with peace. 



seek not, in strife, to load it lavishly." »-Q,uid non 

habet melius pauper quain dives? vitam, valetudineni, 
ciburn, somnum, liliertalem, &c. Card. "^Martial 

1. 10. epig. 47. read it out thyself in the author, sj Con- 
fess, lib. 6. Traiisiens per vicum quendain Mediolanen- 
sein, aniniadverti pauperem queudam mendicuin, jam 
credo saturum,jocantein atque ridentem, et ingemui et 
locutus sum cum nniicis qui mecum erant, &.(. 85 M 
certe ille la;tabalur, ego anxius; securus ille, ego trept. 
dus. El si peritontarplur me quispiain an exiillaro 
mallem, an meluere, responderein, exiillare : el si rursu* 
interrogaret an ego talis es.sem, an qualis nunc sura 
me ipsis curis confectuin eligerem ; sed pervcrsitat«, 
non vcrilaic. 



Mem. 3.J Remedies against Discontents. 361 

to thee, thou discontented wretch, thou covetous niggard, thou churl, tl.ou ambitious 
and swelling toad, 'tis not want but peevishness which is the cause of thy w^jes; 
settle thme affection, thou hast enough. 

*6 " Denique isit liiiis qutpreiuli, qiioque habeas plus, • 

Pauperiem iiietiias iiiiiiiis, et liiiire labureiii 
liicipias; parto, quod avebas, utetf." 

Make an end of scraping, purchasing this manor, this field, that house, for this anrl 
that child ; thou hast enough for thyself and them : 

85 " Quofl pelis hie est. 

Est Ulubris, animus si te mm deticit lEquiis," 

'Tis at hand, at home already, which thou so earnestly seekest. But 

• " O si angulus ille 



Proxiiiius accedat, qui nunc denormal agellum," 

O that I had but that one nook of ground, that field there, that pasture, O si venam 

argentifors quis miki monslret . O that J could but find a pot of money now, 

to purchase, &c., to build me a new house, to marry my daughter, place my son, 
&.C. »"*"0 if I might but live a while longer to see all things settled, some two or 
three years, i would pay my debts," make all my reckonings even : but they are 
come and past, and thou hast more business than Ijefore. '•'• O madness, to think to 
settle that in tiiine old age when thou hast more, which in thy youth thou canst not 
low compose having but a little." ^^ Pyrrhus would first conquer Africa, and then 
\sia, et turn suaviter agcre, and then live merrily and take his ease : but when Cyneas 
'he orator told him he might do that already, id jam posse Jieri, rested satisfied, con- 
vlemning his own folly. Si parva licet componere magnis.f thou mayest do tlie like, 
dnd therefore be composed in thy fortune. Thou iiast enough : he that is wet m a 
uatli, can be no more wet if he be fiung into Tiber, or into the ocean itself: and if 
thou hadst all the world, or a solid mass of gold as big as the world, thou canst not 
have more than enough; enjoy thyself at length, and that which thou hast; the 
mind is all ; be content, thou art not poor, but rich, and so much the richer as 
'* Censorinus well writ to Cerellius, quanta pandora optas., non quo plura possides, 
in wishing less, not having more. 1 say then, JVon adjice opes, sod minue cupiditatcs 
('tis ^'Epicurus' advice), add no more wealth, but diminish thy desires; and as 
'^Chrysostom well seconds him. Si vis ditari., co?itcmne dlvaias; that's true plenty, 
not to have, but not to want riches, no/t haberCi sed non indigere, vera ahundantia: 
'tis more glory to contemn, than to- possess ; et nihil agere., est. deorum., " and to want 
nothing is divine." How many deaf, dumb, halt, lame, blind, miserable persons 
could 1 reckon up that are poor, and withal distressed, in imjjrisonment, banishment, 
galley slaves, condemned to the mines, quarries, to gyves, in dungeons, perpetual 
ihraldom, than all which thou art richer, thou art more happy, to whom thou art 
able to give an alms, a lord, in respect, a petty prince : ^^ be contented then 1 say, 
lepine and mutter no more, '•'•for thou art not poor indeed but in opinion." 

Yea, but this is very good counsel, and rightly applied to such as have it, and will 
not use it, that have a competency, that are able to work and get their living by the 
sweat of their brows, by their trade, that have something yet ; he that hath birds, 
may catch birds ; but what shall we do that are slaves by nature, impotent, and 
unable to help ourselves, mere beggars, that languish and pine away, that have no 
means at all, no hope of means, no trust of delivery, or of better success } as those 
old Britons complained to their lords and masters the Romans oppressed by the 
Ficts, mare ad barbaros, barbari ad mare, the barbarians drove them to the sea, the 
sea drove them back to the barbarians : our present misery compels us to cry out 
and howl, to make our moan to rich men : they turn us back witli a scornful answer 
to oui misfortune again, and will take no pity of us ; they commonly overlook their 
f oor friends in adversity ; if they chance to meet tliem, they voluntarily forget and 
will take no notice of them; they will not, they cannot help us. histead of com- 



e«Hoi. e'Hor. ep. lib. 1. mq ?i nunc morerer, , in juventa, in senecla impositurum ? Odemenliani, 

inquit, quanta et qualia niihi imperfecta manerent : quum ob curas et negotia tuo judicin sis infelix, quid 
sed pi mensihus decern vel octo super vixero, omnia re- putas futurum quum plura supererint ? Tandari lib.tf. 
ligan. ad lihellum, ab onini debito creditoque nie expli- cap. -lO. de rer. var. "S pimarch. so Tiih. de niuali. 

eabo ; praetereunt interim menses docem.et octo, et cum cap. I. oi Apud Stobeum sei. 17. "^ Horn. lli. in 2. 

llisai.ni.et adhuc restant phira quam prius; quid igitur | «' Nun in paiipcrtaie, sed in jiaupere (Seiiei'.j iioii re, aei 
ipeias. O iiisare, fiiieni q'4eni rebus luis non inveueras "piiiione labures. 

46 2 F 



3G2 



Cure of Melancholy. 



Part. 2. Sec. 3 



fort they threaten us, miscal, scoff at us, to aggravate our misery, give us had lan- 
guage, or if they do give good words, what's that to relieve us ? According lo that 
of Thales, Facile est alios monere; who cannot give good counsel ? 'tis ciicap, it 
costs them nothing. It is an easy matter when one's belly is full to declaim against 
fasting. Qui satur est plena laudat jejunia ventre; " Doth the wild ass bray when 
he hath grass, or loweth the ox when he hath fodder .'"' Job vi. 5. ^*J\'eque enim 
popalo Romano quidquam potest esse Icetius., no man living so jocund, so merry as 
the people of Rome wlien they had plenty; but when they came to want, to be 
hunger-starved, " neither shame, nor laws, nor arms, nor magistrates could keep 
them in obedience." Seneca pleadeth hard for poverty, and so did those lazy plii- 
losophers : but in the meantime "^ he was rich, they had wherewithal to maintain 
themselves; but doth any poor man extol it.'' There "are those (saith ^^ Bernard 
that approve of a mean estate, but on that condition they never want themselves 
and some again are meek so long as tliey may say or do what they list ; but if oc- 
casion be offered, how far are tliey from all patience .?" I would to God (as he said) 
""No man should commend povert}', but he that is poor," or he that so much 
admires it, would relieve, help, or ease others. 



' Nunc si nos audis, atque es diviiius Apollo, 
Die inihi, qui nurniiios non liabot, uiide petal :" 



' Now if thou hear'st us, and art a good man. 
Tell him that wants, to get means, if you can.' 



But no man hears us, we are most miserably dejected, the scum of the world. ^Vix 
kahet in nobis jam nova plaga locum. We can get no relief, no comfort, no succour, 
*°°El nihil inveni quod mihi ferret opem. We have tried all means, yet find no re- 
medy : no man living can express the anguish and bitterness of our souls, but we 
that endure it ; we are distressed, forsaken, in torture of body and mind, in another 
hell : and what shall we do } When ' Crassus the Roman consul warred against the 
Partliians, after an unlucky battle fought, he fled away in the night, and left four 
thousand men, sore, sick, and wounded in his tents, to the fury of the enemy, which, 
when the poor men perceived, clamoribus et ululatihus omnia, complrrunt, they made 
lamentable moan, and roared downright, as loud as Homer's Mars when he was hurt, 
which the noise of 10,000 men could not drown, and all for fear of present death. 
But our estate is far more tragical and miserable, much more to be deplored, and far 
greater cause have we to lament; the devil and the world persecute us, all good for- 
tune hath forsaken us, we are left to the rage of beggary, cold, hunger, thirst, nasti- 
ness, sickness, irksomeness, to continue all torment, labour and pain, to derision and 
contempt, bitter enemies all, and far worse than any death ; death alone we desire, 
death we seek, yet cannot have it, and what shall we do ? Qtiod male fers, assuesce; 

feres bene accustom thyself to it, and it will be tolerable at last. Yea, but 1 

may not, I cannot, In me consumpsit vires fortuna noccndo^ I am in the extremity of 
human adversity; and as a shadow leaves the body when the sun is gone, I am now 
left and lost, and quite forsaken of the world. Qui jacet in terra, non habet unde 
cadat; comfort thyself with this yet, thou art at the worst, and before it be long it will 
either overcome thee or thou it. If it be violent, it cannot endure, aut solvetur, atU 
iolvet: let the devil himself and all the plagues of Egypt come upon thee at once, 
JSTe tu cede malis., sed contra audentior ito, be of good courage ; misery is virtue's 
'vhetstone. 

» "serpens, sitis, ardor, arenac, 

Dulcia virtuti," 

IS Cato told his soldiers marching in the deserts of Lybia, "Thirst, heat, sands, ser- 
pents, were pleasant to a valiant man ;" honourable enterprises are accompanied with 
langers and damages, as experience evinceth : they will make the rest of thy life 
relish the better. But put case they continue ; thou art not so poor as thou wast 
born, and as some hold, much better to be pitied than envied. But be it so thou 
hast lost all, poor thou art, dejected, in pain of body, grief of mind, thine enemies 
nsult over thee, thou art as bad as Job ; yet tell me (saith Chrysostom) " was Job 



''Vobiscus Aureliano, sod si populus famelicus inedia 
laboret, nee arma, leges, pudor, magistratus, coercere 
Talent. "One of the richest men in Rome '^germ. 
ftniilam sunt qui pauperes esse volunt ita nt nihil illis 
licsit, SIC cummendant ut nullam patiantur inopiam ; 



sunt et alii mites, quamdiu dicitur et agitur ad eorum 
arbitrinm, &c. 8? Nemo paupertatem commendarel 

nisi pauper. 98 Petronius Catalec. oKOvid 

" There is no space left on our bodies for a fresh stripi;." 
looovid. • Plutarch, vit. Urassi. "Lucan. lib. 9 



Mem. 3 ] 



Remedies against DisconU nls. 



363 



or the devil the greater conqueror ? surely Job ; the ^ devil had his g :)ods, he sat oi. 
the muck-hill and kept his good name; he lost his children, health, friends, but h« 
kept his innocency ; he lost his money, but he kept his conhdence in God, which 
was better than any treasure." Do tliou then as Job did, triumph as Job did, ^and 
be not molested as every fool is. Scd qua ratione pottro? How shall this be done' 
Chrysostom answers, facile si cceium cogitaveris, with great facility, if thou shall 
but meditate on heaven. * Hannah wept sore, and troubled in mind, could not eat; 
" but why weepest thou," said Elkanah her husband, '■' and why eatest thou not.? 
why is thine heart troubled .'' am not ] better to thee than ten sons ?" and she was 
quiet. Thou art here ^ vexed in this world; but say to thyself, " Why art thou 
troubled, O my soul .'" Is not God better to thee than all temporalities, and mo- 
mentary pleasures of the world } be then pacified. And though thou beest now 
peradventure in extreme want, '' it may be 'tis for thy further good, to try thy patience, 
as it did Job's, and exercise thee in this life : trust in God, and rely upon him, and 
thou shall be * crowned in the end. What's this life to eternity .? The world hath 
forsaken thee, thy friends and fortunes all are gone : yet know this, that the very 
hairs of thine head are numbered, tliat God is a spectator of all thy miseries, he 
sees thy wrongs, woes, and wants. ®" 'Tis his good-will and pleasure it should be 
so, and he knows better what is for thy good than thou thyself. His providence is 
over all, at all times ; he hath set a guard of angels over us, and keeps us as the 
apple of his eye," Ps. xvii. 8. Some he doth exalt, prefer, bless with worldly riches, 
lionours, offices, and preferments, as so many glistering stars he makes to shine 
above the rest : some he doth miraculously protect from thieves, incursions, sword, 
fire, and all violent mischances, and as the '° poet feigns of that Lycian Pandarus, 
Lycaon's son, when he shot at Menelaus the Grecian with a strong arm, and deadly 
arrow, Pallas, as a good mother keeps flies from her child's face asleep, turned by 
the shaft, and made it hit on the buckle of his girdle ; so some he solicitously de- 
fends, others he exposeth to danger, poverty, sickness, want, misery, he chastiseth 
and corrects, as to him seems best, in his deep, unsearchable and secret judgment, 
and all for our good. " The tyrant took the city (saith " Chrysostom), God did not 
hinder it; led them away captives, so God would have it; he bound them, God 
yielded to it : flung them into the furnace, God permitted it : heat the oven hotter, 
it was granted : and when the tyrant had done his .worst, God showed his power, 
and the children's patience ; he freed them :" so can he thee, and can '^ help in an 
instant, when it seems to him good. '^"•Rejoice not against me, O my enemy; for 
though I fall, I shall rise : when I sit in darkness, the Lord shall lighten me." Re- 
member all those martyrs what they have endured, the utmost that human rage and 
fury could invent, with what '^ patience they have borne, with what willingness em- 
braced it. "Though he kill me," saith Job, " ] will trust in him." Justus '^inex- 
pug7iabilis, as Chrysostom holds, a just man is impregnable, and not to be overcome. 
Tiie gout may hurt his hands, lameness his feet, convulsions may torture his joints, 
but not rectam mentem^ his soul is free. 



nempe pecus, rem, 



Lectos, argentum lollas licet; in nianicis, et 
Coiiipedibus saevo teiieas cuslode" 



" Perha'^, you mean, 
My cattle, money, moveables or laiiil. 
Then take them all. — Hul, slave, if I command, 
A cruel jailor shall thy freedom seize." 



"Take away his money, his treasure is in heaven : banish him his country, he is 
an inhabitant of that heavenly Jerusalem : cast him into bands, his conscience ia 



» An quum super fimo sedit Job, an eum omnia ab- 
gtulit diabolus, &c. peciiniis privatus (iduciam deo lia- 
buit, omiii thesauro preciosiorem. * H;ec videnles 

uponte philosophemini, nee insipientum affectibus agi- 
leiiiur. »lSam. i.8. «Jamesi. 2. " My brethren, 
count it an exceeding joy, when you fall into divers 
teniptations." ■> Atflictio dat intellectum ; quos Deus 
diligit castigat. Deus optimum quemque aut mala vale- 
•udiiie aut luctu afficit. Seneca. » tluam sordet mihi 
eerra quum ccDlum intueor. »Senec de providentia 

Clip. 2. Diis ita visum, dii melius norunt quid sit in 
connnodum meum. '"Horn. Uiad. 4. 'i Hom. 9. 

voluit urbem tyrannuseverterre, el Deus non probibuit ; 
voluit caplivos ducere, non impedivit; voluit ligare, 



concessit, &c. i^ Psal. cxiii. De terra inopem, da 

steicore erigit pauperem. '^ Micali. viii. 7. " Freme, 
prenie, ego cum Pindaro, aSdirriaTOi f«^t 11)5 (ptXXoi 
in' aX/ia immersibilis sum sicut suber super mans sep- 
tum. Lipsius. IS Hie ure, hie seca, ut in ajternura 
parcas, Austin. Diis fruitur iratis, superat et cresc.it 
nialis. Mutium ignis, Fabricium paiipertas, Reguliim 
tormenta, Socralem venenuin superare non potuit. 
'•■• Hor. epist. Iti. lib. 1. " Hom. 5. Auferet pecunias' 
at habet in coelis: patria dejiciet ? at in coRlestem civi- 
tateni mittet: vinciila injiciet? at habet solutam con- 
scientiam: corpus interhciet, at iterum resurgei; cum 
umbra pugnat qui cum Justo pugiiat. 



S64 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sect. 3 



free ; kill liis body, it shall rise again ; he fights with a shadow that contends with 
an upright man :" he will not be moved. 

" si fractus illahatiir orhis, 

Impaviduin ferienl ruiiisE." 

Though heaven itself should fall on his head, he will not be offended. He is im- 
penetrable, as an 'anvil hard, as constant as Job. 

'*"' Ipse deus simul atqiio volot ine solvet opinor." | " A God shall set nie free whene'er I please.'" 

Be thou such a one ; let thy misery be what it will, what it can, with patience en- 
dure it; thou mayest be restored as he was. Tcrris proscriptus, ad cailum propera', 
ab hominihus descrtus, ad detimfitge. " The poor shall not always be forgotten, the 
patient abiding of the meek shall not perish for ever," Psal. x. xviii. ver. 9. " The 
Lord will be a refuge of the oppressed, and a defence in the time of trouble." 



" Servus Epictclus!, miillilati corporis, Iriis 
Pauper: at h;fc inter charus erat superis.' 



" Lame was' Epictetiis, and poor Irus, 
Yet to Ihem both God was propitious.' 



Lodovicus Vertomannus, that famous traveller, endured much misery, yet surely, 
saith Scaliger, he was inr deo charus,^ in that he did escape so many dangers, "God 
especially protected him, he vvas dear unto him :" Modo in egesta/e.^ iribulatione, 
convalle deploralionis., cSfc. " Thou art now in the vale of misery, in poverty, in_ 
agony, '^ in temptation; rest, eternity, happiness, immortality, shall be thy rewartl,"7 
as Chrysostom pleads, " if thou trust in God, and keep thine innocency." JYon si 
male nunc^ et olim sic erit sernper; a good hour may come upon a sudden ; ^° expect 
a little. 

Yea, but this expectation is it which tortures me in the mean time ; ^'futura 
expecfans prcBsentibus angor, whilst the grass grows the horse starves : ^ despair not. 
but hope well, 

23" Spera Batte, tihi melius lux Crastina ducet ; 
Dum spiras spera" 

Cheer up, I say, be not dismayed ; Spes alit agricolas: " he that sows in tears, shall 
reap in joy," Psal. cxxvi. 7. 

" Si fortune me tormente, 
Esperance me contente." 

Hope refresheth, as much as misery depresseth ; hard beginnings have many times 
prosperous events, and that may happen at last which never was yet. " A desire 
accomplished delights the soul," Prov. xiii. 19. 



'^" Grata superveniet qus non sperabitur hora :" 



" Which makes m' enjoy my joys long wish'd at last, 
Welcome that hour shall come when hopp is past:" 



a lowering morning may turn to a fair afternoon, -'JYube solef pulsa candidus ire 
dies. " The hope that is deferred, is the fainting of the heart, but when the desire 
Cometh, it is a tree of life," Prov. xiii. 12, '^^ suavissimum est volt comjws fieri. 
Many men are both wretched and miserable at first, but afterwards most happy : 
and oftentimes it so falls out, as "" JVlachiavel relates of Cosmo de Medici, that 
fortunate and renowned citizen of Europe, "that all his youth was full of per- 
plexity, danger, and misery, till forty years were past, and then upon a sudden 
the sun of his honour broke out as through a cloud." Hunniades was fetched 
out of prison, and Henry the Third of Portugal out of a poor monastery, to be 
crowned kings. 

" Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra," | " Many things happen between the cup and the lip," 

beyond all hope and expectation many things fall out, and who knows what may 
happen } JYondum omnium dierum Soles occidenmf, as Philippus said, all the suns 
are not yet set, a day may come to make amends for all. " Though my father and 
mother forsake me, yet the Lord will gather me up," Psal. xxvii. 10. " Wait patiently 
on the Lord, and hope in him," Psal. xxxvii. 7. " Be strong, hope and trust in 
the Lord, and he will comfort thee, and give thee thine heart's desire," Psal 
xxvii. 14. 



" Sperate et vosmet rebus servate secundis." 



" Hope, and reserve yourself for prosperity." 



MLeonides. 'o Modo in pressura, in tentationi 

bus, erit postea bnnum Iwtm reqiiies, ffitcrnitas, immor- 
lalitas. 20 Dabit Deus his quoque finem. 2' Se- 

neca. 22 ivemo desperet mi'liora lapsus. 23Thfo 

t'ltua. " Hope on, Battus, to-uiorrow may bring belter 



luck; while there's life there's hope." **X/vii. 

aiOvid. 26Th3les. 27ijb. 7. Flor. hist Ora. 

iiiuui f;elicissimus, et locupletissimus, &c. incarc-.ratiit 
sspr- adolescoitiam periculo mortis habuir <ii-iicivudiii<( 
et discriminis pleiiam, &.C. 



Mem. 3. Remedies against Discontents. 363 

Fret not thyself because thou art poor, contemned, or not so well foi the present as 
thou wouldest be, not respected as thou oughtest to be, by birth, place, worth ; or 
that which is a double corrosive, thou hast been happy, honourable, and rich, art 
now distressed and poor, a scorn of men, a burden to the world, irksome to thysell 
and others, thou hast lost all : Mlsernm est fiiisse felicem, and as Boethius calls it. 
JnfeUcissimwn genus infortunii; this made Timon half mad with melancholy, to 
think of his former fortunes and present misfortunes : this alone makes many mise- 
rable wretches discontent. I confess it is a great misery to have been happy, the 
quintessence of infelicity, to have been honourable and rich, but yet easily to be 
endured : '^^ security succeeds, and to a judicious man a far better estate. The loss 
o{ thy goods and money is no loss; ^®" thou hast lost them, they would otherwise 
have lost thee." If thy money be gone, ™" thou art so much the lighter," and as 
Saint Hierome persuades Rusticus the monk, to forsake all and follow Christ : "• Gold 
and silver are too heavy metals for him to carry that seeks heaven." 

SI" Vel nos in mare proximum, I Siinimi materiam inali 

Geinmat- et lapides, aunim et inutile, | Mittanius, t^celeruni si bene poenitel." 

.^eno the philosopher lost all his goods by shipwreck, '"he might like of it, fortune 
had done him a good turn: Opes a 7ne, animum auferre non potest: she can take 
•away my means, but not my mind. He set her at defiance ever after, for she could 
not rob him that had nought to lose : for he was able to contemn more than they 
could possess or desire. Alexander sent a hundred talents of gold to Phocion of 
Athens for a present, because he heard he was a good man : but Phocion returned 
his talents back again with a permitte me in posterum virum bonum esse to be a good 

man still ; let me be as I am : JYon ml aurum posco., nee mi precium^^ That The- 

ban Crates flung of his own accord his money into the sea, abite nummi, ego vos 
mergam.) ne mcrgar^ a vobis, I had rather drown you, than you should drown me. 
Can stoics and epicures thus contemn wealth, and shall not we that are Christians ? 
It was mascula vox et prceclura., a generous speech of Cotta in ^* Sallust, ^' Many 
miseries have happened unto me at home, and in the wars abroad, of which by the 
help of God some I have endured, some I have repelled, and by mine own valour 
overcome : courage was never wanting to my designs, nor industry to my intents : 
prosperity or adversity could never alter my disposition. "A wise man's mind," as 
Seneca holds, ^^'•' is like the state of the world above the moon, ever serene." Come 
then what can come, befall what may befall, infractum invictumque ^^ animum oppo- 
nas: Rebus angustis animosus atque fortis appare. [Hor. Od. 11. lib. 2.) Hope and 
patience are two sovereign remedies for all,. the surest reposals, the softest cushions 
to lean on in adversity : . , 

3' " Durum sed Itvius fit patienlia, I . „,. , , , , , , .. 

Uuicquid corriiiere est nefas." | What can't be cured must be endured." 

If it cannot be helped, or amended, '^make the best of it; ^^ necessitati qui se accom- 
modate, sapit., he is wise that suits himself to the time. As at a game at tables, so do 
by all such inevitable accidents. 

40 " ita vita est hominum quasi cum ludas tesseris, 
Si illud quod est maxime opiis jaciu non cadit, 
Illud qucid cecidit forte, id arte ut corneas ;" 

If thou canst not fling what thou wouldst, play thy cast as well as thou canst 
Everything, saith *' Epictetus, hath two handles, the one to be held by, the other not: 
'tis in our choice to take and leave whether we will (all which Simplicius's Com- 
mentator hath illustrated by many examples), and 'tis in our power, as they say, to 
make or mar ourselves. Conform thyself then to thy present fortune, and cut thy 
coat according to thy cloth, "^^Ut quimus (^quod aiunt) quando quod volumus non licet, 

28 1.iBtior successit securitas quae simul cum di vitiis ' tute mea ; nuiiqiiam animus negotio defuit, npc decretis 
cohahitare nescit. Camden. s^PecuMJaiii perdidisti, lahor; nulla; res r.sc prosperte nee adversa; in^'eniuiri 

lortassis ilia te perderet manens. Sen»'ca. su Expe- ' ' • .= -^.-. ..■ _ 

ditior ^s ob pecuniaruin jacturam. Fortuna opes au- 
ferre, non animuin potest. Seneca. 3' Hor. " Let 

us cast .ui jewels and gems, and useless gold, the cause 
of all vit ^, into the sea, since we iruly repent of our 
sens." "'■■'Jubet me posthac fortuna expoditius Phi- 

losopharj. 23"i ,io not desire rjghes, nor that a 

price should be set upon me." si in frag. Quirites, 

uiulta mihi pericula donii, militiae multa adversa fuerc, 
I'loruni alia toleravi, aiia ileoruni auzilio repuli et vir- 

2f2 



n)utaliant. .f^Qdaiis mundi statis supra lunam 

semper serenus '■■i> Bona mens nullum trisiioris 

fortunse recipit irvursum, Val. lib. 4- c. 1. Q,ui nil po- 
test sporare, desperet nihil, s' Hor. =" iEquam. 
memento rebus in ardnis servare mentem, lib. 2. Od. 'i. 
ssEpict. c. 18. lo'jvr. Adel. act. 4. Sc. /. «' Una- 
quiEque res duas habot ansas, alteram qu£B teneri, alle 
ram qua; non potest; in manu nostra quani voluiii *■ 
accipere. ^^Ter. And. Act. 4. sc. (i 



366 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 

•* Be contented with thy loss, stale, and calling, whatsoever it is, and fst is well 
satisfied with thy present condition in this life:" 

" Esto quod es; quod sunt alii, sine queinlibnt esse; | " Be as thou art ; and as they are, so let 

Quod Mon es, nolis ; quod poles esse, velis " | Others he still; what is and may be covet." 

And as he that is ■** invited to a feast eats what is set before him, and looks for no 
other, enjoy that thou hast, and ask no more of God than what he thinks fit to 
bestow upon thee. JYon cuivis cont'mglt odire Corinfhmn^ we mav not be all gen- 
tlemen, all Catos, or Lfelii, as Tully telleth us, all honourable, illustrious, and serene, 
all rich; but because mortal men want many things, '''*" therefore," saith Theodoret, 
" hath God diversely distributed his gifts, wealth to one, skill to another, that rich 
men might encourage and set poor men at work, poor men might learn several trades 
to the common good." As a piece of arras is composed of several parcels, some 
wrought of silk, some of gold, silver, crewel of diverse colours, all to serve for the 
exornation of the whole : music is made of diverse discords and keys, a total sum 
of many small numbers, so is a commonwealth of several unequal trades and call- 
ings. "^ H all should be Croesi and Darii, all idle, all in fortunes equal, who should 
till the land.? As '''^Menenius Agrippa well satisfied the tumultuous rout of Rome, 
in his elegant apologue of the belly and the rest of the members. Who should build 
houses, make our several stuffs for raiments ? We should all be starved for com- 
pany, as Poverty declared at large in Aristophanes' Plutus, and sue at last to be as 
we were at first. And therefore God hath appointed this inequality of states, orders, 
and degrees, a subordination, as in all other things. The earth yields nourishment 
to vegetables, sensible creatures feed on vegetables, both are substitutes to reasonable 
souls, and men are subject amongst themselves, and all to higher powers, so God 
would have it. All things then being rightly examined and duly considered as they 
ought, there is no such cause of so general discontent, 'tis not in the matter itself, 
but in our mind, as we moderate our passions and esteem of things. JYihil aliud 
necessarium ut sis miser fsaith ''^ Cardan) quam ut te miserum credas, let thy fortune 
be what it will, 'tis thy mind alone that makes thee poor or rich, miserable or happy, 
Vidi ego (saith divine Seneca) in villa hilari et aynmna mcpstos., et medid solitudine 
occupatos; non locus sed aninms facit ad tranquillitalem. I have seen men misera- 
bly dejected in a pleasant village, and some again well occupied and at good ease in 
a solitary desert. 'Tis the mind not the place causeth tranquillity, and that gives 
true content. I will yet add a word or two for a corollary. Many rich men, I dare 
boldly say it, that lie on down beds, with delicacies pampered every day, in their 
well-furnished houses, live at less heart's ease, with more anguish, more bodily pain, 
and through their intemperance, more bitter hours, than many a prisoner or galley- 
slave ; ^^ McEcenas in plumci ceque vigilat ac Reguliis in dolio: those poor starved 
Hollanders, whom ''^Bartison their captain left in Nova Zembla, anno 1596, or those 
^^ eight miserable Englishmen that were lately left behind, to winter in a stove in 
Greenland, in 77 deg. of lat., 1630, so pitifully fonsaken, and forced to shift for 
themselves in avast, dark, and desert place, to strive and struggle with hunger, cold, 
desperation, and death itself. 'Tis a patient and quiet mind (1 say it again and again) 
gives true peace and content. So for all other things, they are, as old " Chremes 
told us, as we use them. 

" Parentes, patriam, amicos, genus, co^natos, divitias, 
H-Tc perinde sunt a<: illius aniinus qui ea possidet; 
I Q.ui uti scit, ei bona; qui utitur non recte, inula." 

" Parents, friends, fortunes, country, birth, alliance, &c., ebb and flow with our con- 
ceit ; please or displease, as we accept and construe them, or apply them to our- 
selves." Faber quisque fortuncp, suce, and in some sort I may trulv say, prosperity 
and adversity are in our own hands. JVatmG Iceditur nisi a seipso, and which Seneca 
confirms out of his judgment and experience. ^^" Every man's mind is stronger than 
fortune, and leads him to what side he will ; a cause to himself each one is ot his 



«Epictetns. Tnvitatus ad convivium, quas apponun- 
tur coniedis, non queeris ultra ; in mundo multa rogilas 
quae dii negaiit. •"Cap. 6. do providentia. Mor- 

lalf.s cum sint rerum omnium indigi, ideo deus aliis 
divitias, aliis paupertalem distrrbuit. ut qui opibus 
liollent, materiani subministrent ; qui vero inopes, ex- 
ercitatiis artibus nianus admoveaiit. ■li s^i suit 



quis aratro terram sulcaret, quis sementem faceret, 
quis plantas sereret, quis vinum exprimeret? <«Liv 
lib. 1. « Lib. X de cons. «'Seneca. <9Vid>.- 

Isaacum Pontanum descript. Amsterdam, lib. 2. e. 2i 
i-o Vide Ed. Pelhams book edit. 11)30. " Heauton 

tim. Act. 1. So. 2. ^^ Epist. 9t<. Omni fortuna va 

lenlior ipse animus, in iilramque part<rm res suas duri- 



omnes equales, iieces.<<<' est ut omnes fame pereuiit : i beatteque ac miserte vita^ sibj causa est. 



Mep _ Reined es against Discontents. 367 

good or baj life." But will we, or nill we, make the worst of it, and suppose a 
man in the greatest extremity, 'lis a fortune which some indefinitely prefer befon; 
prosperity ; of two extremes it is the best. Luxurianl animi rebus plerumqm srcun- 
dis, men in ^^ prosperity forget God and themselves, they are besotted with their 
wealth, as birds with henbane : " miserable if fortune forsake them, but more mise- 
rable if she tarry and overwhelm them : for when they come to be in great place, 
rich, they that were most temperate, sober, and discreet in their private fortunes, as 
Nero, Otho, Vitellius, Heliogabalus (^optirai imperatores nisi imperasscnf^ degenerate 
on a sudden into brute beasts, so prodigious in lust, such tyrannical oppressors. Sec, 
they cannot moderate themselves, they become monsters, odious, harpies, what not? 
Cum triumphos^ opes, honores adepti sunt., ad voluptalem ei otium deinceps se coni>er- 
tunt: 'twas ^^Cato's note, "they cannot contain." For that car.oe belike 

W" Eiitrapilus ciiicuiique nocere volebat, In 

Veslimenta dabat pretiosa : beatus enim jam, " Eulrapilus when he would hurt a knave, 

Cum piilchris tunicis sumet nova coiisilia ct spes, ^'*'"- "'"' ?'">' tlothes and wealth to make him brave : 

Dormiet in lucem scorlo, postponet honestum I R^cause now rich he would quite change his mind, 

Officium" Keep whores, fly out, set honesty behind." 

On the other side, in adversity many mutter and repine, despair. Sec, both bad, I 
confess, 

SJ " ut calceus olim 

Si pede major erit, subvertet: si minor, uret." 

"As a shoe too big or too little, one pincheth, the other sets the foot awry," sed e 
malts minimum. If adversity hath killed his thousand, prosperity hath killed his 
ten thousand : therefore adversity is to be preferred ; ^* hcBc froeno indiget, ilia solatia: 
ilia fallit, hcBc instruit: the one deceives, the other instructs; the one miserably 
happy, the other happily miserable; and therefore many philosophers have volunta- 
rily sought adversity, and so much commend it in their precepts. Demetrius, in 
Seneca, esteemed it a great infelicity, that in his lifetime he had no misfortune, mise- 
rum cui nihil unquam accidisset adversi. Adversity then is not so heavily to be 
taken, and we ought not in such cases so much to macerate ourselves: there is no 
such odds in poverty and riches. To conclude in "^ Hierom's words, " I will ask 
our roagnificoes that build with marble, and bestow a whole manor on a thread, 
what difference between them and Paul the Eremite, that bare old man "> They 
drink in jewels, he in his hand : he is poor and goes to heaven, they are rich and 
go to hell." 



MEMB. IV. ^ 



Against Servitude, Loss of Liberty, Imprisonment., Banishment. 

Servitude, loss of liberty, imprisonment, are no such miseries as they are held 
to be : we are slaves and servants the best of us all : as we do reverence our mas- 
ters, so do our masters their superiors : gentlemen serve nobles, and nobles subordi- 
nate to kings, 07nne sub regno graviore regnum, princes themselves are God's servants, 
reges in ipsos imperium est Jovis. They are subject to their own laws, and as the 
kings of China endure more than slavish imprisonment, to maintain their state and 
greatness, they never come abroad. Alexander was a slave to fear, Caesar of pride, 
Vespasian to his money [nihil enim refert, rerinn sis servus an hominum),^ Helioga- 
balus to his gut, and so of the rest. ; Lovers are slaves to their mistresses, rich men 
to their gold, courtiers generally to lust and ambition, and all slaves to our affec- 
aons, as Evangelus well discourseth in ®' Macrobius, and *^ Seneca the philosopher, 
assiduam servitutem extremam et ineluctabilem he calls it, a continual slavery, to be 
so captivated by vices ; and who is free.? Why then dosi thou repine.' Satis est 
poti'ns, Hierom saith, qui servire non cogitur. Thou carriest no burdens, thou art 
no prisoner, no drudge, and thousands want that liberty, those pleasures which thou 



M t'ortuna quern nimiiim fovet stulium facil. Pub. 
Mimiis. 64 Seneca de beat. vit. cap. 14. miseri si dese- 
rantur ab ea, miseriores si obruantur. s6 Plutarch, 

tit. ejus. 's Hnr. episl. I. I. ep. 18. »' H(.r. 

'^Boelh, 2. sifEpist. lib. :i. vit. Paul. Erniit. Libet 

eo^ iiunr intirrogarc qui d'lmus niarnioribii3 vestiunt, j spei, omiies tiiuori. ^^Nat. lib. 3. 

lu into ti!n viilartim ponunt precia, huic Mini modo 



quid nnqiiam defiiit? vos gemma bibitis, ille concavii 
manibus iialnrae satisfecit; ille pauper paradisiini capjt, 
vos avaros gehenna susciniet. «" n maitern little 

wliether we are enslaved by men or thincs." oiggtuy 
I. I!. Alius libidini scrvit, alius ambitioni, oiu«M 



368 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 3 



ndst. Tluni art not sick, and what woiildst thou have ? But nitimur in vetitum^ \ve 
must all eat of" the forhidden fruit. Were we enjoined to go to such and such places, 
we would not willingly go : but being barred of our liberty, this alone torments our 
wandering soul that we may not go. A citizen of ours, saith ®^ Cardan, was sixty ^ 
years of age, and had never been forth of the walls of the city of Milan; the prince 
hearing of it, commanded him not to stir out : being now forbidden that which all 
his life he had neglected, he earnestly desired, and being denied, dolore confcctus 
mortem ohUt., he died for grief. 

What I have said of servitude, I again say of imprisonment, we are all prisoners. 
•^What is our life but a prison .'' We are all imprisoned in an island. The world 
itself to some men is a prison, our narrow seas as so many ditches, and when they 
have compassed the globe of the earth, they would fain go see what is done in the 
moon. In ^^ Muscovy and many other northern parts, all over Scandia, they are 
imprisoned half the year in stoves, they dare not peep out for cold. At ''^ Aden in 
Arabia they are penned in all day long with that other extreme of heat, and keep 
iheir markets in the night. What is a ship but a prison .'' And so many cities are 
but as so many hives of bees, ant-hills ; but that which thou abhorrest, many seek: 
women keep in all winter, and most part of summer, to preserve their beauties ; 
some for love of study: Demosthenes shaved his beard because he would cut olf all 
occasions from going abroad : how many monks and friars, anchorites, abandon the 
world. Monachus in urbc, piscis in arido. Art in prison .'' Make right use of it, and 
mortify thyself; ""Where may a man contemplate better than in solitariness," or 
:>tudy more than in quietness } Many worthy men have been imprisoned all their 
aves, and it hath been occasion of great honour and glory to them, much public 
g-ood by their excellent meditation. ^'^Ptolemus king of Egypt, cum viribus atlenuatis 
infirma valetudine laborarei,, miro descendi studio affcctus, ^x. now being taken with 
d grievous infirmity of body that he could not stir abroad, became Strato^s scholar, 
fell hard to his book, and gave himself wholly to contemplation, and upon that occa- 
sion (as mine author adds), pulcherrivmm rcgice opulentia:. monumeyitum, (Sec, to his 
great honour built that renowned library at Alexandria, wherein were 40,000 volumes. 
Severinus Boethius never writ so elegantly as in prison, Paul so devoutly, for most 
of his epistles were dictated in his bands: " .Toseph," saith ^^ Austin, "got more 
credit in prison, than when he distributed corn, and was lord of Pharaoli's house." 
It brings many a lewd, riotous fellow home, many wandering rogues it settles, thal-^ 
would otherwise have been like raving tigers, ruined themselves and others. 

Banishment is no grievance at all, Omne solum forti pair ia, Sfc. et patria est uhi- 
cunque bene est., that's a man's country where he is well at ease. Many travel for 
pleasure to that city, saith Seneca, to which thou art banished, and what a part of 
the citizens are strangers born in other places ? ''"Incolcnti.hus patria, 'tis their coun- 
try that are born in it, and they would think themselves banished to go to the place 
which thou leavest, and from which thou art so loath to depart. 'Tis no disparage 
ment to be a stranger, or so irksome to be an exile. " " The rain is a stranger to the 
earth, rivers to the sea, .Jupiter in Egypt, the sun to us all. The soul is an alien to-^^ 
the body, a nightingale to the air, a swallow in a house, and Ganymede in heaven, 
an elephant at Rome, a Phffinix in India; and such things commonly please us best, 
which are most strange and come the farthest off. Those old Hebrews esteemed the 
whole world Gentiles ; the Greeks held all barbarians but themselves ; our modern 
Italians account of us as dull Transalpines by way of reproach, tliey scorn thee and 
thy country which thou so much admirest. 'Tis a childish humour to hone after 
home, to be discontent at that which others seek ; to prefer, as base islanders and 
Norwegians do, their own ragged island before Italy or Greece, the gardens of the 
world. There is a base nation in the north, saith '^ Pliny, called Chauci, that live 
amongst rocks and sands by the seaside, feed on fish, drink water : and yet thest 
base people account themselves slaves in respect, when they come to Rome. Ita est 



MConsol. I. 5. G40 generose, quid est vita nisi 

parcer aninii I «5 Herhasti:in. m Vertoinaninis 

navig. I. 2. c, 4. Commcrcia in nundinis noctii hora 
secunda oh niiriios qui SEPviunt iiitcrdiu SBstus exerceril. 
s' Ubi verior contcinplalio quaiii in solitudine ? uhi 
«tudiuiii solidius quam in quiete? 68 Alex, ah Alex, 
(en. diet. lib. 1. can. 2. <''> In Ps. Ixxvi. non ita lau- 



datiir Joseph cum fruments distribueret.ac quum carce- 
rem habitaret. '"Boethius. "» Philostratus in 

delicjis. I'eiHtrrini sunt imbres in terra et fluvii in 
mari Jupiter apud ..■Esyptos, sol apud omnes; liospeg 
aiiima in corpnre, luscinla in aere, hiriinrio in doino, 
Ganymcdes cwlo, &.c. '^ I, lb. 16. cap. 1. rVullarn friifiem 
habeiit •otuftex inibre: Ct hs genlKs «i vincantur, jcr 



Mem. 5.] Remedies against Discontenls. 369 

prnfectd (as he concludes) mult is for tuna parcit in pcenam^ so it is, fortune favours 
isonic to live at home, to their further punishment: 'tis want of judgment. All places 
are distant from heaven alilie, the sun shines happily as warm in one city as in 
another, and to a wise man there is no diflerence of climes ; friends are everywhere 
to him that behaves himself well, and a prophet is not esteemed in his own country. 
Alexander, Caesar, Trajan, Adrian, were as so many land-leapers, now in the east 
ow in [the west, little at home- and Polus Venetus, Lod. Vertomannus, Pinzonus, 
Cadamustus, Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Vascus Gama, Drake, Candish, Oliver 
Anort, Schoutien, got all their honour by voluntary expeditions. But you say such 
men''s travel is voluntary; we are compelled, and as malefactors must depart; yet 
know this of " Plato to be true, uUori Deo summa aura pcrcgrinus est^ God hath an 
especial care of strangers, " and when he wants friends and allies, he shall deserve 
better and find more favour with God and men." Besides the pleasure of peregri- 
aation, variety of objects will make amends; and so many nobles, TuUy, Aristides, 
Theinistocles, Theseus, Codrus, &c. as have been banished, will give sutficient credit 
unto it. Read Pet. Alcionius his two books of this subject. 



MEMB. V. 

Against Sorrow for Death of Friends or otherwise^ vain Fear^ Sfc. 

Death and departure of friends are things generally grievous, ''^ Omnium qua 
in humana vita contingunt, liictus atque mors sunt acerbissima^ the most austere and 
oitter accidents that can happen to a man in this life, in cBternum valedicere, to part 
for ever, to forsake the world and all our friends, 'tis ultimum terribilium, the last 
and the greatest terror, most irksome and troublesome unto us, '^Homo toties moritur,^ 
quoties amittit suos. And though we hope for a better life, eternal happiness, after 
these painful and miserable days, yet we cannot compose ourselves willingly to die; 
the remembrance of it is most grievous unto us, especially to such who are fortunate 
and rich : they start at the name of death, as a horse at a rotten post. Say what you 
can of that other world, ''^ Montezuma that Indian prince, Bonum est esse hie, they 
had rather be here. Nay many generous spirits, and grave staid men otherwise, are 
so tender in this, that at the loss of a dear friend they will cry out, roar, and tear 
their hair, lamenting some months after, howling "■ O Hone," as those Irish women 
and "Greeks at their graves, commit many indecent actions, and almost go beside 
themselves. My dear father, my sweet husband, mine only brother's dead, to whom 
shall I make my moan } O me miserum ! Quis dabit in lachrymas fontem, Sfc. What 
shall I do .? 

■"8" Sed totum hoc studiuni luctu fraterna mihi mors I " My brother's death my study hath undone, 
Ahstulit, hei inisero frater adeinple mihi ?" | Woe's me, alas my brother he is gone 1" 

Mezentius would not live after his son : 

'»" N\inc vivo, nee adhuc homines lucemque relinquo, 
Sed linquam" 

And Pompey's wife cried out at the news of her husband's death, 

«•" Turpe mori post te solo non posse dolore, 
Violenta luctu el nescia tolerandi," 

as ^' Tacitus of Agrippina, not able to moderate her passions. So when she heard 
hej' son was slain, she abruptly broke off her work, changed countenance and colour, 
tore her hair, and fell a roaring downright. 

*2" subitus miseriE color ossa reliquit, 

Excussi manibus radii, revolutaque pensa: 
Evolat infelix et foejiiineo ululatu 
Scissa comani" 

»* Lib. 5. de legibus. Cumqiie cognatis rareat et ami- I shall resign them." s" Lucan. " Overcome by grief 

tia. majorem apud deos el apud homines misericordiam and unable to endure it, she exclaimed, • \ot to beable to 
iieretur. " Cardan, de consol. lib. 2. '^ Seneca. I die through sorrow for thee were base.' " "' 3 Annal. 

'6 Benzn. " Siininio mane ulnlatum oriuntur, pectora I *2 " The colour suddenly fled her cheek, the distalf for 
percuiientes, &c. miserabile spectaculum exhibentes. | sook her hand, the reel revolved, and with dishev^llcrf 
'Jrtelius in Gra;cia. '"Catullus. " Virgil. " [ locks she broke away, wailing as a woiim'J " 

Uve tiow, nor as yet relinquish society and life, but ( 
47 



370 Cure of Melancholy. rParL 2. Sec. b. 

Another A^ould needs run upon the sword's point after Euryalus' departure, 

S3"F)git,e me, si qua est pieias, in me omnia teia 
Conjicite 6 Rutili ;" 

let me die, some good man or other make an end of me. How did Achilles take 
on for Patroclus' departure ? A black cloud of sorrows overshadowed him, saith 
Homer. Jacob rent his clothes, put sackcloth about iiis loins, sorrowed for hi? son 
a long season, and could not be comforted, but would needs go down into the grave 
unto his son. Gen. xxxvii. 37. Many years after, the remembrance of such friends, 
of such accidents, is most grievous unto us, to see or hear of it, though it concern 
not ourselves but others. Scaliger saith of himself, that he never read Socrates' 
death, in Plato's Phajdon, but he wept :, ^^ Austin shed tears when he read the de- 
struction of Troy. But howsoever this passion of sorrow be violent, bitter, and 
seizeth familiarly on wise, valiant, discreet men, yet it may surely be withstood, it 
may be diverted. For what is there in this life, that it should be so dear unto us ? 
or that we should so much deplore the departure of a friend ? The greatest plea- 
sures are common society, to enjoy one another's presence, feasting, hawking, hunt- 
ing, brooks, woods, hills, music, dancing. See. all this is but vanity and loss of time, 
as 1 have sufficiently declared. 



' "dum bibimus, dum serta, unguenta, 

puellas 
Pnscuiius, obrepit non intellecta senectus." 



"Whilst we drink, prank ourselves, with wenchen 
dally. 
Old age upon 's at unawares doth sally." 



As alchymists spend that small modicum they have to get gold, and never find it, we 
lose and neglect eternity, for a little momentary pleasure which we cannot enjoy, 
nor shall ever attain to in this life. We abhor death, pain, and grief, all, yet we will 
do nothing of that which should vindicate us from, but rather voluntarily thrust our- 
selves upon it. ^ " The lascivious prefers his whore before his life, or good estate ; 
an angry man his revenge : a parasite his gut ; ambitious, honours ; covetous, wealth; 
a thief his booty, a soldier his spoil ; we abhor diseases, and yet we pull them upon 
us." We are never better or freer from cares than when we sleep, and yet, which 
we so much avoid and lament, death is but a perpetual sleep ; and why should it, as 
^^Epicurus argues, so much aflright us? ''When we are, death is not: but when 
death is, then we are not:" our life is tedious and troublesome unto him that lives 
oest; ^'*"'tis a misery to be born, a pain to live, a trouble to die :" death makes an 
end of our miseries, and yet we cannot consider of it ; a little before *^ Socrates 
drank his portion of cicuta, he bid the citizens of Athens cheerl'uUy farewell, and 
concluded his speech with this short sentence; ^'My time is now come to be gone, 
I to my death, you to live on ; but which of these is best, God alone knows." For 
there is no pleasure here but sorrow is annexed to it, repentance follows it. ^° " If 
I feed liberally, I am likely sick or surfeit : if I live sparingly my hunger and thirst 
is not allayed; I am well neither full nor fasting; if I live honest, I burn in lust;" 
if I take my pleasure, I tire and starve myself, and do injury to my body and soul. 
*'" Of so small a quantity of mirth, how much sorrow ? after so little pleasure, how 
great misery ?" 'Tis both ways troublesome to me, to rise and go to bed, to eat and 
provide my meat; cares and contentions attend me all day long, fears and suspicions 
all my life. I am discontented, and why should I desire so much to live ? But a 
happy death will make an end of all our woes and miseries ; omnibus una meis certa 
medcla malls ; why shouldst not thou then say with old Simeon since thou art so 
well affected, " Lord now let thy servant depart in peace :" or with Paul, " I desire to 
be dissolved, and to be with Christ ?" Beata mors qucE ad heatam vitam adltum aperil^ 
'tis a blessed hour that leads us to a ^^ blessed life, and blessed are they that die in 
tlie Lord. But life is sweet, and death is not so terrible in itself as the concomitants 
of it, a loathsome disease, pain, horror, &.c. and many times the manner of it, to be 



8SVirg. ^n. 10. "Transfix me, O Rutuli, if you have 
any piety; pierce me with your thousand arrows." 
*<Confess. I. I, 66juvenalis. ts Aniatnr scortiim 

vitfe pra-ponit, iracundus vindiclam, parasitus gulam, 
anihitiosiis honores, avarus opes, miles rapinum, fur 
pried .n n ; morbos odimus et accersinius. Card. "'Se- 
neca ; qnuni nos sunius, mors non ade.-sl; cum vero mors 
adest, iMin nos non sunius. »"• Bernard. c. ;{. intd. 

Basci ni serum, vivere posna, angustia mori. •« I'lato 



Apol. Socratis. Sed jam hora est hinc ahire, &r. 
8" Oomedi ad satietateni, gravitas me otferjilit; parciiia 
edi, non est p.xpletum desiderium ; venereas delicias 
sequor, hinc morbus, lassitudo.&c. »' Bern. c. 3. med. 
de lantilla ket it la, quanta tristitia ; post tun tarn voiup- 
tatem quain gravis njiseiia ? <>^ t^.st eniin mori 

pioruni f lix iransilnsde .obore ad rofrigeriiiM, de er 
(lectutione ad pricmium. de agone ad bravium 



>lem. 



Remedies asainst Discontents. 



371 



hanged, to be orokeri on the wheel, to be burned alive. ^ Servetus the heretic, that 
suffered in Geneva, when he was brought to the stake, and saw the executioner come 
with fire in his hand, liomo viso igne tarn horrendum exclamavit, ut universum popit- 
mm perterrefecerit, roared so loud, that he terrified the people. An old stoic woulo 
have scorned this. It troubles some to be unbuned, or so : 



" not) te optima mater 



Conrlet liuiiii, patrinve onerabit membra sepulchro ; 
Alitihus liiigiiere feris, et gurgitc mersum 
i'liila feret, piscesque impasti vulnera lambent." 



" Thy gentle parents shall not bury thee, 
Amongst thine ancestors entomb'd to be. 
But leral fowl thy carcass shall devour. 
Or drowned corps hungry fish maws shall scour. 



As Socrates told Crito, it concerns me not what is done with me when I am dead ; 
Facilis jactura sepulchri : I care not so long as I feel it not ; let them set mine head 

on tlie pike of Teneriffe, and my quarters in the four parts of the world, 

pascam licet in cruce corvos^ let wolves or bears devour me; ^^Coelo tegitur 

qui non habet urnam^ the canopy of heaven covers him that hath no tomb. So like- 
wise for our friends, why should their departure so much trouble us } They are 
better as we hope, and for what then dost thou lament, as those do whom Paul 
taxed in his time, 1 Thes. iv. 13. "that have no hope?" 'Tis fit there should be 
some solemnity. 

»6"Sed fiepelire decet defunotum, pectore forti, 
Constaiites, unumque diem fletui indulgentes." 

Job's friends said not a word to him the first seven days, but let sorrow and discon- 
tent take their course, themselves sitting sad and silent by him. When Jupiter him- 
self wept for Sarpedon, what else did the poet insinuate, but that some sorrow is 
good 

WQuis matrem nisi mentis inops in funere nati 
Flere vevat ?" 

who can blame a tender mother if she weep for her children .'' Beside, as ^^ Plutarch 
holds, 'tis not in our power not to lament, Indolentia non cuivis contingit, it takes 
away mercy and pity, not to be sad ; 'tis a natural passion to weep for our friends, 
an irresistible passion to lament and grieve. " I know not how (saith Seneca) h\it 
sometimes 'tis good to be miserable in misery : and tor the most part all grief evacu- 
ates itself by tears," 

96 " estquffidam flere voluptas, 

Expletur laclirymis egeriturque dolor:" 

" yet after a day's mourning or two, comfort thyself for thy heaviness," Eccles. 
xxxviii. 17. ^^JVo?i decet defunctum ignavo qucestu prosequi ; 'twas Germanicus' 
advice of old, that we should not dwell too long upon our passions, to be desperately 
sad, immoderate grievers, to let them tyrannise, there's indolentice. ars, a medium to 
be kept: we do not (saith '""Austin) forbid men to grieve, but to grieve overmuch. 
" I forbid not a man to be angry, but 1 ask for what cause he is so } Not to be sad, 
but why is he sad ? Not to fear, but wherefore is he afraid ?" I require a moderation as 
well as a just reason. ' The Romans and most civil commonwealths have set a time to 
such solemnities, they must not mourn after a set day, " or if in a family a child be born, 
a daughter or son married, some state or honour be conferred, a brother be redeemed 
from his bands, a friend from his enemies," or the like, they must lament no more. 
And 'tis fit it should be so ; to what end is all their funeral pomp, complaints, and 
tears .'' When Socrates was dying, his friends Apollodorus and Crito, with some 
others, were weeping by him, which he perceiving, asked them what they meant: 
^ '•'• for that very cause he put all the women out of the room, upon which words of 
his they were abashed, and ceased from their tears." Lodovicus Cortesius, a rich 
lawyer of Padua (as '^ Bernardinus Scardeonius relates) commanded by his last will, 
and a great mulct if otherwise to his heir, that no funeral should be kept for him, no 
man should lament : but as at a wedding, music and minstrels to be provided ; and 
instead of black mourners, he took order, '' " that twelve virgins clad in green should 



"Vaticanns vita ejus. S4l,,c. '^n. 9. Homer. 

" It is proper that, having indulged in becoming grief 
ibr one whole day, you should commit the dead to the 
Kepulchre." "^Ovid. 9'Consol. ad Apoloii. non est 
'ibertate nostra posilum non dolere, misericordiam alio- 
Pl.&a MOvid, 4Trist. ^'Tacitus lib, 4. """Lib. 
9. i.ap. 9 de civitate Dei. Non quaero cum irascatursed 
cur, ni>- utnm sil tristis sed unde, non utrum tiraeat 



sed quid timeat. « Festus verbo minuitur. Luctui 

dies indicebatur cum liheri nascantur, cum frater abil, 
amicus ab hospite captivus dornum redeat, puella de- 
sponsetur. '^Ob banc causam mulieres ablegarain na 
talia facerent; uos haec audientes erdhiiimus et desii- 
tiniiis a lachrymis. > Lib. I. class. 8. de Claris. Juris- 

coni^ultis Patavinis. < 12. lunuptse puellae amicta 

viridibua pannis, &.C. 



372 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 3 



carry him t(» the church." His will and testament was accordingly performed, and 
he buried in St. Sophia's church. ^Tully was much grieved for his daughter Tul- 
liola's death at first, until such time that lie had confirmed his mind with some phi 
^osophical precepts, ^^ then he began to triumph over fortune and grief, and for her 
reception into heaven to be much more joyed than before he was tioubled for he» 
loss." If a heathen man could so fortify himself from philosophy, what shall a 
Christian from divinity.? Why dost thou so macerate thyself.' 'Tis an inevitable 
chance, the first statute in Magna Charta, an everlasting Act of Parliament, all must 
'die. 

'"Constat aEteriia pnsitumque lege est, 
Vt constet geriituiii nihil." 

It cannot be revoked, we are all mortal, and these all commanding gods and princes 

" die like men:" ® involvit humile parittr et celsum caput., cequatqne sumniis 

infima. "O weak condition of human estate," Sylvius exclaims : '" Ladislaus, king 
of Bohemia, eighteen years of age, in the flower of his yoAith, so potent, rich, for- 
tunate and happy, in the midst of all his friends, amongst so many " physicians, now 
ready to be '^married, in ihirty-six hours sickened and died. We must so be gone 
sooner or later all, and as Calliopeius in the comedy took his leave of his specta- 
tors and auditors, Vos valete et platidite, Calliopeius recensui, must we bid the world 
farewell (Exit Calliopeius), and having now played our parts, for ever be gone. 
Tombs and monument-s have the like fate,' data sunt ipsis qiioque fata sepulchris, 
kingdoms, provinces, towns, and cities have their periods, and are consumed. -.In 
those flourishing times of Troy, Mycenae was the fairest city in Greece, Grceci(£ 
cunctce imperitabat, but it, alas, and that '^'^ Assyrian Nineveh are quite overthrown :" 
the like fate hath that Egyptian and Boeotian Thebes, Delos, commune GrcFcice con- 
ciliabulum., the common council-house of Greece, '''and Babylon, the greatest city 
that ever the sun shone on, hath now nothing but walls and rubbish left. '"'■'• Quid 
PandionicB restat nisinomen Jlthcna;?'''' Thus '® Pansaiiias complained in his times. 
And where is Troy itself now, Persepolis, Carthage, Cizicum, Sparta, Argos, and all 
those Grecian cities.' Syracuse and Agrigentum, the fairest towns in Sicily, which 
had sometimes 700,000 inhabitants, are now decayed : the names of Hieron, Enipe- 
docles, Stc, of those mighty numbers of people, only left. One Anacharsis is re- 
membered amongst the Scythians; tlie world itself must have an end; and every 
part of it. Cater cB igitti.r tirbcs sunt mortales., as Peter "Gillius concludes of Con- 
stantinople, hcEC sane quamdiu erunt homines., futura mihi vidctur immortalis; but 'tis 
not so : nor site, nor strength, nor sea nor land, can vindicate a city, but it and all 
must vanish at last. And as to a traveller great mountains seem plains afar oflf", at 

last are not discerned at all; cities, men, monuments decay, nee solidis prodest 

sua machina terris.,^^ the names are only left, those at length forgotten, and are in- 
volved in perpetual night. 

'*" Returning out of Asia, when I sailed from Jigina toward Megara, I began 
(saith Servius Sulspicius, in a consolatory epistle of his to Tully) to view the coun- 
try round about, ^gina was behind me, Megara before, Pirjeus on the right hand, 
Corinth on the left, what flourishing towns heretofore, now prostrate and over- 
whelmed before mine eyes .' I began to think with myself, alas, why are we men 
so much disquieted with the departure of a friend, whose life is much shorter? 
^ When so many goodly cities lie buried before us. Remember, O Servius, thou art 
a man ; and with that 1 was much confirmed, and corrected myself" Correct then 
likewise, and comfort thyself in this, that we must necessarily die, and all die, that 
we shall rise again : as Tully held ; Jucundiorque niiiltu congressus noster futurus, 
quam insuavis et acerbus digressus., our second meeting shall be much more phasant 
than our departure was grievous. 



» Lib. de consol. e Prasceptis pliiln8ophi<e confirma- 
tiia adversiis omnem fortuiiae vim. et te coiisecrata in 
ccelumque recepla, tanta affectiis lietitia sum ac volup- 
tate, qiiantam anirno capero possum, ac exultare plane 
mihi videor, victorqiie de omiii dolore et fortuna triiim- 
phare. lUt lignum uri natum. arista secari. sic 

homines mori. • Bocth. lib. 2. met. 3. • Boeth. 

'•'.Vic. Hensel. Breslagr. fol. 47. "Twenty then pre- 

tent. 12 To Magdalen, the daughter of Cl)arle3 the 



Seventh of France. Obeiint noctesque diesque, &c. 
13 Assyriorum regio funditus deleta. " Omnium quot 
unqiiam Sol aspe.xit urbium maxima. '6 Ovid. 

" VVhat of ancient Athens but the name remains?" 
'« Arced, lib. 8 " Priefat. Topogr. C onstantinop. 

•8" Nor can its own structure preserve the solid globe." 
»»Epist. 'I'ull lib.;}. 2o(j„,jm tot oppido/--iinradaver» 
ante ocilus projecta jacent. 



Mem. 5.1 Remedies against Discontents. 373 

I, but tie was my most dear and loving friendj my sole friend, 

31 " anis ileciderio sii piidor aut modus I "And who can blame my woe ?" 

Tani chari capitis?" ' 

I'hou mayest be ashamed, I say with ^Seneca, to confess it, " in such a ^ tempesl 
as this to have but one anchor," go seek another : and for his part thou dost him 
great injury to desire his longer life. ^*"Wilt thou have him crazed and sickly 
still," like a tired traveller that comes weary to his inn, begin his journey afresh, 
"or to be freed from his miseries; thou hast more need rejoice that he is gone." 
Another complains of a most sweet wife, a young wife, JYondum sastulerat Jiavinn 
Proserpina crincm^ such a wife as no mortal man ever had, so good a wife, but she 
is now dead and gone, IcEthcBoquc jacet condita sarcophago. I reply to him in Se- 
neca's words, if such a woman at least ever was to be had, ^'"-He did either so find 
or make her ; if he found her, he may as happily find another ;" if he made her, as 
Critobulus in Xenophon did by his, he may as good cheap inform another, et bona 
tarn sequitur., quam bona ■prima fuit ; he need not despair, so long as the same mastei 
is to be had. But was she good ? Had she been so tired peradventure as that Ephe- 
sian widow in Petronius, by some swaggering soldier, she might not have held out. 
Many a man would have been willingly rid of his : before thou wast bound, now 
thou art free; ^^''and 'tis but a folly to love thy fetters though they be of gold." 
Come into a third place, you shall have an aged father sighing for a son, a pretty 
child ; 

2" " Iiiipiibe pectus quale vel impia | " He now lies asleep, 

Molliret Thracum pectora." | Would make an impious Thracian weep." 

Or some fine daughter that died young, JVondum experta novi gaudia prima tor' 
Or a forlorn son for his deceased father. But why ? Prior exiit^ prior inlravit, he 
came first, and he must go first. ^^ Tii friistra pius, heu, SfC. What, wouldst thou 
have the laws of nature altered, and him to live always ? Julius Caesar, Augustus. 
Alcibiades, Galen, Aristotle, lost their fathers young. And why on the other side 
shouldst thou so heavily take the death of thy little son } 

29" Num fniia nee falo, merita nee morte peribat, 
Sed niis(;r ante dieni" 

he died before his time, perhaps, not yet come to the solstice of his age, yet was he 
not mortal ? Hear that divine '"'Epictetus, "If thou covet thy wife, friends, children 
should live always, thou art a fool." He was a fine child indeed, dignus ApoUineis 
Tachrymis^ a sweet, a loving, a fiiir, a witty child, of great hope, another Eteoneus, 
whom Pindarus the poet and Aristides the rhetorician so much lament; but who can 
tell whether he would have been an honest man .'' He might have proved a thief, a 
rogue, a spendthrift, a disobedient son, vexed and galled thee more than all the world 
beside, he might have wrangled with thee and disagreed, or with his brothers, as 
Eteocles and Polynices, and broke thy heart; he is now gone to eternity, as another 
Ganymede, in the ^' flower of his youth, " as if he had risen," saith ''^Plutarch, " from 
the midst of a feast" before he was drunk, " the longer he had lived, the worse he 
would have been," et quo vita longior., (Ambrose thinks) culpa numcrosior, more sin- 
ful, more to answer he would have had. If he was naught, thou mayest be glad he 
is gone; if good, be glad thou hadst such a son. Or art thou sure he was good.? It 
may be he was an hypocrite, as many are, and howsoever he spake thee fair, perad- 
venture he prayed, amongst the rest that Icaro Menippus heard at Jupiter's whisper- 
ing place in Lucian, for his father's death, because he now kept him short, he Wcis 
to inherit much goods, and many fair manors after his decease. Or put case he was 
very good, suppose the best, may not thy dead son expostulate with thee, as he did 
in the same ^^ Lucian, "why dost thou lament my death, or call me miserable that 
am much more happy than thyself? what misfortune is befallen me? Is it because 1 



21 Hor. lib. 1. Od. 24. 22 Do remed. fortuit. =3 Eru- 
besce lanta tempestate quod ad unam anchoram stabas. 

*> Vis agrum, et niorbiduni,fitibundum gaude potius 

quod his inalis liberatus sit. sfiUxorem bnnatn aut 

mvenisi;, aut sic fecisti; si invcneris, aliam habere te 

V)sse ex hoc intelligamus: si feceris, bene speres, salvus 
est artifex. ^egtulti est compedes licet aureas aniare. 

1 Hor. 28 Hor lib. 1. Od. 24. 29 Virg. 4. Mn. 

""Cap. 19. Si id sludes iit uxor, amici, libtri perpetuo 

'vaiit, Btullu.s es. si Deos quos diligit juvenes rapit. 



Menan. saconsol. ad Apol. Apollonius filius tuup 

in flore decessit, ante nos ad .'Cternitalem digressut 
tanquam e convivio ahiens, priusqiiain in errorein ali 
quern e temulentia incideret, quales in longa senecta 
accidere snieiit. ssTom. 1. Tract, de luctu. Ciuid 

me mortuuin niiseruin vocas, qui tesuin multo felicior 
aut quid acerbi mihi piitRs contigisse? an quia non 
sum inalus seiiex, lit tu facie riigosua, incurvus, &c. 
O demens, quid tibi videtur in vita bt?iii? niiniruin 
amicitias, coenas, &.c. Longe melius non ssurire quam 

G 



374 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 

am n( t so bald, crooked, old, rotten, as thou art? What have I lost, some of your 
good cheer, gay clothes, music, singing, dancing, kissing, merry-meetings, thalami 
luhemias, <Sfc., is that it? Is it not much better not to hunger at all than to eat : not 
to thirst t.ian to drink to satisfy thirst : not to be cold than to put on clothes to 
drive away cold ? You had more need rejoice that I am freed from diseases, agues, 
cares, anxieties, livor, love, covetousness, hatred, envy, malice, that I lear no more 
thieves, tyrants, enemies, as you do.'' ^Jd cinerem et vianes credis curare scpuUos? 
" Do they concern us at all, think^'you, when we are once dead ?" Condole not 
others then overmuch, "wish not or fear thy death." ^^Summum nee optes diem nee 
metuas; 'tis to no purpose. 

"E.vressi e vila; aeruiniiis facilisqiie lubensque I " I left this irksome life with all mine heart, 

Ne perjora ipsa luorte dehinc videam." | Lest worse than death sliould happen to my part." 

^ Cardinal Brundusinus caused this epitaph in Rome to be inscribed on his tomb, to 
show his willingness to die, and tax those that were so loth to depart. Weep and 
howl no more then, 'tis to small purpose; and as TuUy adviseth us in the like case, 
JVon quos amisiynus., sed quantum lugcre par sit cogitemus : think what we do, not 
whom we have lost. So David did, 2 Sam. xxii., " While the child was yet alive, I 
fasted and wept ; but being now dead, vvhy should I fast ? Can J bring him again ? 
I shall go to him, but he cannot return to me." He that doth otherwise is an intem- 
perate, a weak, a silly, and indiscreet man. Though Aristotle deny any part of 
intemperance to be conversant about sorrow, I am of ^' Seneca's mind, ^he that is 
wise is temperate, and he that is temperate is constant, free from passion, and he that 
is such a one, is without sorrow," as all wise men should be. The ''** Thracians 
wept still when a child was born, feasted and made mirth when any man was buried: 
and so should we ratlier be glad for such as die well, that they are so happily freed 
from the miseries of this life. When Eteoneus, that noble young Greek, was so 
generally lamented by his friends, Pindarus the poet feigns some god saying, Silcte 
homines., non enim miser esl., 4x. be quiet good folks, this young man is not so mise- 
rable as you tliink ; he is neither gone to Styx nor Acheron, sed gloriosus et senii 
expers heros, he lives for ever in the Elysian fields. He now enjoys that happiness 
which your great kings so earnestly seek, and wears that garland for which ye con- 
tend. If our present weakness is such, we cannot moderate our passions in this 
behalf, we must divert them by all means, by doing' something else, thinking of 
another subject. The Italians most part sleep away care and grief, if it unseason- 
ably seize upon them, Danes, Dutchmen, Polanders and Bohemians drink it down, 
our countrymen go to plays : do something or other, let it not transpose thee, or by 
^" premeditation make such accidents familiar," as Ulysses that wept for his dog, but 
not lor his wife, quod paratus esset animo ob/irmato, [Plut. de anim. tranq.) "accus- 
tom thyself, aud harden beforehand by seeing other men's calamities, and applying 
them to thy present estate;" Pravisum est levins quod fait ante malum. I will con 
elude with ^^ Epictetus, " U thou lovest a pot, remember 'tis but a pot thou lovest, 
and thou wilt not be troubled when 'tis broken : if thou lovest a son or wife, remem- 
ber they were mortal, and thou wilt not be so impatient." And for false fears and all 
other fortuitous inconveniences, mischances, calamities, to resist and prepare our- 
selves, not to faint is best: *'Stultum est timere quod vitari non potest, 'tis a folly to 
fear that which cannot be avoided, or to be discouraged at all. 

*"' Nam quisqiiis trepidus pavet vel optat, 
Abjecit clypeiim, locoqiie niolus 
Neclit qua valeat tralii cateiiam." 

" For he that so faints or fears, and yields to his passion, flings away his own 
weapons, makes a cord to bind himself, and pulls a beam upon his own head." 

cdere ; non "itire, &c. Gaude potiiis quod morbos et I niiim. Assnefacere non casibus debemiis. Tiill. lib. 3 
febres effiigeriri), anjiorem anirai, &;c. Ejulatus quid Tnsculan.qiiBBst. •'OCap.8. Si ollamdili^as, memen'o 
prodest quid lachrymK, &c. 3< Virgil. S5 Hor. | te ollam diliijere, non perturbaberis ea confracta; si 

ssChytreus delici s Kuropa;. 3'Epist.85. S8S,udusl ilium aut uxorcm, memento hnmineni i te diligi, fcc 
de nior. fien. *=■ Pra;medita(ione facilem roddere | » Seneca. "Boe'th. lib. J. pros. 4 

suemqite casum Plutarchus consolatione ad Apollo- 1 



Mem. 6. 



Remedies against Discontents. 



373 



MEMB. VI. 

Against Envy^i Livor, Emulation, Hatred.^ Ambition^ Self-love, and all other 

ejections. 

Against those other ^^ passions and affections, there is no Detter remedy than as 
mariners when they go to sea, provide all things necessary to resist a tempest: to 
furnish ourselves with philosophical and Divine precepts, other men's examples, 
**Periculum ex aliis faccre, sibi quod ex usu siet : To balance our hearts with love, 
charity, meekness, patience, and counterpoise those irregular motions of envy, livor, 
spleen, hatred, with their opposite virtues, as we bend a crooked staff another way, 
to oppose ''*" sufferance to labour, patience to reproach," bounty to covetousness, 
fortitude to pusillanimity, meekness to anger, humility to pride, to examine ourselves 
for what cause we are so much disquieted, on what ground, what occasion, is it just 
or feigned ? And then either to pacify ourselves by reason, to divert by some other 
object, contrary passion, or premeditation. ^^Mcdilari secum oportet quo pacta adver- 
sam cp,rumnam ferat, Paricla, damna, exilia peregre rediens semper cogitet, ant Jilii 
peccalum, aut uxoris mortem, aut morbum.Jilice, communia esse hcec : fieri posse, ut ne 
quid animo sit novum. To make them familiar, even all kind of calamities, that when 
they happen they may be less troublesome unto us. In secundis meditare, quo pacto 
feras adversa: or out of mature judgment to avoid the effect, or disannul the cause, 
as they do that are troubled with toothache, pull them quite out. 

V " Ut vivat castor, sibi testes ainpiitat ipse ; I * " ''''^ beaver bites off's stones to save the rest : 

Tu quoqiie siqua nocetit, abjice, tutus eris." | Do tliou the like with that thou art opprest." 

Or as they that play at wasters, exercise themselves by a few cudgels how to avoid 
an enemy's blows : let us arm ourselves against all such violent incursions, which 
may invade our minds. A little experience and practice will inure us to it; vetula 
vulpcs, as the proverb saith, laqueo haud capitur, an old fox is not so easily taken 
in a snare ; an old soldier in the world methinks should not be disquieted, but ready 
to receive all fortunes, encounters, and with that resolute captain, come what may 
come, to make answer. 



non ulla labonim 



O virgo nova ini facies inopiiiaijiie surjiit, I 

Omnia percepi atque animo meciim ante peregi." ) 

■•s " noil hoc prinium mea pectora vulnus 

Senserunt, graviora tuli" 



No labour comes at unawares to me. 

For I have long before cast what may be." 



The commonwealth of ^"Venice in their armoury have this inscription, "Happy is 
that city which in time of peace thinks of war," a fit motto for every man's private 
house ; happy is the man that provides for a future assault. But many times we 
complain, repine and mutter without a cause, we give way to passions we may resist, 
and will not. Socrates was bad by nature, envious, as he confessed to Zopirus the 
physiognomer, accusing him of it, froward and lascivious : but as he was Socrates, 
he did correct and amend himself. Thou art malicious, envious, covetous, impa- 
tient, no doubt, and lascivious, yet as thou art a Christian, correct and moderate thy- 
self. 'Tis something, 1 confess, and able to move any man, to see himself contemned, 
obscure, neglected, disgraced, undervalued, ^' "■ left behind ;" some cannot endure it, 
no not constant Lipsius, a man discreet otherwise, yet too weak and passionate in 
this, as his words express, ^~ collegas oUm, quos ego sine fremitu non inlueor, rmper 
lerrcB filios, nunc Mcpcenates ct Agrippas habeo, — suinmo jam monte potitos. Bui he 
was much to blame for it : to a wise staid man this is nothing, we cannot all be 
honoured and rich, all Caesars ; if we will be content, our present state is good, and 
in some men's opinion to be preferred. Let them go on, get wealth, offices, titles, 
honours, preferments, and what they will themselves, by chance, fraud, imposture, 
simony, and indirect means, as too many do, by bribery, flattery, and parasitica! 
insinuation, by impudence and time-serving, let them climb up to advancement in 
despite of virtue, let them " go before, cross me on every side," me non offendunl 



<'ftui invidiam ferre non potest, ferre contemptum 
cogitur. "Ter. Heaiuont. ■'s gpictetus e. 14. 

Si labor objpctus fiierit tolerantiae.convicium patientice, 
tc. si ita consueveris, vitiis non ohtemperabis. ■J^Ter. 
Phor. « Alcial Embl. « Vi rg. ^n. « • My 



breast was not conscious of this first wound, for I have 
endured still greater." o Nat. Chytreus deliciiii 

Europa;, Felix civitas quae tempore pacis de bellocogi 
tat. 61 Occupai extremiHU sc.ibies ; mihi turpe ruliii- 
qui eit. Hor. 6" Lip.sius epist. quaest. I. 1. ep. 7 



376 



Cure of Melancholy. 



Tart 2. Sr:cl. 3. 



modo nan in ociilos incMrrcfni,*'*as he said, correcting his former error, thej' do not 
offend me, so hjng as the_v run not into mine eyes. I am inglorious and poor, coTn 
■posita pauperlatCy but 1 live secure and quiet : they are dignified, have great means, 
pomp, and state, they are glorious; but what have they with it? ^''"Envy, trouble, 
anxiety, as much labour to maintain their place with credit, as to get it at first." I 
am contented with my fortunes, spectator e loiiginquo, and love JYeptununi prbcul a 
terra sped are fureniem: he is ambitious, and not satisfied with his: "but what 
'*gets he by it.'' to have all his life laid open, his reproaches seen: not one of a 
thousand but he hath done more worthy of dispraise and animadversion than com- 
mendation ; no better means to help this than to be private." Let them run, ride, 
strive as so many fishes for a crumb, scrape, climb, catch, snatch, cozen, collogue, 
temporise and fieire, take all amongst them, wealth, honour, ^^ and get what they 
can, it offends me not : 

5' " me mca tellui! 

Lare si'crelo lutoquc tegat," 

" I am well pleased with my fortunes," ^^Vivo et regno simul ista reUnquens. 

I have learned " in what state soever I am, therewith to be contented," Philip, iv 
11. Come what can come, J am prepared. JVave ferar magna an parva, ferar 
unus et idem. J am the same. I was once so mad to bustle abroad, and seek abou 
for preferment, tire myself, and trouble all my friends, sed nihil labor tantus profecit 
nam diim altos amicorum mors avocat^ aliis ignolus swm, his invisiis, alii large pro- 
fnittunt., intercedunt illi 7necum soliciti.i hi vand spe lactant ; dum alios ambio^ hos 
capto., illis innotcsco., cetas perit., anni dcjluimt^ amid fatigantur, ego deferor.i et jam, 
mundi tccsus., humancRque satur irifidelitatis acquiesco. ^^And so I say still ; although 
I may not deny, but that I have had some •'"bountiful patrons, and noble benefactors, 
ne sim interim ingrains., and I do thankfully acknowledge it, I have received some 
kindness, qiLod Dcus iilis bencficium rcpendat., si non pro votis, fortasse pro meritis^ 
more peradventure than I deserve, though not to my desire, more of them than I did 
expect, yet not of others to my desert; neither am I ambitious or covetous, for this 
while, or a Suflenus to myself; what I have said, without prejudice or alteration 
shall stand. And now as a mired horse that struggles at first with all his might and 
main to get out, but wlien he sees no remedy, that his beating will not serve, lies 
stiU, J have laboured in vain, rest satisfied, and if I may usurp that of ^' Prudentius, 



' Inveiii pnrtuin ; spes et fortiina vnlete, 
Nil iiiihi vobisciiiii, ludite iiiiiic alius." 



' Mine haven 's found, fortune and hope ailieu, 
Mock others now, for I have done with you." 



MEMB. VII. 

Against Repulse, Abuses, Injuries, Contempts, Disgraces, Contumelies, Slanders, 

Scojfs, Sfc. 

Repulse.] ] may not yet conclude, think to appease passions, or quiet the mind,, 
till such time as 1 have likewise removed some other of their more eminent and 
ordinary causes, which produce so grievous tortures and discontents : to divert all, 
J cannot hope ; to point alone at some few of the chiefest, is that which I aim at. 

Repulse and disgrace are two main causes of discontent, but to an understanding 
man not so hardly to be taken. Caesar himself hath been denied, ^'^and when two 
stand equal in fortune, birth, and all other qualities alike, one of necessity must lose. 
Why shouldst thou take it so grievously .? It hath a familiar thing for thee thyself 
to deny others. If every man might have what he would, we should all be deified, 



*s Lipsius epist. lib. 1. epist. 7. "Gloria coinitem 

Jialiet invidiam, pari onere premitur retineiido ac ac- 
quirendo. ^Uuid alliid anihitiosus sihi parat quain 

ut prnhra ejus pateant? nemo vivcns qui non habet in 
vita plura vitiiperntlone quam laude iligna; his malis 
non melius occurritur, quam si bene latueris. ^' El 

omnes fama per urbes garrula laudet. *' Sen. Her. 

fur. '■'' Hor. " I live like a king without any of 

these acquisitions." W'- jjut all my labour was 

unprofitable; fur while death took otT some of my 
friends, to others I remain uiiknuvvii, or liltle liked and 
(iiese deceive me with false promises. Whilst I am 



I canvassing one party, captivating another, making 
myself known to a third, my age increases, years glide 
away, I am put otf, and now tired of the world, and 
surfeited with human worthlessness, I rest content." 
w The right honourable Lady Francis Countess Dow- 
ager of Exeter. The Lord Berkley. «i Uistichon 
ejus ill niiliteni Christianuni eflia'co. Engraven on tile 
tomb of Fr. Puccius the Florentine in Rome. Chytieu* 
in deliciis. 62 p^gj^raliis in 300 Laceda"uionioruni nu- 
meriim non eirctus risjl, gratulari se dicens civitateili 
habere 30U civee se meliures. 



Mem. 7.] 



Remedies against Discontents. 



377 



omperors, kings, princes \ if whatsoever vain hope suggests, insatiable appetite affects, 
our preposterous judgment thinks fit were granted, we shouhl have another chaos in 
an instant, a mere confusion. It is some satisfaction to liim that is repelled, that 
dignities, honours, offices, are not always given by desert or worth, but for love 
affinity, friendship, aflection, ^'^ great men's letters, or as commonly they are bough 
i.nd sold. ''''"Honours in court are bestowed not according to men's virtues .md 
good conditions (as an old courtier observes), but as every man hath means, or mce 
potent friends, so he is preferred." With us in France (''^for so their own country- 
man relates) " most part the matter is carried by favour and grace ; he that can get 
a great man to be his mediator, runs away with all the preferment." Indignissimus 
plerumque prcefurtur, Vatinius Catoni, illaudatus laudatissimo ^ 

66 " servi dominaiitur ; aselli 

Ortiantur plialeris, dephalerantiir equi." 

An illiterate fool sits in a man's seat, and the common people hold him learned, 
grave and wise. "One professeth ("Cardan well notes) for a thousand crowns, but 
he deserves not ten, when as he tliat deserves a thousand cannot get ten." Solarium 
non dal miiltis salem. As good horses draw in carts, as coaches. And oftentimes, 
which Machiavel seconds, ^^Principes non sunt qui ob insignem virtutem principatu 
digni stinl., he that is most wortliy wants employment ; he that hath skill to be a 
pilot wants a ship, and he that could govern a commonwealth, a world itself, a king 
in conceit, wants means to exercise his worth, hath not a poor office to manage, and 
yet all this while he is a better man that is fit to reign, efsi careat regno., though he 
want a kingdom, ^^ " than he that hatii one, and knows not how to rule it :" a lion 
serves not always his keeper, but oftentimes the keeper the lion, and as '"Polydore 
Virgil hath it, mulli reges ut pupilli ob inscitiam non reguni sed regunlur. Hieron 
of Syracuse was a brave king, but wanted a kingdom; Perseus of Macedon had 
nothing of a king, but the bare name and title, for he could not govern it : so great 
places are often ill bestowed, worthy persons unrespected. Many times, loo, the 
servants have more means than the masters whom they serve, which " Epictetus 
founts an eye-sore and inconvenient. But who can help it.'' fit is an ordinary thing 
in these days to see a base impudent ass, illiterate, unworthy, msufficient, to be pre- 
ferred before his betters, because he can put himself forward, because he looks big, 
can bustle in the world, hath a fair outside, can temporise, collogue, insinuate, or bath 
good store, of friends and money, whereas a more discreet, modest, and better-deserv- 
ing man shall lie hid or have a repulse. ' 'Twas so of old, and ever will be, and which 

Tiresias advised Ulyse.s in the " poet,- '''•Jlccipc qua ralione qiieas ditescerc, 4'^.," 

is still in use ; lie, flatter, and dissemble : if not, as he concludes, ^'•Ergo pauper 

eris.,'''' then go like a beggar as thou art. Erasmus, Melancthon, Lipsius, Budaeus, Car- 
dan, lived and died poor. Gesner was a silly old man, haculo innixus, amongst all 
those huffing cardinals, swelling bishops that flourished in his time, and rode on foot- 
clothes. It is not honesty, learning, worth, wisdom, that prefers men, " The race is 
not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong," but as the wise man said, '* Chance, 
and sometimes a ridiculous chance. ''* Casus plerumque ridiculus mullos elevavit. 
■'TIS fortune's doings, as they say, which made Brutus now dying exclaim, O misera 
virtus., ergo nihil qudm verba eras., alqui ego te tanquam rem exercebam, sod tu ser- 
viebas fortuntB.'^ Believe it hereafter, O my friends! virtue serves fortune. Yet be 
not discouraged (O my well deserving spirits) with this wiiich 1 have said, it may 
be otherwise, though seldom I confess, yet sometimes it is. But to your farther 
contenty I'll tell you a '® tale. In Maronia pia, or Maronia faelix, I know not whether, 
nor how long since, ni.r in what cathedral church, a fat prebend fell void. The 
carcass scarce cold, many suitors were up in an instant. The first had rich friends, 



*3 Kissing goes by favour. •" ^iieas Syl. de miser, 
•.urial Pantur hoiiores in ciiriis non secundum hoiiores 
•I virn.tes, sed ut quisque ditiorest atque poteiitior, eo 
maftis honoiatur. ^"Sesellius lib. 2. de repul). Gal- 

loruin. Favore apud nos et gratia plerumque res agitiir ; 
«t qui commoduui aliquem nacti sunt intercessorem, 
aditum ffre habent ad omnes prajfecturas. ^e-'j^iaves 
goveri. ; asses are decided with trappings; horses are 
iteprived of tlieiii." <" luiperiliis periti iiiuniis oc- 

.jupal, et sic apud vulgus habeliir. Ule profitetur uiille 
coronatis, cum iicc decern uiereatur; alius e diverso 



48. 



2 g3 



mille dignus, vix decern consequi potest. 6? Epist. 

dediet. disput. Zeubbeo Bondemontio, et Cosmo Ruce- 
i.iio. 69 Q,,,!!,,! is qui regnat, et regnandi sit iinpe- 

ritus. ™ Lib. 22. liist. 'i Minislri locupletiores 

sunt iis quibus ministratur. " Hur. lib. 2. Sat. 5. 

" Learn hnw to grow rich." 'Sgoiomun Eccles. ix. 11. 
'<Sat. Meiiip. 'S"0 wretched virtue! you are 

therefore nothing but words, and I have all lliis time 
been looking upon you as a reality, while you ar<?your 
self the slave of fortune." ''> Pale quid est apuf 

Valent. AnUrcarii Apolog. inaiiip. a. apol. 3U 



S78 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 3 



a goou piiise, aid he was resolved to outbid any man befoit ne would lose it, eveiy 
man supposed he should carry it. The second was my lord Bishop's chaplain (in 
whose gift it was), and he thought it his due to have it. The third was nobly born, 
and lie meant to get it by his great parents, patrons, and allies. The fourth stood 
upon his worth, lie had newly found out strange mysteries in chemistry, and other 
rare inventions, which he would detect to the public good. The fifth was a painful 
preacher, and he was commended by the whole parish where he dwelt, he had al' 
their hands to his certificate. The sixth was the prebendary's son lately deceased, 
his father died in debt (for it, as they say), left a wife and many poor children. The 
seventh stood upon fair promises, which to him and his noble friends had been for- 
merly made for the next place in his lordship's gift. The eighth pretended great 
losses, and what he had suffered for the church, what pains he had taken at home 
and abroad, and besides he brought noblemen's letters. The ninth had married a 
kinswoman, and he sent his wife to sue for him. The tenth was a foreign doctor, 
a late convert, and wanted means. The eleventh would exchange for another, he 
did not like the former's site, could not agree with his neighbours and fellows upon 
any terms, he would be gone. The twelfth and last v/as (a suitor in conceit) a right 
honest, civil, sober man, an excellent scholar, and such a one as lived private in the 
university ,'*but he had neither means nor money to compass it; besides he hated al. 
such courses, he could not speak for himself, neither had he any friends to solicit 
his cause, and therefore made no suit, could not expect, neither did he hope for, or 
look after it. The good bishop amongst a jury of competitors thus perplexed, and 
not yet resolved what to do, or on whom to bestow it, at the last, of his own accord, 
mere motion, and bountiful nature, gave it freely to the university student, altogether 
unknown to him but by fame ; and to be brief, the academical scholar had the pre- 
bend sent him for a present. The news was no sooner published abroad, but all 
good students rejoiced, and were much cheered up with it, though some would not 
believe it; others, as men amazed, said it was a miracle; but one amongst the rest 
thanked God for it, and said, JYunc juvat tandem studiosum esse., el Deo inlegro corde 
servire. You have heard my tale: but alas it is but a tale, a mere fiction, 'twas 
never so, never like to be, and so let it rest. Well, be it so then, they have wealth 
and honour, fortune and preferment, qvery man (there's no remedy) must scramble 
as he may, and shift as he can ; yet Cardan comforted himself with this, " " the star 
Fomahant would make him immortal," and that ™ after his decease his books should 
be found in ladies' studies: '^Dignuvi laude virum Musa vetat mori. But why 
shouldest thou take thy neglect, thy canvas so to heart .'' It may be thou art not fit; 
but a *"" child that puts on his father's shoes, hat, headpiece, breastplate, breeches, 
or holds his spear, but is neither able to wield the one. 'or wear the other; so 
wouldest thou do by such an office, place, or magistracy: thou art unfit: "And 
what is dignity to an unworthy man, but (as ^' Salvianus holds) a gold ring in a 
swine's snout V Thou art a brute. Like a bad actor (so ^^Plutarch compares such 
men in a tragedy, diadeniafert., at. vox non audltvr: Thou wouldest play a king's 
part, but actest a clown, speakest like an ass. ^^Magna petis Phaeton et qucb non 
viribus istis^ ^'c, as James and John, the sons of Zebedee, did ask they knew not 
what: ncscis ttmerarie nescis ; thou dost, as another Suflenus, overween thyself; thou 
art wise in thine own conceit, but in other more mature judgment altogether unfit to 
manage such a business. Or be it thou art more deserving than any of thy rank, God 
in his providence hath reserved thee for some other fortunes, sic superis visum. Thou 
art humble as thou art, it may be ; hadst thou been preferred, thou wouldest havps 
forgotten God and thyself, insulted over others, contemned thy friends, ^been a 
block, a tyrant, or a demi-god, sequiturque superhia formam : '''"Therefore," saith 
Chrysostom, "good men do not always find grace and favour, lest they should be 
pufied up with turgent titles, grow insolent and proud." 

Injuries, abuses, are very offensive, and so much the more in that they think veterem 
ferendo invitant novam, " by taking one they provoke another :" but it is an erroneoua 



"Stella Fomahant imiiiortalitatein daliit. 'e^ib. 

de lib. proplis. '9 Hor. " The iiiiise forbids the praise- 
wortliy man to die." ""flUui indiiil thnracem aiit 

^aleam, &c. *" Lib. 4. rie guber. Dei. (Juid est dig- 

nitag indigno nisi circulus aureus in naribus suis. 



8Mn Lysanilro. eaovid. Met. e^ Magistrutuii 

vinini indicat. m id^o boni viri aliquand ) ^ratiarn 

non accipiunt, ne in superliiani elevenliir veriosilatl 
jaclantiie, ne altitude inuneris neglentiores ifliciat. 



Mem. 7 



Remedies asamsl Discontents. 



370 



opinion, for if that wf;re true, there would be no end of abusing ea:h other-, lis 
litem generat ; 'tis much better with patience to bear, or quietly to put it up. If an 
ass kick me, saith Socrates, shall I strike him again : And when *®his wife Xantippe 
struck and misused him, to some friends that would have had him strike her again, 
he replied, that he would not make them sport, or that they should stand by and 
say, Eia Socrates, eia Xantippe, as we do when dogs fight, animate them the more 
by clapping of hands. Many men spend themselves, their goods, friends, fortunes, 
upon small quarrels, and sometimes at other men's procurements, with much vexa- 
tion of spirit and anguish of mind, all which with good advice, or mediation of 
friends, might have been happily composed, or if patience had taken place. Patience 
in such cases is a most sovereign remedy, to put up, conceal, or dissemble it, to 
*' forget and forgive, *** " not seven, but seventy-seven times, as often as he repents for- 
give him ;" Luke xvii. 3. as our Saviour enjoins us, stricken, "• to turn the other side :'' 
as our *^ Apostle persuades us, "• to recompence no man evii for evil, but as much as 
is possible to have peace with all men : not to avenge ourselves, and we shall heap 
burning coals upon our adversary's head." "For ™ if you j)ut up wrong (as Chry- 
sostom comments), you get the victory; he that loseth his money, loseth not the 
conquest in this our philosophy." If he contend with thee, submit thyself unto him 
first, yield to him. Durum et dunmi non faciunt murum, as the diverb is, two refrac- 
tory spirits will never agree, tlie only means to overcome is to relent, obsequio vinces. 
pAiclid in Plutarch, when his brother had angered him, swore he would be revenged; 
but he gently replied, "' "■ Let me not live if I do not make thee to love me again," 
upon which meek answer he was pacified. 



" Flectitur obsequio curvatus ah arhore ramus, 
Frangis si vii^s experire luas." 



" A branch if easily bended yields to thee, 
Pull hard it breaks : llie dirterence you see." 



The noble family of the Colonni in Rome, when they Mjere expelled the city by 
that furious Alexander the Sixth, gave the bending branch therefore as an impres.s, 
with this motto, Flecti potest, frangi non potest, to signify that he might break them 
by force, but so never make them stoop, for they fled in the midst of their hard 
usage to the kingdom of Naples, and were honourably entertained by Frederick the 
king, according to their callings. Gentleness in this case might have done much 
more, and let thine adversary be never so perverse, it may be by that means thou 
mayest win him ; ^^favore et hcnevolentia etiam immanis animus mansucscit, soft words 
pacify wrath, and the fiercest spirits are so soonest overcome; ^^a generous lion will 
not hurt a beast that lies prostrate, nor an elephant an innocuous creature, but is 
infestus infestis, a terror and scourge alone to such as are stubborn, and make resist- 
ance. It was the symbol of Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, and he was not 
mistaken in it, for 



"S"(iuo quisque est major, magis est placabilis irse, 
Et faoiles motus mens generosa capit." 



' A greater man is soonest pacified, 
A noble spirit quickly satisfied." 



It is reported by ^Gualter Mapes, an old historiographer of ours (who lived 400 
years since), that King Edward senior, and Llewellyn prince of Wales, being at an 
interview near Aust upon Severn, in Gloucestershire, and the prince sent for, refused 
to come to the king; he would needs go over to him; which Llewellyn perceiving, 
""went up to the arms in water, and embracing his boat, would have carried him 
out upon his shoulders, adding that his humility and wisdom had triumphed over 
his pride and folly, and thereupon he was reconciled unto him and did his homage. 
If thou canst not so win him, put it up, if thou beest a true Christian, a good divine, 
an imitator of Christ, ^^"•for he was reviled and put it up, whipped and sought no 
revenge,") thou wilt pray for thine enemies, ^^'^ and bless them that persecute thee ;" 
be patient, meek, humble, &.c. An honest man will not offer thee injury, prohus non 
vult ; if he were a brangling knave, 'tis his fashion so to do; where is least heart is 
most tongue ; quo quisque stultior, eb magis insolescit, the more sottish he is, still 



ss^Elian. e7Injuriarum remedium est oblivio. 

'"Mat. xviii. 22. Mat. v. 39. so Rom. xii. 17. sosi 
toleras injuriam, vjctor evadis ; qui enini peciiniis pri- 
vatus est, non est privatus victoria in hac philosophia. 
"Disperearn nisi le ultus fuero : dispeream nisi ut me 
deincepsameseffecero. 8- Joach. Cauierarius Embl.21. 
eent. I. ^3 Heliodorus s^Reipsa rf-peri nihil 

»»ae homini melius facilitate et dementia. Ter. Adelph. 



850vid. 96 Camden in Glouc. s" Usque ad pectus 

ingressus est, aquam. &c. cymbam amplectens, sapien- 
tissime rex ait, tua huniilitas meam vicit superbiam, 
et sapientia trinniphavit ineptiani; colluin ascende 
quod contra te fatuus erexi, intrabis terram quam hodie 
fecit tuam benigni'as, &,c. ""Chrysoslom, contiimeiiU 
affectus est et e&i yerlulit; opprobriis, nee ultus est 
verberibus csesus, nee vireni reddidit. »» Kuia. xii. 14. 



380 



Cure of Melancholy. 



rPart. 2. Sec. 3 



the more insolent : "'°" Do not answer a fool according to his folly." If he be thy 
superior, '''bear it by all means, grieve not at it, let him take his course; Anitas 
and Melitus ^" may kill me, they cannot hurt me;" as that generous Socrates made 
answer in like case. Meiis iimnota manet., though the body be torn in pieces with 
wild horses, broken on the wheel, pinched with fiery tongs, the soul cannot be dis- 
tracted. 'Tis an ordinary thing for great men to vilify and insult, oppress, injure, 
tyrannise, to take what liberty they list, and who dare speak against.'' Miseruin est 
ah eo Icedi, a quo non possis fjueri, a miserable thing 'tis to be injured of him, from 
whom is no appeal : ''and not safe to write against him that can proscribe and punish 
a man at his pleasure, which Asinius Pollio was aware of, when Octavianus provoked 
him. 'Tis hard 1 confess to be so injured : one of Chilo's three difficult things : 
''•'■ To keep counsel ; spend his time well ; put up injuries:" but be thou patient, 
and ''leave revenge unto the Lord. *" Vengeance is mine and I will repay, saith the 
Lord" — "I know the Lord," saith ''David, "will avenge the afflicted and judge the 
poor." — ■" No man (as ** Plato farther adds) can so severely punish his adversary, as 
God will such as oppress miserable men." 

8" Iterurii ille rem jiidicatam judical, 
Majoreque iiiulcia iniilctat." 

If there be any religion, any God, and that God be just, it shall be so ; if thou be- 
lievest the one, believe the other : Erit, eriU it shall be so. JYemesis comes after, 
sero sed serio, stay but a little and thou shall see God's just judgment overtake him 



' Raro antecedenteiii scelestum 
Deseruit pede pcena claudo." 



" Yet with sure steps, though lame and slow, 
Vengeance o'ertakes the trembling villain's speed." 



Thou shalt perceive that verified of Samuel to Agag, 1 Sam. xv. 33. " Thy sword 
hath made many women childless, so shall thy mother be childless timongst other 
women." It shall be doye to them as they have done to others. Conradinus, that 
brave Suevian prince, came with a well-prepared army into tlie kingdom of Naples, 
was taken prisoner by king Charles, and put to death in the flower of his youth ; a 
little after {riUlonem Conradini mortis., Pandiilphus Collinutius Hist. JYeap. lib. 5. 
calls it). King Charles's own son, with two hundred nobles, was so taken prisoner, 
and beheaded in like sort. Not in this only, but in all other offences, quo qiiisqm 
peccat in eo punictur., " they shall be punished in the same kind, in the same part, 
.^ike nature, eye with or in the eye, head with or in the head, persecution with per- 
secution, lust with effects of lust ; let them march on with ensigns displayed, let 
drums beat on, trumpets sound taratantarra, let them sack cities, take the spoil of 
countries, murder infants, deflower virgins, destroy, burn, persecute, and tyrannise, 
they shall be fully rewarded at last in the same measure, they and theirs, and that to 
their desert. 



"" Ad generum Cereris sine c^de et sanguine pauci 
Descendunt rages et sicca morte tyranni. ' 



' Few tyrants in their beds do die, 
Bui stabb'd or niaiin'd to hell they hie." 



Oftentimes too a base contemptible fellow is the instrument of God's justice to 
punish, to torture, and vex them, as an ichneumon doth a crocodile. They shall be 
recompensed according to the works of their hands, as Haman was hanged on the 
gallows he provided for Mordecai; "They shall have sorrow of heart, and be de- 
stroyed from under the heaven," Thre. iii. 64,65, 66. Only be thou patient: ^^vincit 
qui p-atitur: and in the end thou shalt be crowned. Yea, but 'tis a hard matter to 
do this flesh and blood may not abide it; ''tis grave., grave! no (Chrysostom replies) 
non Cbi. grave^ b homo! 'tis not so grievous, " " neither had God commanded it, if it 
had been so difficult." But how shall it be done.'' "Easily," as he follows it, "if 
ihou shalt look to heaven, behold the beauty of it, and what God hath promised to 
such as put up injuries." But if thou resist and go about vim vi repellere, as the 
custom of tlie world is, to right thyself, or hast given just cause of offence, 'tis no 
injury then but a condign punishment ; thou bast deserved as much : A te princi- 



100 Pro. 1 Contend not with a greater man, Pro. 

Occidere possum. » Non facile aut tutum in eum 

ecribere qui potest proscribere. « Arcana lacere, 

otium rectecollocare, iiijuriam posse ferre.ditlicillinium. 
• Psal. xlv. 'Rom. xii. ' ['sa. xiii. 12. 'Nullus 
tarn .severe iniinicum siiuni ytcisci potest, quam Dens 
•olet miiscrorum oppressores • Arctiirus in Plaul. 



" He adjudicates judgment again, and punishes with a 
still greater penalty." '» Hor. 3. od. 2. " VVisd. 

xi. 6. '2 Juvenal. '^ Apud Christipios non n^jl 

patitur, sed qui facit injiiriani miser est. Lec Mt. 
14 Neijue pr-Tcepisset Deus si grave fuisset, >jt' V' • '» 
tiorje potero? facile si coeluir. suepexeiid; e. sju* «■ S 
cbritudine, f,' quod pollicetur Deus, &c. 



iM..m 7. J 



Remedies af^ainst Discontents. 



381 



pium, .n te recrc^it crimen quod a te fuit ; peccasfi, quiesce, as Ambrose txpustiilates 
with Cain, li.t. 3. de Mel et Cain. '^Dionysius of Syracuse, in his exile, was madf 
to sia^nA. \\'\\hQVii doox., patienter fcrendum.1 fortassc nos tale quid fecimus, quum in 
hofvore essemus, he wisely put it up, and laid the fault where it was, on his own 
pride and scorn, which in his prosperity he had formerly showed others. 'Tis 
""Tully's axiom, y^rre ea molestissime homines non debeni, quce ipsorum culpa con- 
tractu simt, self do, self have, as the saying is, they may thank themselves. For 
lie that doth wrong must look to be wronged again; habet et musca splenem^ et for- 
mica, sua bills inest. The least fly hath a spleen, and a little bee a sting. "An ass 
overwhelmed a thistlewarp's nest, the little bird pecked his galled back in revenge ; 
and the humble-bee in the fable flung down the eagle's eggs out of Jupiter's lap. 
Bracides, in Plutarch, put liis hand into a mouse's nest and hurt her young ones, she 
bit him by the finger: ** I see now (saith he) there is no creature so contemptible,"~ 
that will not be revenged. 'Tis lex. talionis., and the nature of all things so to do : 
if thou wilt live quietly thyself, '^do no wrong to others; if any be done thee, put 
it up, with patience endure it, for ^''" this is thankworthy," saith our apostle, " if any 
man for conscience towards God endure grief, and suffer wrong undeserved ; for what 
praise is it, if when ye be bufleted for you faults, ye take it patiently } But if when 
you do well, ye sufler wrong, and take it patiently, there is thanks with God ; for 
hereunto verily we are called." Qui mala nonfert^ ipse sibi testis est per impatien- 
tiam quod bonus non est.^ "he that cannot bear injuries, witnesseth against himself 
that he is no good man," as Gregory holds. ^'"-'Tis die nature of wicked men to 
do injuries, as it is the property of all honest men patiently to bear them." Impro- 
bitas nullojlectitur obsequio. The wolf in the ^emblem sucked the goat (so the 
shepherd would have it), but he kept nevertheless a wolf's nature; "^a knave will 
be a knave. Injury is on the other side a good man's footboy, his^j^ws Achates^ 
and as a lackey follows him wheresoever he goes. Besides, misera est forluna qum 
caret inimico., he is in a miserable estate that wants enemies :^^ it is a thing not to 
be avoided, and therefore with more patience to be endured. Cato Censorius, tliat 
upright Cato of whom Paterculus gives that honourable eulogium, bene fecit quod 
aliter facere non potuit, was ■^^ fifty times indicted and accused by his fellow citizens, 
and as ^"Ammianus well hath it, Quis erit innocens si clam vel palam accusasse suffi- 
ciat? if it be sufficient to accuse a man openly or in private, who shall be free .'' If 
there were no other respect than that of Christianity, religion and the like, to induce 
men to be long-suflering and patient, yet methinks the nature of injury itself is suf- 
ticient to keep them quiet, the tumults, uproars, miseries, discontents, anguish, loss, 
dangers that attend upon it might restrain the calamities of contention : for as it is 
with ordinary gamesters, the gams go to the box, so falls it out to such as contend ; 
;_the lawyers get all ; and therefore if they would consider of it, aliena pericula cantos, 
other men's misfortunes in this kind, and common experience might detain them. 
^^The more they contend, the more they are involved in a labyrinth of woes, and 
the catastrophe is to consume one another, like the elephant and dragon's conflict in 
Pliny ;^'^ the dragon got under the elephant's belly, and sucked his blood so long, 
till he fell down dead upon the dragon, and killed him with the fall, so both were 
ruined. 'Tis a hydra's head, coiUention; the more they strive, tlie more they may: 
and as Praxiteles did by his glass, when he saw a scurvy face in it, brake it in 
pieces : but for that one he saw many more as bad in a moment: for one injury done 
they provoke another cum fwnore^ and twenty enemies for one. JYoli irrilare cra- 
brones^ oppose not thyself to a multitude : but if thou hast received a wrong, wisely 
consider of it, and if thou canst possibly, compose thyself with patience to bear it. 
This is the safest course, and thou shalt find greatest ease to be quiet. 

^^ I say the same of scofls, slanders, contumelies, obloquies, defamations, detrac- 



16 Valer. lib. 4. cap. 1. WEp. Q. frat. "Came- 

rarius, enib. 75. cen. 2. '« Pape, inquit : nullum 

animal tam pu8ilh n quod non cupiat iilcisci. i^duod 
tihi fieri n< ii vis alteri ne feceris. 20 j i>et. ii. 

"Siquideni malurum proprium est inferre daniiia, et 
!)onorum pedissequa est injuria. "Ainiat. emh. 

*» Naturaui exfiellas furca licet usque recurret. ^" By 
itiauy indignities we come to dignities. Tibi subjicito 
<|ua; fiuiit aliis. furtum convitia. &:c. Etin iix in te ad- 



missis non excandesces. Epictetus. ^s Plutarch, 

quiiiquaaies Catojii dies dicta ab inimicis. 26 Lji). 18. 
2' Hoc PCI o pro certo quod si cum stercore certo, vinco 
seu vincor, semper ego luaculor. ^s |,ib. 8. cap. 2 

'^1* Obloquutus est, probruuique tibi intulit quispiam, 
sive vera is dixerit, sive falsa, maximaiii tii>i curonam 
texueris si mansuete convitiuiii tuieris. Ck"- ys. in •} 
cap. ad Rom. sur, 10. 



382 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 

lions, oasquilling libels, and the like, which may tend any way to our disgrace : 'tis 
but opinion ; if we could neglect, contemn, or with patience digest them, they woult' 
reflect on them that ofiered them at first. A wise citizen, I know not whence, had 
a scold to his wife : when she brawled, he played on his drum, and by that m^ns 
madded her more, because she saw that he would not be moved. Diogenes in a 
crowd when one call-ed him back, and told him how the boys laughed him to scorn, 
Ego, inquH, non rideor, took no notice of it. Socrates was brought upon the stage 
by Aristophanes, and misused to his face, but he laughed as if it concerned him not 
and as jElian relates of him, whatsoever good or bad accident or fortune befel him 
going in or coming out, Socrates still kept the same countenance ; even so should a 
Christian do, as Hierom describes \\\m, per infaviiam et honam famam grassari ad 
immortaUtatem, march on tiirough good and bad reports to immortality, ™ not to be 
moved : for honesty is a sufficient reward, probltas sibi premium ; and in our times 
the sole recompense to do well, is, to do well : but naughtiness will punish itself at 
last, ^^Improhls ipsa nequitia suppUcium. As the diverb is, 

"Giii beri6 feceruiit, illi sii;i facta sequentur; " I "They that do well, shall have reward at last:/'^ 
aui male feceruiit, facta sciiuentur eos :" | But they that ill, shall suffer for that's past:" 

Yea, but I am ashamed, disgraced, dishonoured, degraded, exploded : my noto- 
rious crimes and villanies are come to light [dcprendi miserum est), my filthy lust, 
abominable oppression and avarice lies open, my good name's lost, my fortune 's 
gone, I have been stigmatised, whipt at post, arraigned and condemned, I am a com- 
mon obloquy, I have lost my ears, odious, execrable, abhorred of God and men. Bt 
content, 'tis but a nine days' wonder, and as one sorrow drives out another, one pas 
sion another, one cloud another, one rumour is expelled by another ; every day 
almost, come new news unto our ears, as how the sun was eclipsed, meteors seen 
in tlie air, monsters born, prodigies, how the Turks were overthrown in Persia, an 
earthquake in Helvetia, Calabria, Japan, or China, an inundation in Holland, a great 
plague in Constantinople, a fire at Prague, a dearth in Germany, such a man is made 
a lord, a bishop, another hanged, deposed, pressed to death, for some murder, trea- 
son, rape, theft, oppression, all which we do hear at first with a kind of admiration, 
detestation, consternation, but by and by they are buried in silence : thy father 's 
dead, thy brother robbed, wife runs mad, neighbour hath killed hiiriself; 'tis heavy, 
ghastly, fearful news at first, in every man's mouth, table talk; but after a while 
who speaks or thinks of it .? Jt will be so with thee and thine ofl^ence, it will be 
forgotten in an instant, be it theft, rape, sodomy, murder, incest, treason, &c., thou 
art not the first ofl^ender, nor shalt not be the last, 'tis no wonder, every hour such 
malefactors are called in question, nothing so common, Quocunque in populo, quo- 
cunque sub axef^ Comfort thyself, thou art not the sole man. If he that were 
guiltless himself should fling the first stone at thee, and he alone should accuse thee 
that were faultless, how many executioners, how many accusers wouldst thou have .'' 
If every man's sins were written in his forehead, and secret faults known, how many 
thousands would parallel, if not exceed thine offence .' It may be the judge that 
gave sentence, the jury that condemned thee, the spectators that gazed on thee, de- 
served much more, and were far more guilty than thou thyself. But it is thine infe- 
licity to be taken, to be made a public example of justice, to be a terror to the rest; 
yet should every man have his desert, thou wouldest peradventure be a saint in com- 
parison ; vexat censura cohwibas, poor souls are punished ; the great ones do twenty 
thouse-^vd times worse, and are not so much as spoken of. 

33" Non rete accipitri tenditur neque iiiilvio, I "The net's not laid for kites or birds of prey, 

Q.ui male faciunt nohis ; illis qui nil faciunt tenditnr." | But for the harmless still our gins we lay." 

Be not dismayed then, humanum est errare, we are all sinners, daily and houn^ 
subject to temptations, the best of us is a hypocrite, a grievous offender in God's 
sight, Noah, Lot, David, Peter, &c., how many mortal sins do we commit .'' Shall 
I say, be penitent, ask forgiveness, and make amends by the sequel of thy life, for 
that foul offence thou hast committed .'' recover thy credit by some noble exploit, as 
Themistocles did, for he was a most debauched and vicious youth, sed juventre ma- 
culas prcBclaris factis delevit, but made the world amends by brave exploits ; H last 



soTullius epist. Dolabella, tu fnrti sis animn; et tna 1 s> Boethius consol. lib. 4. pros. 3. W'Ainongst per 

moderatio, constanlia, eoruij infamet iiijuriani. 1 pie in ever) clim.ite." ss -j'er. Phor. 



Mem 7 ^ Remedies against Discontents. 383 

become a new man, and seek to be reformed. He that runs away in a battle, as 
Demosthenes said, may fight again ; and he that hath a fall may stand as upright as 
ever he dm before. JVemo desperet meliora lapsus, a wicked liver may be reclaimed, 
and prove an honest man ; he that is odious in present, hissed out, an exile, may be 
received again with all men's favours, and singular applause ; so Tully was in Rome 
Alcibiades in Athens. Let thy disgrace then be what it will, quod Jit, infectum nor. 
potest esse, mat which is past cannot be recalled ; trouble not thyself, vex and grieve 
thyself no more, be it obloquy, disgrace, &c. No better way, than to neglect, con- 
team, or seem not to regard it, to make no reckoning of it, Deesse robur arguit dica- 
citas : if thou be guiltless it concerns thee not : — 

^* " Irrita vaniloquiE quid ciiras spicula lingus, 
Latraiitfin curatiie alta Diana canem ?" 

Doth the moon care for the barking of a dog } They detract, scoff and rail, saith 
one, ^ and bark at me on every side, but I, like that Albanian dog sometimes given 
to Alexander for a present, vindico me ab ilUs solo contemptu, I lie still and sleep, 
vindicate myself by contempt alone. ^^Expers terroris Ackilles armatus: as a tor- 
toise in his shell, ^'^ virtute mea me involvo, or an urchin round, nil moror ictus, ^a. 
lizard in camomile, I decline their fury and am safe. 

" InK-gritas virtiisqiie suo munimine tuta, I " Virtue and integrity are their own fence. 

Noil patet adverscB inorsibus invidiae:" | Care not for envy or what comes from thence." 

Let them rail then, scoff, and slander, sapiens contumellci non ajicitur, a wise man, 
Seneca thinks, is not moved, because he knows, contra Sycophantce morsum non est 
remedium, there is no remedy for it : kings ami princes, wise, grave, prudent, holy, 
good men, divine, are all so served alike. '^'^OJane dtergo quem nulla ciconia pi/nslt, 
Antevorta and Postvorta, Jupiter's guardians, may not help in this case, they cannot 
protect ; Moses had a Dathan, a Corath, David a Shimei, God himself is blasphemed : 
nondu7n felix es si te nondum turba deridet. It is an ordinary thing so to be mis- 
used. '^°Kegiu7n est cum bene faceris male audire, the chiefest men and most under 
standing are so vilified ; let him take his "" course. And as that lusty courser in 
Ji^sop, that contemned the poor ass, came by and by after with his bowels burst, i 
pack on his back, and M'as derided of the same ass : contemnentur ab Us qiios ipsi 
priUs contempsere, et irrldebuntur ab Us quos ipsi priiis irriserc, they shall be con- 
temned and laughed to scorn of those whom they have formerly derided. Let them 
contemn, defame, or undervalue, insult, oppress, scoff, slander, abuse, wrong, curse 
and swear, feign and lie, do thou comfort thyself with a good conscience, in sinu 
gaudeas, when they have all done, ''^"•a good conscience is a continual feast," inno- 
cency M'ill vindicate itself: and which the poet gave out of Hercules, diis fruitur 
iratis, enjoy thyself, though all the world be set against thee, contemn and say with 
him, Elogium mihi prce foribus, my posy is, " not to be moved, that " my palladium, 
my breast-plate, my buckler, with which I ward all injuries, offences, lies, slanders ; 
1 lean upon that stake of modesty, so receive and break asunder all that foolish force 
of liver and spleen." And whosoever he is that shall observe these short instruc- 
tions, without all question he shall much ease and benefit himself. 

In fine, if princes would do justice, judges be upright, clergymen truly devout, and 
so live as they teach, if great men would not be so insolent, if soldiers would quietly 
defend us, the poor would be patient, rich men would be liberal and humble, citizens 
honest, magistrates meek, superiors would give good example, subjects peaceable, 
young men would stand in awe : if parents would be kind to their children, and 
diey again obedient to their parents, brethren agree amongst themselves, enemies be 
reconciled, servants trusty to their masters, virgins chaste, wives modest, husbands 
would be loving and less jealous : if we could imitate Christ and his apostles, live 
after God's laws, these mischiefs would not so frequently happen amongst us ; but 
being most pait so irreconcilable as we are, perverse, proud, insolent, factious, and 

3<Camerar. emb. 61. cent. 3. "Why should you re- insipientis sermone peiidere ? Tullius 2. de flnibus. 
gard the harmless shafts of a vain. speaking tongue— j <2|'ua it coiiscientia salvare, in cuhiculum iiigredere 
does the e-xalted Diana care for tile barking of a dog ?" ubi secure requiescas. Minuii se quodammodo probs 



"I.ipsiiis elect, lib. 3. ult. Latraut nie jaceo, ac taeeo, 
&c. '^Catullus. ^' The symbol of I. Kevenlieder, 

a Carinthian baroii, saith Sambucus. 3* The symbol 



proba 
bonitas conscientis secretum, Boelhius, 1. 1, pros, s 
■13 Ringantur licet et maledicnnt; Palladium iilud pec- 
tori oppono, non moveri : consisto iiiodestia; veiuri 8ij(»i 



of Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. sj I'ers. sat. 1. iiinitens, excipio et Irango stultissimum impetum livb- 

""Magiii jcimi tst injurias despicere, Seneca de ira.i -is. Put<^an. lib. '2. epist. 58. 
«Hu. 31. '» Quid turpiiis quaui sapientis vitaiu ex 1 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part 2. Sec. 3 



384 

malicious, prone to contention, anger and revenge, of such fiery spirits, so captious, 
impious, irreligious, so opposite to virtue, void of grace, how should it otherwise 
be ? ' Many men are very testy by nature, apt to mistake, apt to quarrel, apt to pro 
voKe and misinterpret to the worst, everything that is said or done, ami tliereupoT 
heap unto themselves a great deal of troul)!e, and disquietness to others, sniatlerer.* 
in other men's matters, tale-bearers, whisperers, liars, tliey cannot speak in season 
or hold their tongues when they should, '**Et sumn parte?n itidem tacere^ cum aliena 
est oral to : they will speak more than comes to their shares, in all companies, ana 
by those bad courses accumulate much evil to their own souls (qui contendil, sibi 
convichmifacit)^ their life is a perpetual brawl, they snarl like so many dogs, with 
their wives, children, servants, neiglibours, and all the rest of their friends, they can 
agree with nobody^ But to such as are judicious, meek, submissive, and quiet, these 
matters are easily remedied : they will forbear upon all such occasions, neglect, con- 
temn, or take no notice of them, dissemble, or wisely turn it off. If it be a natural 
impediment, as a red nose, squint eyes, crooked legs, or any such imperfection, in- 
firmity, disgrace, reproach, the best way is to speak of it first thyself,'"' and so thou 
shalt surely take away all occasions from others to jest at, or contemn, that they 
may perceive thee to be careless of it. Vatinius was wont to scoff at his own de- 
/brmed feet, to prevent his enemies' obloquies and sarcasms in that kind ; or else by 
prevention, as Cotys, king of Thrace, that brake a company of fine glasses presented 
to him, with his own hands, lest he should be overmuch moved when they were 
broken by chance. And sometimes again, so that it be discreetly and moderately 
done, it shall not be amiss to make resistance, to take down such a saucy companion^ 
no better means to vindicate himself to purchase final peace : for he that sufit;rs him- 
self to be ridden, or through pusillanimity or sottishness will let every man baffle 
him, shall be a common laughing stock to flout at. As a cur that goes through a 
village, if he clap his tail between his legs, and run away, every cur will insult over 
him : but if he' bristle up himself, and stand to it, give but a counter-snarl, there's 
not a dog dares meddle with him : much is in a man's courage and discreet carriage 
of himself. 

Many other grievances there are, which happen to mortals in this life, from friends, 
wives, children, servants, masters, companions, neighbours, our own defaults, igno- 
rance, errors, intemperance, indiscretion, infirmities, &c., and many good remedies 
to mitigate and oppose them, many divine precepts to counterpoise our hearts, special 
antidotes both in Scriptures and human authors, which, whoso will observe, shall 
purchase much ease and quietness unto himself: I will point out a few. Those 
prophetical, apostolical admonitions are well known to all ; what Solomon, Siracides, 
our Saviour Christ himself hath said tending to this purpose, as " fear God : obey 
the prince : be sober and watch : pray continually : be angry but sin not : remember 
thy last : fashion not yourselves to this world, &c., apply yourselves to the times : 
strive not with a mighty man : recompense good for evil, let nothing be done through 
contention or vain-glory, but with meekness of mind, every man esteeming of others 
better than himself: love one another;" or that epitome of the law and the propliets, 
which our Saviour inculcates, "love God above all, thy neighbour as thyself:" and 
" whatsoever you would that men should do unto you, so do unto them," which 
Alexander Severus writ in letters' of gold, and used as a motto, '"' Hierom commends 
to Celantia as an excellent way, amongst so many enticements and worldly provo- 
cations, to rectify her life. Out of human authors take these few cautions, """"know 
thyself. •**Be contented with thy lot. ''^ Trust not wealtn, beauty, nor parasites, 
they will bring thee to destruction. ^"H^ve peace with all men, war with vice. 
"Be not idle. "Look before you leap. *^ Beware of Had I wist. ^Mlonour thy 
parents, speak well of friends. Be temperate in four things, lingua, locis, oculis, el 
poculis. Watch thine eye. *^ Moderate thine expenses. Hear much, speak little. 



*i Mil. glor. Act. 3. Plautiis. « Bion said his 

fatlier was a rogue, hi? iiiothtjr a whore, to prpvent ob- 
loquy, and to show tliat nougtit belonged to him but 
goods of the mind. ^ Lib. S. en. 25. " Nosce teip- 
Kum. lecoiilentiis abi. I'J Nfe Adas opihus, neque 

parasitis, trahiint in preciuitiiim. '» Pace cum honii- 
nibus babe, belluin cua> vitiis. Othn. 2. imperat. symb. 



siDsmon te nunquam otiosum inveniat. Hieron- 
'^Diu deliberandum quod statuenduin est semel. ssjn. 
sipieiitis est dicere non putarnm. ^ Ames parentem. 
si equuni, aliter feras ; prsstcs parentibus pielatem, 
amicis dilcttionem. ^sconiprime linguam. Quid d» 
quoque viro et cui dicas saepe caveto. l.iibentius audia.« 
quam loquaris : vive ut vivas 



IVTem. 7.] Remedies against Discontents. 385 

^sustine et absfine. If thou seesl ought amiss in another, mend it in thyself. Keep 
dune own counsel, reveal not thy secrets, be silent in thine intentions. *' Give not 
ear to tale-tellers, babblers, be not scurrilous in conversation : *^jest without bitter- 
ness : give no man cause of offence : set thine house in order • ®^ take heed of surety- 
ship. ^°Fide et dijftde^ as a fox on the ice, take heed whom you trust. ''' Live noi 
beyond thy means. ^' Give cheerfully. Pay thy dues willingly. Be not a slave to 
hy money ; ^^ omit not occasion, embrace opportunity, lose no time. Be humble 
o thy superiors, respective to thine equals, affable to all, ^^ but not familiar. Flatter 
" o man. ^^ Lie not. dissemble not. Keep thy word and promise, be constant in a 
good resolution. Speak truth. Be not opiniative, maintain no factions. Lay nu 
wagers, make no comparisons. ^®Find no faults, meddle not with other men's mat- 
ters. Admire not thyself ''^ Be not proud or popular. Insult not. Purtunam reve- 
rentur Jiabe. ''^ Fear not that which cannot be avoided. ®^ Grieve not for that which 
cannot be recalled. ™ Undervalue not thyself " Accuse no man, commend no man 
rashly. Go not to law without great cause. Strive not with a greater man. Cast 
Jiot off an old friend, take heed of a reponciled enemy. " If thou come as a guesl 
stay not too long. Be not unthankful. Be meek, merciful, and patient. Do good 
to all Be not fond of fair words. "Be not a neuter in a faction ; moderate thy 
passions. "Think no place without a witness. "Admonish thy friend in secret, 
commend him in public. Keep good company. ™Love others to be beloved thy- 
self Ama tanquam osurus. Amicus tardojias. Provide for a tempest. JVb/i irritare 
crabrones. Do not prostitute thy soul for gain. Make not a fool of thyself to make 
others merry. Marry not an old crony or a fool for money. Be not over solicitous 
or curious. Seek that which may be found. Seem not greater than thou art. Take 
thy pleasure soberly. Ocymum ne terito. "Live merrily as thou canst. "^Take 
heed by other men's examples. Go as thou wouldst be met, sit as thou wouldst be 
found, '^ yield to the time, follow the stream. Wilt thou live free from fears and 
cares.? '*°Live innocently, keep thyself upright, thou needest no otlier keeper, &c." 
f Look for more in Isocrates, Seneca, Plutauch, Epictetus, Stc, and for defect, consult 
with cheese-trenchers and painted cloths. 



MEMB. VIII. 

Against Melancholy itself. 



"Every man," saith *' Seneca, "thinks his own burthen the heaviest," and j« 
melancholy man above all others complains most; weariness of life, abhorring all 
company and light, fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, bashfulness, and those 
other dread symptoms of body and mind, must needs aggravate this misery; yet 
compared to other maladies, they are not so heinous as they be taken. For first 
this disease is either in habit or disposition, curable or incurable. If new and in 
disposition, 'tis commonly pleasant, and it may be helped. If inveterate, or a habit, 
yet they have lucida intervalla, sometimes well, and sometimes ill ; or if more con- 
tinuate, as the *'^ Vejentes were to the Romans, 'tis hosfis mugis assiduus quam gravis, 
a more durable enemy than dangerous : and amongst many inconveniences, some 
comforts are annexed to it. First it is not catching, and as Erasmus comforted him- 
self, when he was grievously sick of the stone, though it was most troublesome, and 
tu intolerable pain to him, yet it was no whit offensive to others, not loathsome to 



^Epictetus: nptiine feceris si ea fiigeris quae in alio 
.•eprehendis. Nemitii dixeris quae nolis efferri. »' Fuge 
Busurrones. Percontatorem fugito, Sec. "iSint 

sales sine vilitatp. Sen. s^Sponde, preslo nnxa. 

"" Cainerar. enib. 55. cent. 2. cave cui credas, vel nemini 
.»das Epicarinus. s' Tecum habita. Baflisdat 

qui ciio dat. «! post est occasio calva. " Ni- 

niia faniiliarltas paril conteniptU(n. ssMendacium 

servile vitiiim. ss Arcanum neqiie inscrutaberis 

Jllius unquam, commlssumque teges, Hor. lib. 1, ep. 10. 
Nee tua 'audabis .<tudia ant aliena reprendes. H(ir. ep. 
>lt-. le. «' Ne te qiiffisiveris extra. eegtuit,,,,, 

rst tiinere, quod v''ari non potest. '^ De re ainissa 

'•teparabili ne doleas. 'I'lartt eris aliis quanli ' snum onus intolerabile viilotnr "^ Liviiw. 

^9 2 H 



tibi fueris. " Neminem esto laudes vel accusew. 

■■^Nullius hnspitis grata est mora longa. 'sSolonis 

lex apud. Aristntelem Oellius lib. 2. cap. 12. '< Nullum 
locum putes sine teste, semper adesse Dcum rogita 
'sSecreto amicos admone, lauda palaiii. i^Vt 

ameris amabilis esto. Eros et anterosgemelli Veneris, 
amatio et redaniatio. Plat. "Dum fata sinunt 

vivite la-ti, Seneca. "' Id apprime in vita utile, ex 

aliis observare sibi quod ex usu siet. Ter. '».l)um 

furor in cursn currenti cede furori. Cretizandum cum 
Crete. Teniporibus servi, nee contra tiainina (la(o. 
M Nulla certiorcustodia innocentia inexpugnabile nsu- 
nimentum innniiiiento non egere. ''i I'nicuiQu* 



386 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. i 

the spectators, gnictly, fulsome, terrible, as plagues, apoplexies, leprosies, wound? 
sores, tetters, pox, pestilent agues are, which either admit of no company, terrify oi 
')ffeiid those that are present. In this malady, that which is, is wholly to them- 
selves : and those symptoms not so dreadful, if they be compared to the opposite 
extremes. They are most part bashful, suspicious, solitary, &c., therefore no sucli 
ambitious, impudent intruders as some are, no sharkers, no conycatchers, nc 
prowlers, no sniell-feasts, praters, panders, parasites, bawds, drunkards, whoremas- 
ters , necessity and defect compel them to be honest ; as Mitio told Demea in the 
** co.nedy, 

'• Hpbc si neqiie ego neque tu fecinius, 
Noil si nit ogestas facere nos." 

'•' If we be honest 'twas poverty made us so :" if we melancholy men be not as Gad 
as he that is worst, 'tis our dame melancholy kept us so : JVon decrat voluntas sed 
facultas. ^* 

Bes^ides they are freed in this from many other infirmities, solitariness makes them 
more apt to contemplate, suspicion wary, which is a necessary humour in these 
times, ''''JYam pal qui maxime cavet., is scppe" cautor captus est^ " he that takes most 
heed, is often circumvented, and overtaken." Fear and sorrow keep them temperate 
and sober, and free them from any dissolute acts, which jollity and boldness thrust men 
upon : they are tlierefore no sicarii., roaring boys, thieves or assassins. As they are 
soon dejected, so they are as soon, by soft words and good persuasions, reared. 
Wearisomeness of life makes them they are not so besotted on the transitory vain 
pleasures of the world. If they dote in one thing, they are wise and well under- 
standing in most other. If it be inveterate, they are insensati^ most part doting, or 
quite mad, insensible of any wrongs, ridiculous to others, but most happy and secure 
to themselves. Dotage is a state which many much magnify and commend : so is 
simplicity, and folly, as he said, ^^hic furor b superi, sit mihi perpetuus. Some think 
fools and dizzards live the merriest lives, as Ajax in Sophocles, JYihil scire vita 
jucundissima^ "• 'tis the pleasantest life to know nothing ;" iners malorum remedium 
ignorantia, " ignorance is a downright remedy of evils." These curious arts and 
laborious sciences, Galen's, Tully's, Aristotle's, Justinian's, do but trouble the world 
some tliink ; we might live better with that illiterate Virginian simplicity, and gross 
ignorance ; entire idiots do best, they are not macerated with cares, tormented with 
fears, and anxiety, as other wise men are : for as ^'he said, if folly were a pain, you 
should hear them howl, roar, and cry out in every house, as you go by in the street, 
but they are most free, jocund, and merry, and in some "* countries, as amongst the 
Turks, honoured for saints, and abundantly maintained out of the common stock. ^'^ 
They are no dissemblers, liars, hypocrites, for fools and madmen tell commonly 
truth. In a word, as they are distressed, so are they pitied, which some hold better 
than to be envied, better to be sad than merry, better to be foolish and quiet, qw^im 
sapere el ringi^ to be wise and still vexed ; better to be miserable than happy : of 
two extremes it is the best. 



SECT. IV. MEMB. I. 

Sub SECT. I. — Of Physic which cureth with Medicines 

After a long and tedious discourse of these six non-natural things and their 
several rectifications, all which are comprehended in diet, I am come now at last to 
Pharmaceutice, or that kind of physic which cureth by medicines, which apotheca- 
ries most part make, mingle, or sell in their shops. Many cavil at this kind of 
physic, and hold it unnecessary, unprofitable to this or any other disease, because 
those countries which use it least, live longest, and are best in health, as ^"Hector 
Boethius relates o^ the isles of Orcades, the people are still sound of body and 
mind, without any use of physic, they live commonly 120 years, and Ortelius in his 

8»Ter. scen.a. Adelpliiis. ^i " 'Twjis not the will I <iires. »« BushequiHs. Sands, lib. 1. fol. 89. s^ft^iis 

but the way that was w.Tntinfr." es Plaufiis. Iioilie hemior, quaiii cui lieiH stiiltuiii esse, et eorMiiiiarD 

•• Pelronius Catul. *" Pariiicno Caelestina", Act. 8. iiiiiiiuiiiialibiis tVui. Sat. Menip. ^ Lih. Hifcl 

3i itultitia dolur esset, in nulla noii tlomo ejulalus au- 



Vlem. 1.] 



Medicinal Phvsic. 



S87 



itineiarj J' the inhabitants of the Forest of Araen, *■" " they are very painful, ionjr- 
ived, S'/und," kc. "^Martianus Capella, speaking of the Indians of his time, saith 
they were (much like our western Indians now) "bigger than ordinarv men, bred 
coarsely, very long-lived, insomtich, that he that d:ed at a hundred years of age, 
went before his time," &.c. Damianus A-Goes, Saxo-Gramnmticus, Aubanus Bohe- 
mus, say the like of them that live in Norway, Lapland, Finmark, Biarmia, Corelia, 
all over Scandia, and those northern countries, they are most healthful, and very 
long-lived, in which places there is no use at all of physic, the name of it is not once 
heard. Dithmarus Bleskenius in his accurate description of Iceland, 1607, makes 
mention, amongst other matters, of the inhabitants, and their manner of living, 
'"*"• which is dried fish instead of bread, butter, cheese, ajid salt meats, most part they 
drink water and vvhey, and yet without physic or physician, they live many of them 
250 years." I find the same relation by Lerius, and some other writers, of Indians 
in America. Paulus Jovius in his description of Britain, and Levinus Lemnius, ob- 
serve as much of this our island, that there was of old no use of ^^ physic amongst 
us, and but little at this day, except it be for a few nice idle citizens, surfeiting cour- 
tiers, and stall-fed gentlemen lubbers. The country people use kitchen physic, and 
common experience tells us, that they live freest from all manner of infirmities, that 
make least use of apothecaries' physic. Many are overthrown by preposterous use of it, 
and thereby get their bane, that might otherwise have escaped : ^^some think physicians 
kill as many as they save, and who can tell, ^Quot Themison cegros auluvino occi- 
dcrlt. unoP^ " How many murders they make in a year," quibus impune licet homi- 
ncni occidere, '' that may freely kill folks," and have a reward for it, and according 
to the Dutch proverb, a new physician must have a new church-yard ; and who 
daily observes it not .? Many that did ill under physicians' hands, have happily 
escaped, when they have been given over by them, left to God and nature, and them- 
selves ; 'twas Pliny's dilemma of old, '*'' " every disease is either curable or incurable, 
a man recovers of it or is killed by it ; both ways physic is to be rejected. If it be 
deadly, it cannot be cured ; if it may be helped, it requires no physician, nature will 
expel it of itself." Plato made it a great sign of an intemperate and corrupt com- 
monwealth, where lawyers and physicians did abound ; and the Romans (Ustasted 
them so much that they were often banished out of their city, as Pliny and Celsus 
relate, for 600 years not admitted. It is no art at all, as some hold, no not worthy 
the name of a liberal science (nor law neither), as ^^Pet. And. Canonherius a patri- 
cian of Rome and a great doctor himself, •'• one of their own tribe," proves by sixteen 
arguments, because it is mercenary as now used, base, and as fiddlers play for a re- 
ward. Juridicis^ medicis, fisco, fas vivere rapto, 'tis a corrupt trade, no science, art, 
no profession ; the beginning, practice, and progress of it, all is naught, full of im^ 
posture, uncertainty, and doth generally more harm than good. The devil himself 
was the first inventor of it : Inventum est medicina mewn^ said Apollo, and what 
was Apollo, but the devil > The Greeks first made an art of it, and they were all 
deluded by Apollo's sons, priests, oracles. If we may believe Varro, Pliny, Colu- 
mella, most of their best medicines were derived from his oracles. iEsculapius his 
son had his temples erected to his deity, and did many famous cures ; but, as Lac- 
tantius holds, he was a magician, a mere impostor, and as his successors, Phaon, 
Podalirius, Melampius, Menecrates, (another God), by charms, spells, and ministry 
of bad spirits, performed most of their cures. The first that ever wrote in physic 
to any purpose, was Hippocrates, and his disciple and commentator Galen, whom 
ScaUger calls Fimbriam Hippocrat is; but as '^^ Cardan censures them, both imme- 
thodical and obscure, as all those old ones are, their precepts confused, their medi- 
cines obsolete, and now most part rejected. Those cures which they did, Paracelsus 
holds, were rather done out of their patients' confidence, ""and good opinion they 



9' Parvo viventes laboriosi, longiBvi, siio conienti, ad 
centum annos vivunt.. 92 Lib. 6. de Nup. Philol. 

Ultra liumaiiam fragilitatem prolixly ut immature pe- 
real qui centenarius moriatur, &c. ^3 Victus enrum 

caseo et lacle consistit, potus aqua et serum; pisces 
loco panis habent ; ita multos annns sspe 250 absque 
medico «! medicina vivunt. si Lib. de 4. complex. 

•* Per mortes aaunt experimenta et animas nostras rie- 
goiiantiir pi quod aliis exitiale hoiniuem occid*'''" '''"f 



iitipunitas summa. Plinius. "sj^ypj,. 67 Omnis 

morbus lethalis aut ciirabilis, in vitatn definit aut iu 
mortem. Ulroque igitur modo medicina iiiutilis; si 
lethalis, curari iion potest; si curabilis, non nqiiirit 
medicum: natura expellet. '« In interpretationes 

politico-morales in 7 Aphorism. Hippoc. lihros. "9 Pra;- 
fat. de coiitrad. med. "•"Opinio Cacil niidiios: a fail 
g.Twn, a velvet cap, Uis uauie of a doctor is ull in all. 



388 ' Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. 

had of tbem, tlian out of any skill of theirs, which was very small, he saith, they 
themselves idiots and infants, as are all their academical followers. The Arabians 
eceived it from the Greeks, and so the Latins, adding new precepts and medicines 
of their own, but so imperfect still, that through ignorance of professors, impostois, 
mountebanks, empirics, disagreeing of sectaries, (which are as many almost as theie 
be diseases) envy, covetousness, and the like, they do much harm amongst us. They 
are so different in their consultations, prescriptions, mistaking many times the par 
ties' constitution, ' disease, and causes of it, they give quite contrary physic 5 ''''one 
.saith this, another that," out of singularity or opposition, as he said of Adiian, mul- 
iiliido mcdicorum principcm interfecit, " a multitude of physicians hath (idled the 
Muperor ;" plus a medico quam a morho periculi, " more danger there is from the 
physician, than from the disease." Besides, there is much imposture and malice 
'imongst them. "All arts (saith "Cardan) admit of cozening, physic, amongst the 
rest, doth appropriate it to herself;" and tells a story of one Curtius, a physician 
HI Venice : because he was a stranger, and practised amongst them, Uie re^t of the 
f)hysicians did still cross him in all his precepts. If he prescribed not medicines 
,hey would prescribe cold^ viiscentes pro calidis frigida^i pro frigit is humida., pro 
purgantihus astringentia., binders for purgatives, omnia perturhahani. If the party 
miscarried, Curtium dcminabant, Curtius killed him, that disagreed fr* m them : if he 
recovered, then '' they cured him themselves. Much emulation, int^,osture, maHce, 
there is amongst them : if they be honest and mean well, yet a ki j,ve apothecary 
ihat administers the physic, and makes the medicine, may do infin ie harm, by his 
old obsolete doses, adulterine drugs, bad mixtures, quid pro quo, S^i . See Fuchsius 
lib. 1. sect. 1. cap. 8. Cordus' Dispensatory, and Brassivola's Ex Men simpl. <Sr,:. 
But it is their ignorance that doth more harm than rashness, their a. 1, is wholly con- 
jectural, if it be an art, uncertain, imperfect, and got by killing of men, they are a 
kind of butchers, leeches, men-slayers; chirurgeons and apothecarii i especially, that 
are indeed the physicians' hangman, carnifices, and common exec*, doners ; though 
to say truth, physicians themselves come not far behind ; for accor -mg to that facete 
epigram of Maximilianus Urentius, what's the difference ? 

» " Chinirgiciia medico quo differt ? scilicet isto, 
Eiieciit hie siiciis, enecat ille iiiaiui : 
Cariiifii-e hoc umbo tatitiiin differre videntur, 
Tardius hi faciuiit, quod facit ille cito." 

But I return to their skill ; many diseases they cannot cure at all, as apoplexy, 
epilepsy, stone, strangury, gout, Tollere nodosum nescit medicina Podagram ; •" quar- 
.an agues, a common ague sometimes stumbles them all, they cannot so much as 
3ase, they know not how to judge of it. If by pulses, that doctrine, some hold, is 
wholly superstitious, and I dare boldly say with 'Andrew Dudeth, "that variety of 
pulses described by Galen, is neither observed nor understood of any." And for 
urine, that is meretrix medicoruvi, the most deceitful thing of all, as Forestus and 
some other physicians have proved at large : I say nothing of critic days, errors in 
indications, 8cc. The most rational of them, and skilful, are so often deceived, that 
as "^Tholosanus infers, " I had rather believe and commit myself to a mere empiric, 
than to a mere doctor, and I cannot sufficiently commend that custom of the Baby- 
lonians, that have no professed physicians, but bring all their patients to the market 
to be cured :" which Herodotus relates of the .Egyptians : Strabo, Sardus, and Au- 
banus Bohemus of many other nations. And those that prescribed physic, amongst 
them, did not so arrogantly take upon them to cure all diseases, as our professors 
do, but some one, some another, as their skill and experience did serve; ^"One 
cured the eyes, a second the teeth, a third the head, another the lower parts," Sec, 
not for gain, but in charity, to do good, they made neither art, profession, nor trade 

» Morbus alius pro alio curatur; aliud remedium pro i i Lib. 3. Crat. ep. Winceslao Raphsno. Ausim dicere, 
*lio. ^Contrarias proferunt senteiitias. Card, tot puisuuin dilFerentias, quae describunlur a Galeno, 

• Lib. 3. de sap. Oinnes arles fraudem admiltiiiit, sola iiec a quoquam iiitellif;i, nee ob.servari posse. 8i,j(,. 

medicina sponte earn accersit. <Omfiis jEf,'rotus, I 2H. cap. 7. syntax, art. niirab. Mallem ego expertis 

propria culpa porit.sed nemo nisi medici beneficio resti- < credere solum, quam mere ratiocinantibus: neque 
tuitiir. Agrippa. »" How does the surgeon differ | satis laudare possum iiistitutum Babylonicum, &c. 

<'rom the doctor? In this respect: one kills by drugs, i » Herod. Eu'terpe de Egyptiis. Apud eos singuloruiD 
the oliier by the hand ; both only differ from the hang- i morhorum sunt singuli medici ; alius curat orulos, alin* 
nan in this way, they do slowly what he does in an in- dentes, alius caput, partes occulcas al'Us. 
«tant " •" Medicine cannot cure the knotty gnut." 



>»leip I. Subs. 2.] Medicinal Physic. 339 

of it, \\'hich in other places was accustomed : and therefore Cambyses in '"Xenophon 
lold Cyrus, that to his thinking, physicians '•' were like tailors and cobblers, the one 
mended our sick bodies, as the other did our clothes." But I will urge these cavil- 
ling and contumelious arguments-no farther, lest some physician should mistake me, 
and deny me physic when I am sick : for my part, I am well persuaded of physic : 
I can distinguisli the abuse from the use, in this and many other arts and sciences : 
"n^liud vinwm., aliud chriclas., wine and drunkenness are two distinct things. I 
acknowledge it a most noble and divine science, in so much that Apollo, iEsculapius, 
and the first founders of it, merllo pro diis habiti., were worthily counted gods by suc- 
ceeeding ages, for the excellency of their invention. And whereas Apollo at Delos, 
Vcnu= at Cyprus, Diana at Ephesus, and those other gods were confined and adored 
alone in some peculiar places: A^-sculapius and his temple and altars everywhere, in 
Corinth, Lacedaemon, Athens, Thebes, Epidaurus, &c. Pausanius records, for the 
latitude of his art, diety, worth, and necessity. With all virtuous and wise men 
therefore I honour the name and calling, as I am enjoined " to honour the physician 
for necessity's sake. The knowledge of the physician lifteth up his head, and in 
the sight of great men he sliall be admired. The Lord hath created medicines of the 
earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them," Eccies. Iviii 1. But of this noble 
subject, how many panegyrics are worthily written.^ For my part, as Sallust said 
of Carthage, prcRstat silere, quam pauca dlccre ; I have said, yet one thing I will add, 
that this kind of physic is very moderately and advisedly to be used, upon good 
occasion, when the former of diet will not take place. And 'tis no other which 1 
say, than that which Arnoldus prescribes in his 8. Aphoris. '-'^ A discreet and goodly 
physician doth first endeavour to expel a disease by medicinal diet, than by pure 
medicine:" and in his ninth, '^"he that may be cured by diet, must not meddle 
with physic." So in 11. Aphoris. ""'A modest and wise physician will never hasten 
lo use medicines, but upon urgent necessity, and that sparingly too :" because (as 
he adds in his 13. Aphoris.) '^"Whosoever takes much physic in his youth, shall 
soon bewail it in his old age :" purgative physic especially, which doth much debi- 
litate nature. For which causes some physicians refrain from the use of purgatives, 
or else sparingly use them. '® Henricus Ayrerus in a consultation for a melancholy 
person, would have him take as few purges as he could, " because there be no such 
medicines, which do not steal away some of our strength, and rob the parts of our 
body, weaken nature, and cause that cacochyniia," which "Celsus and others observe, 
or ill digestion, and bad juice through all the parts of it. Galen himself confesseth, 
'^" that purgative physic is contrary to nature, takes away some of our best spirits, 
and consumes the very substance of our bodies :" But this, without question, is to 
be understood of such purges as are unseasonably or immoderately taken : they have 
their excellent use in this, as well as most other infirmities. Of alteratives and cor- 
dials no man doubts, be they simples or compounds. I will amongst that infinite 
variety of medicines, which I find in every pharmacopoeia, every physician, herb- 
alist, '&.C., single out some of the chiefest. 

SuBSECT. II. — Simples proper to Melancholy, against Exotic Simples. 

Medicines properly applied to melancholy, are either simple or compound. 
Simples are alterative or purgative. Alteratives are such as correct, strengthen 
nature, alter, any way hinder or resist the disease ; and they be herbs, stones, minti- 
rdls, &.C. all proper to this humour. For as there be diverse distinct infirmities 
•continually vexing us, 

'^" NoCffoi i' avSpi)zoiiri ed> fiufon !:S' £7ri vvkti I ,, _,. . ^ ,. j j ■ u 

, . . ^~ -a - J- " Diseasps steal both day and night on men, 

^, ^", ■'^ , >^ „ .J " .. I For Jupiter hath taken voice from thein: 

l,iyr], lira ipMvnv ii,i.iAc.TO unriiTa Ztuj- I 

So there be several remedies, as ^ he saith, " each disease a medicine, for even' 



'"Cyrip. lih. I. Velut vestium fractarum resarcina- 
tores, &,c. " Chrys. hom. 12 Prudens et plus 

medicus, morbum ante expellere satagit. cihis niedici- 
nalibus, quam puris medicinis. isCiiicuiique potest 

per alimenta restjtui sanitas, frugiendus est penitiis 
usus medicanientnrum. " Modestus et sapiens medi- 
eu8, nunquam propeiabit ad pharniaciain, nisi cogente 



tute, deflebit in senectule. '^ Hildish. spic. 2. At 

mel. fnl. 276. Nulla est firme medicina purgaiis, quif 
lion aliquam rieviribuset partibus corporis depiiedatur. 
>' Lib. ]. et Bart. lib. 8. cap. 12. 'b De vict. acut. 

Oiiine piirgans niedicamentuin, corpori piirgalo con- 
trarium, &-. succos et spiritiis abdiicit. substantiarn 
corporis aulert. " Hesiod. op. 2" Heuriiius pra;f. 



■eccssitate. '^Quiciinque piiarm^catur in juven- prii. med. Cluot niorbor<jin sunt ides, tot remedioruih 

2 H 2 



390 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 4. 

liiimour; and as some hold, every clime, every country and more than that, every 
private place hath his proper remedies growing in it, j.eciiliar aimost to the domi- 
neerhig and most frequent rialadies of it, As ^' one discourseth, " wormwood grow ^ 
sparingly in Italy, because most part, there they be misaffecled with hot diseases: 
but henbane, poppy, and such cold herbs : with us in Germany and Poland, great 
store of it in every waste." Baracellus Horto geniali^ and Baptista Porta Physiog- 
nomicfz, lib. G. cap. 23, give many instances and examples of it, and bring many 
other proofs. For that cause belike that learned Fuchsius of Nuremburg, ^''"when 
he came into a village, considered always what herbs did grow most frequently 
about it, and those he distilled in a silver alembic, making use of others amongst 
them as occasion served." I know that many are of opinion, our northern simples 
are weak, imperfect, not so well concocted, of such force, as those in the southern 
parts, not so fit to be used in physic, and will therefore fetch their drugs afar off: 
senna, cassia out of iEgypt, rhubarb from Barbary, aloes from Socotra ; turbith, 
agaric, mirabolanes, hermodactils, from the East Indies, tobacco from the west, and 
some as far as China, hellebore from the AnticynB, or that of Austria which bears 
the purple flower, which Mathiolus so much approves, and so of the rest. In the 
kingdom of Valencia, in Spain, "Maginus commends two mountains, Mariola and 
Renagolosa, famous for simples ;^'' Leander Albertus, ^ Baldus a mountain near the 
Lake Benacus in the territory of Verona, to which all the herbalists in the country 
continually flock; Ortelius one in Apulia, Munster Mons major in Istria; others Mont- 
pelier in France ; Prosper Altinus prefers Egyptian simples, Garcias ab Horta Indian 
before the rest, another those of Italy, Crete, &.c. Many times they are over-curious 
in this kind, whom Fuchsius taxeth, Inst it. I. 1. sec. 1. cap. 1. ^^"that think they 
do nothing, except they rake all over India, Arabia, ^Ethiopia for remedies, and fetch 
their physic from the three quarters of the world, and from beyond the Garamantes. 
Many an old wife or country woman doth often more good with a few known and 
common garden herbs, than our bombast physicians, with all their prodigious, sump- 
tuous, far-fetched, rare, conjectural medicines :" without all question if we have 
not these rare exotic simples, we hold that at home, which is in virtue equivalent 
unto them, ours will serve as well as theirs, if they be taken in proportionable quan- 
tity, fitted and qualified aright, if not much better, and more proper to our constitu- 
tutions. But so 'tis for the most part, as Pliny writes to Gallus, ^'" We are careless 
of that which is near us, and follow that which is afar off, to know which we will 
travel and sail beyond the seas, wholly neglecting that which is under our eyes^ 
Opium in Turkey doth scarce offend, with us in a small quantity it stupifies ; cicuta 
or hendock is a strong poison in Greece, but with us it hath no such violent effects: 
I conclude with I. Voschius, who as he much inveighs against those exotic medi- 
cines, so he promiseth by our European, a full cure and absolute of all diseases ; d 
capite ad calcem., nostra regionis herbce nostris corporibus magis conducunf., our own 
simples agree best with us. It was a thing that Fernelius much laboured in his 
French practice, to reduce all his cure to our proper and domestic physic ; so did 
^ Janus Cornarius, and Martin Rulandus in Germany. T. B. with us, as appeareth by 
a treatise of his divulged in our tongue 1615, to prove the sufficiency of English 
medicines, to the cure of all manner of diseases. If our simples be not altogether 
of such force, or so apposite, it may be, if like industry were used, those far fetched 
drugs would prosper as well with us, as in those countries whence now we have 
them, as well as cherries, artichokes, tobacco, and many such. There have been 
diverse worthy physicians, which have tried excellent conclusions in this kind, and 
many diligent, painful apothecaries, as Gesner, Besler, Gerard, &c., but amongst the 
rest those famous public gardens of Padua in Italy, Nuremburg in Germany, Leyden 



jenera variis potentiis decorata. 21 Penottusdenar. 

med. Qusciinque regio producit simpljcia, pro iiiorhis 
regionis ; crescit raro alisynlliium in Italia, quod ihi 
plerumque morhi calidi, sed cicuta, papaver, et hyrlijE 
frigida' ; apud iios Oermanoset Polonos ubiquf provenit 
ahsynthiuni. ^^Ciuiiin in villani venit, coiislderavit 
quie il)i crescebant medicamenta, simplicia freqiientiora, 
et lis pleruiique usus distillatis, et aliter, alirnl)aciiin 
irf^o argeiileuin circiiniferens. MHerbm medicis utiles 
omnium in Apulia feracissim®. ^iQeog. ad quog 

magnus herbariorum nuHierus undique confluil. Sin- 



cerus Itiner. Gallia. 2= Baldus mons prope Benaciim 
hcrbilegis maxinie notus. '•^"(juj se nihil effecisse 

arbitraiitur, nisi Indiam. jflthiopiani, Arabiani, et ultra 
Garainantas a tribus mundi parti4)us exquisita remedia 
corradunt Tutiiis sa-pe medeliir rustica anus una, &c 
2' Ep. Ub.K. Proxiniorum incuriosi 'onginqua sectamur, 
et ad ea cognnscenda iter ingredi et mare transuiittere 
solemiis; at qiis sub oculis posita negligi Hus. ^ E% 
otica rejecit, domesticis solum nci conti ntos esse vu 
luit. Melch. Adamus vit. ejus. 



Hem. 1. Subs. 3.] Medicinal Physic. 391 

111 Holland, Montpelier in France, (and oui's in Oxford now in fieri, at the cost and 
charges of the Right Honourable the Lord Danvers Earl of Danby) are much to be 
commended, wherein all exotic plants almost are to be seen, and liberal allowance 
yearly made lor their better maintenance, that young students may be the sooner 
informed in the knowledge of them: which as ^^Fuchsius holds, " is most neces- 
sary for that exquisite manner of curing," and as great a shame for a physician not 
to observe them, as for a workman not to know his axe, saw, square, or any othei 
tool which he must of necessity use. 

SuBSECT. HI. — JiUeratives, Herbs, other Vegetables, <^c. 

Amongst these 800 simples, which Galeottus reckons up, lib. 3. de promise, doc- 
tor, cap. 3, and many exquisite herbalists have written of, these few following alone 
I find appropriated to this humour: of which some be alteratives; ™" which by a 
secret force," saith Renodaeus, " and special quality expel future diseases, perfectly 
cure those which are, and many such incurable effects." This is as well observed 
in other plants, stones, minerals, and creatures, as in herbs, in other maladies as in 
this. How many tlwngs are related of a man's skull } What several virtues of 
corns in a horse-leg, "' of a wolf's liver, &c. Of ^^ diverse excrements of beasts, all 
good against several diseases ? What extraordinary virtues are ascribed unto plants ? 
*^Sutyriu77i et eruca penem erigiinl, vilex et nymphea semen txtinguunt, ^ some herbs 
])rovoke lust, some again, as agnus castus, water-lily, quite extinguisheth seed ; poppy 
causeth sleep, cabbage resisteth drunkenness, Sic, and that which is more to be ad- 
mired, that such and such plants should have a peculirtr virtue to such particular 
parts, ^-"as to the head aniseeds, foalfoot, betony, calamirtt, eye-bright, lavender, bays, 
roses, rue, sage, marjoram, peony, Stc. For the lungs calamint, liquorice, ennula 
campana, hyssop, horehound, water germander, &c. For the heart, borage, bugloss, 
saflron, balm, basil, rosemary, violet, roses, &c. For the stomach, wormwood, mints, 
betony, balm, centaury, sorrel, parslan. For the liver, darthspine or camaepii;«. ger- 
mander, agrimony, fennel, endive, succory, liverwort, barberries. For the »?icen, 
maiden-hair, finger-fern, dodder of thyme, hop, the rind of ash, betony. i or the 
kidneys, grumel, parsley, saxifrage, plaintain, mallow. For the womb, mugwori, 
pennyroyal, fetherfew, savine, &c. For the joints, camomile, St. John''s wort, organ, 
rue, cowslips, centaury the less, &.c. And so to peculiar diseases. To this of me- 
lancholy you shall find a catalogue of herbs proper, and that in every part. See 
more in Wecker, Renodeus, Heurnius lib. 2. cap. 19. &c. I will briefly speak of 
them, as first of alteratives, which Galen, in his third book of diseased parts, prefers 
before diminutives, and Trallianus brags, that he hath done more cures on melan- 
choly men ^ by moistening, than by purging of them. 

Borage^ In this catalogue, borage and bugloss may challenge the chiefest place, 
whether in substance, juice, roots, seeds, flowers, leaves, decoctions, distilled waters, 
extracts, oils, &c., for such kind of herbs be diversely varied. Bugloss is hot and 
moist, and therefore worthily reckoned up amongst those herbs which expel melan- 
choly, and '^'exhilarate the heart, Galen, lib. 6. cap. 80. de simpl. med. Dioscorides, 
lib. 4. cap. 123. Pliny much magnifies this plant. It may be diversely used; as in 
broth, in "'^ wine, in conserves, syrups, &tc. It is an excellent cordial, and against 
this malady most frequently prescribed ; a herb indeed of such sovereignty, that as 
Diodorus, lib. 7. bibl. Flinius, lib. 25. cap. 2. et lib. 21. cap. 22. Plutarch, sympos. 
lib. 1. cap. 1. Dioscorides, lib. 5. cap. 40, Caelius, lib. 19. c. 3. suppose it was 
that famous Nepenthes of ^^ Homer, which Polydamna, Thonis's wife (then king of 
Thebes in Egypt), sent Helena for a token, of such rare virtue, "• that if taken 
steeped in wine, if wife and children, father and mother, brother and sister, and all 
tl Y dearest friends should die before thy face, thou couldst not grieve or shed a tear 
for them." 

'•13 Instit. 1.1. cap. 8. sec. 1. ad exquisitam ciirandi I fetura educit. 3* yVecker. Vide Oswaldiitn Crolliurt. 
latioiieiii, quorum cognitio imprimis necesi'aria est. lib. de internis rerum signaluns, de herhis parliculari 
fc-duoe ca;ca vi ac speclfica qiialitate morbos futuros 1 bus parti cuique coiivenie'ilibm;. 3C ijem Lauren 

arceiit. lib. 1. cap. 10. Instil. Pliar. ai Galen, lib. ' tius, c. 9. 37 [j,o,ir borago gaudia seuiper agu 

tpar lupi epaticos curat. ^agtcrcus oecoris ad Epi- I so Vino infusum hilaritateiii facit. "Odyss. A. 

lepaiaiD ice. 33 priestpintle, rocket ^tSiibiual 



392 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 'i. Src. 4 

~ 'i'li semel iti [nlora mistuiii Nepenthes lacclio 
Haiiserit, liic lachryiiiaiii, fimi si siiavissima proles. 
Si geriiinniis ei cliarus, inatcrqiie palerque 
Oppi.'tat, atite oculos ferro coiifossus alroci.'' 

Helena's commended bowl to exhilarate the heart, had no other ingredient, as most 
of our critics conjecture, than this of borage. 

Balm.] Melissa balm hath an admirable virtue to alter melancholy, be it steeped 
in our ordinary drink, extracted, or otherwise taken. Cardan, Jib. 8. much admires 
this herb. It heats and dries, saiih "■ rleurnius, in the second degree, with a wonder- 
ful virtue comforts the heart, and purgeth all melancholy vapours from the spirits, 
iVlatlhiol. in lib. 3. cap. 10. in Dioscoridem. Besides they ascribe other virtues to it, 
'''■'•as to help concoction, to cleanse the brain, expel all careful thoughts, and anxious 
imaginations :" the same words in ellect are in Aviceima, Pliny, Simon Sethi, Fuch- 
sius, Leobel, Delacampius, and every herbalist. Nothing better for him that is me- 
'ancholy than to steep this and borage in his ordinary drink. 

Mathiolus. in his fifth book of Medicinal Epistles, reckons up scorzonera, ''^'■'not 
against poison only, falling sickness, and such as are vertiginous, but to this malady, 
ihe root of it taken by itself expels sorrow, causeth mirth and lightness of heart." 

Antonius Musa, that renowned physician to Caesar Augustus, in his book which 
he writ of the virtues of betony, cap. 6. wonderfully commends that herb, animas 
hominum el corpora custodit^ securas de nielu rcddil, it preserves both body and mind, 
from fears, cares, griefs ; cures falling sickness, this and many other diseases, to 
whom Galen subscribes, lib. 7. siiii]?. med. Dioscorides, lib. 4. cap. 1. <^'c. 

Marigold is much approved against melancholy, and often used therefore in our 
ordinary broth, as good against this and many other diseases. 

Hop.\ Lupulus, hop, is a sovereign remedy ; Fuchsius, cap. 58. Plant, hist, much 
extols it; *^^'- it purgeth all choler, and purifies the blood. Matthiol. cap. 140. in 4. 
Dioscor. wonders the j)hysicians of his time made no more use of it, because il 
rarifies and cleanseth : we use it to this purpose in our ordinary beer, which before 
was thick and fulsome. 

Wormwood, centaury, pennyroyal, are likewise magnified and much prescribed 
(as I shall after show), especially in hypochondriac melancholy, daily to be used, 
sod in whey : and as Ruflus Ephesias, ""^ Areteus relate, by breaking wind, helping 
concoction, many melancholy men have been cured with the frequent use of them 
alone. 

And because the spleen and blood are often misaffected in melancholy, I may not 
omit endive, succory, dandelion, fumitory, &.C., which cleanse the blood, Scolopen- 
dria, cuscuta, ceterache, mugwort, liverwort, ash, tamarisk, genist, maidenhair, &c., 
which must help and ease the spleen. 

To these 1 may add roses, violets, capers, featherfew, scordium, staechas, rosemary, 
ros solis, safl'ron, ochyme, sweet apples, wine, tobacco, sanders, &tc. That Peruvian 
chamico., mo7istrosa Jacultale., «l^c., Linshcosteus Datura; and to such as are cold, the 
"■^decoction of guiacum, Ciiina sarsaparilla, sassafras, the flowers of carduus bene- 
dictus, which 1 find much used by Monlanus in his Consultations, Julius Alexandri- 
nus, Lelius, Egubinus, and others. '"' Bernardus Penotlus prefers his herba solis, or 
Dutch sindaw, before all the rest in this disease, '■^ and will admit of no herb upon 
the earth to be comparable to it." It excels Homer's nioly, cures this, falling sick- 
ness, and almost all other infirmities. Tl)e same Penoltus speaks of an excellent 
balm out of Aponensis, which, taken to the quantity of three drops in a cup of wine, 
"'■'• will cause a sudden alteration, drive away dumps, and cheer up the heart." Ant. 
Guianerius, in his Antidotarv, hath many such. '"'Jacobus de Dondis the aggre- 
gator, repeats ambergrease, nutmegs, and allspice amongst the rest. But that cannot 
be general. Amber and spice will make a hot brain mad, good for cold and moist 



** Lib. 2. cap 2. prax. med. mira vi leetitiam praebet et 
cor coritiriiiat, vapores iiielanclinlicos purfjat a spiriti- 
biis. * Propriiiin est ejus aniiniiiti hilarein rpdriere. 

CDiiCoctioiieiii juvare, cerebri obstrucliiiiies resecare, 
sollicitiidines fugare, sollicita» iiiia^inatioiies tullere. 
fttnrzoiiera '* Non siihiiii ad vipi^rarum niorsiis, 

tdiiiiliales, vertiginosos; sed per se accoiiiHiDdatu radix 



cap. 5. Laiet. occit. India descrip. lib. 10. cap. 2. 
1= Heurnius, I. 2. consil. 185. Scollzii C(insil.77. ■"' I'rffif. 
denar. med. Omnes capitis dolores et phantasmal a tnl- 
lit; scias niillam herham in terns hiiic cdMipti^ndain 
viribus et bnnitate nasci. ■" Oiiiiinuni inedicamen- 

tum in celeri cordis confortatione. »-t ad oinnesqiii trig- 
tantur, &c. *» Rondoletius. meniiin quod vim 



tristitiaiii discutil, hilarilateinque coiiciliat. " Bilem | habet iiiirain ad hilaritateiii et iiiuiti pro secrete habeiit 
Mlramque deirahil, santruineiii purj;ut. «Lib. 7. Sckeiikius observ. med. c^ii. 5. ohsH 



Mi.-m. 1. Subs. 4.] Medicinal Phvsic. 39H 

Garcias ab Horto hath many Indian plants, whose virtues he miicli magnifies in this 
disease. Lemnius, instit. cap. 58. admires rue, and commends it to have excellent 
virtue, ^^"'to expel vain imaginations, devils, and to ease atHicted souls." Othe 
things are mucli magnified ^'' by writers, as an old cock, a ram's head, a wolfs hear. 
borne or eaten, which Mercurialis approves ; Prosper Altinus the water of Nihis , 
Gomesius all sea-water, and at seasonable times to be sea-sick : goat's milk 
whey, &c. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Precious Stones^ Metals, Minerals, Alteratives. 

Prhcious stones are diversely censured; many explode the use of them or anj 
minerals in physic, of whom Thomas Erastus is the chief, in his tract against Para- 
celsus, and in an epistle of his to Peter Monavius, *' " That stones can work any 
wonders, let them believe that list, no man shall persuade me ; for my part, I havt 
found by experience there is no virtue in them." But Matthiolus, in his comment 
upon '^ Dioscorides, is as profuse on the other side, in their commendation ; so is 
Cardan, Kenodeus, Alardus, Rueus, Encelius, Marbodeus, &.c. ^^ Matthiolus specifies 
in coral : and Oswaldus CroUius, Basil. Chym. prefers the salt of coral. ^^ Christoph. 
F'ncelius, lib. 3. cap. 131. will have them to be as so many several medicines against 
melancholy, sorrow, fear, dulness, and the like •, 5^ Renodeus admires them, " besides 
they adorn kings' crowns, grace the fingers, enrich our household stuff, defend us 
from enchantments, preserve health, cure diseases, they drive away grief, cares, and 
exhilarate the mind." Tlie particulars be these. 

Granatus, a precious stone so called, l)ecause it is like the kernels of a pomegid- 
granate, an imperfect kind of ruby, it comes from Calecut; ^•'''■if hung about the 
neck, or taken in drink, it much resisteth sorrow, and recreates the heart."* The 
same properties I find ascribed to the hyacintli and topaz. ^" They allay anger, grief, 
diminish madness, much deliglit and exhilarate the mind. ^''•'' If it be either carried 
about, or taken in a potion, it will increase wisdom," saith Cardan, "'• expel fear; he 
brags that he hath cured many madmen with it, which, when they la'd by the stone, 
"vere as mad again as ever they were at first." Petrus Bayerns, lib. 2. caj}. 13. veni 
mecum, Fran. Rueus, cap. 19. de gcmmis, say as much .of the chrysolite, ^^a friend 
of wisdom, an enemy to folly. Pliny, lib. 37. Solinus, cap. 52. Alberius de Lapid. 
Cardan. Encelius, /t^. 3. cap. 66. highly magnifies the virtue of the beryl, ^""■ii 
much avails to a good understanding, represseth vain conceits, evil thoughts, causeth 
mirth," &c. In the belly of a swallow there is a stone found called chelidonius, 
*' "• which if it be lapped in a fair cloth, and tied to the right arm, will cure lunatics, 
madmen, make tliem amiable and merry." 

There is a kind of onyx called a chalcedony, which hath the same qualities, 
*^" avails much against fantastic illusions which proceed from melancholy," preserves 
the vigour and good estate of the whole body. 

The Eban stone, which goldsmiths use to sleeken their gold with, borne about or 
given to drink, ^'^ hath the same properties, or not much unlike. 

Levinus Lemnius, Inslitut. ad vit. cap. 58. amongst othtjr jewels, makes mention 
of two more notable ; carbuncle and coral, ^^ '•'■ which drive away childish fears, devils, 
overcome sorrow, and hung about the neck repress troublesome dreams," which pro- 
perties almost Cardan gives to that green-coloured ''^emmetris if it be carried about, 
or worn in a ring ; Rueus to the diamond. 

Nicholas Cabeus, a Jesuit of Ferrara, in the first book of his Mag-netical Philoso- 



<9Affiictas mentes relevat, animi imagination's et seilat et animi tristitiam pellit. ^s Lapis hie ges 

daeniones nxpellit. -"Sckenkius, Mizaldus, Rhasis. tatii? aut ebihitiis prudentiain auget. nncturnos timorea 

51 Traloiiis ep. vol. ]. Credat qui vult gtMiiiiias inirabilia pellit; insanos hac sanavi, et quum lapidem abjecerint, 

«;lfi<:ern ; niiiii qui et ratiorie et experientia diilici ali- eriipit itenim stultitia. 6' Iriducit sapientiam, 



tei rem habere, nuilus facile persuadebit lalsum esse 
vefum. -2 L. de geinmis. w vjargirittB et co- 

ralluiii ad meiancholiam prrecipue valent. ^ Mar- 

jaritae et gemmae spiritus confortant et cor, melancho- 
"iam f.igant. '^ Pr^efat. ad lap. prec. lib. 2. Sect. 2. 

ie inaVnied. Reguiii coronas ornant, digitos illustrant, 



fiigat stultitiani. Idem Cardanus, lunaticos >iivat. 
60Conferl ad boiiuin intellectum, comprimit malas coiii. 
tationes, &c. Alacres reddit. '' Alhortus, Ence- 

lius, cap 44. lib. 3. Plin. lib. 37- cap. 10. Jacobus de 
Doiidis: dextro brachio alligatus sanat lunaticos, insa- 
nos, facit aniabiles, jucundos. <>* Valet contra 



lupelleciileni ditant, e fascino tuentur, niorhis ineden- j phantasticas illusiones ex melancholia. ^^ Aniente.s 

ur. sanitatem conservant, mentem e.iliilarant, trisli- ' sanat, tristitiam pellit, iram, &c. wvaletadfu- 

liam pellunt. '■^ Enceluis, I. 3. c. 4. Stispensus gaudos iiniorHS et diemoiies, turbulenta sonuiia abjgit 

vel cbibitus tristitia; niultuni resislit, et ror recreat. et rioetnriios piierorini tnnore.'^ conipescit. "sSouinia 
*' idem. cap. 5. el cap. G. de llyacinttiu et Tupaziu. Iram ^ la-ta faiit ar^euteu uiinulo gestatus. 

50 



394 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 4. 



j)liy, cap. 3. speaking of the virtues of a loadstone, recites many several opinions; 
some say that if it be taken in parcels inward, si quis per fruslra voref,,juenlule'7i 
restituci, it will, like viper's wine, restore one to his youth; and yei if carried about 
them, others will have it to cause melancholy, let experience determine. 

Mercurialis admires the emerald for its virtues in pacifying all aflbctions of the 
mind.; others the sapphire, which is "the ®^ fairest of all precious stones, of sky 
colour, and a great enemy to black choler, frees the mind, mends manners," &c. 
Jacobus de Dondis, in his catalogue of simples, hath ambergrease, os in corde cervi, 
"the bone in a stag's heart, a monocerot's horn, bezoar's stone (^^of which else- 
where), it is found in the belly of a little beast in the East Indies, brought into 
Europe by Hollanders, and our countrymen merchants. Renodeus, cap. 22. lib. 3. 
de menf. vied, saith he saw two of these beasts alive, in the castle of the Lord of 
Vitry at Coubert. 

Lapis lazuli and armenus, because they purge, shall be mentioned in their place. 

Of the rest in brief thus much 1 will add out of Cardan, Renodeus, cap. 23. lib. 2. 
Rondoletius, //T*. \.de Teslal.c. 15.t^'c.«9'-''That almost all jewels and precious stones 
have excellent virtues to pacify the affections of the mind, for which cause rich men 
so much covet to have them : ™and those smaller unions which are found in shells 
amongst the Persians and Indians, by the consent of all writers, are very cordial, and 
most part avail to the exhilaration of the heart." 

Minerals.] Most men say as much of gold and some other minerals, as these 
have done of precious stones. Erastus still maintains the opposite part. DispuL 
in Paracelsum. cap. 4.fol. 196. he confesseth of gold, ""that it makes the heart 
merry, but in no other sense but as it is in a miser's chest :" at mihi plaudo simul 
ac nuininos contemplor in area., as he said in the poet, it so revives the spirits, and is 
an excellent recipe against melancholy, 

'2 Por gold in physic js a cordial, 
Therefore he loved gold in special. 

Aurum potabile^'^ he discommends and inveighs against it, by reason of the corrosive 
waters which are used in it : which argument our Dr. Guin urgeth against D. Anto- 
nius. '■'Erastus concludes their philosophical stones and potable gold, &.c. " to be 
no better than poison," a mere imposture, a nan ens ; dug out of that broody hill 
belike this golden stone is, ubi nascclur ridiculvs mus. Paracelsus and his chemis- 
tical followers, as so many Promethei, will fetch fire from heaven, will cure all man- 
ner of diseases with minerals, accounting them the only physic on the other side. 
'* Paracelsus calls Galen, Hippocrates, and all their adherents, infants, idiots, sophis- 
ters, &c. Apagesis istos qui Vulcanias istas metamorphoses sugillant., inscitice sobo- 
les, supines. pertinacicB alumnos., ^t., not worthy the name of physicians, for want 
of these remedies : and brags that by them he can make a man live 160 years, or to 
the world's end, with their ''^Jilexipharmacums., Panaceas, Mummias., ungwnlum Jlr- 
marium, and such magnetical cures, Lampas vitcB et mortis, Balneum Diana;, Bal- 
samum, Electrum Magico-physicum, Jlmuleta Martialia, 8fc. What will not he and 
his followers effect } He brags, moreover, that he was primus medicoriim, and did 
more famous cures than all the physicians in Europe besides, ''' " a drop of his pre- 
parations should go farther than a drachm, or ounce of iheirs," those loathsome and 
fulsome filthy potions, heteroclitical pills (so he calls them), horse medicines, ad 
quoram aspectum Cyclops Polyphemus exhorresceref. And though some condemn 
their skill and magnetical cures as tending to magical superstition, witchery, charms 
&.C., yet they admire, stiffly vindicate nevertheless, and infinitely prefer them. But 
these are both in extremes, the middle sort approve of minerals, though not in so 
high a degree. Lemnius lib. 3. cap. 6. de occult, nat. mir. commends gold inwardly 



MAtraebili ariversatur, omnium gemmarum pulcli'— - 
nma.cceli coloreiii refert, aiiimuni ah errore liberal, 
mores in melius tiiutat. " Longis moeroribua feliciter 
meiietur, deliguiis, &c. cegen. 5. Meinb. 1. Subs. 5. 

'^Gestatueti l:i|ii(iuiii et gemmaruni maximum fert aiixi- 
liuni et jiivainen; undo qui dites sunt gemmas secum 
ferre student. "« Margarits et uniones quiE a con- 

chis et piscibiis apud Persas et Indos, valde cordiales 
•uiit, &c. '1 Aurum liEtiliam general, non in corde, 

tei ill area viiorum. '^Chaucer. '3 Aurum non 



aurum. Noxium ob aquas rodentes. '< Ep. ad Mona- 
viuui. Metailica omnia in universum quovismodo pa 
rata, nee tulo nee commode intra corpus snmi. '^Ip 
parag. Slulti^simus pilus occipitis niei plus scit, quam 
omiies vestri dnctores, et calceoriim mi-orum annuli 
doctiores sunt quam vesterGaieniis et Avicenna, tarbt 
mea pins expcrta est quam vestra^ omnes Academic 
'CVide Ernestum Burgratium, edit. Franaker. fc?vi 
IBU. Crollius and others. '' Plus ■ iroficietgutfv u>« » 
quam lot eorum draclimee el uncise. 



iVlem. 1. Subs. 5.] 



Compound Jillcrallves. 



395 



and outwardly used, as in rings, excellent good in medicines; and such mixtures as are 
made for melancholy men, saith Wecker, aniid.spec. lib. I. to whom Renodeus sub- 
scribes, lib. 2. cap. 2. Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 19. Fernel. meth. med. lib. 5. cap. 21. de 
Cardiacis. Daniel Sennertus, Z<7;. I. part. 2. cap. 9. Audernacus, Libavius, Quer- 
cetanus, Oswaldus CroUius, Euvonymus, Rubeus, and Matthiolus in the fourth book 
of his Epistles, Andreas a Blawen epist. ad MaUhiolum., as commended and formerly 
usetl by Avicenna, Arnoldus, and many others: ™ Matthiolus in the same place ap- 
proves of potable gold, mercury, with many such chemical confections, and goes so 
Car in approbation of them, that he holds '''''no man can be an excellent physician 
that hath not some skill in chemistical distillations, aud that chronic diseases can 
hardly be cured without mineral medicines:" look for antimony among purgers. 

SuBSECT. V. — Compound Mteratives ; censure of Compounds^ and mixed Physic. 

Pliny, Z(7». 24. c. 1, bitterly taxeth all compound medicines, ^°'-' Men's knavery, 
imposture, and captious wits, have invented those shops, in which every man's life 
is set to sale : and by and by came in those compositions and inexplicable mixtures, 
far-fetched out of India and Arabia ; a medicine for a botch must be had as far as 
the Red Sea." And 'tis not without cause which he saith; for out of question they 
are much to *' blame in their compositions, whilst they make infinite variety of mix- 
tures, as ^^^Fuchsius notes. "They think they get themselves great credit, excel 
others, and to be more learned than the rest, because they make many variations ; 
but he accounts them fools, and whilst they brag of their skill, and think to get 
themselves a name, they become ridiculous, betray their ignorance and error." A 
kw simples well prepared and understood, are better than such a heap of aoiisenise, 
confused compounds, which are in apothecaries' shops ordinarily sold. •■' In which 
many vain, superfluous, corrupt, exolete, things out of date are to be had (saith 
Cornarius) ; a company of barbarous nan\es given to syrups, juleps, an unnecessary 
company of mixed medicines ;" rudis indigestaque moles. Many times (as Agrippa 
taxeth) there is by this means ^^" more danger from the medicine than from the dis 
ease," when they put together they know not what, or leave it to an illiterate apothe 
cary to be made, they cause death and horror for health. Those old physicians had 
no such mixtures ; a simple potion of hellebore in Hippocrates' time was the ordi- 
nary purge ; and at this day, saith *' Mat. Riccius, in that flourishing commonwealth 
of China, " their physicians give precepts quite opposite to ours, not unhappy in 
their physic ; they use altogether roots, herbs, and simples in their medicines, and 
all their physic in a manner is comprehended in a herbal: no science, no school, no 
art, no degree, but like a trade, every man in private is instructed of his master." 
*^ardan cracks that he can cure all diseases with water alone, as Hippocrates of old 
did most infirmities with -one medicine. Let the best of our rational physicians de- 
monstrate and give a sufficient reason for those intricate mixtures, why just so many 
simples in mithridate or treacle, why such and such quantity; may they not be re- 
duced to half or a quarter } Frustrajit per plura (as the saying is) quod fieri potest 
per pauciora ; 300 simples in a julep, potion, or a little pill, to what end or pur- 
pose } I know not what ^^ Alkindus, Capivaecius, Montagna, and Simon Eitover, the 
best of them all and most rational, have said in this kind ; but neither he, they, nor 
any one of them, gives his reader, to my judgment, that satisfaction which he ought; 
why such, so many simples .'' Rog. Bacon hath taxed many errors in his tract de 
graduationibus, explained some things, but not cleared. Mercurialis in his book de 
composit. medicin. gives instance in Hamech, and Philonium Romanum, which Ha- 
mech an Arabian, and Philonius a Roman, long 'since composed, but crasse as the 



'* Noiiiiulli huic supra inodiim indulgent, usum etsi 
n<in ;tdeo magnum, nnn tamen ahjicienduni censeo. 
"9 Ausim dicere neminem niedieum excellentem qui non 
III liac distillatione chymica sit versatus. Morbi cliro- 
iiiri di^vitici citra melallica vix possint, aut ubi sanguis 
ri)rruuipitur. '■" Fraudes liominum et ingeniorum 

taplurap, otficinas invenere istas, in quibus sua cuique 
veiialis promittitur vila; statim compositiones et inix- 
turs inexplicrtbili'S ex Arabia et India, ulcer! parvo 
jiifdiciiia a riihri) mari importatur. 8i Arnoldus 

Aplior. 15. Fallax medlcus qui potens mederi simplici- 
bus, composita dnliise aut fruslra quffir.-t. ''^ Lib. 1. 

wet. 1. cap. S. Dum infinita inedicaiuuiita miscciU, 



laudeni sibi comparare student, et in hoc studio alter 
alterum superare eonatur, dum (juisque quo plura mis 
cuerit, eose doctiorem putet, iiide fit ut suam prodaii, 
inscitiam, dum oslentant peiitiam, et se ridiculos ex- 
hibeant, &.c. ^^MuMci plus periculi a medicaineiito, 

quam a morbo, &;c. ^* Expedit. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 5. 

Priecepta mediei danl no»ti is di versa, in medendo non 
infelicps, pliarmacis ntuntur simplicibus, herbis, radi- 
cihus, &e. tola eoruin medicina nostriE herbariie prse- 
ceptis cofitinetur, iiulli.f udus liujus arlis, quisque pri 
vatus a quo ibet niagistro erudilur. "^Lib. de Aqua 
M Opusc. de Dos. 



396 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. -i 



rest. If they be so exact, as by him it seems they were, and those mixtures so j^er 
feet, why doth Fernelius aUer the one, and why is the other obsolete.? "Cardar 
taxeth Galen tor presuming out of his ambition to correct Theriachum Andromachi 
and we as justly may carp at all the rest. Galen's medicines are now exploded ant 
rejected ; what Nicholas Meripsa, Mesue, Celsus, Scribanius, Actuarius, Stc. writ of 
old. are most part contemned. Mellichius, Cordus, Wecker, Querecetan, Rheaodeus 
the Venetian, Florentine states have their several receipts, and magistrals : they o' 
Nuremburg have theirs, and Augustana Pharmacopceia, peculiar medicines to the 
meridian of the city: London hers, every city, town, almost every private man hatxi 
his o\vn mixtures, compositions, receipts, magistrals, precepts, as if he scorned anti 
quily, and all others in respect of himself But each man must correct and alter to 
show his skill, every opinionative fellow must maintain his own paradox, be it what 
it will ; Deliranf. reges., pleclunlur Achivi : they dote, and in the meantime the poor 
patients pay for their new experiments, the commonalty rue it. 

Thus othe"? object, thus I may conceive out of the weakness of my apprehension ; 
but to say truth, there is no such fault, no such ambition, no novelty, or ostentation, 
as some suppose; but as ''^one answers, this of compound medicines, "is a most 
noble and profitable invention found out, and brought into physic \vith great judg- 
ment, wisdom, counsel and discretion." Mixed diseases must have mixed remedies, 
and such simples are commonly mixed as have reference to the part alfected, some 
to qualify, the rest to comfort, some one part, some another. Cardan and Brassavola 
both hold that JS'ullmn simplex medicamenlum sine noxd., no simple medicine is with- 
out hurt or offence ; and although Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Diodes of old, in the 
infancy of this art, were content with ordinary simples: yet now, saith ^^.Etius, 
" necessity compelleth to seek for new remedies, and to make compounds of simples, 
as well to correct their harms if cold, dry, hot, thick, thin, insipid, noisome to 
smell, to make them savoury to the palate, pleasant to taste and take, and to preserve 
them for continuance, by admixtion of sugar, honey, to make them last months and 
years for several uses." In such cases, compound medicines may be approved, and 
Arnoldus in his 18. aphorism, doth allow of it. *"'•' If simples cannot, necessity 
compels us to use compounds ;" so for receipts and magistrals, dies diem docet, "one 
day teacheth another, and they are as so many words or phiases. Que nunc sunt in 
honore vocabula si volet usus., ebb and flow with the season, and as wits vary, so 
they may be infinitely varied. " Quisque suum placitum quo capiatur habety "Every 
man as he likes, so many men so many minds," and yet all tending to good pur- 
pose, though not the same way As arts and sciences, so physic is still perfected 
amongst the rest ; HorcB musarum nutriccs, and experience teacheth us every day 
®' many things which our predecessors knew not of. Nature is not eflfete, as he 
saith, or so lavish, to bestow all her gifts upon an age, but^ hath reserved some for 
posterity, to show her power, that she is still the same, and not old or consumed. 
Birds and beasts can cure themselves by nature, ^^naturce usu ea pleruinque cognos- 
cunt que?, homines vix longo labore el doctrind assequuntur, but " men must use much 
labour and industry to find it out." But I digress. 

Compound medicines are inwardly taken, or outwardly applied.. Inwardly taken, 
be either liquid or solid : liquid, are fluid or consisting. Fluid, as wines and syrups 
The wines ordinarily used to this disease are wormwood v/ine, tamarisk, and bu- 
glossatum, wine made of borage and bugloss, the composition of which is specified 
in Arnoldus Villanovanus, lib. de vinis^ of borage, b:flm, bugloss, cinnamon. Etc. and 
highly commended for its virtues : ^^^ it drives away leprosy, scabs, clears the blood, 
recreates the spirits, exhilarates the mind, purgeth the brain of those- anxious black 
melancholy fumes, and cleanseth the whole body of that black humour by urine. 
To which I add," saith Villanovanus, " that it will bring madmen, and such raging 



81 Subtil, cap. de scientiis. siUuaBrcelan. phar- 

macop. restitut. cap. 2. Nohilissimiim et utilissiriiuin 
inventum summa cum necesstt.'ite ailinventum et in- 
troductum. ™Cap. 25. Tetrabib. 4. ser. 2. Neces- 

titas nunc cogit aliquaiulo iioxia quferere remeiiia, e 
ex siuiplicibus coriipositas facere, tuin ad saporeiti, 
odiireiii, palati gratiani, ad cnrrectinnem simplicium, 
turn ad futuros usus, conscrvatioriem, &.(;. socuni 

eiiiiplicia non possunt nec.pssitas cogit ad composita. 
"Lips. Episl. 92'1'fieod. Podroinus .Amor. lib. 9. 

*°8aii£uinem corruptuo* cmaculat, scabiem abolet. 



lepram curat, spiritus recreat, et animum exhilarat. 
Melancholicos hiimores per urinam eduoit, et cerebrum 
a crassis. aruiunosis melaiirholis fiiinis purgat, quibua 
addo dementes et furiosos viiiculis retineiidos pluriiiium 
juvat, et ad rationis usum ducit. Testis est iiiihi cnn- 
sclentia, qund viderini matronam quandaui hinc libera- 
lam, qiiSB frequentius ex iratundia demens, et iiiipug 
animi dicenda tacenda loquehatur, adeo furens ut lijrari 
cogeretur. Fuit ei pra;staiitissirno remedio, viui isiiii* 
usus, iiidicatus a peregriiio homiiie meiidico, eleemosy 
nam urs foribus dictie matronse imolorante. 



Vl« m. 2. Subs 1.] Compound Alterutives. 3fl7 

bedlamites as are tied in chains, to the use of their reason again. My conscience 
bears me witness, that I do not lie, I saw a grave matron helped by this means; she 
was so choleric, and so iurious sometimes, that she was almost mad, and beside her- 
self ; she said, and did she knew not what, scolded, beat her maids, and was now 
ready to be bound till she drank of this borage wine, and by this excellent remed) 
was cured, which a poor foreigner, a silly beggar, taught her by chance, that came 
to crave an alms from door to door." The juice of borage, if it be clarified, and 
drunk in wine, will do as much, the roots sliced and steeped, &c. saith Ant. Mizaldus, 
art. med. who cities this story verbatim out of Villanovanus, and so doth Magninus 
a physician of Milan, in his regimen of health. Such another excellent compound 
water I find in Rubeus de distill, sect. 3. which he highly magnifies out of Savanarola, 
^ "• for such as are solitary, dull, heavy or sad without a cause, or be troubled with 
trembling of heart." Other excellent compound waters for melancholy, he cites in 
the same place. ^*"If their melancholy be not inflamed, or their temperature over- 
hot." Evonimus hath a precious aquaviice to this purpose, for such as are cold. But 
he and most commend aurum potabile., and every writer prescribes clarified whey, 
with borage, bugloss, endive, succory, See. of goat's milk especially, some indefinitely 
at all times, some thirty days together in the spring, every morning fasting, a good 
draught. Syrups are very good, and often used to digest this humour in the heari, 
spleen, liver, &lc. As syrup of borage (there is a famous syrup of borage highly 
commended by Laurentius to this purpose in his tract of melancholy), de, pot/iis of 
king Sabor, now obsolete, of thyme and epilhyme, hops, scolopendria, fumitory, 
maidenhair, bizantine, &c. These are most used for preparatives to other physic, 
mixed with distilled waters of like nature, or in juleps otherwise. 

Consisting, are conserves or confections ; conserves of borage, bugloss, balm, 
fumitory, succory, maidenhair, violets, roses, wormwood, &.c. Confections, treacle, 
mithridate, eclegms, or linctures, Stc. Solid, as aromatical confections : hot, diambra, 
diamargaritum calidum, dianthus., diamosckwm dulce.) electuarium dc gcmmis IcBliJi- 
can's Galeni ct Rhasis.i diagalinga., diacimynum dianisum,, diatrion piperion, diazin- 
ziber, diacapers., diacinnumonum : Cold, as diamargaritum frigidum, diacoroUi, diar- 
rhodon abbatis, diacodion., Sfc. as every pkarmacojjveia will show you, with their 
tables or losings that are made out of them : with condites and the like. 

Outwardly used as occasion serves, as amulets, oils hot and cold, as of camomile, 
staechados, violets, roses, almonds, poppy, nymphea, mandrake, &.c. to be used, after 
bathing, or to procure sleep. 

Ointments composed of the said species, oils and wax, &c., as Mablastritum Popu' 
Icum, some hot, some cold, to moisten, procure sleep, and correct other accidents. 

Liniments are made of the same matter to the like purpose : emplasters of herbs, 
flowers, roots, &c., with oils, and other liquors mixed and boiled together. 

Cataplasms, salves, or poultices made of green herbs, pounded, or sod in water 
till they be soft, which are applied to the hypochondries, and other parts, when the 
body is empty. 

Cerotes are applied to several parts and frontals, to take away pain, grief, heat, pro- 
cure sleep. Fomentations or sponges, wet in some decoctions, &c., epithemata, or 
those moist medicines, laid on linen, to bathe and cool several parts misaffected. 

Sacculi, or little bags of herbs, flowers, seeds, roots, and the like, applied to the 
head, heart, stomach, &c., odoraments, balls, perfumes, posies to smell to, all which 
have their several uses in melancholy, as shall be shown, when I treat of the cure 
of the distinct species by themselves. 



MEMB. II. 

SuBSR..r. I. — Purging Simples upward. 

Melanagoga, or melancholy purging medicines, are either simple or compound, 
and that gently, or violently, purging upward or downward. These following purge 
upward. ^^ Asarum, or Asrabecca, which, as Mesue saith, is hot in the second degree, 

■^ lis qui tristHiitur sine causa, et viiant amicoriiin I inetiir nielancliolia, aut caliiliore tcmperainento ginl. 
Kir.ieiateiii tit treinuiil corde ^, Mario non iiiflam- | ""Heurriius: datiir in sero lijctis, aut vino 

2 1 



898 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 4. 



and dry in the third, " it is commonly taken in«wine, whey," or as with us, the juice 
of two or three leaves or more sometimes, pounded in posset drink qualified with a 
little liquorice, or aniseed, to avoid the fulsomeness of the taste, or as Dlascrum 
Fernelii. Brassivola in Catart. reckons it up amongst those simples that only pu.ge 
luelancholy, and Ruellius confirms as much out of his experience, that it purgeth 
^^ black ciioler, like hellebore itself Galen, lib. 6. simplic. and ^^ Matthiolus ascribe 
other virtues to it, and will have it purge other humours as well as this. 

Laurel, by Heurnius's method, ad prax. lib. 2. cap. 24. is put amongst the strong 
purgers of melancholy ; it is hot and dry in the fourth degree. Dioscorides, lib. 1 1. 
'•■ap. 114. adds other efl'ccts to it. ^^ Pliny sets down fifteen berries in drink for a 
sufficient potion : it is commonly corrected with his opposites, cold and moist, as 
juice of endive, purslane, and is taken in a potion to seven grains and a half. But 
tliis and asrabecca, every gentlewoman in the country knows how to give, they are 
two common vomits. 

Scilla, oi sea-onion, is hot and dry in the third degree. Brassivola in Catart. out 
of Mesne, others, and his own experience, will have this simple to purge '"' melan- 
choly alone. It is an ordinary vomii, vinum scilliticum, mixed with rubel in a little 
white wine. 

White hellebore, which some call sneezing-powder, a strong purger upward, which 
many reject, as being too violent: Mesue and Averroes will not admit of it, '"by , 
reason of danger of suffocation," '^^ great pain and trouble it puts the poor patient 
to," saith DodoniBUS. Yet Galen, lib. 0. simpl. med. and Dioscorides, cap. 145. allow 
of it. It was indeed ''"terrible in former times," as Pliny notes, but now familiar, 
insomuch that many took it in those days, ^"that were students, to quicken their 
wits," which Persius Sat. 1. objects to Accius the poet, Ilias Acci ebria veralro. 
'" It helps melancholy, the falling sickness, madness, gout, &c., but not to be taken 
of old men, youths, such as are weaklings, nice, or effeminate, troubled with head- 
ache, high-coloured, or fear strangling," saith Dioscorides. * Oribasius, an old phy- 
sician, hath written very copiously, and approves of it, " in such affections which 
can otherwise hardly be cured." Hernius, lib. 2. prax. med. de vomitoriis^ will not 
have it used '"but with great caution, by reason of its strength, and then when 
antimony will do no good," which caused Hermophilus to compare it to a stout 
captain (as Codroneus observes cap. 7. comment, de Helleb.) that will see all his^ 
soldiers go before him and come post principia, like the bragging soldier, last him- 
self; *\vhen other helps fail in inveterate melancholy, in a desperate case, this vomit 
is to be taken. And yet for all this, if it be well prepared, it may be ^securely given 
at first. '°Matthiolus brags, that he hath often, to the good of many, made use of 
it, and Heurnius, " " that he hath happil) used it, prepared after his own prescript," 
and with good success. Christophorus a Vega, lib. 3. c. 41, is of the same opinion, 
that it may be lawfully given ; and our country gentlewomen find it by their common 
practice, that there is no such great danger in it. Dr. Turner, speaking of this plant 
in his Herbal, telleth us, that in his time it was an ordinary receipt among good 
wives, to give hellebore in powder to ii'^ weight, and he is not nuich against it. But 
they do commonly exceed, for who so bold as blind Bayard, and prescribe it by 
pennyworths, and such irrational ways, as I have heard myself market folks ask for 
it in an apothecary's shop : but with what success God knows ; they smart often for 
their rash boldness and folly, break a vein, make their eyes ready to start out of 
their heads, or kill themselves. So that the fault is not in the physic, but in ihe 
rude and indiscreet handling of it. He that will know, therefore, when to use, how 
to prepare it aright, and in what dose, let him read Heurnius lib. 2. prax. med. Bias- 
sivola de Catart. Godefridus Stegius the emperor Rudolphus' physician cap. 16 



s'Veratri modo expurgat cerebrum, roborat memo- 
riain. Fuchsius. oecrassos et billosos liumores 

per voiiiitiitii educit. *«» Voinitiiin et menses cit. 

valet ad hydrnp. &c. "" Materias atras educit. 

J All arte ideo rejiciendum, ob periculum suff'ocationis. 
' Cap. 16 magna vi educit, et molestia cum suuima. 
* Quondam terribile. <Multi studiorum gratia ad 

providenda acrius quae commentahatitiir. ' Medetur 

eninitialibus. melancholicis. podayri is; vetalur seiii- 
buf), puerii^ mollibus et eli'iemiuatis. "Collect, lib. 



8. cap. 3. in affectioiiibus iis qua; difficulter curantur, 
Helleborum daiiius. ' Nori sine summa cautio iie 

boo reinedio utemur ; est enim validissirautii, et quum 
vires Antimonii conteninit morbus, in auxilium evoca- 
tur, modo valide vires efflorescant. ".iEtius tetrab. 

cap. I. ser. 3. lis solum dari vult Helleborum album, 
qui spcus spem non habent, non iis qui Syncopem ti- 
meiit, iSlc. sCuiu salute multorum. '»C'»p. 

12. de inorbis cap. " Nos !^<-ilUffie utimur noe. rr 

prepf rato Helleburo albo. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] 



Purging Simples. 



399 



^[atthi()lus in Dioscor. and that excellent commentary of Baptista Codroncus, which 
is instar omnium de Helleb. alb. where we shall find ^reat diversity of examples and 
receipts. 

Antimony or stibium, which our chemists so much magnify, is either taken ni 
substance or infusion, Stc, and frequently prescribed in this disease. " It helps all 
infirmities," saith '" Matthiolus, " which proceed from black choler, falling sickness. 
and hypochondriacal passions ;" and for farther proof of his assertion, he gives 
several instances of such as have been freed with it : '^ one of Andrew Gallus, a phy- 
sician of Trent, that after many other essays, " imputes the recovery of his health, 
next after God, to this remedy alone." Another of George Handshius, that in like 
sort, when other medicines failed, '^" was by this restored to his former health, ant^ 
which of his knowledge others have likewise tried, and by the help of this admi- 
rable medicine, been recovered." A third of a parish priest at Prague in Bohemia, 
'^ '' that was so far gone with melancholy, that he doted, and spake he knew not 
what ; but. after he had taken twelve grains of stibium, (as I myself saw, and can 
witness, for I was called to see this miraculous accident) he was purged of a deal of 
black choler, like little gobbets of flesh, and all his excrements were as black blood 
(a medicine fitter for a horse than a man), yet it did him so much good, that the 
next day he was perfectly cured." This very story of the Bohemian priest, Scken- 
kius relates verbatim., Exoter. experiment, ad. var. morb. cent. 6. observ. G. with great 
approbation of it. Hercules de Saxonia calls it a profitable medicine, if it be taken 
after meat to six or eight grains, of such as are apt to vomit. Rodericus ii Fonseca 
the Spaniard, and late professor of Padua in Italy, extols it to this disease, Tom. 2. 
consul. 85. so doth Lod. Mercatus de inter, morb. cur. lib. 1. cap. 17. with many 
others. Jacobus Gerviniis a French physician, on tlie other side, lib. 2. de venenis 
confut. explodes all this, and saith he took three grains only upon Matthiolus and 
some others' commendation, but it almost killed him, whereupon he concludes, 
'^"antimony is rather poison than a medicine." Th. Erastus concurs with him in 
his opinion, and so doth vElian Montaltus cap. 30 de melan. But what do I talk < 
'tis the subject of whole books ; 1 might cite a century of authors pro and con. I 
will conclude with "Zuinger, antimony is like Scanderbeg's sword, which is eithp' 
good or bad, strong or weak, as the party is that prescribes, or useth it : " a worth> 
medicine if it be rightly applied to a strong man, otherwise poison." For the pr» 
paring of it, look in Evonimi thesaurus, Quercetan, Oswaldus Crollius, Basil. Chim 
Basil. Valentius, Sfc. 

VTobacco, divine, rare, superexcellent tobacco, which goes far beyond all the pana- 
ceas, potable gold, and philosopher's stones, a sovereign remedy to all diseases. A 
good vomit, I confess, a virtuous herb, if it be well qualified, opportunely taken, and 
medicinally used ; but as it is commonly abused by most men, which take it as 
tinkers do ale, 'tis a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, healthy 
hellish, devilish and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul. 



SuBSECT. II. — Simples purging Melancholy dovmward. 

Polypody and epithyme are, without all exceptions, gentle purgers of melan 
choly. Dioscorides will have them void phlegm; but Brassiyola out of his expe- 
rience averreth, that they purge this humour; they are used in decoction, infusion, 
&.C. simple, mixed, &c. 

Mirabolanes, all five kinds, are happily '^ prescribed against melancholy and quar- 
tan agues ; Brassivola speaks out '^ '•'■ of a thousand" experiences, he gave them in 
pills, decoctions, &c., look for peculiar receipts in him. 

Stoechas, fumitory, dodder, herb mercury, roots of capers, genista or broom, pen- 



i*In lib. 5, Dioscor. cap. 3. Otniiilius opitiilatur mor- 
bis, quns atrabilis exritavit coniitialjbus lic^que prcser- 
ti 111 qui Hjpoconiirjacas ohtinent passiones. '^ An- 

dreas Gallus, TridenliiMis inedicus, saliitem liuic inedi- 
cameiito post Deuin debet. '■• Inteffrs sanilati, 

brevi restitulus. Id quod aliis" accidisse scio, qui hoc 
mirabili niedicainento usi sunt. i^Ciui nielancho- 

• icus factus plane des^piebat, niultaque stulte loqueiia- 
>u<, tunc exiiihiium !?.. gr. ^til)iiiiM, quod paulo post 
ulrain bileui tx alvo eduxit (ut ego vidi, qui vocatua 



tanquani ad miraculum adfui testari possum,) et ra- 
menta tannuain cariiis dissecta in partes totuin excre- 
nientuni tanqunin sanguinem nigerrimuin reprxsenia- 
bat. 's Antinioniuui veuenum, non medicainniituin. 

" Cratonis ep. sect, vel ad Monavium ep. In utianiqiit 
partem dignissiniuiii niedicanientuui, si recte utenlur. 
secus veneiiuiii. i" Majrores fugant; utilissini? 

ilaiLtur inelaiirtiolicis et quaternariis. i^ Millief 

horuni vires expertus sum. 



400 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2, Sec. 4 



nyroyal and half-boiled cabbage, I find in this catalogue of purgers of black cholei. 
origan, featherfew, ammoniac'" salt, saltpetre. But these are very gentle ; alyppus, 
dragon root, centaury, ditany, colutea, which Fuchsius cap. 168 and others take for 
senna, but most distinguish. Senna is in the middle of violent and gentle purgers 
downward, hot in the second degree, dry in the first. Brassivola calls it ^'"a won- 
derful herb against melancholy, it scours the blood, lightens the spirits, shakes off 
sorrow, a most profitable medicine," as ^"Dodonaeus terms it, invented by the Arabians, 
and not heard of before. It is taken diverse ways, in powder, infusion, but most 
commonly in the infusion, with ginger, or some cordial flowers added to correct it. 
Actuarius commends it sodden in broth, with an old cock, or in whey, which is the 
common conveyor of all such things as purge black choler ; or steeped in wine, 
which Heurnius accounts sufficient, without any farther correction. 

Aloes by most is said to purge choler, but Aurelianus lih. 2. c. 6. de morb. chrnn. 
Arculanus cap. 6. in 9. Rhasis Julius Alexandrinus, consil. 185. Scoltz. Crato con- 
sil. 189. Scollz. prescribe it to this disease ; as cood for the stomach and to open tlie 
hasmorrhoids, out of Mesne, Rhasis, Serapio, Avicenna: Menard us ep. lib. V.episl. 1. 
opposeth it, aloes ^"doth not open the veins," or move the haemorrhoids, which 
Leonhartus Ynchsms paradox, lib. 1. likewise affirms; but Brassivola and Dodoneeus 
defend Mesne out of their experience ; let ^'* Valesius end the controversy. 

Lapis armenus and lazuli are much magnified by ^'Alexander lib. 1. cap. 16. Avi- 
cenna, iEtius, and Actuarius, if they be well washed, that the water be no more 
coloured, fifty times some say. ^''"•That good Alexander (saith Guianerus) puts 
such confidence in this one medicine, that he thought all melancholy passions might 
be cured by it ; and I for my part have oftentimes happily used it, and was never 
deceived in the operation of it." The like may be said of lapis lazuli, though it be 
somewhat weaker than the other. Garcias ab Horto, hist. lib. 1 . cap. 65. relates, 
that the -'physicians of the Moors familiarly prescribe it to all melancholy passions, 
and Matthiolus ep. lib. 3. ^*' brags of that happy success which he still had in the 
administration of it. Nicholas Meripsa puts it amongst the best remedies, sect. 1 . 
cap. 12. in Antidotis ; ^^"and if this will not serve (saith Rhasis) then there remains 
nothing but lapis armenus and hellebore itself." Valescus and Jason Pratensis much 
commend pulvis hali, which is made of it. James Damascen. 2. cap. 12. Hercules 
de Saxonia, Slc, speaks well of it. Crato will not approve this \ it and both helle- 
bores, he saith, are no better than poison. Victor Trincavelius, lib. 2. cap. 14. found 
it in his experience, ^^ " to be very noisome, to trouble the stomach, and hurt their 
bodies that take it overmuch." 

Black hellebore, that most renowned plant, and famous purger of melancholy, 
which all antiquity so much used and admired, was first found out by Melanpodius 
a shepherd, as Pliny records, lib. 25. cap. 5. ^' who, seeing it to purge his goats wheo 
they raved, practised it upon Elige and Calene, King Prastus' daughters, that rulec 
in Arcadia, near the fountain Clitorius, and restored them to their former health. Ir 
Hippocrates's time it was in only request, insomuch that he writ a book of it, a 
fragment of which remains yet. Theophrastus, ^'^ Galen, Pliny, Cfelius Aurelianus 
as ancient as Galen, lib. 1. cap. 6. Aretus lib. 1. cap. 5. Oribasius Ub.l. collect, a 
famous Greek, jEtius ser. 3. cap. 112 & 1 13 j7. iEgineta, Galen's Ape, lib. 7. cap. 4 
Actuarius, Trallianus lib. 5. cap. 1 5. Cornelius Celsus only remaining of the olc 
Latins, lib. 3. cap. 23, extol and admire this excellent plant-, and it was generall> 
so much esteemed of the ancients for this disease amongst the rest, that they ser' 
all such as were crazed, or that doted, to the Anticyise, or to Phocis in Achaia, t< 
be purged, where this plant was in abundance to be had. In Slrabo's time it was ar 
ordinary voyage, JVaviget .Antic yr as ; a common proverb among the Greeks an() 
Latins, to bid a dizzard or a mad man go take hellebore ; as in Lucian, Menippus to 



2" Sal nitriim, sal aiiimoniacum, Dracontij radix, d(.c- 
lamnum. "' Calet ordiiie secundo, siccat priiiio, 

adversus omnia vitia atras hilis valet, sanguiiieni inuii- 
dat, spiritiis illuslrat, nifcrorem discutit htrba iiiirifica. 
2^ Cap. 4. lib. 2. 23 Receiiliores negaiit (ira venarum 
resecare. ^* An aloe aperial ora v<'naruni. lib. 9. 

cont. '.i. ^ Vapores abstergit a vitalibus partihiis. 

s« Tract. 15. c. 0. Bonus Alexander, tantain lapide Ar- 
nieno confidentiain habuit. ut ornnes melaiicliolicaB pus- 
■lODfSj ab eo ciir.'iri t'osse credcret, ei ego inde sflcpia 



sime usus sum, et in ejus pxliibitiotie nutiqiiam frauda 
tusfni. 'i' Maurorum medioi lioc lapide plerumqui 

pnrgant melancholiam, &c, '^o duo egosiepe felicite. 
usus sum, et magno cum auxilio. *•* Si non hoc 

nihil restat nisi Helleborus, et lapis Armenus. (Jonsil 
184. Scollzii. 5" Multa corpora vidi gravissimJ him 

agitata, et stomacho multuni ohfuisse. 3' Cuui vidi» 
sit ah eo curari capras furentes, &c. '^^ Lib. 6. ^iinpi 
mcd. 



^'^m. 2. Subs! 2.] Purging Simples. 401 

Tantalus, Tantale desipis^ helleboro epolo tibi opus est., eoque sane meraco^ thou art 
out of thy little wit, O Tantalus, and must needs drink hellebore, and that without 
mixture. Aristophanes in Vespis^ drink hellebore, &c. and Harpax in the ^^ Coinoe- 
dian, told Simo and Ballio, two doting fellows, that they had need to be purged with 
this plant. When that proud Menacrates 6 ^evi, had writ an arrogant letter to Philip 
of Macedon, he sent back no other answer but this, Consulo tibi ut ad Anticyram 
te conferas^ noting thereby that he was crazed, atque eUebore indigere, had much 
need of a good purge. Lilius Geraldus saith, that Hercules, after all his mad 
pranks upon his wife and children, was perfectly cured by a purge of helle- 
bore, which an Anticyrian administered unto him. They that were sound com- 
monly took it to quicken their wits, (as Ennis of old, ^Qui non nisi pol.us ad 
arma — prosiltiil dicenda, and as our poets drink sack to improve their inven- 
tions (1 find it so registered by Agellius lib. 17. cap. 15.) Carneades the academic, 
when he was to write against Zeno the stoic, purged himself with hellebore first, 
which ^^ Petronius puts upon Chrysippus. In such esteem it continued for many ages, 
till at length Mesue and some other Arabians began to reject and reprehend it, upon 
whose authority for many following lustres, it was much debased and quite out of 
request, held to be poison and no medicine ; and is still oppugned to this day by 
*Crato and some junior physicians. Their reasons are, because Aristotle I. I. dp 
plant, c. 3. said, henbane and hellebore were poison ; and Alexander Aphrodiseus, in 
the preface of his problems, gave out, that (speaking of hellebore) ^'^ " Quails fed on 
that which was poison to men." Galen. I. 6. Epid. com. 5. Text. 35. confirms as 
much: ''^ Constantine the emperor in his Geoponicks, attributes no otlier virtue to 
it, than to kill mice and rats, flies and mouldwarps, and so Mizaldus, Nicander of 
old, Gervinus, Sckeukius, and some other Neoterics that have written of poisons, 
speak of hellebore in a chief place, 'l^ Nicholas Leonicus hath a story of Solon, 
that besieging, I know not what city, steeped hellebore in a spring of water, which 
by pipes was conveyed into the middle of the town, and so either poisoned, or else 
made them so feeble and weak by purging, that they were not able to bear arms. 
Notwithstanding all these cavils and objections, most of our late writers do much 
approve of it. ^"Gariopontus lib. 1. cap. 13. Codronchus com. de helle.b. Fallopius 
lib. de med. pitrg. simpl. cap. 69. et consil. 15. Trincavelii, Montanus 239. Friseme- 
lica consil. 14. Hercules de Saxonia, so that it be opportunely given. Jacobus de 
Dondis, Agg. Amatus, Lucet. cent. 66. Godef. Stegius cap. 13. HoUerius, and all our 
herbalists subscribe. Fernelius metli. med. lib. 5. cap. 16. " confesseth it to be a 
*' terrible purge and hard to take, yet well given to strong men, and such as have 
able bodies." P. Forestus and Capivaccius forbid it to be taken in substance, but 
allow it in decoction or infusion, both which ways P. Monavius approves above all 
others, Epist. 231. Scoltzii, Jacchinus in 9. Rhaeis, commends a receipt of his own 
preparing ; Penottus another of his chemically prepared, Evonimus another. Hilde- 
she'm spicel. 2. de mel. hath many examples how it should be used, with diversity 
of receipts. Heurnius lib. 7. prax. med. cap. 14. "calls it an ""^ innocent medicine 
howsoever, if it be well prepared." The root of it is only in use, which may be 
kept many years, and by some given in substance, as by Fallopius and Brassivola 
amongst the rest, who ^ brags that he was the first that restored it again to its use. 
and tells a story how he cured one Melatasta, a madman, that was thought to be 
possessed, in the Duke of Ferrara's court, with one purge of black hellebore in sub- 
stance : the receipt is there to be seen ; his excrements were like ink, '*'' he perfectly 
healed at once ; Vidus Vidius, a Dutch physician, will not admit of it in substance. 
to whom most subscribe, but as before, in the decoction, infusion, or which is all in 
all, in the extract, which he prefers before the rest, and calls suave medicamentum., a 
«weet medicine, an easy, that may be securely given to women, children, and weak- 
Engs. Baracellus, horto geniali, terms it maximce prcestantia medicamentum., a medi- 



^ PseuJolo ant. 4. seen. ult. hellehoro hisce hoininibus 
opus est. 34 Hor. 36 i„ Satyr. ^ Crato 

eoiiail. 16. 1.2. Etsi multi magni viri probent, in bonain 
»ariem accipiant medic;, non probern. s' Vescun- 

tur veratro coturnices quod hoininibus toxicuin est. 
«■ r.ib. «i3. c. 7. 1-'. 14. 3» De var. tiist. i»Corpus 

ilicoiuuie redrtit, et jiivenil»i efficit. <' Veteres non 

•inv eauca usi sunt : Oif]ic<lia ex Helleboro purgatio, et 

51 2i2 



terroris plena, sed robustis datur tam«n, &c. ••' In- 

nocens medicamentum, modo rite paretur. ** Abgit 

jactantia, ego primus pri-ebere ca^pi, &c. ^ In Ca- 

lart. Ex una sola evacuatione furor cessavit et qiiietu* 
inde vixit. Tale exemplum apud Sckeiikiura et apud 
Scollzium, ep. 331. P. Monavius se stolidum -"trattv 
jaclat hoc epoto tribus aut qu.'ttuor v'icibuB 



402 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. 

cine of great worth and note. Quercetan in his Spagir Phar. and many others, tel 
wonders of the extract. Paracelsus, above all the rest, is the gr*itest admirer of thi& 
plant ; and especially the extract, he calls it Thcriacum, terrestre Balsamum., another 
treacle, a terrestrial balm, imtar omnium, " all in all, the ''^sole and last refuge to euro, 
this malady, the gout, epilepsy, leprosy, &.c." If this will not help, no physic in 
the world can but mineral, it is the upshot of all. Matthiolus laughs at those that 
except against it, and though some abhor it out of the authority of Mesue, and dare 
noi adventure to prescribe it, ''^"■yet I (saith he) have happily used it six hundre<l 
limes without oifence, and communicated it to divers worthy physicians, who have 
given me great thanks for it." Look for receipts, dose, preparation, and other 
cautions concerning this simple, in him, Brassivola, Paracelsus, Codronchus, and 
the rest. 

SuBSECT. III. — Compound Purgers. 

Compound medicines which purge melancholy, are either taken in the superior oi 
inferior parts : superior at mouth or nostrils. At the mouth swallowed or not swal- 
lowed : If swallowed liquid or solid : liquid, as compound wine of hellebore, scilla 
or sea-onion, senna, Vinum ScilJiticti7n, Hclleborahwi, which *'' Quercetan so much 
applauds " for melancholy and madness, either inwardly taken, or outwardly applied 
to the head, with little pieces of linen dipped warm in it." Oxymel. SciUiticum, 
S,yrupus Hellehoratus major and minor in Quercetan, and Syrupus Genislce for hypo- 
chondriacal melaiiclioly in the same author, compound syrup of succory, of fumitory, 
polipody, &.C. Heurnius his purging cock-broth. Some except against these syrups, 
as appears by "'*' Udalrinus Leonoras his epistle to Matthiolus, as most pernicious, and 
that out of Hippocrates, cocta movere, el mcdicari, non cruda, no raw things to be 
used in physic; but this in the following epistle is exploded and soundly confuted 
by Matthiolus : many juleps, potions, receipts, are composed of these, as you shall 
find in Ilildesheim spicel. 2. Heurnius lib. 2. cap. 14. George Sckenkius Jlal. med. 
prax. Sfc. 

Solid purges are confections, electuaries, pills by themselves, or compound with 
others, as de lapide lazulo, armeno, jnl. indce, of fumitory, Sfc. Confection of Ha- 
mech, which though most approve, Solenander sec. 5. consil. 22. bitterly inveighs 
against, so doth Rondoletius Pharmacop. officina, Fernelius and others ; diasena, 
diapolypodium, diacassia, diacatholicon, Wecker's electuarie de Epithymo, Ptolemy's 
hierologadium, of wiiich divers receipts are daily made. 

iEtius 22. 23. connnends Hieram RuJJi. Trincavelius consil. 12. lib. 4. approves 
of Hiera; non, inquit, invenio melius 7ne die amentum, I find no better medicine, he 
saith. Heurnius adds pil. aggregat. pills de Epithymo. pil. Ind. Mesue describes 
in the Florentine Antidotary, PHuIcb sine quibus esse nolo, PHuIcb Cochia. cum Ilel- 
leboro, Pil. Jlrabicce, Fcp.tida, de quinque gcneribiis miraholanorum, S^x. More proper 
to melancholy, not excluding in the meantime, turbith, manna, rhubarb, agaric, 
elescophe, &.c. which are not so proper to this humour. For, as Montaltus holds 
cap. 30. and Montanus cholera etiam purganda, quod atrcB sit pabulum, choler is to 
be purged because it feeds the other : and some are of an opinion, as Erasistratus 
and Asclepiades maintained of old, against whom Galen disputes, *''"■ that no physic 
doth purge one humour alone, but all alike or what is next." Most therefore in 
their receipts and magistrals which are coined here, make a mixture of several sim- 
ples and compounds to purge all humours in general as well as this. Some rather 
use potions than pills to purge this humour, because that as Heurnius and Crate 
observe, hie succus a sicca remedio agre trahilur, this juice is not so easily d-awn 
by dry remedies, and as Montanus adviseth 25 cons. "All ^"drying medicines ar^ 
to be repelled, as aloe, hiera," and all pills whatsoever, because the disease is dry ol" 
itself. 

I might here insert many receipts of prescribed potions, boles, &c. The doses of 



<« Ultimum refugium, extromiim medicamentum, quod 
eiBtera i.ninia claudit, qiiircunqiie caeteris laxativis pelli 
non possunt ad huiic pcrtitieut ; si nun liiiic, nulli ce- 
*int. *«Testari p(i:?siirn me sexcenris hoininibus 



turn extra, seciis capiti cum linteolis in eo ma<)cfacti* 
tepide admoliim. ■'8 Epist. Math. Iil>. 'i. Talea 

Syrupi noci^ntissimi et omniliuB inodis extirpandi. 
*'J Piirgaiitia censebant medicameiitH, n(in uniiiri liuino- 



HeMeborum nigrum cxliibuisse, nnllo pmrsiis imumrnii- , ri'ni altralierf, sod iiuemninque atiigeriiit in suain iia- 
do, fee. « Pharmaciip. Opliimnn e.st aii niHriinni t'l ' lurani cDnvcriiTc. '" Relijyintiir omiies exsiccaiile* 

«mnes mnlancholicos alfitc.t'is. luiii inlra assuiiiptuin, iiiedicina:. iit .Aloe, Hiera pilula- quiecunque. 



y\em. S.] Chirurgical Remedies. 403 

these, but that they are common in every sfood physician, and that I am loth to incur 
the censure of Forestus, Uh. 3. cap. 6. de unnis, ^' " against those that divulge u.di pub- 
lish medicines in their mother-tongue," and lest I should give occasion thereby to sttaie 
ignorant reader to practise on himself, without the consent of a good physician. 

Such as are not swallowed, but only kept in the mouth, are gargarisms used cone 
monly after a purge, when the body is soluble and loose. Or apophlegmatisms, mas 
ticatories, to be held and chewed in the mouth, which are gentle, as hyssop, origan, 
pennyroyal, thyme, mustard ; strong, as pellitory, pepper, ginger, &c. 

vSuch as are taken into the nostrils, errhina are liquid or dry, juice of pimpernel, 
onions, &c., castor, pepper, white hellebore, &c. To these you may add odora- 
ments, perfumes, and suffumigations, 8t.c. 

Taken into the inferior parts are clysters strong or weak, suppositories of Castilian 
soap, honey boiled to a consistence ; or stronger of scammony, hellebore, &.c. 

These are all used, and prescribed to this malady upon several occasions, as shall 
he shown in its place. 



MEMB. III. 

Chirurgical Remedies. 

In letting of blood three main circumstances are to be considered, *^"Who, how 
much, when." That is, that it be done to such a one as may endure it, or to whom 
it may belong, that he be of a competent age, not too young, nor too old, overweak, 
fat, or lean, sore laboured, but to such as have need, are full of bad blood, noxious 
humours, and may be eased by it. 

The quantity depends upon the party's habit of body, as he is strong or weak, 
full or empty, may spare more or less. 

In the morning is the fittest time : some doubt whether it be best fasting, or full, 
whether the moon's motion or aspect of planets be to be observed ; some affirm, 
some deny, some grant in acute, but not in chronic diseases, whether before or after 
physic. 'Tis Heurnius' aphorism a phlebofomia auspicandum esse curiationem, non 
a pharmacia, you must begin with blood-letting and not physic ; some except this 
peculiar malady. But what do 1 } Horatius Augenius, a physician of Padua, hath 
lately writ 17 books of this subject, Jobertus, &c. 

Particular kinds of blood-letting in use ^^ are three, first is that opening a vein in 
the arm with a sharp knife, or in the head, knees, or any other parts, as shaH be 
thought fit. 

Cupping-glasses with or without scarification, ocyssime compescimt., saith Ferne- 
lius, they work presently, and are applied to several parts, to divert humours, aches, 
winds, &.C. 

Horse-leeches are much used in melancholy, applied especially to the haemorrhoids. 
Horatius Augenius, lib. 10. cap. 10. Platerus de mentis alienat. cap. 3. Altomarus, 
Piso, and many others, prefer them before any evacuations in this kind. 

^ Cauteries., or searing with hot irons, combustions, borings, lancings, which, 
because they are terrible, Dropax and Sinapismus are invented by plasters to raise 
blisters, and -eating medicines of pitch, mustard-seed, and the like. 

Issues still to be kept open, made as the former, and applied in and to several 
parts, have their use here on divers occasions, as shall be shown. 



SECT. V. MEMB. I. 

SuBSECT. I. — Particular Cure of the three several Kinds; of Head Melancholy. 

The general cures thus briefly examined and discussed, it remains now to apply 
these medicines to the three particular species or kinds, that, according to the several 
parts affected, each man may tell in some sort how to help or ease himself. I will 

"Contra eos qui lingua vulgari er vernacula remedia I lib. 2. cap. 19. MRenodeus, lib. 5. cap. 21. dft his 

et medicanienta prsscribunt, Pt quibusvis cominunia Mercurialis lib. 3. de coniposit. med. cap.24. Heurnius. 
hciunt. "Quig_ quantum, quando. "Fernelius, | lib. 1. prax. med. Wecker, &.c. 



i04 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5 

treat of head melancholy first, in which, as in all other good cures, we must begin 
with diet, as a matter of most moment, able oftentimes of itself to work this effect 
I have read, saith Laurentius, cap. 8. de Melanch. that in old diseases which have 
gotten the upper Iiand or a habit, the manner of living is to more purpose, than 
whatsoever can be drawn out of the most precious boxes of the apothecaries. This 
diet, as T have said, is not only in choice of meat and drink, but of all those other 
non-natnral tilings. Let air be clear and moist most part : diet moistening, of good 
juice, easy of digestion, and not windy: drink clear, and well brewed, not too 
strong, nor too small. "• Make a melancholy man fat," as ^^ Rhasis saith, " and thou 
hast finished the cure." Exercise not too remiss, nor too violent. Sleep a little more 
than ordinary. ^Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature; and which Fer- 
nelius enjoins his patient, consll. 44, above the rest, to avoid all passions and pertur- 
bations of the mind. Let him not be alone or idle (in any kind of melancholy), but 
still accompanied with such friends and familiars he most affects, neatly dressed, 
washed, and combed, according to his ability at least, in clean sweet linen, spruce,^ 
handsome, decent, and good apparel ; for nothing sooner dejects a man than want, 
squalor, and nastiness, foul, or old clothes out of fashion. Concerning the medicinal 
part, he that will satisfy himself at large (in this precedent of diet) and see all at 
once the whole cure and manner of it in every distinct species, let him consult with 
Gordonius, Valescus, with Prosper Calenius, lib. de atra bile ad Card. Caesium, Lau- 
rentius, cap. 8. et 9. de mela. MYian Montaltus, de mel. cap. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Donat. 
ab. Altomari., cap. 7. artis med. Hercules de Saxonia, in Panth. cap. 7. et Tract, ejus 
peculiar, de melan. per Bohetam., edit. Venetiis 1620. cap. 17. 18. 19. Savanarola, 
Rub. 82. Tract. 8. cap. 1. Sckenkius, in prax. curat. Ital. med. Heurnius, cap. 12. 
de morb. Victorius Faventius, pract. Magn. et Empir. Hildesheim, Spicel. 2. de man 
et mel. Fel. Platter, Stokerus, Bruel. P. Baverus, Forestus, Fuchsius, Cappivaccius, 
Rondoletius, Jason Pratensis. SuUust. Salvian. de remed. lib. 2. cap. 1. Jacchinus, in 9 
Rhasis, Lod. Mercatus, de Inter, morb. cur. lib. Leap. 17. Alexan. Messaria, j^rac/. med. 
lib. \.cap.2\. de mel. Piso. HoUerius, &c. that have culled out of those old Greeks, 
Arabians, and Latins, whatsoever is observable or fit to be used. Or let him read 
those counsels and consultations of Hugo Senensis, consil. 13. et 14. Renerus Soli- 
nander, consil. 6. sec. 1. et consil. 3. sec. 3. Crato, consil. 16. lib. 1. iVIontanus 20. 
22. and his following counsels, Laelius a Fonte. Egubinus, consult. 44. 69. 77. 125. 
129. 142. Fernelius, consil. 44. 45. 46. Jul. Caesar Claudinus, Mercurialis, Frambe- 
sarius, Sennertus, &c. Wherein he shall find particular receipts, the whole method, 
preparatives, purgers, correcters, averters, cordials in great variety and abundance : 
out of which, because every man cannot attend to read or peruse them, I will colled 
for the benefit of the reader, some few more notable medicines. 

Sub SECT. II. — Blood-letting. 

Phlebotomy is promiscuously used before and after physic, commonly before, 
and upon occasion is often reiterated, if there be any need at least of it. For Galen, 
and many others, make a doubt of bleeding at all in this kind of head-melancholy. 
If the malady, saith Pi.so, cap. 23. and Altomarus, cap. 7. Fuchsius, cap. 33. *^ " shall 
proceed primarily from the misaffected brain, the patient in such case shall not need 
at all to bleed, except the blood otherwise abound, the veins be full, inflamed blood, 
and the party ready to run mad." In immaterial melancholy, which especially comes 
from a cold distemperature of spirits, Hercules de Saxonia, cap. 17. will not admit 
of phlebotomy; Laurentius, cap. 9, approves it out of the authority of the Arabians; 
but as Mesue, Rhasis, Alexander appoint, ^* " especially in the head," to open the 
veins of the forehead, nose and ears is good. They commonly set cupping-glasses 
on the party's shoulders, having first scarified the place, they apply horse-leeehes 
on the head, and in all melancholy diseases, whether essential or accidental, they 
cause the hasmorrhoids to be opened, having the eleventh aphorism of the sixth 

«6Cont. lib. 1. c. 9. f(!stines ad impinguationeni, et | nisi ob alias causa? sanguis inittatur, si multufi i* 
rum impinguantur, reinovetur malum. ^ Beueficiuni i vasis, &c. frustra enim fatigatur corpus, &,c. '*' "on> 
veiitris. ^' Si ex primario cerehri affectii mnlan- I petit its phlebotomia frontis. 

etioliri evasorint, sanguinis detractione uon indigent. 



Mom. 1. Subs. 3.j Preparatives and Purgers. 406 

book of Hippocrates for their ground and warrant, which saith, " That in melan 
eholy and mad men, the varicose tumour or haemorroids appearing doth heal th<i 
same." Valescus prescribes blood-letting in all three kinds, whom Sallust. Salvian 
follows. ^^'■'' If the blood abound, which is discerned by the fulness of the veins, 
his precedent diet, the party''s laughter, age, &c. begin with the median or middle 
vein of the -arm : if the blood be ruddy and clear, stop it, but if black in the spring time, 
"r a good season, or thick, let it run, according to the party's strength : and some eight or 
twelve days after, open the head vein, and the veins in the foreliead, or provoke il 
,ut of the nostrils, or cupping-glasses," &c. Trallianus a''iows of this, ^^'- If there 
have been any suppression or stopping of blood at nose, or haemorrhoids, or women's 
months, then to open a vein in the head or about the ankle? " Yet he doth hardly 
approve of this course, if melancholy be situated in the head alone, or in any other 
dotage, ^''■'except it primarily proceed from blood, or that the malady be increased 
by it ; for blood-letting refrigerates and dries up, except the body be very full of 
blood, and a kind of ruddiness in the face." Therefore 1 conclude with Areteus, 
*^ '' before you let blood, deliberate of it," and well consider all circumstances be- 
longing to it. 

SuBSECT. III. — Preparatives and Purgers. 

After blood-letting we must proceed to other medicines ; first prepare, and then 
p\irge, Augece stabulum purgare, make the body clean before we hope to do any 
good. Walter Bruel would have a practitioner begin first with a clyster of his, 
which he prescribes before blood-letting : the common sort, as Mercurialis, Montal- 
tus cap. 30. <^T. proceed from lenitives to preparatives, and so to purgers. Lenitives 
are well known, electuarium lenitwum, dlaphenicum diacatholicon, <^c. Preparatives 
are usually syrups of borage, bugloss, apples, fumitory, thyme and epithyme, with 
double as much of the same decoction or distilled water, or of the waters of bu- 
gloss, balm, hops, endive, scolopendry, fumitory, &c. or these sodden in whey, which 
must be reiterated and used for many days together. Purges come last, " which 
must not be used at all, if the malady may be otherwise helped," because they 
weaken nature and dry so much ; and in giving of them, ^''^ we must begin with the 
gentlest first." Some forbid all hot medicines, as Alexander, and Salvianus, &c. 
JVe insaniores indejiant, hot medicines increase the disease ^^ " by drying too much." 
Purge downward rather than upward, use potions rather than pills, and when you 
begin physic, persevere and continue in a course ; for as one observes, ^^movere et 
non educere in omnibus malum est ; to stir up the humour (as one purge commc'nly 
doth) and not to prosecute, doth more harm than good. They must continue in a 
course of physic, yet not so that they tire and oppress nature, danda quies naf.ura, 
they must now and then remit, and let nature have some rest. The most gentle 
purges to begin with, are ^ senna, cassia, epithyme, myrabolanea, catholicon : if these 
prevail not, we may proceed to stronger, as the confection of hamech, pil. Indae, 
fumitoriag, de assaieret, of lapis armenus and lazuli, diasena. Or if pills be too 
dry ; ®^ some prescribe both hellebores in the last place, amongst the rest Aretus, 
*^'''' because this disease will resist a gentle medicine." Laurentius and Hercules de 
Saxonia would have antimony tried last, "if the ^^ party be strong, and it warily 
given." ™Trincavelius prefers hierologodium, to whom Francis Alexander in his 
Apnl. rad. 5. subscribes, a very good medicine they account it. But Crato in a 
counsel of his, for the duke of Bavaria's chancellor, wholly rejects it. 

I find a vast chaos of medicines, a confusion of receipts and magistrals, amongst 
writers, appropriated to this disease ; some of the chiefest I will rehearse. ■" To be 

'"Si sanguis ahundet, quod scitur ex venarum reple- , sanguinem detrahere oportet, deliberatione indiget 



tione, victus jatioue prajcedente, risu segri, setate et 
aliis, Tuiidatur iriediana ; el si sanguis apparot clarus 
et ruber, suppriniatur; aut si vere, si niger auj crassus 
permittatur fluere pro viribus oegri, de'ii post 8. vel. 12. 
diem aperiatur ceplialica partis iiiagis afl(;cl£B, el vena 
frontis, aut sanguis provocetur getis per nares, &c. 



Areteus, lib. 7. c. ,5. ^^ A lenioritius ausplcanriuni. 

(Valescus, Piso, Bruel) rariusque niedicamentis purgan- 
libus utenduin, ni sit opus. w Quia corpus exiccanl. 
niorbum augent. '■^ Guianerius 'i'ract. 15. c. «. 

^ Piso. 8' Rhasis, sipe valent ex Hellel)oro. 68 Ljh. 
7. Ejtjgius niedicamentis morbus non obsequitur. 



*> Si quibus consuetce suse suppressae sunt menses, &;c. "» Modo caute detur et robustis. ™ Consil. 10. I. 1. 

talo secare oportet, aut vena frontis si sanguis peccet 1 " Plin. I. 31. c. 6. Navigationes ob vomitioneui prosunt 
ferebro. 6i jvjsi orlum ducat a sanguine, ne morbus plurimis morbis capitis, et omnibus ob qus HelleboniPi 

inde auEe^tur- nhlehotomia refrigerat et exsiccat, nisi bibitur. Idem Dioscorides, lib. 5. cap. 13. Avicenna 
«^rpu8 sii iraldc sanguiueuui, rubicundum. ti^Cum tenia imprimis. 



406 



Cure of Melancholy. 



iPart. i. Sec. b. 



^ sea-sick first is very good at seasonable times. Helleborismus Matthioli, with whii h 
ne vaunts and boasts he did so many several cures, '^" I never gave it (saiih he), but 
after once or twice, by the help of God, they were happily cured." The manner 
of making it he sets down at large in his third book of Epist. to George Hankshius 
a physician Waller Bruel, and Heurnius, make mention of it with great approba- 
tion • so doth Sckenkius in his memorable cures, and experimental medicines, cert 6. 
obser. 37. That famous Helleborisme of Montanus, which he so often repeats in 
his consultations and counsels, as 28. pro. melan. sacerdote, el consil. 148 pro hypo 
chondriaco^ and cracks, "''"to be a most sovereign remedy for all melancholy per- 
sons, which he hath often given without oifence, and found by long experience ami 
observations to be such." 

Quercetan prefers a syrup of hellebore in his Spagirica Pharmac. and Hellebore's 
extract cap. 5. of his invention likewise ("a most safe medicine '"and not unfit tD 
be given children") before all remedies whatsoever. 

Paracelsus, in his book of black hellebore, admits this medicine, but as it is pre- 
pared by him. ""• It is most certain (saith he) that the virtue of this herb is great 
and admirable in effect, and little differing from balm itself; and he that knows welj 
how to make use of it, hath more art than all their books contain, or all the doctors 
in Germany can show." 

^lianus Montaltus in his exquisite work de morh. capitis^ cap. 31. de mel. sets a 
special receipt of his own, which in his practice '*"he fortunately used; because it 
is but short I will set it dov/n." 

"R Syrupe de pomis 3'j. aquBe borag. 3'''J- 
Ellebori nigri per noctern infusi in ligatura 
6 vol 8 gr. mane facta collatura exhihe." 

Other receipts of the same to this purpose you shall find in him. Valescus admires 
pulvis Hali, and Jason Pratensis after him : the confection of which our new Lon- 
don Pharmacopoeia hath lately revived. ''' " Put case (saith he) all other medicinea 
fail, by the help of God this alone shall do it, and 'tis a crowned medicine which 
must be kept in secret." 

"R. Epithymi semunc. lapidis lazuli, agarici ana 3'j- 
Scanimonii. 3j, Chariophillorum numero, 20 piilverisentur 
Omnia, el ipsius pulveris scrup. 4. singulis seplimanis assumat." 

To these I may add Jirnoldi vinum Buglossatum, or borage wine before mentioned, 
which "^Mizaldus calls vinum mirahile., a wonderful wine, and Stockerus vouchsafe.*! 
to repeat verhothn amongst other receipts. Rubeus his '^ corapound water out ol 
Savonarola: Pinetus his balm; Cardan's Pulvis Hyacinthi^ with which, in his book 
de curis admirandis, he boasts that he had cured many melancholy persons in eight 
days, which ^° Sckenkius puts amongst his observable medicines ; Altomarus his 
syrup, with which ^' he calls God so solemnly to witness, he hath in his kind done 
many excellent cures, and which Sckenkius cent. 7. ohserv. 80. mentioneth, Daniel 
Sennertus lib. I. part.. 2. cap. 12. so much commends; Rulandus' admirable water 
for melancholy, which cent. 2. cap. 96. he names Spiritum vitce aureum., Panaceam., 
what not, and his absolute medicine of 50 eggs, curat. Empir. cent. 1. cur. 5. to be 
taken three in a morning, with a powder of his. ^^ Faventinus prac. Emper. dou- 
bles this number of eggs, and will have 101 to be taken by three and three in like 
sort, which Sallust Salvian approves de red. med. lib. 2. c. 1. with some of the same 
powder, till all be spent, a most excellent remedy for all melancholy and mad men. 

"R. Epithymi, thymi, ana drachmas duas, sacchari aibi unciam unam, croci grana tria, 
Cinamomi drachmam unam; misce, fiat pulvis." 



'* Nunquam dedimus, quin ex una aut altera assump- 
lione, Deo juvante, fuerint ad saluteni restituti. '3 Lib. 
2. Inter coinpnsita purgantia melancholiam. "< Longo 
experimento a se ob.-jervatiim esse, melancholicos sine 
offensa egregie ciirandos valere. Mem responsione ad 
Aubertum, veratruni nigrum, alias timidum et pericu- 
losum villi spii itu etiam et olco commodum sic usui 
redditur ut el.am pueris tuto adininistrari possit. 
■>5Certum est hiijus herb:? virtutem niaximam et mira- 
bilem esse, parumque distare a balsamo. Et qui norit 
en recto uti, plus habet artis quam tola scribentiurn co. 
bars aut omneR doctores in Germania. 'sQuo feli- 



citer usus sum. "f^ Hoc posito quod alise medicina 

non valeant, ista tunc Dei misericnrdia valebit, et est 
inediciria coronata, qusE secretissime teneatur. '^ lj- 
Je artif. med. '9 Sect. 3. Optimum remedium 

aqua composita Savanarola?. w Sckenkius, ohserv. 

31. "1 Donatus ab Altomari, cap. 7. Testor Deum. 

me multos melancMnlicos hujus solius syrnpi usu cu- 
rasse, facta prius purgatione. "-Centum ova et 

unum, (piolibet mane sumant ova sorbilia,cum seque iti 
pulvere supra ovum aspersa, et contiiieant quousyj* 
assumpserint centum et unum, maniacis et luelancW 
licis utiliseimum remedium. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Avcrters. 407 

All these yet are nothing to those ^chemical preparatives o^ Aqua Chali don asquint- 
essence of hellebore, salts, extracts, dislillatious, oils, Aiirum j^otabile^ i^c. Dr. 
\nthotiy in his book de uuro potab. edit. 1600. is all in all for it. ^"And though 
dl? the schools of Galenists, with a wicked and unthankful pride and scorn, detest it 
m their practice, yet in more grievous diseases, when their vegetals will do no good," 
they are compelled to seek the help of minerals, though they " use them rashly, 
unprofitably, slackly, and to no purpose." Rhenanus, a Dutch chemist, in his book 
de Sale e puteo e?nergente, takes upon him to apologise for Anthony, and sets light 
by all that speak against him. But what do I meddle with this great controversy, 
which is the subject of many volumes ? Let Paracelsus, Quercetan, CroUius, and 
tne brethren of the rosy cross, defend themselves as they may. Crato, Erastus, and 
the Galenists oppugn. Paracelsus, he brags on the other side, he did more famous 
cures by this means, than all the Galenists in Europe, and calls himself a monarch; 
Galen, Hippocrates, infants, illiterate, &c. As Thessalus of old railed against those 
ancient Asclepiadean writers, ^*"he condemns others, insults, triumphs, overcomes 
all antiquity (saith Galen as if he spake to him), declares himself a conqueror, and 
crowns his own doings. **One drop of their chemical preparatives shall do more 
good than all their fulsome potions." Erastus, and the rest of the Galenists vilify 
them on the other side, as heretics in physic ; ^^ " Paracelsus did tiiat in physic, 
which Luther in Divinity. *** A drunken rogue he was, a base fellow, a magician, he 
had the devil for his master, devils his familiar companions, and what he did, was 
done by the help of the devil." Thus they contend and rail, and every mart write 
books pro and con, et adhuc sub judice lis est: let them agree as they will, I proceed 

SuBSECT. IV. — Aiierlers. 

AvERTERS and purgers must go together, as tending all to the same purpose, to 
divert this rebellious humour, and turn it another way. In this range, clysters and 
suppositories challenge a chief place, to draw this humour from the brain and heart, 
to the more ignoble parts. Some would have them still used a few days between, 
and ttiose to be made with the boiled seeds of anise, fennel, and bastard saffron, 
hops, thyme, epithyme, mallows, fumitory, bugloss, polypody, senna, diasene, 
hamech, cassia, diacatholicon, hierologodium, oil of violets, sweet almonds, &c. 
For without question, a clyster opportunely used, cannot choose in this, as most 
other maladies, but to do very mucli good; Clysteres mitriunt, sometimes clysters nou- 
rish, as they may be prepared, as 1 was informed not long since by a learned lecture 
of our natural philosophy ^^ reader, which he handled by way of discourse, out ot 
some other noted physicians. Such things as provoke urine most commend, but not 
sweat. Trincavelius consil. 16. cap. 1. in head-melancholy forbids it. P. Byarus 
and others approve frictions of the outward parts, and to baihe them with warm 
water. Instead of ordinary frictions. Cardan prescribes rubbing with nettles till they 
blister the skin, which likewise ^"Basardus Visontinus so much magnifies. 

Sneezing, masticatories, and nasals are generally received. Montaltus c. 34. Hil- 
desheim spicel. S.fol. 136 and 238. give several receipts of all three. Hercules de 
Saxonia relates of an empiric in Venice ^' *■' that had a strong water to purge by the 
mouth and nostrils, which he still used in head-melancholy, and would sell for no 
gold." 

To open months and haemorrhoids is very good physic, ^^"If they have been 
formerly stopped." Faventinus would have them opened w^ith horse-leeches, so 
would Hercul. de Sax. Julius Alexandrinus consil. 185. Scoltzii thinks aloes fitter: 
■" most approve horse-leeches in this case, to be applied to the forehead, ^ nostrils, 
and other places. 

Montaltus cap. 29. out of Alexander and others, prescribes ^^ " cupping-glasses, and 



MQuercetan.cap. 4. Phar. Osvvaldus Crolliiis. MCap. 
1. Licet tola Galeiiistarum scliola, miiieralia noii sine 
ihtpio et iiigrato fastu a sua practica detestentur ; tamen 
in gravioribus inorbis omiii vegetabilium derelicto sub- 
sidin, ad miiieralia confugiunt, licet ea teinere, igiiavi- 
ter, et inutiliter usurperit. Ad fineiii libri. *^ Veleres 
maledictis iucessil, vincit, et contra omnem antiquita- 
tein toronatur, ipseque a se victor declaratur. Gal. lib. 
1. metli. c. 2. 86 Oulr.inchus de sale absynthii. 

*■ Idem Paracelsus in mediciua, quod Lutherus in Ttieo- 



logia. SBDjsput. in eundem, parte 1. Majus ebriiis, 
illiteratus, dsnioiiem prJEceptorem habuit, daemones fa- 
miliares, &c. eg Master D. Lapworth. >» Ant. 

Pliilos. cap. de raelan. frictio vertice, &c. 9' Aqua 

fortissima pursrans os, nares, quani non vult a;iro vi^n- 
dere. «^ Meriurialis consil 6. et 30. hajrnorr jiduin et 

niensium provocatio juvat, niodo ex eoruni suppreseione 
nrtuin tiabuerit. M Laurentius, Bruel, &c '^ P. 

Bayerus, 1. 2. cap. 13 naribus, &c. »6 Uucurbituj» 

siccu;, ct fontaneilce crure sinistro. 



408 



x^ure of Melancholy. 



Tart. 2. Sect 5 



issues in, the left thigh." Aretus lib. 7. cap. 5. ^Paulns Regolinus, Sylvius vvil* 
have them without scarification, " applied to the shoulders and back, thighs and feet:'* 
" Montaltus cap. ;^4. "bids open an issue in the arm, or hinder part of the head.** 
"'Piso enjoins ligatures, frictions, suppositories, and cupping-glasses, still without 
scarification, and the rest. 

Cauteries and hot irons are to be used ^"in the suture of the crown, and the 
seared or ulcerated place suffered to run a good while. 'Tis not amiss to bore ihe 
skull with an instrument, to let out the fuliginous vapours." Sallus. Salvianus de re 
medic, lib. 2. cap. 1. '""^ because this humour hardly yields to other physic, would 
have the leg cauterised, or the left leg, below the knee, ' and the head bored in two 
or tiiree places," for that it much avails to the exhalation of the vapours; ^"I saw 
l^saith he) a melancholy man at Rome, that by no remedies could be healed, but 
when by chance he was wounded in the head, and the skull broken, he was excel- 
lently cured." Another, to the admiration of the beholders, ^" breaking his head 
with a fall from on high, was instantly recovered of his dotage," Gordonius cap. 
13. part. 2. would have these cauteries tried last, when no other physic will serve. 
'"The head to be shaved and bored to let out fumes, which without doubt will do 
much good I saw a melancholy man wounded in the head with a sword, his brain- 
pan broken ; so long as the wound was open he was well, but when his wound was 
healed, his dotage returned again." But Alexander Messaria a professor in Padua, 
lib. l.pract. med. cap. 21. de melanchol. will allow no cauteries at all, 'tis too stiff 
a humour and too thick as he holds, to be so evaporated. 

Guianerius c. 8. Tract. 15. cured a nobleman in Savoy, by boring alone, ^"leaving 
the hole open a month together," by means of which, after two years' melancholy 
and madness, he was delivered. All approve of this remedy in the suture of the 
crown ; but Arculanus would have the cautery to be made with gold. In many 
other parts, these cauteries are prescribed for melancholy men, as in the thighs, 
[Mercurialis consil. 86.) arms, legs. Idem consil. 6. and 19 and 25. Montanus 86, 
Rodericus a Fonseca torn. 2. consult. 84. pro hypochond. coxa dextrd, <^c., but most 
in the head, " if other physic will do no good." 

SuBSECT. V. — Alteratives and Cordials, corroborating, resolving the Reliques, and 

mending the Teinperament. 

Because this humour is so malign of itself, and so hard to be removed, the re- 
liques are to be cleansed, by alteratives, cordials, and such means: the temper is to 
be altered and amended, with such things as fortify and strengthen the heart and 
brain, * " which are commonly both affected in this malady, and do mutually mis- 
affect one another : which are still to be given every other day, or some few daya 
inserted after a purge, or like physic, as occasion serves, and are of such force, thai 
many times they help alone, and as ' Arnohlus holds in his Aphorisms., are to be 
*' preferred before all other medicines, in what kind soever." 

Amongst this number of cordials and alteratives, ] do not find a more present 
remedy, than a cup of wine or strong drin'c, if it be soberly and opportunely used. 
It makes a man bold, hardy, courageous, *" whetteth the wit," if moderately taken, 
(^and as Plutarch ^saith, Symp. 7. qu(ESt. 12.) " it makes those which are otherwise 
dull, to exhale .and evaporate like frankincense, or quicken (Xenophon adds) '"as 
oil doth lire. "" A famous cordial" Matthiolus in Dioscoridum calls it, " an excel- 



"« Hildesbeim spied. 2. Vaporcs a corebro trahendi 
siiiu frictifxiihus universi, cuciirbitiilis siccis, hunieris 
ac dorso affixis, circa pedes et crura. *" Fontanellam 
aperi juxta occipituin, aut hrachiiini. '■* Baleiii, li^a- 
turie, frictioiies, &c. "OCaiiteriiim fiat sutura coro- 

iiali, diu fliiere permlttaritur loca ulcerosa. Trepano 
etiam cranii deiisitas imminui poterit, ut vaporibus 
fuligiiiosis exituspateat. 'ooQiioniani difficulter 

cedil aliis medicarnetuis, ideo fiat in vertice cauteriurii, 
aut crura siiiistro infra genu. « Fiant duo aut tria 

caiileria, cum ossis perforatione. « Vidi Roma; nie- 

iancliolicuin qui adiiibitis niultis remediis, sanari non 
poterat; sed cum cranium glailio fraolum esset, optirae 
saiiatus est. » Et alterutn vidi melancholicum, qui 

exaltocadeus non sine astaiiiiuin adrairatione, libe- 
ratus est. * Radatur caput et fiat cauterium in 

rapitc; Drocul dubio istu faciunt ad fumorum exhala- 



tionem ; vidi melancliolicum a fortuna gladio vulnera- 
turn, et cranium fractuni, quani diu vulnu.s apertnm, 
curatus optime; at cum vulnus i^anatiini, revtrsa est 
mania. 'Usque ad dnram matrem Irepanari foci, 

et per mensam aperte stetit. « Cordis ratio semper 

liahenda quod cerebro conipalitur, et seso inviceni offi- 
ciunt. 1 Aphor. 38. Medicina Theriacalis praecoeterif 
eligenda. « Galen, de temp. lib. 3. c. 3. moderate 

viiium sumptum, acuit ingenium. »Tardos aliter et 
tristes thuris in modum exhalare facit. '" Hilarita- 

teni ut oleum fliimmam excitat. " Viribus r<-:inendig 
cardiacum eximium, nutriendo corpori alimentum ->]. 
timuin, setatem floridam facit, calorem innatum fovet, 
conroctionem juvat, smmachum roborat, excrementin 
viam parat, uritiam movet, .soninum conciliat, venena 
frigidos flatus dissipal, crassos humores altenuat, wi 
quit, (liscuiit, &.C. 



Mem. 1 Subs. 5.] Alteratives. 409 

lent nutriment to refresh the body, it makes a good colour, a flourishing age, help? 
concoction, fortifies tlie stomach, takes away obstructions, provokes urine, drives out 
excrements, procures sleep, clears the blood, expels wind and cold poisons, attenu- 
ates, concocts, dissipates all thick vapours, and fuliginous humours." And thai 
which is all in all to my purpose, it takes away fear ^nd sorrow. ^'^Curas educes 
dissipat Evius. " It glads the heart of man," Psal. civ. 15. hilarllatis dulce s^mi- 
narium. Helena's bowl, the sole nectar of the gods, or that true nepentiies in 
'^ Homer, which puts away care and grief, as Oribasius 5. Colled, cap. 7. and some 
others will, was nought else but a cup of good wine. " It makes the mind of the 
king and of the fatherless both one, of the bond and freeman, poor and rich; it 
lurneth all his thoughts to joy and mirth, makes him remember no sorrow or debt, 
but enrichelh his heart, and makes him speak by talents," Esdras iii. 19, 20, 21. It 
gives life itself, spirits, wit, &c. For which cause the ancients called Bacchus, 
Llhcr pater a Uberando, and ''' sacrificed to Bacchus and Pallas still upon an altar. 
'6 u Wine measurably drunk, and in time, brings gladness and cheerfulness of mind, 
it cheereth God and men," Judges ix. 13. IcetlticB Bacchus dator., it makes an old 
wife dance, and such as are in misery to forget evil, and be '® merry. 

"Bncchus et arflictis requiem moitalibus affert, I " Wiiie makes a troubled soul to rest. 

Crura licel duro compcde vincta foreiit." | Though feet with fetters be opprest." 

Demetrius in Plutarch, when he fell into Seleucus's hands, and was prisoner in Syria. 
'^" spent his time with dice and drink that he might so ease his discontented mind, 
and avoid those continual cogitations of his present condition wherewith he was 
tormented." Therefore Solomon, Prov. xxxi. G, bids '' wine be given to him that 
is ready to '^perish, and to him that hath gri^f of heart, let him drink that he forget 
his poverty, and remember his misery no more." 'SoU'icitis anlmis onus eximif, it 
easeth a burdened soul, nothing speedier, nothing better; which tlie prophet Zacha- 
riah perceived, when he said, '•' that in the time of Messias, they of Ephraim should 
be glad, and their heart should rejoice as through wine." All which makes me very 
well approve of that pretty description of a feast in '^ Bartholomens Anglicus, when 
grace was said, their hands washed, and the guests sutKciently exhilarated, with good 
discourse, sweet music, dainty fare, exhllarationis gratia., pocula iterimi atque ileruin 
offeruntur., as a corollary to conclude the feast, and continue their mirth, a grace cup 
came in to cheer their hearts, and they drank healths to one another again and again. 
Which as I. Fredericus Matenesius, Crit. Christ, lib. 2. cap. 5, 6, Sl 7, was an old 
custom in all ages in every commonwealth, so as they be not enforced, bibere per 
violent ia7n.i but as in that royal feast of ^"Ahasuerus, which lasted 180 days, '•'• with- 
out compulsion they drank by order in golden vessels," when and what they would 
themselves. This of drink is a most easy and parable remedy, a common, a cheap, 
still ready against fear, sorrow, and such troublesome thoughts, that molest the mind; 
as brimstone with fire, the spirits on a sudden are enlightened by it. " No better 
physic" (saith '^ Rhasis) " for a melancholy man : and he that can keep company, 
and carouse, needs no other medicines," 'tis enough. His countryman Avicenna, 
^1. doc. 2. cap. 8. proceeds farther yet, and will have him that is troubled in mind, 
or melancholy, not to drink only, but now and then to be drunk : excellent good 
physic it is for this and many other diseases. Magninus Reg. san. part. 3. c. 31. 
will have them to be so once a month at least, and gives his reasons for it, ^^ '•' be- 
cause it scours the body by vomit, urine, sweat, of all manner of superfluities, and 
keeps it clean." Of the same mind is Seneca the philosopher, in his book de tran- 
quil, lib. 1. c. 15. nonnunquam ut in aliis morbis ad eb,ietatem usque veniendum ; 
Curas deprimit., tristitice medetur, it is good sometimes to be drunk, it helps sorrow, 
depresseth cares, and so concludes this tract with a cup of wine : Habes, Serene 
charissime^ qucB ad tranquillitatem animis pertinent. But these are epicureal tenets. 



'* Hoi lib. 2. od. II. "Bacchus dissipates corroding 
cares." " Odyss. A. " Pausanias. "gyracides, 
31. 28. w Lenitur et prisci Catonis. Sspe uiero 

caluisse virtua. " In pocula etaleamse pnecipitavit, 
et iis fere tempus traduxil, ut iEgram crapula meiitem 
levaret, et ronditioiiis prteseiitis cogitationes quibus 
•gitabatur sobrius vitaret. i* go fjiii the Athenians 

)( o 1, as Surd.is relates, and so do the flermaris at this 
4ay 1' Lib 6. caji. 'i3. et ii4. de reruni prwpridat. | 

52 2 K 



=0 Esther, i. 8. aiTract. l.cont.l. ]. Non estres lauda- 
bilior eo, vel cura nielior; qui melancholicus, ulatur 
societate homitium et biberia; et qui potest sustinei^ 
usun) vini, non indiget alia medicina, quod eo 8'<b' 
omnia ad usum necessaria hujus passionis. '^Tuin 

quod si-qiialur iiide sudor, voinitio, uriiia. n quibus 
superfluitates ii corpora removentur et reinauet cor|i-i» 
niundum. 



410 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. &ec 5. 



lendinr to looseness of life, luxury and atheism, maintained alone by some heathiiis, 
di.ssolute Arabians, profane Christians, and are exploded by Rabbi Moses. !racL 4. 
Gnliel. Placentius, lib. 1. cap. 8. Valescus de Taranfa, and most accurately venti 
laled by Jo. Sylvaticus, a late writer and physician of Milan, mtd. cotit. cap. 14. 
where you shall find this tenet copiously confuted. 

Howsoever you say, if this be true, that wine and strong drink have such virtue 
to expel fear and sorrow, and to exhilarate the mind, ever hereafter let's drink and 
be merry. 



• Prnnie reconditum, Lvfte streniia, ciEcubum, 
(lapuciort'S piier hue affer Scyplios, 
El Cilia Vina aut J^eshia." 



"Come, lust;, f yda, fill's a cup of sack. 
And, sirrah drawer, bifiser pots we lack, 
And Scio wines that have so good a smack." 



I say wiilh him in ^* A. GelJius, " let us maintain the vigour of our souls with a mo- 
derate cup of wine," ^JSTatis in usum latitice scyphis, " and drink to refresh our mind; 

if there be any cold sorrow in it. or torpid baslifulness, let's wash it all away." 

JYunc vino fclUte auras ; so saith ^^ Horace, so saith Anacreon, 

*' MtdvovTa yap jit KuaQai 
TloXi Kpiiaaov fi dai-dvTa." 

Let's diive down care with a cup of wine : and so say I too, (though I drink none 
myself) for all this may be done, so that it be modestly, soberly, opportunely used: 
so that " they be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess," which our ^^ Apostle fore- 
warns ; for as Chrysostom well comments on that place, ad Icetitiam datum est vinum 
non ad ehrietatevu 'tis for mirth wine, but not for madness : and will you know 
where, when, and how that is to be understood.? Vis discere ubi bonum sit vinum^ 
Audi quid dicat Scripfura, hear the Scriptures, "Give wine to them that are in soi 
row," or as Paul bid Timothy drink wine for his stomach's sake, for concoction, 
health, or some such honest occasion. Otherwise, as ^* Pliny telleth us ; if singular 
moderation be not had, '^^ *■' nothing so pernicious, 'tis mere vinegar, blandus damon^ 
poison itself" But hear a more fearful doom, Habac. ii, 15. and 16. "Woe be to 
him that makes his neighbour drunk, shameful spewing shall be upon his glory." 
Let not good fellows triumph therefore (saith Matthiolus) that I have so much com- 
mended wine ; if it be immoderately taken, " instead of making glad, it confounds 
both body and soul, it makes a giddy head, a sorrowful heart." And 'twas well said 
of the poet of old, " Vine causeth mirth and grief, ^° nothing so good for some, so 
bad for others, especially as '" one observes, qui a causa calida male habcnt., that are 
hot or inflamed. And so of spices, they alone, as I have showed, cause head-me 
lancholy themselves, they must not use wine as an ^^ ordinary drink, or in their diet 
But to determine with Laurentius, c. 8. de melan. wine is bad for madmen, and such 
as are troubled with heat in their inner parts or brains ; but to melancholy, which 
IS cold (as most is), wine, sobeny used, may be very good. 

I may say the same of the decoction of China roots, sassafras, sarsaparilla, guaia- 
cum : China, saith Manardus, makes a good colour in the face, takes away melan- 
choly, and all inlirmities proceeding from cold, even so sarsaparilla provokes sweat 
mightily, guaiacum dries, Claudinus, consult. 89. & 46. Montanus, Capivaccius, 
consult. 188. Scoltzii^ make frequent and good use of guaiacum and China, ''^" so 
ihat the liver be not incensed," good for such as are cold, as most melancholy men 
are, but by no means to be mentioned in hot. 

The Turks have a drink called coffee (for they use no wine), so named of a berry 
as black as soot, and as bitter, (like that black drink which was in use amongst the 
Lacedaemonians, and perhaps the same,) which they sip still of, and sup as warm as 
they can sufl'er ; they spend much time in those coffee-houses, which are somewhat 
like our alehouses or taverns, and there they sit chatting and drinking to drive away 
the time, and to be merry together, because they find by experience that kind of 
drink, so used, helpeth digestion, and procureth alacrity. Some of them take opium 
to this purpose. 



^ Hot. m Lib. 15. 2. nont. Att. Vigorem animi 

moderato vini usu tueamnr, et calefacto simul, refo- 
3que animo si quid in eo vel frigidte tristitise, vel tor- 
pentls verecundiiE t'uerit, diliiaijius. 26 jjor. I. 1. 

od. 27. iisOd. 7. lib. 1. 26. N.tm pr»stat ebrium me 

qiiam mortuuin jacere. ^ Ephcs. v. 18. ser. 19. in 

tap. 5. *= Lib. 14. 5. Nihil perniciusus viribus si 



modus ahsit, venenum. ^ Theocritus idyl. 13. vino 

dari Istitiani et riolorem. so Reiiodeus. 3' Mercu- 
rialis consil. 25 Vinum frigidis optimum, et pessiiiiuni 
ferina melancholia. '^ Fernelius consil. 44 et 45 

vinum prohihet a.^siduuin, et aroinata. ^Modu t\cat 
non incendatur. 



M«?m. 1. Subs, 5.J 



Cure of Head-Melancholy, 



411 



Borage, balm, saffron, gold, I have spoken of; Montaltus, c. 23. commends scor- 
zonera roots condite. Garcius ab Horto, plant, hist. lib. 2. cap. 25. makes mention 
of an herb called datura, ^"'^ whirh, if it be eaten for twenty-four hours following, 
takes away all sense of grief, makes them incline to laughter and mirth :" and an- 
other called bauge, like in effect to opium, " which puts them for a time into a kind 
of ecstacy." and makes them gently to laugh. One of the Roman emperors had a 
seed, which he did ordinarily eat to exliilarate himself. '* Christophorus Ayrerus 
prefers bezoar stone, and the confection of alkermes, before other cordials, and amber 
in some cases. '^^ '' Alkermes comforts the inner parts;" and bezoar stone hath an 
especial virtue against all melancholy affections, ^' " it refresheth the heart, and cor- 
roborates the whole body." "* Amber provokes urine, helps the body, breaks wind, 
&c. After a purge, 3 or 4 grains of bezoar stone, and 3 grains of ambergrease, 
drunk or taken in borage or bngloss water, in which gold hot hath been quenched, 
will do much good, and the purge shall diminish less (the heart so refreshed) of the 
strength and substance of the body. 

"R. confect. Alkermes 3(5 lap. Bezor. 9j. 
Siirxini alhi subtiliss. pulverisat. 9jj. cum 
Syrup, de cort. citri ; fiat elecluariuui." 

To bezoar stone most subscribe, Manardus, and '^ many others ; " it takes away 
sadness, and makes him merry that useth it ; I have seen some that have been much 
diseased with faintness, swooning, and melancholy, that taking the weight of three 
grains of this stone, in the water of oxtongue, have been cured." Garcias ab Horto 
brao-s how many desperate cures he hath done upon melancholy men by this alone, 
when all physicians had forsaken them. But alkermes many except against; in some 
cases it may help, if it be good and of the best, such as that of Montpelier in France, 
which '^° lodocus Sincerus, Itinerario Galliai.i so much magnifies, and would have no 
traveller omit to see it made. But it is not so general a medicine as the other. Fer- 
nelius, consil. 49, suspects alkermes, by reason of its heat, "" ••' nothing (saith he) 
sooner exasperates this disease, than the use of hot working meats and medicines, 
and would have them for that cause warily taken." 1 conclude, therefore, of this 
and all other medicines, as Thucydides of the plague at Athens, no remedy could 
be prescribed for it, JVam quod uni profuit., hoc aliis erat exitio : there is no Catholic 
medicine to be had : that which helps one, is pernicious to another. 

Diamargaritu?nfrigidum,diamhra., diaboraginatum^electuarium l.cetijicans Galeni 
et Rhasis, dc gemniis., dianthos^ diamoscum dulce et amarum, electuarium conciliutoris, 
syrup. Cidoniorum de pomis, conserves of roses, violets, fumitory, enula campana, 
satyrion, lemons, orange-pills, condite, &.C., have their good use. 

*'"R. Diamoschi dulcis et amari ana 3}j- 

Diabuglossati, Diaboraginati, sacchari violacei 
ana j. misce cum syrupo de pomis." 

Every physician is full of such receipts : one only I will add for the rareness of it, 
which ] find recorded by many learned authors, as an approved medicine against 
dotage, head-melancholy, and such diseases of the brain. Take a "^ ram's head that 
never meddled with an ewe, cut off at a blow, and the horns only take away, boil 
it well, skin and wool together ; after it is well sod, take out the brains, and put 
these spices to it, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, mace, cloves, ana 3 fS, mingle the 
powder of these spices with it, and heat them in a platter upon a chafing-dish of coals 
together, stirring them well, that they do not burn ; take heed it be not overmuch 
dried, or drier than a calf's brains ready to be eaten. Keep it so prepared, and for 
three days gite it the patient fasting, so that he fast two hours after it. It may be 



*■ Per 24 Moras sensum doloris omnem tollit, et ridere 
facit 35 Hildeslieim, spicel.2. S6 Aiker;nes, omnia 
vitalia viscera mire eonfortat. S7 Contra omnes 

raelancholicos atfectus confert, ac certum est ipsius iisu 
oiiine^ cordis et corporis vires mirum in modum refici. 
*riuccinum vero albissimum eonfortat ventriculum, 
elatiini distutit, urinam movet, &.c. s'Gartias ab 

H(>rto aromatum lib. 1. rap. 15. adversus omnes morhos 
nielaniholicos conducit, et venenuni. Es;o (inqiiit) utor 
in nio.bis melanrholicis, &c. et deploratos hujus usu ad 
pristinam sanitatem rescitui. See more in Bauhiniis' 
wmK de la;>. Bezoar c. 4^ *" Edit. I(jl7. Monspelii 



electuarium fit preciocissimum Alclierm. &c. ^' Nihil 
morbum hunc ieque exasperat. ac alimentorum vel 
calidiorum usus. Alchermfs ideo siispectus, et f| lod 
semel moneam, caute adhibenda caliila niedicamenta. 
42 Sckenkius I. I. Ohservat. de Mania, ad mentis aliend- 
tionem, et desipientiani vitio cerebri obortam, in nianu- 
scripto codice Germaiiico, tale medicamentum reperi. 
<3 Capt;t arietis nondiim e.iperti verierem, uno ictu 
amputatiim, cornibiis tantum demotis, integrum cum 
lana et pelle bene elixabis, tum aperto cerebrum eximea, 
et addens arouiata, &.c. 



412 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. '2. $ec. 5. 



eaten with bread in an e^g or broth, or any way, so it be taken. For iburteen days 
.'^t him use this diet, drini< no wine, &.c. Gesner, hist, animal, lib. \. pag. 911. 
Caricterius, prarZ. 13. in J^ich. de meiri. pag. 129. latro : Witenberg. edit. Tubing 
pag. t)2, mention this medicine, thoug-h with some variation ; he that list may tr) 
it, "and many such. 

Odoraments to smell to, of rose-water, violet flowers, balm, rose-cakes, vinegar, &c^ 
do much recreate the brains and spirits, according to Solomon. Prov. xxvii. 9. " They 
rejoice the heart," and as some say, nourish ; 'tis a question commonly contr«.»- 
verted in our schools, an odores nutriant ; let Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 18. decide it; 
*^many arguments he brings to prove it; as of Demo^ritus, that lived by the smell 
of bread alone, applied to his nostrils, for some few da\s, when for old age he could 
eat no meat. . Ferrerius, lib. 2. meth. speaks of an excellent confection of his making, 
of wine, saffron, &c., which he prescribed to dull, weak, feeble, and dying men to 
smell to, and by it to have done very much good, ceque fere profuisse olfactu., et 
potu, as if he had given them drink. Our noble and learned Lord ''^Verulam, in his 
book de vita et morte., commends, therefore, all such cold smells as any way serve 
to refrigerate the spirits. Montanus, consil. 31, prescribes a form which he would 
have his melancholy patient never to have out of his hands. If you will have them 
spagirically prepared, look in Oswaldus CroUius, basil. Chymica. 

Irrigations of the head shaven, ■" " of the flowers of water lilies, lettuce, violets, 
camomile, wild mallows, wether's-head, &c.," must be used many mornings together. 
Montan. consil. 31, would have the head so washed once a week. Laelius a fonte 
Eugubinus consult. 44, for an Italian count, troubled with head-melancholy, repeats 
many medicines which he tried, ^^'•'' but two alone which did the cure; use of whey 
made of goat's milk, with the extract of hellebore, and irrigations of the head with 
water lilies, lettuce, violets, camomile, Slc, upon the suture of the crown." Piso 
commends a ram's lungs applied hot to the fore part of the head, "^or a young lamb 
divided in the back, exenlerated, &c. ; all acknowledge the chief cure in moisten- 
ing throughout. Some, saith Laurentius, use powders and caps to the brain ; but 
forasmuch as such aromatical things are hot and dry, they must be sparingly ad- 
ministered. 

Unto the heart we may do well to apply bags, epithemes, ointments, of which 
Laurentius, c. 9. de melan. gives examples. Bruel prescribes an epitheme for the 
heart, of bugloss, borage, water-lily, violet waters, sweet-wine, balm leaves, nutmegs, 
cloves, &c. 

For the belly, make a fomentation of oil, ^° in which the seeds of cummin, rue, 
carrots, dill, have been boiled. 

Baths are of wonderful great force in this malady, much admired by ^' Galen, 
•^^tius, Rhasis, &c., of sweet water, in which is boiled the leaves of mallows, roses, 
violets, water-lilies, wether's-head, flowers of bugloss, camomile, melilot, &.c. Guianer, 
cap. 8. tract. 15, would have them used twice a day, and when they came forth of 
the baths, their back bones to be anointed with oil of almonds, violets, nymphea, 
fresh capon grease, &.c. 

Amulets and things to be borne about, I find prescribed, taxed by some, approved 
by Renodeus, Platerus, [amuleta inquit non negligenda) and others ; look for them 
in Mizaldus, Porta, Albertus, &c. Bassardus Viscontinus, ant. philos. commends 
hypericon, or St. John's wort gathered on a ''^ Friday in the hour of " Jupiter, when 
it comes to his effectual operation (that is about the full moon in July); so gathered 
and borne, or hung about the neck, it mightily helps this affection, and drives away 
all fantastical spirits." *'' Philes, a Greek author that flourished in the time of Michael 
?aleologus, writes that a sheep or kid's skin, whom a wolf worried, ^^Hoedus inhu- 
mani raptus ab ore lupi^ ought not at all to be worn about a man, " because it causeth 



♦•Cinis lesturiinis ustus, Pt vino potus melancholiam 
curat, et rasura cornii Rhinocerotis, &c. Sckeiikius. 
*Instat in niatrice, quod sursuiii ot doorsum ad odnris 
Bensuni praecipitatur. ■'6 viscount St. Albaii's. ■•'Ex 
decocto florum nymphes, lactuK, violarum, chamoniilx, 
BlibeiE, capitis vervecum, &c. •'^ Inter auxilia inulta 
ddliibita, duo visa sunt rernedium adferre, usus seri 
raprini cum exiracto Hellebori, et irrigatio ex lacte 
Nyinphete, violnruin, &c. sutiira coronali adhibita; liis 
eaiediid aani'tate pristinam adeptus est. <" Confert 



et pulino arietis, calidus agnus per dorsum divisus 
exenteratus, adinotus sincipiti. sogeniina cuniini, 

rutK, dauci anetlii cocta. s' Lib. 3. de locis affect 

62Tetrab. 2. ser. 1. cap. 10. ^^Cap. de inel, collettum 
die vener. hora Jovis cum ad Energiam venit c. 1. ad 
picnilunium Julii, iride gesta et collo appensa huuc 
atfectuni appriir.e juvat et fanalicos spiritus cxpellit. 
6^ L. de prnprietat. aiiirual. ovis a lupo correptJE pellein 
non esse pro indumenlo corporis usurpandaiii. coxdil 
euim palpiiationem excitat &.c. ^ Mart. 



Mem. 1. Subs 6.] Cure of Head-Melancholy. 413 

palpitation of the heart," not for any fear, but a secret virtue which amulets have 
A ring made of the hoof of an ass's right fore foot carried about, &.c. I say will 
■^Renodeus, they are not altogether to be rejected. Paeony doth cure epilepsy 
precious stones most diseases; ^^a wolf's dung borne with one helps the colic, ''^j 
spider an ague, &c. Being in the country in the vacation time not many years since 
at Lindley in Leicestershire, my father's house, I first observed this amulet of a spidei 
in a nut-shell lapped in silk, &c., so applied for an ague by ^^ my mother \ whom 
although I knew to have excellent skill in cliirurgery, sore eyes, aches, &c., and 
such experimental medicines, as all the country where she dwelt can witness, to 
have done many famous and good cures upon diverse poor folks, that were other- 
wise destitute of help : yet among all other experiments, tl is methought was most 
absurd and ridiculous, I could see no warrant for it. Quid aranea cumfebre? For 
what antipathy? till at length rambling amongst authors (as often I do) I found 
this very medicine in Dioscorides, approved by Matthiolus, repeated by Alderovan- 
dus, cap. de Aranea., lib. de insectis^ J began to have a better opinion of it, and to 
give more credit to amulets, when I saw it in some parties answer to experience. 
Some medicines are to be exploded, that consist of words, characters, spells, and 
charms, which can do no good at all, but out of a strong conceit, as Pomponatius 
proves ; or the devil's policy, who is the first founder and teacher of them. 

SuBSECT. VI. — Correctors of Accidents to procure Sleep. Against fearful Dreams, 

Redness, Sfc. 

When you have used all good means and helps of alteratives, averters, diminu- 
tives, yet there will be still certain accidents to be corrected and amended, as waking, 
fearful dreams, flushing in the face to some ruddiness, &c. 

Waking, by reason of their continual cares, fears, sorrows, dry brains, is a symj)- 
tom that much crucifies melancholy men, and must therefore be speedily helped, and 
sleep by all means procured, which sometimes is a sufficient ^"remedy of itself with- 
out any other physic. Sckenkius, in his observations, hath an example of a woman 
that was so cured. The means to procure it, are inward or outward. Inwardly 
taken, are simples, or compounds ; simples, as poppy, nymphea, violets, roses, 
lettuce, mandrake, henbane, nightshade or solanum, saffron, hemp-seed, nutmegs, 
willows, with their seeds, juice, decoctions, distilled waters, Stc. Compounds are 
syrups, or opiates, syrup of poppy, violets, verbasco, which are commonly taknn 
with distilled waters. 

R. diacodii oj. diascordii oft aqus lactucse oiij. ft 
inista fiat potiu ad iiDraiii soiimi siuneiida. 

Requies JVicholai, Philonium Romanum, Triphera magna, pilulce de Cynoglossa, 
Dioscordium, Laudanum Paracelsi, Opium, are in use, &c. Country folks com- 
monly make a posset of hemp-seed, which Fuchsius in his herbal so much discom- 
mends ; yet I have seen the good eflect, and it may be used where better medicines 
are not to be had. 

Laudanum Paracelsi is prescribed in two or three grains, with a drachm of Dios- 
cordium, which Oswald. Crollius commends. Opium itself is most part used out- 
wardly, to smell to in a ball, though commonly so taken by the Turks to the same 
quantity ^' for a cordial, and at Goa in the Indies ; the dose 40 or 50 grains. 

Rulandus calls Requi€7)i JYicholai, ultimum refuglum, the last refuge ; but of this 
ind the rest look for peculiar receipts in Victorius Faventinus, cap. de phrensi. 
Heurnius cap. de mania. Hildesheim spicel. 4. de somno et vigil. S^c. Outwardly used, 
as oil of nutmegs by extraction, or expression with rosewater to anoint the temples, 
ods of poppy, nenuphar, mandrake, purslan, violets, all to the same purpose. 

Montan. consil. 24 d, 25. much commends ordoraments of opium, vinegar, and 
Tosewater. Laurentius cap. 9. prescribes pomanders and nodules ; see the receipts 
in him ; Codronchus ^'^ wormwood to smell to. 

Unguentmn Alabastritum, populeum, are used to anoint the temples, nostrils, or if 

M Pilar, lib 1. cap. 12. s? ^Etius cap. 31. Tet. 3. I " Bellonius observat. 1. 3. c. 15 lassitiidincni et lahorej 

ser. 4. '"Dioscorides, Uly.<sfts Alderovandus de aninii tolliint; inde Garcias ab Hdrlo, lib. 1. cap 4 

iranea. '" Mistress Dorothy Burton, sho died, 1629. simp. nied. ^ Absyntliium somnos ailtcit olfactii 

»• Hft'o enmno ciirata est citra niedici auxiliuin, fol. 154. ' 

2k2 



4 1 4 Cure of Mclanc loly. [Part . 2. Sec. 5 

thej be too weak, they mix saffron and opium. Take a grain or two of opium, and 
dissolve it with three or four drops of rosewate: in a spoon, and after mingle with it 
as much Unguenlum populeum as a nut, use it as before : or else take half a drachm 
of opium, Unguenlum populeum,, oil of nenuphar, rosewater, rose-vinegar, of each 
half an ounce, with as much virgin wax as a nut, anoint your temples with some 
of ii, ad horam somni. 

Sacks of wormwood, ^"mandrake, *■• henbane, roses made like pillows and laid 
under the patient's head, are mentioned by ®^ Cardan and Mizaldus, " to anoint the 
soles of the feet with the fat of a dormouse, the teeth with ear wax of a dog, swine's 
gall, hare's ears :'' charms, &c. 

Frontlets are well known to every good wife, rosewater and vinegar, with a little 
woman's milk, and nutmegs grated upon a rose-cake applied to both temples. 

For aft emplaster, take of castorium a drachm and a half, of opium half a scruple, 
mixed both together with a little water of life, make two small plasters thereof, and 
apply them to the temples. 

Rulandus cent. 1. cur. 17. ce7it. 3. cur. 94. prescribes epithemes and lotions of the 
head, with the decoction of flowers of nymphea, violet-leaves, mandrake roots, 
nenhane, white poppy. Here, de Saxonia, s/illi.cidia, or droppings, &.c. Lotions of 
the feet do much avail of the said herbs : by these means, saith Laurentius, I think 
you may procure sleep to the most melancholy man in the world. Some use horse- 
leeches behind the ears, and apply opium to the place. 

^® Bayerus lib. 2. c. 1 3. sets down some remedies against fearful dreams, and such 
as walk and talk in their sleep. Baptista Porta Mag. nat. 1. 2. c. 6. to procure plea- 
sant dreams and quiet rest, would have you take hippoglossa, or the herb horse- 
tongue, balm, to use them or their distilled waters after supper, &c. Such men must 
not eat beans, peas, garlic, onions, cabbage, venison, hare, use black wines, or any 
meat hard of digestion at supper, or lie on their backs, &.c. 

Rusticus pudor., bashfulness, flushing in the face, high colour, ruddiness, are com- 
mon grievances, which much torture many melancholy men, when they meet a man, 
or come in " company of their betters, strangers, after a meal, or if they drink a cup 
of wine or strong drink, they are as red and fleet, and sweat as if they had been at 
a mayor's feast, prceserfim si metus accesserit, it exceeds, "^ they think every man 
observes, takes notice of it : and fear alone will efl^ect it, suspicion without any other 
cause. Sckenkius observ. med. lib. 1. speaks of a waiting gentlewoman in the Duke 
of Savoy's court, that was so much offended with it, that she kneeled down to him, 
and offered Biarus, a physician, all that she had to be cured of it. And 'tis most 
true, that ^^Antony Ludovicus saith in his book de Pudore, "bashfulness either hurts 
or helps," such men I am sure it hurts. If it proceed from suspicion or fear, '"' Felix 
Plater prescribes no other remedy but to reject and contemn it : Id populus curni 
scilicet., as a " worthy physician in our town said to a friend of mine in like case, 
complaining without a cause, suppose one look red, what matter is it, make light of 
it, who observes it .'' 

If it trouble at or after meals, (as '^ Jobertus observes med. pract. I. \. c. 7.) after 
a little exercise or stirring, for many are then hot and red in the face, or if they do 
nothing at all, especially women ; he would have them let blood in both arms, first 
one, then another, two or three days between, if blood abound ; to use frictions of 
the other parts, feet especially, and washing of them, because of that consent which 
is between the head and the feet. " And withal to refrigerate the face, by washing 
it often with rose, violet, nenuphar, lettuce, lovage waters, and the like : but the best 
of all is that lac virginale, or strained liquor of litargy : it is diversely prepared ; by 
Jobertus thus; R. lithar. argent, iinc.']. cerussce candidissijncE^ 3J.jj- caphur<s., 9jj. 
dissolvantttr aquarum solani., lactuccB., et nenupharis ana «nc. jjj. aceti vini albi. unc. 
jj. aliquot horas resideat. deinde transmittatur per philt. aqua servetur in vase vitreo, 



*' Read Lomnius lib. her. bib. cap. 3. of Mandrake. 
•* Hyoscyainus sub cervicali viridis. m pianliiiii 

pedis iiuingere pinguedine gliris dictint efiicacissiiiiuin, 
et quod vix credi potest, dentt^s inunctos ex sorditie au- 
riuni canis snmnum prof'uiidiiiii conciViare, &c. Cardan 
rie rerum varietal. ''^ Veni mecuui lib. 67 Aut 

si quid incaiitius exciderit aiit, &c. ^ Nam qua 



•9 Olysipponensis medicus; pudor aut juvat aut Isdit. 
■■o De mentis alienat. " M. Doctor Ashwortli 

^^ Facies nonnullis niaxime calet rubetque si sp paulu- 
liun exercueriiit ; nonnullis quiescentibus idem accidit, 
fcEminis prxsertim ; causa quicquid fervidum aut hali- 
tunsum sanguincm facit. 's Interim faciei pmspi 

cienduin ul ipsa refritjeretur ; utrumque praesiiitjit r"r« 



•iHrle pnvor fiimul est pudor additus illi. Statius. 1 quens putioe.'E aqua rogarum, violarum, nenupharis, &r 



Meui. 2.1 



Ctire of Melancho y aver all the Body. 



415 



ac ea bis terve fades quotidie irroretur. ''' Quercetan spagir.phar. cap. R. commends 
ihe water of frog's spawn for ruddiness in the face. ''^Craio consil. 283. Scoltzii 
would fain have them use all summer the condite flowers of succory, strawberry 
water, roses (cupping-glasses are good lor the time), consU.2S5. et 286. and to defe- 
cate impure blood with the infusion of senna, savory, balm water, l^ HoUerius knew 
one cured alone with the use of succory boiled, and drunk for five months, every 
morning in the summer. "' It is good overnight to anoint the face with hare's 
blood, and in the morning to wash it with strawberry and cowslip water, the juice 
of distilled lemons, juice of cucumbers, or to use the seeds of melons, or kernels 
of peaches beaten small, or the roots of Aron, and mixed with wheat bran to bake 
it in an oven, and to crumble it in strawberry water, ^* or to put fresh cheese curda 
to a red lace. 

If it trouble them at meal times that flushing, as oft it doth, with sweating or th? 
like, they must avoid all violent passions and actions, as laughing, &c., strong drink, 
and drink very little, '^one draught, saith Crato, and that about the midst of their 
meal ; avoid at all times indurate salt, and especially spice and windy meat. 

^ Crato prescribes the condite fruit of wild rose, to a nobleman his patient, to be 
taken before dinner or supper, to the quantity of a chestnut. It is made of sugar, 
as that of quinces. The decoction of the roots of sowthistle before meat, by the 
same author is much approved. To eat of a baked apple some advice, or of a pre- 
served quince, cumminseed prepared with meat instead of salt, to keep down fumes : 
not to study or to be intentive after meals. 

R. Nucleoriim persic. seminis melonum ana iinc. 9<J 
aqua; frafjroruiii 1. ij. niisce, utatur mane." 

*' To apply cupping glasses to the shoulders is very good. For the other kind of 
ruddiness which is settled in the face with pimples, &c., because it pertains not to 
my subject, I will not meddle with it. 1 refer you to Crato's counsels, Arnoldus 
lib 1. breviar. cap. 39. I. Rulande, Peter Forestus de Fuco, lib. 31. obser. 2. To 
Platerus, Mercurialis, Ulmus, Rondoletius, Heurnius, Menadous, and others that have 
written largely of it. 

Those other grievances and symptoms of headache, palpitation of heart. Vertigo, 
deliquium., Sfc, which trouble many melancholy men, because they are copiously 
handled apart in every physician, I do voluntarily omit. 



MEMB. II. 

Cure of Melancholy over all the Body. 

Where the melancholy blood possesseth the whole body with the brain, ^^ it is 
best to begin with blood-letting. The Greeks prescribe the ^^ median or middle vein 
to be opened, and so much blood to be taken away as the patient may well spare, 
and the cut that is made must be wide enough. The Arabians hold it fittest to be 
taken from that arm on which side there is more pain and heaviness in the head : if 
black blood issue forth, bleed on ; if it be clear and good, let it be instantly sup- 
pressed, ^" beca:use the malice of melancholy is much corrected by the goodness of 
the blood." If the party's strength will not admit much evacuation in this kind at 
once, it must be assayed again and again : if it may not be conveniently taken from 
the arm, it must be taken from the knees and ankles, especially to such men or 
women whose haemorrhoids or months have been stopped. ^ If the malady continue. 
It is not amiss to evacuate in a part in the forehead, ana to virgins in the ankles, who 
ere melancholy for love matters ; so to widows that are much grieved and troubled 
with sorrow and cares : for bad blood flows in the heart, and so crucifies the mind. 



'<Ad faciei ruborem aqua ppermatis ranaruni. 
'*Kecte utaiitur in astate Horibus Cichorii sacchoro 
eonriitis vel saccharo rosaceo, &.C. '6g,,io usu decocti 
Cichorii. " Ulile mipriinis noctu faciem illinire 

eaneiiine lepnrino, et mane aqna fraiToriim vel aqua 
floribiis verlmsri cum succo limonuni distiilato abluere. 
"> Utile riilicun fai.'iei casnum recenlem jmponere. 
OCdiisil. 3-' '>b unico vini haustu sic contencus. 



80 Idem ccnsil. 283. Scoltzii laudatur conditus r(»sm 
canina; fructiis ante prandium et ca;nem ad magniturti- 
nem castane^. Decoctum radium Sonohi.sl ante ciimm 
siiinatiir, valet pliirimum. "' ('iicurhit, ad scapulas 

appo?itje. B'^ Piso. ^^ Mediana pr» creteris. 

"* Siicci melanclioliri malitia a san|;uinls honitate cor- 
rijiitur. »^ PcrsHverante malo ex qiiacuiique (iart« 

sanguinis detrahi debet. 



416 



Cure of Melancholy. 



[Part. 2. Sec. 5. 



The hfemorrhoids are to be opened with an instrument or horse-leeches, &c. See 
more in Montaltus, cap. 29. ^ Sckenkius hath an example of one that was cured by 
an accidental wound in his thigh, much bleeding freed him from melancholy. Diet, 
diminutives, alteratives, cordials, correctors as before, intermixed as occasion serves, 
'''••all their study must be to make a melancholy man fat, and then the cure is 
ended." Diuretics, or medicines to procure urine, are prescribed by some in this 
kind, hot and cold : hot where the heat of the liver doth not forbid •, cold where the 
heat of the liver is very great: ^amongst hot are parsley roots, lovage, fennel, he: 
cold, melon seeds, &.C., with whey of goat's milk, which is the common conveyer. 

To purge and ^purify the blood, use sowthistle, succory, senna, endive, carduus 
hcnedictus, dandelion, hop, maiden-hair, fumitory, bugloss, borage, &c , with their 
juice, decoctions, distilled waters, syrups, &c. 

Oswaldus, Crollius, basil Chym. much admires salt of corals in this case, and 
iEtius, tetrahih. ser. 2. cap. 114. Hieram Archigenis, which is an excellent medicine 
to purify the blood, " for all melancholy affections, falling sickness, none to be com- 
pared to it." 



MEMB. III. 
SuBSECT. I. — Cure of Hypochondriacal Melancholy. 

In this cure, as in the rest, is especially required the rectification of those six non 
natural things above all, as good diet, which Montanus, consil. 27. enjoins a French 
nobleman, " to have an especial care of it, without which all other remedies are in 
vain." Blood-letting is not to be used, except the patient's body be very full of 
blood, and that it be derived from the liver and spleen to the stomach and his vessels, 
then ^° to draw it back, to cut the inner vein of either arm, some say the sahatella, 
and if the malady be continuate, ®' to open a vein in the forehead. 

Preparatives and alteratives may be used as before, saving that there must be 
respect had as well to the liver, spleen, stomach, hypochondries, as to the heart and 
brain. To comfort the '■'^stomach and inner parts against wind and obstructions, by 
Areteus, Galen, ;Etius, Aurelianus, &c., and many latter writers, are still prescribed 
the decoctions of wormwood, centaury, pennyr-yal, betony sodden in whey, and 
daily drunk : many have been cured by this medi'-ine alone. 

Prosper Altinus and some others as much magnify the water of Nile against this 
malady, an especial good remedy for windy melancholy. For which reason belike 
Ptolemeus Philadelphus, when he married his daughter Berenice to the king of 
Assyria (as Celsus, lib. 2. records), magnis impensis JYili aquarn afferri jussif., to his 
great charge caused the water of Nile to be carried with her, and gave command"^ 
that during her life she should use no other drink. I find those that commend use 
of apples, in splenetic and this kind of melancholy (lamb's-wool some call it), which 
howsoever approved, must certainly be corrected of cold rawness and wind. 

Codronchus in his book de sale absyn. magnifies the oil and salt of wormwood 
above all other remedies, ^'"^ which works better and speedier than any simple what- 
soever, and much to he preferred before all those fulsome decoctions and infusions 
which must offend by reason of their quantity; this alone in a small measure taken, 
expels wind, and that most forcibly, moves urine, cleanseth the stomach of ail gros.^ 
humours, crudities, helps appetite," &c. Arnoldus hath a wormwood wine which 
he would have used, which every pharmacopoeia speaks of. 

Diminutives and purges may ^ be taken as before, of hiera, manna, cassia, which 
Montanus consil. 230. for an Italian abbot, in this kind prefers before all other simples. 



8«OI)servat. fol. 154. curalus ex viilnere in crure oh 
cruoreni arnis^uin. i^'Studiiim sit omne ut nielan- 

cliolicus impingnetur: ex quo eniin pingues el cariiosi, 
illico sani sunt. ^ Hildesheim spicel. 2. Inter calida 
radix petrofelini, apii, feniculi ; Inter frigida eniulsio 
semiiiis nielonuni cum sero caprino quod est commune 
vehiculum. es Hoc unum praimoneo domine ut sis 

ililfgens circa victum, sine quo cetera remedia frustra 
adhihentur. so Laurentius cap. 15. evulsionis gratia 

renam internam alterius hrachii secamus. "Si 



pertinax morbus, venam fronte secabis. Bruell. 9^ Eg« 
niaxirnam curam stotnaclio delegabi). Octa. Horatianuf 
lib. 2. c. 7. MCitius et eflicacius guas vires exercel 

quam solcnt decocta ac diluta in quantitate multa. el 
magna cum assunientium molestia desumpta Flatu* 
hie sal p/iicaciter dissipat, urin.im movet, huniorei 
crassos abstergit, stomaclnirn egn^Hie confortat, crudi 
tatem. nauseam, appetentiain miruin in modum renu 
vat, &c. ^iPiso. Altomarui). Laurentius c. 15. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Cxire of Hypochondriacal Melancholy. 417 

'"'■'Ancl these must be often used, still abstaining from those which are more violent, 
lest they do exasperate the stomach, Stc, and the mischief by that means be in- 
creased." Though in some physicians I find very strong purgers, hellebore itseh" 
prescribed in this affection, if it long continue, vomits may be taken after meal, or 
otherwise gently procured with warm water, oxymel, Sec, now and then. Fuchsius 
cap. 33. prescribes hellebore ; but still take heed in this malady, which 1 have ulleii 
warned, of hot medicines, ^'^" because (as Salvianus adds) drought follows lieau, 
.vhich increaseth the disease:" and yet Baptista Sylvaticus conlrov. 32. forbids cold 
medicines, ^' " because they increase obstructions and other bad symptoms." But 
this varies as the parties do, and 'tis not easy to determine which to use. ^^''•The 
stomach most part in this infirmity is cold, the liver hot; scarce therefore (which 
Montanus insinuates consil. 229. for the Earl of IVIanfort) can you help the one and 
not hurt the other:" much discretion must be used ; take no physic at all he con- 
cludes without great need. Loslius jEgubinus consil. for an hypochondriacal German 
prince, used many medicines; Jjut it was after signified to him in °^ letters, that the 
decoction of China and sassafras, and salt of sassafras wrought him an incredible 
good." In his 108 consult, he used as happily the same remedies; this to a third 
might have been poison, by overheating his liver and blood. 

For the other parts look for remedies in Savanarola, Gordonius, Massaria, Merca- 
tus, Johnson, &c. One for the spleen, amongst many other, I will not omit, cited 
by Hildesheim, spicel. 2. prescribed by 'Mat. Flaccus, and out of the authority of 
Benevenius. Antony Benevenius in a hypochondriacal passion, ""'" cured an exceed- 
ing great swelling of the spleen with capers alone, a meat befitting that infirmity, 
and frequent use of the water of a smith's forge ; by this physic he helped a sick 
man, whom all other physicians had forsaken, that for seven years had been sple- 
netic." And of such force is this water, '"that those creatures as drink of it, have 
commonly little or no spleen." See more excellent medicines for the spleen in him 
and ^Lod. Mercatus, who is a great magnifier of this medicine. This Chahjbs prce- 
paratus, or steel-drink, is much likewise commended to this disease by Daniel Sen- 
nertus Z. 1. part. 2. cap. 12. and admired by J.Caesar Claudinus Rcspons. 29. he calls 
steel the proper ^alexipharmacum of this malady, and much magnifies it; look for 
receipts in them. Averters must be used to the liver and spleen, and to scour the 
meseraic veins: and they are either too open or provoke urine. You can open no 
place better than the haemorrhoids, " which if by horse-leeches they be made to 
flow, ■* there may be again such an excellent remedy," as Plater holds. Sallust. Sal- 
vian will admit no other phlebotomy but this ; and by his experience in an hospital 
which he kept, he found all mad and melancholy men worse for other blood-letting 
Laurentius cap. 15. calls this of horse-leeches a sure remedy to empty the spleei' 
and meseraic membrane. Only Montanus consil. 241. is against it; ^"-to other mei' 
(saith he) this opening of the liaemorrhoids seems to be a profitable remedy; for my 
part I do not approve of it, because it draws away the thinnest blood, and leaves the 
\hickest behind." 

iEtius, Vidus Vidiijs, Mercurialis, Fuchsius, recommend diuretics, or such things 
as provoke urine, as aniseeds, dill, fennel, germander, ground pine, sodden in water, 
or drunk in powder: and yet *"?. Bayerus is against them : and so is Hollerius ; "■AH 
melancholy men (saith he) must avoid such things as provoke urine, because by 
them the subtile or thinnest is evacuated, the thick'.T matter remains." 

Clysters are in good request. Trincavelius lib. 3. cap. 38. for a young nobleman, 
esteems of them in the first place, and Hercules de Saxonia Panth. lib. 1. cap. Itj. is 
a great approver of them. '''■'I have found (saith he) by experience, that many 



's His utendum saepius iteratis: a vehementiorihus 
semper abstineiiiliim ne veiitrein exasperent. ^Lib. 
2 rap. 1. Quoiiiani caliditate coiijuiicta est siccitas 
qua; iiialuni auget. s' Qiiisqiiis frigidis auxiliis hoc 

Biorho tisiisfuerit, isobstructionem aliaquesymptoioata 
augebit. s* Ventriculus plerumqiie frigidiis, epar 

caliduni ; quomodo ergo veiitriculum calefaciet, vel rc- 
fiigerabit hepar sine alteriiis maximo detriiiiento? 
is Sigiiificatum per literas, ini;redibilem ulilitatcn) ex 
decocto ChiiicE, et Sassafras percepisse. im Tiimo- 

rem splenis incurabileiii sola cappari curavit, cibo tali 
Higritiidine aptissiino: Soloque usii aqus, in qua faber 
ferrarius sa-pe caiideiis I'erruni e\tirixerat,&.c. ' Aiii- 

53 



malia quae apud hos fabros educantiir, exigiios habent 
lienes. ^ l,. i. cap 17. ^ (jontjiiiiui' ejus usiis 

semper felicem in cegris fiiiem est assequutus. '•Si 

Heinorroides fluxerint, nullum praestantius esset re]n>:- 
dium, quiE:ianguiffigis admotis provocari fxitenint. ob- 
servat. lib. 1. pro liypoc. leuulcio. 5 Mjis apcrtio 

hcec in hoc morbo videtur utilissima ; mihi nou adiiio- 
dum probatur, quiasanguineni tenuem altraliit et eras- 
sum reliiiquit. ^ Lib. 2. cap. l:!. oimies inelaiicholici 
debent omittere uriiiam provocatitia, ijuoniam per ea 
educitur subtile, et remaiict crassiim. ' Kgo expi; 
ricntia probavi, multos Hypocondrjacos solo usu Clys 
teruiM fuisse sauatos. 



418 Cure nf Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. o 

livpochondrlacdl nielanclioly men have been cured by the sole use of clysters,'*' 
receipts are to be had in him. 

Besides those fomentations, irrigations, inunctions, odorameiits, prescribed for th« 
liead, there must be the like used for the liver, spleen, stomach, hypochondries, &c, 
*"In crudity (saith Piso) 'tis good to bind the stomach hard" to hinder wind, ana 
to help concoction. 

Of inward medicines I need not speak ; use the same cordials as before. In this 
kind of nielanclioly, some prescribe "treacle in winter, especially before or after 
purges, or in the spring, as Avicenna, '° Trincavellius inithridate, " Montaltus pteoiiy 
seed, unicorn's horn ; as de corde cervi, ^r. 

Amongst topics or outward medicines, none are more precious than baths, but of 
them 1 have spoken. Fomentations to the hypochondries are very good, of wine 
and water in wliich are sodden southernwood, melilot, epithyme, mngwort, senni, 
])olypod3", as also '^cerotes, '^plaisters, liniments, ointments for the spleen, liver, and 
liypochondries, of which look for examples in Laurentius, Jobertus lib. 3. c. I. pra. 
med. Montanus conslL 231. Montaltus cap. 33. Hercules de Saxonia, Faventinus. 
And so of epithemes, digestive powders, bags, oils, Octavius Iloratianus lib. 2. c. 5. 
prescribes calastic cataplasms, or dry purging medicines; Piso '^dropaces of pitch, 
and oil of rue, applied at certain times to the stomach, to the melaphrene, or part of 
the back which is over against tlie heart, jEtius sinapisms ; Montaltus cap. 35. would 
have the thighs to be "'cauterised, Mercurialis prescribes beneath the knees; Laelius 
^Egubinus consil. 11 . for a hypochondriacal Dutchman, will have the cautery made 
in the right thigh, and so Montanus consil. 55. The same Montanus consil. 34. 
approves of issues in the arms or hinder part of the head. Bernardus Paternus in 
Hildesheiin spicel 2. would have "'issues made in both the thighs; ''Lod. Mercatus 
prescribes them near the spleen, aid prope vcntriculi regimen^ or in either of the 
thighs. Ligatures, frictions, and cupping-glasses above or about the belly, without 
scaritication, which '° Felix Platerus so much approves, may be used as before. 

SiiBsECT. II. — Correctors to expel Wind. Against Costiveness, S^c. 

L\ this kind of melancholy one of the most offensive sympt/^ms is wind, which, 
as in the other species, so in this, hath great need to be corrected and expelled. 

The medicines to expel it are either inwardly taken, or outwardly. Inwardly to 
expel wind, are simples or compounds : simples are herbs, roots, &c., as galanga, 
gentian, angelica, enula,- calamus aromaticus, valerian, zeodoti, iris, condite ginger, 
aristolochy, cicliminus, China, dittander, pennyroyal, rue, calamint, bay-berries, and 
bay-leaves, betony, rosemary, hyssop, sabine, centaury, mint, camomile, staechas, 
agnus castus, broom-flowers, origan, orange-pills, &.c. ; spices, as saffron, cinnamon, 
bezoar stone, myirh, mace, nutmegs, pepper, cloves, ginger, seeds of annis, fennel, 
anini, cari, nettle, rue, &c., juniper berries, grana paracHsi ; compounds, dianisuin, 
diagalanga, diaciminum, diacalaminth, elrctuarium de baccis laiiri.,benedicia laxaliva, 
pidois ad status, aniid. Jlorent. pulois carminativus., aromaticum rosatmn., treacle, 
mithridate., Sfc. This one caution of "^Gualter Bruell is to be observed in the admin- 
istering of these hot medicines and dry, '•' that whilst they covet to expel wind, 
they do not inflame the blood, and increase the disease ; sometimes (as he saith^ 
niedicines must more decline to heat, sometimes more to cold, as the circumstances 
require, and as the parties are inclined to heat or cold. 

Outwardly taken to expel winds, are oils, as of camomile, rue, bays, &c. ; foment- 
ations of the hypochondries, with the decoctions of dill, pennyroyal, rue, bay leaves, 
cummin, Stc, bags of camomile flowers, aniseed, cummin, bays, rue, wormwood, 
ointments of the oil of spikenard, wormwood, rue, &.c. ^"Areteus prescribes 



>> \n cniditate npliinum. veiitriculiiin arclius alligari. 
* 3J- 'I'heriaca!. Vere pra;sertim et aestate. '"Cons. 

I'j. I. I. "Cap. 3:<. i3Tiiiicavfllius consil. 13. 

ceroliim pro sfiie melanchnlic.o ail j>cur optiniiini. 
«:* Einpla.stra pro splciie. Ferncl. consil. 45. i* Dropax 
e picH navali, et oleo riitacen afiif.'atur vontriculo, el 
K>li metaphreni. ''Caiiieria crnrilnis iiiusta. 

"i Kotitani^iliE sint in iifnitpie cnire. '" t-ib. 1. c. 17. 



l*" De innnlis aliciiat. c. 3 flatus eyregie disculiunt ma- I lib- ' 



teriamqiie evocant. i^Uavendnm hie diliaenter a 

niullum calefacientibus, alque e.xsiccantibiis, ^ve ali- 
inenta fuerint liajc, sive nif'dicanienta : noiinulli enirn 
nt ventositates et ruj{itus conpescant, hiijiisHiodi iiten- 
tes medicamentis, pluriniuni peccant, niorlniin sit au- 
pentes : delient enini medicanienta jleclinare ad calidum 
vel friffiduni s»'ciiiid\ini exinenliam circunislantiarnin 
vcl ut paliens incliuat ad cal e' frigid. ^(Ja\i. S 



Viem. 3. Subs. 3.] Cure of hypochondriacal Melancholy. 419 

cataplasms of camomile flowers, fennel, aniseeds, cummin, roseuiary, wormwood 
leaves, &.c. 

^' Cupping-glasses applied to the hypochondries, without scarification, do wonder- 
fully resolve wind. Fernelius consil. 43. much approves of them at the lower end 
of the belly; ^Lod. Mercatus calls them a powerful remedy, and testifies moreover 
out of his own knowledge, how many he hath seen suddenly eased by them. Julius 
Cajsar Claudinus respons. med. resp. 33. admires these cupping-glasses, which he 
calls out of Galen, ^^"a kind of enchantment, they cause such present help." 

Empyrics have a myriad of medicines, as to swallow a bullet of lead, &c., which 
I voluntarily omit. Amatus Lusitanus, cent. 4. curat. 54. for a hypochondriacal per- 
son, that was extremely tormented with v/ind, prescribes a strange remedy. Put 
a pair of bellows end into a clyster pipe, and applying it into the fundament, open 
the bowels, so draw forth the wind, natura non admittit vacuum. He vaunts he was 
the first invented this remedy, and by means of it speedily eased a melancholy man. 
Of the cure of this flatuous ipelancholy, read more in Flenus dejlatibus, cap. 26. 
c' passim alias. 

Against headache, vertigo, vapours which ascend forth of the stomach to molest 
the head, read Hercules de Saxonia, and others. 

If costiveness ofl^end in this, or any other of the three species, it is to be corrected 
with suppositories, clysters or lenitives, powder of senna, condite prunes, &c. H. 
Elect, knit, e succo rosar. ana 3 j. niisce. Take as much as a nutmeg at a time, 
half an hour before dinner or supper, or pil. mastichin. "Sj. in six pills, a pill or two 
at a time. See more in Montan. consil. 229. Hildesheim spicel. 2. P. Cnemander, 
and Montanus commend '^^ " Cyprian turpentine, which they would have familiarly 
taken, to the quantity of a small nut, two or three hours before dinner and supper, 
twice or thrice a week if need be ; for besides that it keeps the belly soluble, it clears 
the s'omach, opens obstructions, cleanseth the liver, provokes urine." 

These in brief are the ordinary medicines which belong to the cure of melan- 
choly, which if they be used aright, no doubt may do much good ; Si non levando 
saltern leniendo valent, pecuUaria bene selecta, saith Bessardus, a good choice of par- 
ticular receipts must needs ease, if not quite cure, not one, but all or most, as occa- 
Et quie non prosunt singula, multa juvant. 



sion serves. 



»' Pi?o Sruel. raire flatus resolvit. ^ Lib. 1. c. 17. 

no/inuUos prEEtensione ventris deploratos illico reslitu- 
lo» his videiuuB. ^svelut incantaiuentuia quod'lam 

a?, '-tuoso spiritu, doloreiuortutn levaiu. '■"Tere- 

>''■• <l>iiiam Cypriam babeant faiuiiiarem, ad quaiitita- 



tetn deglutiant nucis parvae, tribus horis ante prandium 
vel coenam, ter singulis septiiiianis prout expedire vide- 
bitur; nam praeterquam quod alvuni mullem eflicit, ob- 
structioiies aperit, ventriculum purgat, urinam provocal 
tiepar oiuadificat. 



( 420 ; 



THE 



SYNOPSIS OF THE THIRD PARTITION 






Preface or Introduction. Subsect I. 

Love's definition, pedigree, object, fair, amiable, gracious, and pleasant, from whicr. comei 
beauty, grace, which all desire and love, parts affected. 

f Natural, in things without life, as love and hatred of elements ; and with life, as 
vegetal)lp, vine and elm, sympathy, antipathy, &c. 
Sensible, as of beasts, for pleasure, preservation of kind, mutual agreement, c;istarti, 
bringing up together, &c. 

fr>..c. 11- fHealth, wealth, honour, we love our benefactors: 

nothing so amiable as profit, or that which hath 

a show of commodity. 

fThings without life, made by art, pictures, sports, 

games, sensible objects, as hawks, hounds, horses; 

i Or men themselves for similitude of manners, 

I natural affection, as to friends, children, kinsmen, 

' <Sr.c., for glory such as commend us. 

I I Before marriage, as Heroical Mel. Sect. 

! Of wo- j 2. vide op 



Division 
or kinds. 
Subs. 2. 



Heroical 
or Love- 
Melan- 
choly, in 
which 
consider, 



Profitable, 
Subs. 1. 



rSimpIe, I 

which r,, 

, , , Pleasant, 

hath three < ^^^^_ ^_ 

objects, 

as M. I. 



L« 



Mixed of 

all three, 
which 
extends to 
M. 3. 



Honest, 
Subs. 3. 

Common 

charity 



j men, as 1 Or after marriage, as Jealousy, Sect. 3. 
[ ^ vide y 

f Fucate in show, by some error or hypocrisy ; some 
J seem and are not ; or truly for virtue, honesty, 
[ good parts, learning, eloquence, &c. 
good, our neighbour, country, friends, which is 
; the defect of which is cause of much discontent anii 



(Memb. 1. 



<; melancholy. 

I or fin excess, vide n 

[Cod, Sect. 4. 1 In defect, vide 05. 



Causes, 
Memb. 2. 



His pedigree, power, exte'nt to vegetables and sensible creatures, as well as men, to 

spirits, devils, &c. ^ 

His name, definition, object, part affected, tyranny. 

r Stars, temperature, full diet, place, country, clime, condition, idleness, 

^s:. 1. 

Natural allurements, and causes of love, as beauty, its praise, how it 

allureth. 
Comeliness, grace, resulting from the whole or some parts, as face, eyes, 
hair, hands, &c. Subs. 2. 
i Artificial allurements, and provocations of lust and love, gestures, apparel, 
dowry, money, &c. 
Quest. Whether beauty owe more to Art or Nature? Subs. 3. 
j Opportunity of time and place, conference, discourse, music, singing, 
dancing, amorous tales, lascivious objects, familiarity, gifts, promises, 
&c. Subs. 4. 
.Bawds and Philters, Subs. 5. 

f Dryness, paleness. leanness, waking, sighing, &c. 
Quest. An del ur pulsus amatorius ] 

fFear, sorrow, suspicion, anxiety, &c. 
A hell, torment, fire, blindness, &c. 
Dotage, slavery, neglect of business. 
Spruceness, neatness, courage, aptness to learn 
music, singing, dancing, poetry, &c. 
Prognostics; despair, madness, phrensy, death, Memb. 4. 
TBy labour, diet, physic, abstinence, Subs. 1. 

To withstand the beginnings, avoid occasions, fair and foul means, change 

j of place, contrary passion, witty inventions, discommend the former, 

bring in another. Subs. 2. 



Symp- 
toms or 
signs, 
Memb. 3. 



[of body I J 
■; or ! 



j^Of mind. \ 



I Bad, as 



Good, as 



Cures, 
Memb. 5. 



IBy g'-xl counsel, persuasion, from future miseries, inconveniences, &c. & 3. 
.Bv 



philters, magical, and poetical cures. Subs. 4. 
To let them have their desire disputed pro and con 
moved, 'easons for it. Subs. 5. 



Impediments re- 



Synopsis of the Third Partition. 

His name, definition, extent, power, tyranny, Memb. 1. 
Division, 
Equivo- 
cations, 
kinds, 
Subs. 1. 



4-41 



Causes, 
Sect. 2. 

Symptoms, 
Mernb. 2. 
Prognostics, 
Memb. 3. 



Cures, 
Memb, 4. 



r Improper 

1 

[ Proper 

In the par- 



as 



Causes, 
Sabs. 2. 



In excess 
of such as 
do that 
which is 
not re- 
quired. 
Memb. 1. 



From others 

or 
from them- 
selves. 



General 



In defect, 

as Memb. 
2. 



To many beasts ; as swans, cocks, bulls. 

To kings and princes, of their subjects, successorg. 

To friends, parents, tutors over their children, or otherwise. 

{Before marriage, corrivals, &c. 
After, as in this place our present subject, 
r Idleness, impotency in one party, melancholy, long absence, 
ties themselves, ■> They have been naught themselves. Hard usage, unkindnees. 
or wantonness, inequality of years, persons, fortunes, &;c. 

from others. Outward enticements and provocations of others, 
i Fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, strange actions, gestures, [oof^i, 
i speeches, locking up, outrages, severe laws, prodigious trials, &c. 
\ Despair, madness, to make away themselves, 
) and others. 
I By avoiding occasions, always busy, never to be idle. 

By good counsel, advice of friends, to contemn or dissemble it. Subs. 1. 
\ By prevention before marriage. Plato's communion. 

1 To marry such as are equal in years, birth, fortunes, beauty, of like conditions, &C. 
' Of a good family, good education. To use them well. 

( \ proof that there is such a species of melancholy, name, object God, what his 
beauty is, how it allureth, part and parties affected, superstitious, idolators, 
prophets, heretics, &c. Subs. 1. 

The devil's allurements, false miracles, priests for 
their gain. Politicians to keep men in obedience, 
bad instructors, blind guides. 
Simplicity, fear, ignorance, solitariness, melancholy, 
curiosity, pride, vain-glory, decayed image of God. 
Zeal without knowledge, obstinacy, superstition, 
J strange devotion, stupidity, confidence, stifi' defence 
I of their tenets, mutual love and hate of other 
^ sects, belief of incredibiliti-es, impossibilities. 
Of heretics, pride, contumacy, contempt of others, 
wilfulness, vain-glory, singularity, prodigious para- 
doxes. 
In superstitious blind zeal, obedience, strange works, 
fasting, sacrifices, oblations, prayers, vows, pseudo- 
martyrdom, mad and ridiculous customs, ceremo- 
nies, observations. 
In pseudo-prophets, visions, revelations, dreams, 
prophecies, new doctrines, &c., of Jews, Gentiles. 
Mahometans, &c. 
I^New doctrines, paradoxes, blasphemies, madness, stu- 
\ pidity, despsir, damnation. 
By physic, if need be, conference, good counsel, 
persuasion, compulsion, correction, punishment. 
Quseritiir an cogi debent 1 Affir. 
Secure, void fEpicures, atheists, magicians, hypocrites, such as have cauterised 
of grace and \ consciences, or else are in a reprobate sense, worldly-secure, 
[ some philosophers, impenitent sinners, Subs. 1. 

The devil and his allurements, rigid preachers, thai 
wound their consciences, melancholy, contempla- 
i tion, solitariness. 

I How melancholy and despair differ. Distrust, weak- 
ness of faith. Guilty conscience for oflfence com- 
mitted, misunderstanding Scr. 
("Fear, sorrow, anguish of mind, extreme tortures 
•i and horror of conscience, fearful dreams, con- 
[ ceits, visions, &c. 

Blasphemy, violent death. Subs. 4. 
r Physic, as occasion serves, conference, not to be 
idle or alone. Good counsel, good company, all 
comforts and contents, &c. 

2L 



SynnptotTis^ 
Sub». 3. 



1 Pariic'ilar. { 



Prognostics, Subs. 4. 
Cures, Subs. 5. 



fears. 



Distrustful, 
or too timor- 
ous, as des- 
perate. In 
despair con- 
Isider, 



Causes, 
Subs. 2. 



I 



"5 Symptoms, 
Subs. 3. 

Prognostics. 
^ Cures, S. 5. 



i422'> 



THE THIRD PARTITION, 

L O V E-M ELANCIIOLT. 



THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, ' SUBSECTION. 



The Preface. 

THERE wiU not be wantitlg, I presume, one or other that will much discommend 
some part of this treatise of love-melancholy, and object (which 'Erasmus in 
his preface to Sir Thomas More suspects of his) " that it is too light for a divine, too 
comical a subject to speak of love symptoms, too fantastical, and fit alone for a 
■canton poet, a feeling young love-sick gallant, an effeminate courtier, ot some such 
•ule person.'" And 'tis true they say : for by the naughtiness of men it is so come 
to pass, as ^ Caussinus observes, ut castis auribiis vox amoris suspecia S(7, et invisa, 
the very name of love is odious to chaster ears ; and therefore some again, out of 
ftn afl^ected gravity, will dislike all for the name's sake before they read a word ; dis- 
sembling with him in ^ Petronius, and seem to be angry that their ears are violated 
with such obscene speeches, that so they may be admired for grave philosophers 
and staid carriage. They cannot abide to hear talk of love toys, or amorous dis- 
courses, vulf.u, gestu, oculis in their outward actions averse, and yet in their cogita^ 
tions they are all out as bad, if not worse than others. 

«" Eruhiiit, posuitque meuin Lucwtia librum 
Sed coram Bruto, Brule recede, legit." 

But let these cavillers and counterfeit Catos know, that as the Lord John answered 
the Queen in that Italian ^ Guazzo, an old, a grave discreet man is fittest to discourse 
of love matters, because he hath likely more experience, observed more, hath a miore 
staid judgment, can better discern, resolve, discuss, advise, give better cautions, and 
more solid precepts, better inform his auditors in such a subject, and by reason of 
his riper years sooner divert. Besides, nihil in hiic amoris voce subtimendu?n, there 
is nothing here to be excepted at; love is a species of melancholy, and a necessary 
part of this my treatise, which I may not omit; operi suscepfo inserviendum fuit . 
so Jacobus Mysillius pleadeth for himself in his translation of Lucian's dialogues, 
and so do I ; I must and will perform my task. And that sliort excuse of Mercerus, 
for his edition of Aristaenetus shall be mine, ®"' If I have spent my time ill to write, 
let not them be so idle as to read." But I am persuaded it is not so ill spent, I oughi 
not to excuse or repent myself of this subject, on which many grave and worthy 
men have written whole volumes, Plato, Plutarch, Plotinus, Maximus, Tyrius, Alci 
nous, Avicenna, Leon Hebreus in three large dialogues, Xenophon sympos. Theo 
phrastus, if we may believe Athenaeus, lib. 13. cap. 9. Picus Mirandula, Marius, 
/Equicola, both in Italian, Kornmannus de linea Amoris^ lib. 3. Petrus Godefridus 



• Encom. Moriae leviores esse nugas quatn at Theo- 
logum deceaut. »Lib. 8. Eloquent, cap 14. de affec- 

tibiis mnrtalium vitio fit qui prseclara queeque in pravos 
(isus vertunl sQuoties de aniatoriis nientio (acta 

ct, tain veheinenter exrandui ; tarn ?evera tristilia 
f'olari aures nieae obsceno serninne nolui, ui me tan- 



qnam unam ex Philosophis inluerentur. * Martial 

" In Brutus' presence Lucretia blushed and laid my bonli 
aside ; when he retired, she took it up again and read. 
' Lib. 4. of civil conversation. « Si male l<icat» f «l 

opera scribeiido, ne ipsi locent in legeiido. 



Mem. 1. Sabs 1.' 



Preface. 



423 



hath handled in three books, P. Haedus, and which ahnost every physician, as Arnol- 
dus, V^illanovanus, Valleriola ohserual. ?ned. lib. 2. ohserv. 7. ^lian Montaltus and 
Laurentius in their treatises of nielanclioly, Jason Pratens-s de moi-h. cap. Vnlescus 
de Taranta, Gordonius, Hercules de Saxonia, Savanarola, Langius, Stc, have treated 
of apart, and in their works. I excuse myself, therefore, with Peter Godefridus, 
Valleriola, Ficinus, and in 'Langius' words. Cadmus Milesius writ fourteen books 
of love, ''■ and why should I be ashamed to write an epistle in favour of young men, 
of this subject ?" A company of stsrn readers dislike the second of the ^neids, 
and Virgil's gravity, for inserting such amorous passions in an heroical subject; b'"t 
^Servius, his commentator, justly vindicates the poet's worth, wisdom, and discretion 
in doing as he did. Castalio would not have young men read the "Canticles, be- 
cause to his thinking it was too light and amorous a tract, a ballad of ballads, as 
our old English translation hath it. He might as well forbid the reading of Genesis, 
because of the loves of Jacob and Rachael, the stories of Sichem and Dinah, Judah 
ai.^ Thamar ; reject the Book of Numbers, for the fornications of the people of 
Israel with the Moabites ; that of Judges for Samson and Dalilah's embracings ; that 
of the Kings, for David and Bersheba's adulteries, the incest of Amnion and Thamar, 
Solomon's concubines, &c. The stories of Esther, Judith, Susanna, and many such. 
Dicearchus, and some other, carp at Plato's majesty, that he would vouchsafe to 
indite such love toys : amongst the rest, for that dalliance with Agatho, 

"Siiavia dans Agatlioni, anirnaiii ipse in labra tenebam; 
^yra eteniiii properans tanquani ahituia t'liit." 

For my part, saith '"Maximus Tyrius, a great platonist himself, me non tantum 
admiratio habet,, sed etiam stupor, \ do not only admire, but stand amazed to read, 
that Plato and Socrates both should expel Homer from their city, because he writ 
of such light and wanton subjects. Quod Junonem cum Jove in Ida concumbentes 
inducit, ab immortali nube conteclos, Vulcan's net. Mars and Venus' fopperies before 
all the gods, because Apollo lied, when he was persecuted by Achilles, the "gods 
were wounded and ran whining away, as Mars that roared louder than Stentor, and 
covered nine acres of ground with his fall ; Vulcan was a summer's day falling down 
from heaven, and in Lemnos Isle brake his leg, &c., with such ridiculous passages ; 
when as both Socrates and Plato, by his testimony, writ lighter themselves : quid 
enim tain distat (as he follows it) quam amans a temperanl.e,formarum adinirator d 
demente, what can be more absurd than for grave philosophers to treat of such 
fooleries, to admire Autiloquus, Alcibiades, for tlieir beauties as they did, to run after, 
to gaze, to dote on fair Phaedrus, delicate Agatho, young Lysis, line Charmides,' 
hcp.ccine Philosophum decent f Doth this become grave philosophers.? Thus perad- 
venture Callias, Thrasimachus, Polus, Aristophanes, or some of iiis adversaries and 
emulators might object ; but neither they nor '^Anytus and Melitus his bitter ene- 
mies, that condemned him for teaching Critias to tyrannise, his impiety for swearing 
by dogs and plain trees, for his juggling sophistry, &.C., never so mucli as upbraided 
him with impure love, writing or speaking of that subject; and therefore without 
question, as he concludes, both Socrates and Plato in this are justly to be excused. 
But suppose they had been a little overseen, should divine Plato be defamed .? wo, 
rather as he said of Cato's drunkenness, if Cato were druiik, it should be no vice at 
all to be drunk. They reprove Plato then, but without cause (as '^Ficinus pleads) 
" for all love is honest and good, and they are worthy to be loved that speak well 
of love." Being to speak of this admirable affection of love (saith '''Valleriola) 
" there lies open a vast and philosophical field to my discourse, by which many 
lovers become mad ; let me leave my more serious meditations, wander in these phi- 
losophical fields, and look into those pleasant groves of the Muses, where with 
unspeakable variety of flowers, we may mrake garlands to ourselves, not to adorn ua 
only, but with their pleasant smell and juice to nourish our souls, and fill our minds 



'iVIed. epist. I. I.ep. I4. Cadmus iVIilesiiis teste Suida.ile 
hoc Erotii o Aiiiore. 14. librns s(.ripsit nee tne pigebit in 
gratiaiii adolesceiituai banc scribereepistolain. "Com- 
ment, ill 'J. /Eiieid. '■' Moros amores nieram iinpiidi. 
litiam soiiare videtur nisi, &;c. i" Ser. 8. " Q.iiod 
risura et eoruni amores comineraoret. "Uuum miilta 
ei ()hjecis?ent quod Critiani tyrannidem dociiisset, quod 
Platoiiiui jurari^ |oi]iiacem sophistem, &.c. accusa- 
rionem amuris nullairi fuccrunt. Ideoque liuneslus 



amor, &c. 'soarpunt alii Platonicam luajestatem 

quod amori nimiuin indulserit, Dicearchus el alii ; seii 
male. Omiiis ajuor lionestus et bonus, et amore digni 
qui bene dicunt de Amore. 'iJMed. obser. lib. 2. 

cap. 7. de admirando amoris affectu dicturus; ingeiis 
patet campus ei philosopbicus, quo siepe homines 
ducuntur ad insaniani. Iibeat modo vaeari, 4,c. Ciua 
non ornent modo, sed fragraulia et siicculenlij jucua.1 
plenius alant. Jic. 



424 Love-Melancholy. fPart. 3. Sec. 1 

desirous of knowledge," &c. After a harsh and unpkasin^ discourse of melancholy 
vvhicli hath liitherto molested your patience, and tired the author, give him leave 
with '^Godefridus the lawyer, and Laurentius [cap. 5.) to recrea'.e himself ii; this 
•ijnd after liis laborious studies, "since so many grave divine? and wortliy men have 
without oflence to manners, to help themselves and others, voluntarily written of 
it." Heliodorus, a bishop, penned a love story of Tiieagines and Chariclea, and 
when some Catos of his time reprehended him for it, chose ratlier, saith "^Nicepho- 
rus, to leave his bishopric than his book. ^Eneas Sylvius, an ancient divine, and past 
forty years of age, (as "he confesseth himself, after Pope Pius Secundus) indited 
that wanton history of Euryalus and Lucretia. And how many superintendents of 
learning could I reckon up that have written of liglit fantastical subjects .? Beroaldus, 
Urasmus, Alpheratius, twenty-four times printed in Spanish, &.e. Give me leave then 
tn refresh my muse a little, and my weary readers, to expatiate in this delightsome 
field, hoc dcliciarum cmnpo, as Fonseca terms it, to '^season a surly discourse Avith 
a more pleasing aspersion of love matters : Edulcare vitam convenU., as the poet 
■nvites us, euros nugis^ Sfc, 'tis good to sweeten our life with some pleasing toys to 
relish it, and as Pliny tells us, magna pars studiosorum amcznitates qucFrimns., most 
of our students love such pleasant '^subjects. Though Macrobius teach us other- 
wise, ^""that those old sages banished all such light tracts from their studies, to 
nurse's cradles, to please only the ear;" yet out of Apuleius I w-ill oppose as honour- 
able patrons, Solon, Plato, ^' Xenophon, Adrian, &c. that as highly approve of these 
treatises. On the other side methinks they are not to be disliked, they are not so 
unfit. I will not peremptorily say as one did '^t.am siiavia dicam facinora., ul. male 
sit ei qui talihus non dehcletur^ I will tell you such pretty stories, that foul befall 
him that is not pleased with them; JVeqiie dicum ea qua: vobis usui sit. audiiiisse^ el 
xwhiptati memiiiisse, with that confidence, as Beroaldus doth his enarrations on Pro- 
pertius. I will not expept or hope for that approbation, which Lipsius gives to his 
Epictetus; plurisfacio quum relego ; semper ut novum.! et quum repefivi.i repefenduin., 
the more I read, the more shall I covet to read. I will not press you with my 
pamphlets, or beg attention, but if you like them you may. Pliny holds it expedient, 
and most fit, severitatein jucunditate etiam in scriptis condire., to season our works 
with some pleasant discourse ; Synesiu.s approves it, licel in ludlcris luderc, the 
^poet admires it, Omne tulit punclum qui iniscuit utiJe dulci; and there be those, 
without question, that are more willing to read such toys, than ^^ I am to write : 
" Let me not live," saith Aretine's Antonia, " If I had not rather hear thy discourse, 
^^than see a play?" No doubt but there be more of her mind, ever have been, ever 
will be, as ^ Hierome bears me witness. A far greater part had rather read Apuleius 
than Plato : Tully himself confesseth he could not understand Plato's TimEeus, and 
therefore cared less for it: but every schoolboy hath that famous testament of Grun- 
nius Corocotta Porcellus at his fingers' ends. The comical poet, 

^" fd sihi negnti credidit solum dnrr, 

Populo III placf.'rent, quas fecissit fahulas," 

made this his only care and sole study to please the people, tickle the ear, and to 
delight; but mine earnest intent is as much to profit as to please; 7ion tarn ut pojmlo 
placercm., quam ut popuhim juvarem., and these my writings, 1 hope, shall take like 
gilded j)ills, which are so composed as well to tempt the appetite, and deceive the 
palate, as to help and medicinally work upon the whole body; my lines shall not 
only recreate, but rectify the mind. I think I have said enough ; if not, let him that 
IS otherwise minded, remember that of '^'* Maudarensis, "he was in his life a philoso- 
ipher (as Ausonius apologizeth for him), in his epigrams a lover, in his precepts most 



'*LJh. 1. privfat. de amoribiis affcns rflaxaiidi aiiinii 
eausa latKirmsissiinis slutliis fati^'ati; quaiido I'l 'I'ljeo- 
Jogi se his jiivari et jiivare illKsis iiioribus voliint? 



>"; Hist. Iilj. 12. cap. 34. " I'ra:fat. quid quadrafien.!- joined the useful to the asrei^'iljle." '^ Legeudi cii 



rio coiiveiiit cum amorc-? Ego vero agnosco ainatoriuiii 
»rriptum mihi non conveniri; : qui jam meridiem piic- 
tergressus in vesperem t'eror. ./Eneas Sylvius prxfat. 
wUt severiora siudia iis amienitatit)us lector ccuidire 
lossit. ,\ccius. '3 Discum quani philosoplniai au- 

<lirp nialunt 20 In Som. Sip e sacrario siio tnui ad 

nutriruin sapienles eljuiinarunl. solas aiiri:Mn 



de ."Vmore scripserurit, uterquc anmres M\ rrhie, Cyrmies, 
et Adonirlis. yuklas. « Pel. Areline dial. <tal. 

^ Hor. " He has accomplished every point v» ho hof 



delilias profit. -nlrs. 'i' Haliyioniiis el Euh'Mus qui I luaceutis s-verus 



pidiores, quam ego scribendi, saith I.iUcian. ^ I'lua 

capio vohnitalis inde, quam spectaudis in theatro ludis. 
'^o I'ronemio in.lsaiin. Miilto major pars Milesras fahu- 
las revolventiuni quam I'latonis liiiros, 3; ■> 'Phig 
he look to he his only luisitiess, that the plays « liich he 
wrote shoulil please the people." 2" 111 vita pluli 
phiis, iu EpiL-ram. amalor, in Rpistolis pelulaiis. !<• 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Preface. 425 

severe ; in his epistle to Cseiellia, a wanton. Annianus, Sulpicius, Evem is, Menan- 
der, and many old poets besides, did in script is prurire^ write Fescennines., Attellanes, 
and lascivious songs ; Icztam materiam; yet they had in moribus censuram, et ^veri 
tate?n^ they were chaste, severe, and upright livers. 

29"Castum esse ripcet pium poetain 
Ipsiiin, versiculos nihil necesse est, 
ciiii turn (leniqiie hnbent saleiii et leporem." 

am of Catullus' opinion, and make the same apology in mine own behalf; Hoc 
etiam quod scribo^peiidet plerumque ex aliorum sententid et auctoritate; nee ipse for' 
son inscmio^ sed insanientes sequor. Jltqni deiur hoc insanire me; Semel insanivimus 
omnes^i et tide ipse opinor insanis aliquando^ et /s, et ille., et ego,, scilicet.^ Homo 
sum, Immani a me nihil alienwn puto:'^' And which he urgeth for himself, accused 
of the like fault, I as justly plead, ^^ lasciva est nobis jxtgina, vita proba est. How- 
soever my lines err, my life is honest, ^^vita verecunda est, musa jocosa mihi. But 
1 presume I need no such apologies, I need not, as Socrates in Plato, cover his face 
when he spake of love, or blush and hide mine eyes, as Pallas did in her hood, 
when she was consulted by Jupiter about Mercury's marriage, quod super nuptiis 
virgo consulitur, it is no such lascivious, obscene, or wanton discourse ; I have not 
offended your chaster ears with anything that is here written, as many French and 
Italian authors in tlieir modern language of late have done, nay some of our Latin 
pontificial writers, Zanches, Asorius, Abulensis, Burchardus, &.C., whom ''"Rivet 
accuseth to be more lascivious than Virgil in Priapeiis, Petronius in Catalectis, Aris- 
tophanes in Lycistratae, Martialis, or any other pagan profane writer, qui tam atrociter 
("^ one notes) hoc geiiere peccdrunt ut multa ingeniosissime scripta obsccenitatufn 
gratia casta, mentes abhorreant. 'Tis not scurrile this, but chaste, honest, most part 
serious, and even of religion itself. ^ " Incensed (as he said) with the love of find- 
ing love, we have sought it, and found it." More yet, I have augmented and added 
something to this light treatise (if light) which was not in the former editions, I am 
not ashamed to confess it, with a good '"'' author, quod extendi et locupletari hoc sub- 
rectum plerique postulabant, et eorum importunitate v ictus, animum utcunque reni- 
entem ed adegi, ut jam sexta vice calamum in manum sumerem, scriptionlque longe 
et a studiis et professione mea alienoi me accingerem, haras aliquas a seriis meis 
occupationibus interim suffuratus, easque veluti Judo culdam ac recreationi destinans} 

28 " Coyor retnirsum 

Vela dare, atqiie lilerare cursus 
Olim relictos" 

Etsi nnn ignorarem novos fortasse detractores novis hisce interpolationibus meis 
minime defut.uros.^^ 

And thus much I have thought good to say by way of preface, lest any man 
(which •'"Godefridus feared in his book) should blame in me lightness, wantonness, 
rashness, in speaking of love's causes, enticements, symptoms, remedies, lawful and 
unlawful loves, and lust itself, ■" 1 speak it only to tax and deter others from it, not 
to teach, but to show the vanities and fopperies of this heroical or herculean love,''^ 
and to apply remedies unto it. I will treat of this with like liberty as of the rest. 

'^ " Sed dicam vobis, vos porro dicite multis 

Millibiis, et facile licec cliarta luquatur anus." 

Condemn me not good reader then, or censure me hardly, if some part of this trea . 
tise to thy thinking as yet be too light ; but consider better of it ; Omnia munda 



23 "The poet himself should be chaste and pious, but 
•lis verses need not imitate him in these respects ; they 
may therefore contain wit and humour." 'M-' This 

that I write depends sonieliinrs upon the opinion and 
Dutliority of others: nor perhaps am I frantic, 1 only 
wilow madmen: But thus far I may bederanj;cd: we 
iiave all been so at some one time, and yourself, I think, 
art sometimei insane, and this man, and that man, and 
1 also." 31 " I am mortal, and think no humane 

action unsuited to me." ^^jyiart. "3 Ovid. 

'^ Isago. ad sac. scrip, cap. 13. ^^ Barthius notis in 

tJoElestinam, ludurii Hisp. "^ Ficinus Comment c. 

17. Amore incensi invetiiendj anions, ainoreif (|ija.5i- 
vimns et invenirniis. 3? Author Ca-iestinre Barlh. 

interprete. "Tliat, overcome by the solicitations of 
friends, who requested mo to enlarj.'e and improve my 
volumes. I have devoted my otherwise rehictani mind 
!o the labour ; and now for tlie sixth tiuie have I taken 
.ip my pen, and applied myself •o literature very foreign 



2l2 



indeed to my studies and professional occupations, 
stealing a few hours from serious pursuits, and devot- 
ing them, as it were, to recreation." 3f Hor. lib. 1. 
Ode .34. " I am compelled to reverse my sails, and re- 
trace my foriner.course." 3'-* "Although 1 was by 
no means ignorant that new calumniators would not 
be wanting to censure my new introductions " ■") Haic 
pra'di.vi ne 4 lislemere rios putaret scripsissede amorum 
lenuciniis, de praxi, fornicationihus, adulleriis, &c. 
■" Taxando el ah his deterreiido humanam lasciviam et 
insaniam, sed et remedia docendo: non igitur candi<lu8 
lector nobis succenseat,&c. Commonitio erit juvenibus 
hiEC, hisce ut abstineant magis, et omissa lascivia qu» 
homines reddit insanos, virtutis incumbant studiis 
(iEneas Sylv.) et curam amoris si quis iiescit hinc pote- 
nt scire. •'2 Martiaiius Capella lib. 1. de nupt. phi- 
lol. virginali sulfusa ruhore oculos peplo obnubens, &c. 
*'^ Catullus. " What I tell yon, do you tell to the inuiti 
tude, and make thi.s treatise gossip like an old woman ' 



426 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 1. 



n!Mn(?'<s, ^a naked man to a modest woman is no otherwise than a picture, as Augusta 
Livia truly said, and ^^niala inens^i malus animus., 'tis as 'tis taken. If in thy censure 
ii be ^oo light, I advise thee as Lipsius did l)is reader for some places of Plautus, 
istos quasi Sirenimi scopulos prcEtervehare., if they like thee not, let them pass ; oi 
oppose that which is good to that wliich is bad, and reject not therefore all. For to 
invert that verse of Martial, and with Ilierom Wolfius to apply it to my present pu!'» 
pose, su7tt mala, sunt qucedam mediocria., sunt bona plura; some is good, some bad, 
some is indifferent. I say further with him yet, I have inserted {^^ Itvicula quadam 
et ridicula ascribere nan sum gravafus, circumforanea qucedam e thcatris., e plateis. 
etiam e popinis) some things more homely, light, or comical, litans gratiis., ^c. 
wliich I would request every man to interpret to the best, and as Julius Caesar Sca- 
<iger besought Cardan [si quid urbaniuscule lusum a nobis, per dtos immortales te 
oro Hieronyme Cardane ne me male capias). I beseech thee, good reader, not to 
mistake me, or misconstrue what is here written ; Per Musas et Charites, et omnia 
Poetarum mwiina, benigne lector., oro te ne me male capias. 'Tis a comical subject: 
in sober sadness I crave pardon of what is amiss, and desire thee to suspend thy 
judgment, wink at small faults, or to be silent at least; but if thou likest, speak 
well of it, and wish me good success. Extremum hunc Jlreihusa mild concede 
labor em.*'' 

I am resolved howsoever, velis, nolis, audacter stadium intrare, in the Olympics, 
with those iEliensian wrestlers in Philostratus, boldly to show myself in this com- 
mon stage, and in this tragi-comedy of love, to act several parts, some satirically, 
some comically, some in a mixed tone, as the subject I have in hand gives occasion, 
and present scene shall require, or offer itself. 

SuBSECT. II. — Lovc'^s Beginning, Object, Definition, Division. 

" Love's limits are ample and great, and a spacious walk it hath, beset with 
thorns," and for that cause, which ""^Scaliger reprehends in Cardan, " not lightly to 
be passed over." Lest I incur th% same censure, I will examine all the kinds of love, 
his nature, beginning, difference, objects, how it is honest or dishonest, a virtue or 
vice, a natural passion, or a disease, his power and effects, how far it extends : of 
which, although something has been said in the first partition, in those sections of 
perturbations (''^"for love and hatred are the first and most common passions, from 
which all the rest arise, and are attendant," as Picolomineus holds, or as Nich. 
Caussinus, the primum mobile of all other affections, which carry them all about 
them) I will now more copiously dilate, through all his parts and several branches, 
that so it may better appear what love is, and how it varies with the objects, how iu 
defect, or (which is most ordinary and common) immoderate, and in excess, causeth 
melancholy. 

Love universally taken, is defined to be a desire, as a word of more ample signifi 
cation : and though Leon Hebreus, the most copious writer of this subject, in his 
third dialogue make no difference, yet in his first he distinguisheth them again, and 
defines love by desire. ^""Love is a voluntary affection, and desire to enjoy that 
which is good. ^'Desire wisheth, love enjoys; the end of tlie one is tlie beginning 
of the other; that which we love is present: that which we desire is absent." ^^"^ It 
is worth tlie labour," saith Plotinus, " to consider well of love, whether it be a god 
or a devil, or passion of the mind, or partly god, partly devil, partly passion." He 
concludes love to participate of all three, to arise from desire of that which is beau- 
tiful and fair, and defines it to be "■ an action of the mind desiring that which is 
good." ^^ Plato calls it the great devil, for its vehemency, and sovereignty over all 
other passions, and defines it an appetite, ^* " by which we desire some good to be 
present." Ficinus in his comment adds the word fair to this definition. Love is a 



+'Viros niidos casta; feminte nihil d statuis distare. 
»5 Hony soil qui mal y pHiise. « Pr<ef. Suid. ■•i " O 
Arcthiisa smile on this my last labour." ^Exerc. 

301. Campus amoris maximus et spinis obsitus, nee 
levissimo pcde transvolandus. •'"Grad. 1. cap. 29. 

Ex I'latone, primae et communissimte pi-rturbatiniies ex 
i|uibus ceterie oriuntiir <'t earum sunt pedisseque. 
* \a\ot est voluntarius atfectus et desiderium re bona 



fruendi. '' Desiderium optantis, a'nor eonrm qui- 

bus fruimur; amoris principium.desidei.i finis, aniHtum 
adest. *2 Principjo 1. de auiore. Opera; pretium esv 

de aennrc considerare, utrum Deus, an D»mon, ati pas- 
sio qiia^dam nniinK, an partini Deus, partim Iltemon, 
passio parlim, &c Amor pt^t actus aninii bonulii desi- 
rierans. " Mafrnus Dffimon convivit »< Boni 

pulchrique fruendi desiderium. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] 



Objects of Lave. 



427 



desire of enjoying that which is good and fair. Austin dilates this coninon defini- 
tion, and will have love to be a delectation of the heart, ^"for something which we 
seek to win, or joy to have, coveting by desire, resting in joy." ^'' Scaliger exerc. 
301. taxeth these former definitions, and will not have love to be defined by desire 
or appetite ; " for when we enjoy the things we desire, there remains no more appe^ 
tite :" as he defines it, " Love is an afi'ection by which we are either united to the 
tning we love, or perpetuate our union ;" which agrees in part with Leon Hebreus. 
Now this love varies as its object varies, which is always good, amiable, fair, gra 
cious, and pleasant. °^"A11 things desire that which is good," as we are taught lit 
the Ethics, or at least that which to them seems to be good ; quid enim vis mall (as 
Austin well infers) die mihi ? pulo nihil in omnibus aclionibus; thou wilt wish no 
harm, I suppose, no ill in all thine actions, thoughts or desires, nihil mail vis; ^^thou 
wilt not have bad corn, bad soil, a naughty tree, but all good ; a good servant, a good 
horse, a good son, a good friend, a good neighbour, a good wife. From this good- 
ness comes beauty; from beauty, grace, and comeliness, which result as so many 
rays from their good parts, make us to love, and so to covet it : for were it not 
pleasing and gracious in our eyes, we should not seek. *^''No man loves (saith 
Aristotle 9. 7)ior. cap. 5.) but he that was first delighted with comeliness and beauty." 
As this fair object varies, so doth our love ; for as Proclus holds, Omne pulchrum 
amabile, every fair thing is amiable, and what we love is fair and gracious in our 
eyes, or at least we do so apprehend and still esteem of it. ^° ''Amiableness is the 
object of love, the scope and end is to obtain it, for whose sake we love, and which 
our mind covets to enjoy." And it seems to us especially fair and good; for good, 
fair, and unity, cannot be separated. Beauty shines, Plato saith, and by reason of its 
splendour and shining causeth admiration ; and the fairer the object is, the more 
eagerly it is sought. For as the same Plato defines it, *""• Beauty is a lively, shining 
or glittering brightness, resulting from effused good, by ideas, seeds, reasons, sha- 
dows, stirring up our minds, that by this good they may be united and made one. 
Others will have beauty to be the perfection of the whole composition, ^^" caused 
out of the congruous symmetry, measure, order and manner of parts, and that come- 
liness: which proceeds from this beauty is called grace, and from thence all fair 
things are gracious." For grace and beauty are so wonderfully annexed, ^''"so 
sweetly and gently win our souls, and strongly allure, that they confound our judg- 
ment and cannot be distinguished. Beauty and grace are like those beams and 
shinings that come from the glorious and divine sun," which are diverse, as they 
proceed from the diverse objects, to please and affect our several senses. ^''"As the 
species of beauty are taken at our eyes, ears, or conceived in our inner soul," as 
Plato disputes at large in his Dialogue de pulchro, Phczdro., Hyppias, and after many 
sophistical errors confuted, concludes that beauty is a grace in all things, delighting 
the eyes, ears, and soul itself; so that, as Valesius infers hence, whatsoever pleaseth 
our ears, eyes, and soul, must needs be beautiful, fair, and delightsome to us. ^^"And 
nothing can more please our ears than music, or pacify our minds." Fair houses, 
pictures, orchards, gardens, fields, a fair hawk, a fair horse is most acceptable unto 
us ; whatsoever pleaseth our eyes and ears, we call beautiful and fair ; ''^ " Pleasure 
belongeth to the rest of the senses, but grace and beauty to these two alone." As thf 
objects vary and are diverse, so they diversely affect our eyes, ears, and soul itself 
Which gives occasion to some to make so many several kinds of love as there bt 
objects. One beauty ariseth from God, of which and divine love S. Dionysius,*' with 

*'Godefri(liis,l. leap. 2. Amor est deleotatiocorilis.ali- 
ujus ad aliqiiiil, propter aliquod desideriiiiii in appeten. 
to.et gaudiuni perfrueiido perdesiilenuivi currens, requi- 
fiscens per gaudiuin. 66 jVon est amor desideriiiin aut ap- 
petitus ut ab omnibus liactenus traditiim; nam cum 
potimur amata re, non nianet appetitus; est igitur af- 



tectus quo cum re amata aut unimur, aut unioneni per. 
petuamus. « Omnia appetunt boimm. ^'I'erraui 
nou vis nialam, nialam segetem, sed bonam arborem, 
equum bonum, &c. ^^ Nemo aninre capitur nisi qui 

fuerit ante forma specieque delectatus. ™ Amabile 

objectum amoris et scopus, cujus adeplio est finis, cujus 
gratia .imamus. Animus enim aspirat ut eo fruatur, 
et formajii boni habet et pn-Ecipue videtur et placet. 
Picolomineus, grad. 7. cap. -2. et erad. 8. cap ;t5 
"Forma est vitalu fulgor ex ipso bono manans pei 



ideas, semina, rationes, umbras effusus, animos exci- 
tans ut per bonum m ununi redigantur. •'^ Piildirj. 

tudo est perfectio conipositi ex congruente ordine, men 
sura et ratione [lartiuin consurgens, et venustas indi 
prodiens gratia dicitur et res omnes pulclira" gratio^ce 
83 Gratia et piilchriludo ita suaviter animos demulcent 
ita vehenienter alliciunt.et adniirabiliter connectuntur 
ut in unum confuudant et distingui non possunt, et sun 
tanquam radii et splendores divini solis in rebus variia 
vario iniido fulL'entes. m gpgcies pulchritudinis! 

bauriuntur ficulis, auribus, aut concipiuntur interna 
mente. ^^ Nihil liinc magis animos conriliat quain 

musjca, pulchrce picturae, ajdts, &c. ^6 |„ reliquii 

sensihus voluptas, in tns pulchritude et gratia. •" Liu 
4. de divinis. Convivio Plalonis. 



128 



Lov e-Me lancho ly. 



iPart. 3. Sec. 1 



man} fathers and Neoterics, have written just volumes, De amore Dei, as they term it, 
nian)( parajnelical discourses; another from his creatures; there is a beauty of the body, 
a bea\(ty ol' the soul, a beauty from virtue,y<7r?/ta/« martyrum, Austin calls it, quamvide- 
mus oculis cmimi, which we see with the eyes of our mind; which beauty, as Tully 
saith, if we could discern with these corporeal eyes, admirabili sui amores excitaret. 
would cause admirable affections, and ravish our souls. This other beauty which ariseth 
from those extreme parts, and graces which proceed from gestures, speeches, several 
motions, and proportions of creatures, men and women (especially from women, 
Vhich made those old poets put the three graces still in Venus' company, as attend- 
ing on her, and holding up her train) are iniinite almost, and vary their names with 
their objects, as love of money, covetousness, love of beauty, lust, immoderate de- 
sire of any pleasure, concupiscence, friendship, love, good-will, &.c. and is either 
virtue or vice, honest, dishonest, in excess, delect, as shall be showed in his place. 
Heroical love, religious love, &c. which may be reduced to a twofold division, ac- 
cording to the principal parts which are aflected, the brain and liver. Jimor el ami- 
citia, which Scaliger exercitat. 301. Valesius and Melancthon warrant out of Plato 
^adv and ipdv from that speech of Pausanias belike, that makes two Veneres and two 
loves. ^^" One Venus is ancient without a mother, and descended from heaven, 
whom we call celestial ; the younger, begotten of Jupiter and Dione, whom com- 
monly we call Venus." Ficinus, in his comment upon this place, cap. 8, following 
L lato, calls these two loves, two devils, ^^ or good and bad angels according to us, 
which are still hovering about our souls. ™"The one rears to heaven, the other de- 
presseth us to hell ; the one good, which stirs us up to the contemplation of that 
divine beauty for whose sake we perform justice and all godly offices, study philoso- 
phy, &.C. ; the other base, and though bad "^^t to be respected ; for indeed both are 
good in their own natures : procreation of children is as necessary as that finding 
out of truth, but therefore called bad, because »it is abused, and withdraws our souls 
from the speculation of that other to viler objects," so far Ficinus. S. Austin, lib. 
15. de civ. Dei et sup. Psal. Ixiv., hath delivered as much in effect. '''"Every crea- 
ture is good, and may be loved well or ill:" and ''^"Two cities make two loves, 
Jerusalem and Babylon, the love of God the one, the love of the world the other; 
of these two cities we all are citizens, as by examination of ourselves we may soon 
find, and of which." The one love is the root of all mischief, the other of all good. 
So, in his 15. cap. lib. de amor. EcclesicB, he will have those four cardinal virtues to 
be nought else but love rightly composed; in his 15. book de civ. Dei., cap. 22. he 
calls virtue the order of love, whom Thomas following I. part. 2. qua:st. 55. arl. I. 
and qucRst. 56. 3. qucBst. 62. arl. 2. confirms as much, and amplifies in many words. 
"Lucian, to the same purpose, hath a division of his own, "One love was born in 
the sea, which is as various and raging in young men's breasts as the sea itself, and 
causeth burning lust : the other is that golden chain which was let down from 
heaven, and with a divine fury ravisheth our souls, made to the image of God, and 
stirs us up to comprehend the innate and incorruptible beauty to which we were once 
created." Beroaldus hath expressed all this in an epigram of his : — 



'Dogmata divini memorant si vera Platonis, 
Sunt gemiiia; Veneres, et geiniiiatiis amor. 

Coelestis Venus est nullo generata parente, 
(iuae casto sanctos iiectit amore viros. 

Altera sed Venus est totum vulgata per orbem, 
Quse diviim menles alligat, at(|ue hominum; 

Improha, seductrix, petulans, &.c." 



" If divine Plato's tenets they he true, 
Two Veneres, two loves there be , 
The one from heaven, unbegotten still. 

Which knits our souls in unitie. 
The other famous over all the world, / 
Binding the hearts of gods and men ; "" 
Dishonest, wanton, and seducing she, 

Rules whom she will, both wliere and when.' 



This twofold division of love, Origen likewise follows, in his Comment on the 
Canticles, one from God, the other from the devil, as he holds (understanding it in 
the worse sense) which many others repeat and imitate. Both which (to omit all 
subdivisions) in excess or defect, as they are abused, or degenerate, cause mcilan- 



*8 Du£e Veneres duo amores; quarum una antiquior 
et sine niatre, coslo nata, quam coelestem Venerem 
nuncupamus ; altera vero junior a Jove et Dione prog- 
nata, quam vulgarem Venerem vncanius. '^ Alter ad 
Buperna erigit, alter deprimit ad inferna. '» Alter 

excitat hominem ad divinain pulchrlludinem lustrau- 
'»'n, cujus causa philosophic studia et jus'itiae, &.c. 



" Omnis creatura cum bona sit.et bene amari potist € 
male. ''"Duas civitates duo faciunt amores; Jeru 

salem facit amor Dei. Babyloneni amor sieculi; inus- 
quisque se quid ainet interroget, et inveniet un(.e sit 
civis. '^Altermari ortus, ferox, varius, fluctuanH 

iiianis, juvenum, mure referens, &o. Alter aurea catena 
c(Blo demissa bonum furorem ment'bus mittens, &c. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] 



Objects of Love. 



429 



choly in a particular kind, as shall be shown in his place. Austin, in another Tract, 
makes a threefold division of this love, which we may use well or ill : ^^ " Gc d, oui 
neighbour, and the world : God above us, our neighbour next us, the world bencatK 
us. Ii: the course of our desires, God hath three things, the world one, our neigh- 
bour two. Our desire to God, is either from God, with God, or to God, and ordi 
iiarily so runs. From God, when it receives from him, whence, and for which ii 
fihould love him : with God, when it contradicts his will in nothing : to God, when 
it seeks to him, and rests itself in him. Our love to our neighbour may proceed 
from him, and run with him, not to him : from him, as when we rejoice of his good 
.safety, and well doing : with him, when we desire to have him a fellow and com- 
panion of our journey in the way of the Lord : not in him, because there is no aid, 
hope, or confidence in man. From the world our love comes, when we begin to 
admire the Creator in his works, and glorify God in his creatures : with the world 
it should run, if, according to the mutability of all temporalities, it should be de- 
jected in adversity, or over elevated in prosperity : to the world, if it would settle 
itself in its vain delights and studies." Many such partitions of love I could repeat, 
and subdivisions, but least (which Scaligef objects to Cardan, Exercitat. 501.) ''''" I 
confound filthy burning lust with pure and divine love," 1 will follow that accurate 
division of Leon Hebreus, dial. 2. betwixt Sopliia and Philo, where he speaks of 
natural, sensible, and rational love, and handleth each apart. Natural I'ove or hatred, 
is that sympathy or antipathy which is to be seen in animate and inanimate crea- 
tures, in the four elements, metals, stones, gravia tendnnl deorsum^ as a stone to his 
centre, fire upward, and rivers to the sea. The sun, moon, and stars go still around, 
''^Amantes natures debita exercere, for love of perfection. This love is manifest, I 
say, in inanimate creatures. How comes a loadstone to draw iron to it ? jet chafF.^ 
the ground to covet showers, but for love } No creature, S. Hierom concludes, is 
to be found, quod non aViquid amat,, no stock, no stone, that hath not some feeling 
of love. 'Tis more eminent in plants, herbs, and is especially observed in vege- 
tables ; as between the vine and elm a great sympathy, between the vine and the 
cabbage, between the vine and the olive, ''''Virgo fugit Brornimn^ between the vine 
and bays a great antipathy, the vine loves not the bay, '^''nor his smell, and will 
kill him, if he grow near him ;" the bur and the lentil cannot endure one another, 
the olive ™and the myrtle embrace each other, in roots and branches if they grow 
near. Read more of this in Picolomineus grad. 7. cap. 1. Crescentius lib. 5. de 
agric. Baptista Porta de mag. lib. 1. cap. de. plant, dodio et element, sym. Fracasto- 
rius de sym. et antip. of the love and hatred of planets, consult with every astrologer. 
Leon Hebreus gives many fabulous reasons, and moraliseth them withal. 

Sensible love is that of brute beasts, of which the same Leon Hebreus dial. 2 
assigns these causes. First for the pleasure they take in the act of generation, male 
and female love one another. Secondly, for the preservation of the species, and 
desire of young brood. Thirdly, for tlie mutual agreement, as being of the same 
kind : Sus sui, canis cani., bos bovi^ et asinus as'ino pulcherri7nus videtur, as Epichar- 
mus held, and according to that adage of Diogenianus, Ms'cdet usque graculus apud 
jraculum, they much delight in one another's company, ^°Formiccp. grata est forinica,^ 
cicada cicadcB, and birds of a feather will gather together. Fourthly, for custom, 
use, and familiarity, as if a dog be trained up with a lion and a bear, contrary to 
their natures, they will love each other. Hawks, dogs, horses, love their masters 
and keepers : many stories I could relate in this kind, but see Gillius dc hist. anim. 
lib. 3. cap. 14. those two Epistles of Lipsius, of dogs and horses, Agellius, &,c. 
Fifthly, for bringing up, as if a bitch bring up a kid, a hen ducklings, a hedge-spar- 
row a cuckoo, &.C. 

The third kind is Jlmor cognitionis^ as Leon calls it, rational love, Intellectivus 
amor.1 and is proper to men, on which I must insist. This appears in God, angels 
men. God is love itself, the fountain of love, the disciple of love, as Plato styles 



"'Tria sunt, quae amari a nobis bene vel male pns- 
sunt; Dens, proximus, ;.lundus; Deus supra nos ; juxta 
uos proxinuis; infra nos niundus. Tria Deus, duo 
prnxiinus, unum mundus liabet, &c. ''^ Ne confiin- 

dam vpsanos et fedos aniores bpatis, sceleratuin cuui 
puro divine et vero, &i-. ' 76 Fonseca cap. 1. Amor ex 



Augustini forsan lib. 11. de Civit. Dei. Amore incon 
cussus Stat mundus, &c. ■" Alciat. '« Porta Vilis 

laurum non amat, nee ejus odorem; si prope cresrat 
enecat. Lappus lonti adversatur. '9 Sympalhia 

olei et mvrti ramorum et radicuni se complectenliura, 
Mizaldus" secret, cent. J. 47. "" Theocritus, eidyll.9. 



430 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 1 



him ; the servant of peace, the God of love and peace; have peace with all men and 
God is with you. 

*' " Qiiisqiiis vonpratur Olympum, 

Ipse sibi niuiiduiii sulijicit atqiie Deuin." 

^ " By this love (saith Gerson) we purchase heaven," and buy the kingdom of 
God. This ^ love is either in the Trinity itself (for the Holy Ghost is the love of the 
Father and the Son, &.c. John iii. 35, and v. 2U, and xiv. 31), or towards us his crea- 
tures, as in making the world. Arnor vmmhim fecit, love built cities, mundi anima^ 
invented arts, sciences, and all ^* good things, incites us to virtue and humanity, com- 
bines and quickens; keeps peace on earth, quietness by sea, mirth in the winds and 
elements, expels all fear, anger, and rusticity; Circulus a bono in bonum, a round 
circle still from good to good ; for love is the beginner and end of all our actions, 
the eflicient and instrumental cause, as our poets in their symbols, impresses, 
^emblems of rings, squares, &c., shadow unto us. 



" Si rerum quoeris fiierit quis finis et ortus, 
Desine ; nam causa est iinir.a solus amor." 



" If first and last of anything you wit, 
Cease; love's the sole and only cause of it." 



Love, saith ^^ Leo, made the world, and afterwards in redeeming of it, " God so loved 
the world, that he gave his only begotten son for it," John iii. 16. "Behold what 
love the Father hath showed on us, that we should be called the sons of God," 
1 John iii. L Or by His sweet Providence, in protecting of it; either all in general, 
or His saints elect and church in particular, whom He keeps as the apple of His 
eye, whom He loves freely, as Hosea xiv. 5. speaks, and dearly respects, ^' Charior 
est ipsis homo qadm sibi. Not that we are fair, nor for any merit or grace of ours, 
for we are most vile and base ; but out of His incomparable love and goodness, out 
of His Divine Nature. And this is that Homer's golden chain, which reacheth down 
from heaven to earth, by which every creature is annexed, and depends on his Crea- 
tor. He made all, saith ^* Moses, " and it was good ;" He loves it as good. 

The love of angels and living souls is mutual amongst themselves, towards us 
militant in the church, and all such as love God ; as the sunbeams irradiate the earth 
from those celestial thrones, they by their well wishes reflect on us, ^^in salute homi- 
num promovendd alacres, ct constantcs administri, there is joy in heaven for every 
sinner that repenteth ; they pray for us, are solicitous for our good, ^° Casti genii. 

"1" Ubi regnat charitas, suave ilesiderinm, 
Laititiaque et amor Deo conjutictus." 

Love proper to mortal men is the third member of this subdivision, and the subject 
of my following discourse. 



MEMB. n. 



Sub SECT. I. — Love of Men, which varies as his Objects, Profitable, Pleasant, 

Honest. 

Valesius, lib. 3. confr. 13, defines this love which is in men, "to be ^^an affec- 
tion of both powers, appetite and reason." The rational resides in the brain, the 
other in the liver (as before hath been said out of Plato and others); the heart is 
diversely afiected of both, and carried a thousand ways by consent. The sensitive 
faculty most part>()verrules reason, the soul is carried hoodwinked, and the under- 
standing captive like a beast. ^^"The heart is variously inclined, sometimes they 
are merry, sometimes sad, and from love arise hope and fear, jealousy, fury, despera- 
tion." Now this love of men is diverse, and varies, as the object varies, by which 
ihey are enticed, as virtue, wisdom, eloquence, profit, wealth, money, fame, honour, 
or comeliness of person, &.c. Leon Hubreus, in his first dialogue, reduceth them all 
to these three, utile, jucundum, honestum, profitable, pleasant, honest ; (out of Aris- 



81 Mantuan. 82Charitas munifica, qua mercamur 

de Deo regnum Dei. m Polanus partit. Zanchius 

dc iiatura Dei c. 3. copiose de hoc nmore Dei agit. 
M Nich. Bellus, discurs. 28. de amatoribus, virlutem 
provocat, conservat pacem in terra, tranquillitateni in 
ap're, ventis \x iliam, &c. "* Cumerarius Emh. JOU. 

een. 2. « Dial. 3. 8'Juven. osGen. 1. 



wCaussinus. soTheodoret 6 Plotino. si •• Where 
charily prevails, sweet desire, joy, and Icfve towards 
God are also present." '^ Ati'ectus nunc appetitivai 

potentiaj, nunc ralionalis, alter cerebro residet allei 
hepaie, corde, Sec. MCor varie iticlinatur, nunc 

tiaudens, nunc mcerens; statira ex tiinore DLMitttf 
Zelotypla, furor, spes, desperft'o. 



•Viem. 'i. Subs, .j Ohjecis of Lot 431 

totle 6elike 8. moral.) of which he discoursetli at large, and whatsover is beautiful 
.111(1 lair, is '-fferred to them, or any way to be desired. '^^''To profitable is abscribed 
Neallb, wealth, honour, &.c., which is rather ambition, desire, covetousness, than 

ove :" friends, children, love of women, ''^all delightful and pleasant objects, are 
referred to the second. The love of honest things consists in virtue and wisdom, 
and is preferred before that which is profitable and pleasant : intellectual, about that 
which is iionest. ^'^ St. Austin calls " profitable, worldly ; pleasant, carnal ; honest, 

pinlual. ^'Of and from all three, result charity, friendsliip, and true love, which 
respects God and our neighbour." Of each of these I will briefly dilate, and show 
in what sort they cause melancholy. 

Amongst all these lair enticing objects, which procure love, and bewitch the soul 
«>♦' m-dti there is none so moving, so forcible as profit ; and that which carrieth with 
it a show of commodity. \ Health indeed is a precious thing, to recover and preserve 
which we will undergo any misery, drink bitter potions, freely give our goods : 
restore a man to his health, his purse lies open to thee, bountiful he is, thankful and 
beholding to thee ; but give him wealth and honour, give him gold, or what shall be 
for his advantage and preferment, and thou shalt command his affections, oblige him 
eternally to thee, heart, hand, life, and all is at thy service, thou art his dear and 
loving friend, good and gracious lord and master, his Mecaenas; he is thy slave, thy 
vassal, most devote, aflectioned, and bound in all duty: tell him good tidings in this 
kind, there spoke an angel, a blessed hour tliat brings in gain, he is thy creature, 
and thou his creator, he luigs and admires thee ; he is thine for ever^ No loadstone 
so attractive as that of profit, none so fair an object as tliis of gold; ^* nothing wins a 
man sooner than a good turn, bounty and liberality command body and soul: 



' Munera (crede mihi) placant horiiinesque deusque ; 
Placatur doiiis Jupiter ipse datis." 



'Good turns dnlli pacify both God and men, 
And Jupiter liiinsulf is won by them." 



Gold of all Other is a most delicious object; a sweet light, a goodly lustre it hath; 
gratius aurum quam solem iniuermir, saith Austin, and we had rather sec it than the 
sun. Sweet and pleasant in getting, in keeping; it seasons all our labours, intole- 
rable pains we take for it, base employments, endure bitter flouts and taunts, long 
journeys, heavy burdens, all are made liglit and easy by this hope of gain: ^t mihi 
plaudo ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in area. The sight of gold refresheth 
our spirits, and ravisheth our hearts, as that Babylonian garment and ^'golden wedge 
did Achan in the camp, the very sight and hearing sets on tire his soul with desire 
of it. ( It will make a man run to the antipodes, or tarry at home and turn parasite, 
lie, flatter, prostitute himself, swear and bear false witness; he will venture his body, 
kill a king, murder his father, and damn his soul to come at it. Formosior auri 
massa, as '" he well observed, the mass of gold is fairer than all your Grecian pictures, 
that Apelles, Phidias, or any doaiing painter could ever make : we are enamoured 
with it, 

*" Prima fere vota, et r.unrtis notissima templis, 
Divitia; ut crescant." 

All our labours, studies, endeavours, vows, prayers and wishes, are to get, ho\* 
to compass it. 

»" HiPC est ilia cui famulatur maximns nrbis, 

Diva potens rerum, doniilrixque pecunia fati." 

This is the great goddess we adore and worship; this is the sole object of our 
desire." If we have it, as we think, we are made for ever, thrice happy, princes, /' 
lords, &.C. If we lose it, we are dull, heavy, dejected, discontent, miserable, des^ 
perate, and mad. Our estate and bene esse ebbs and flows with our commodity ; and 
as we are endowed or enriched, so are we beloved and esteemed : it lasts no longer 
than our wealth ; when that is gone, and the object removed, farewell friendship . 
as long as bounty, good cheer, and rewards were to be hoped, friends enough ; they 
were tied to thee by the teeth, and would follow thee as crows do a carcass: but •••' 
when thy goods are gone and spent, the lamp of their love is out, and thou shalt be 



»< Ad Utile sanitas refertur; utilium est ambitio, 
tupldo desiderium potiiis quam amor excessiis avR.-ilia. 
« Picoloni. {!rad. 7. cap. 1. '*'' Lib. de amicit. utile 

niindanum, carnale juciindiim, ppirituale honestum. 
" £x singulis tribue fit charitas et iiuiicitia, qu;e re- 



spicit deum et proximum. se Benefactores priEcipue 

auiamiis. Vives 3. de aiiima. ^gjos. 7. 'M Peiro- 
nius Arbiter. tJuvnualis. ^ Joh Secund. lifr. 

sylvaruiu. 



432 Love-Melancholy. j^Part. 3. Sec. 1 

contemned, scorned, hated, injured. ^Lucian's Timon, when he lived in prosperity, 
was the sole spectacle of Greece, only admired ; who but Timon } Everybody 
loved, honoured, applauded him, each man offerer' him his service, and souglil to be 
kin to him; but when his gold was spent, his fair possessions gone, larewell Timon: 
none so ugly, none so deformed, so odious an object as Timon, no man so ridiculous 
on a sudden, they gave him a penny to buy a rope, no man would know him. 

'Tis the general humour of the world, commodity steers our affections through- 
out, we love those that are fortunate and rich, that thrive, or by whom we may 
receive mutual kindness, hope for like courtesies, get any good, gain, or profit- hate 
those, and abhor on the other side, which are poor and miserable, or by whom we 
may sustain loss or inconvenience. And even tiiose tliat were now familiar and deai 
unto us, our loving and long friends, neighbours, kinsmen, allies, with wliom we 
have conversed, and lived as so many Geryons for some years past, striving still to 
give one another all good content and entertainment, with mutual invitations, feast- 
ings, disports, offices, for whom we would ride, run, spend ourselves, and of whom 
we have so freely and honourably spoken, to whom we havR given all those turgent 
titles, and magnificent eulogiums, most excellent and most noble, worthy, wise, grave, 
learned, valiant, &c., and magnified beyond measure : if any controversy arise be- 
tween us, some trespass, injury, abuse, some part of our goods be detained, a piece 
of land come to be litigious, if they cross us in our suit, or touch the string of our 
commodity, we detest and depress them upon a sudden : neither affinity, consan- 
guinity, or old acquaintance can contain us, but '^rupto jecore exlerit Capri ficus. A 
golden apple sets altogether by the ears, as if a marrowbone or honevcomb were 
flung amongst bears : father and son, brother and sister, kinsmen are at odds : and 
look what malice, deadly hatred can invent, that shall be done. Terrible, diru?n,pesli- 
lens, atrox^fcriwi, mutual injuries, desire of revenge, and how to hurt them, hin. 
and his, are all our studies, if our pleasures be interrupt, we can tolerate it: out 
bodies hurt, we can put it up and be reconciled : but touch our commodities, we are 
most impatient : fair becomes foul, the graces are turned to harpies, friendly saluta- 
tions to bitter imprecations, mutual feastings to plotting villanies, minings and (>oun- 
terminings ; good words to satires and invectives, we revile e cotitra, nought but his 
imperfections are in our eyes, he is a base knave, a devil, a monster, a caterpillar, a 
viper, a hogrubber, Slc. Dcslnit in piscem 7nnlier formosa supcrne ;^ the scene is 
altered on a sudden, love is turned to hate, mirth to melancholy : so furiously are 
we most part bent, our affections fixed upon this object of commodity, and upon 
money, the desire of which in excess is covetousness : ambition tyranniseth over 
our souls, as * I have shown, and in defect crucifies as much, as if a man by negli- 
gence, ill husbandry, improvidence, prodigality, waste and consume his goods and 
fortunes, beggary follows, and melancholy, he becomes an abject, "^ odious and " worse 
than an infidel, in not providing for his family." / 

SuBSECT. II. — Pleasant Objects of Love. 

Pleasant objects are infinite, whether they be such as have life, or be without 
life; inanimate are countries, provinces, towers, towns, cities, as he said, ^PuJcherri- 
mam insulam videmus, etiam cum non videmus, we see a fair island by description, 
when we see it not. The ^sun never saw a fkirer city, Thessala Tempe, orchards, 
gardens, pleasant walks, groves, fountains, &c. The heaven itself is said to be '"fair 
or foul: fair buildings, "fair pictures, all artificial, elaborate and curious works, 
clothes, give an admirable lustre: we admire, an'^ gaze upon them, ut pueri Junonis 
avem, as children do on a peacock : a fair dog, a fair horse and hawk, &.C. '^Thcs' 
salus amat equum puUinum, buculum ^Egyptius, Laccdczmonius Catuluvi, 4'C., such 
things we love, are most gracious in our sight, acceptable unto us, and whatsoever 
else may cause this passion, if it be superfluous or immoderately loved, as Guianerius 
observes. These things in themselves are pleasing and good, singular ornaments, 
necessary, comely, and fit to be had ; but when we fix an immoderate eye, and dote 

• Lucianiis Timon. *Perg. »"The bust of a | serermm. cobIiiiii visum fEEdum. Polirl. lib. 1. de .^tiglia 

beautiful woman with the tail of a fish." > Part. 1. " Credo equntem vivos duceiit e inarmore vultua 

Bee. 2. memb. sub. Vi. i 1 Tim. i. 8. « Lips, epist. '= Max. Tynus, ser. 9. 
{''(undeiio. d Inland of 8t E<liiioiiUsbury. '"Cffiluiul 



Mrm. 2. Subs. 2.] Ohjects of Love. 433 

on them over much, this pleasure may turn, to pain, bring much sorrow and discon- 
kint unto us, work our final overthrow, and cause melancholy in the end. Many 
are carried away with those bewitcliing sports of gaming, hawking, hunting, and 
such vain pleasures, as "* I have said : some with immoderate desire of fame, to be 
crowned in the Olympics," knighted in the field, &c., and by these means ruinate 
themselves. The lascivious dotes on his fair mistress, the glutton on his dishes, 
vi'hich are infinitely varied to please the palate, the epicure on his several pleasures, 
the superstitious on his idol, and lats himself with future joys, as Turks feed them- 
selves with an imaginary persuasion of a sensual paradise : so several pleasant ob- 
jects diversely affect diverse men. But the fairest objects and enticings proceed 
from men themselves, which most frequently captivate, allure, and make them dote 
beyond all measure upon one another, and that for many respects : first, as some 
suppose, by that secret force of stars, (^qiiod me tJh'i temperat aslrum?) They do 
singularly dote on such a man, hate sucli again, and can g've no reason for it. '''JVoM 
amo te Sabidi., 8fc. Alexander admired Ephestion, Adrian Antinous, Nero Sporus, 
&c. The physicians refer this to their temperament, astrologers to trine and sextile 
aspects, or opposite of their several ascendants, lords of "heir genitures, love 
and hatred of planets; '^Cicogna, to concord and discord of spirits; but most to 
outward graces. A merry companion is welcome and acceptable to all men, and 
therefore, saith '^Gomesius, princes and great men entertain jesters and players com- 
monly in their courts. But ^'' Pares cum paribus facillime congregantur^ 'tis that 
'^similitude of manners, which ties most men in an inseparable link, as if they be 
addicted to the same studies or disports, they delight in one another's companies, 
" birds of a feather will gather together :" if they be of divers inclinations, or oppo- 
site in manners, they can seldom agree. Secondly, '^ aflability, custom, and fami- 
liarity, may convert nature many times, though they be different in manners, as if 
thoy be countrymen, fellow-students, colleagues, or have been fellow-soldiers, ^"bre- 
thien in affliction, ('^' acerba calamitatum socletas, diversi efiam ingenii homines con- 
jungit) affinity, or some such accidental occasion, though they cannot agree amongst 
themselves, they will stick together like burrs, and hold against a third; so after 
some discontinuance, or death, enmity ceaseth ; or in a foreign place : 

" Pascitiir in vivis livor, post fata quiescil : 
Et cecjdere odia, et tristes mors obruit iras." 

A third cause of love and hate, may be mutual offices, accepfum bencficium^ ^ com-> 
mend him, use him kindly, take his part in a quarrel, relieve him in his misery, thoii 
winnest him for ever; do the opposite, and be sure of a perpetual enemy. Praise 
and dispraise of each other, do as much, though unknown, as ^^ Schoppius by Scali- 
ger and Casaubonus : mjilus mulum scabit.; who but Scaliger with him .? what enco- 
miums, epithets, eulogiums ? Jlntistes sapienli.cp^ perpetuus dictator, literarum 
ornamentum, EuropcB miraculum, noble Scaliger, ^^ incredibilis ingenii prcBStantia, 
Sfc, diis potius quam hominibiis per omnia comparandus, scripta ejus aurea ancylia 
de ccelo delapsa poplitibus veneramur Jlexis,^^ S^c, but when they began to vary, 
none so absurd as Scaliger, so vile and base, as his books de Burdonum familid, and 
other satirical invectives may witness. Ovid, in Jbin, Archilocus himself was not 
so bitter. Another great tie or cause of love, is consanguinity : parents are dear to 
their children, children to their parents, brothers and sisters, cousins of all sorts, as 
a hen and chickens, all of a knot : every crow thinks her own bird fairest. Many 
memorable examples are in this kind, and 'tis porfenti simile, if they do not : ^®"a 
mother cannot forget her child :"^^Solomon so found out the true owneri; love of 
parents may not be concealed, 'tis natural, descends, and they that are inhuman in 
this kind, are unworthy of that air they breathe, and of the four elements; yet many 
unnatural examples we have in this rank, of hard-hearted parents, disobedient chil- 



^' Tart 1. sec. 2. memb. 3. " Mart. " Omnif. 

mag. lib. 12. cap. 3. wDe sale geniali, 1. 3. c. 15. 

I' Theod. Prodromus, amor. lib. 3. '8 Similitude 

moruin parit amjcitiam. i9Vives3..de anima. 

"KQ,!!! simul fttcere naufragium, ant una pertulere vin- 
cula vel eonsilii coiijiirationisve societate jungiintur, 
inviccm amaiit : Brutum et Cassium invicem infensos 
Cajsarianns dominatus cniiciliavit. iEmilius Lepidus 
•t Julius Flaccus, quum essent inimicissimi, censores 
renunciati siinultates illico deposuere. Scultet. cap. 4. 



55 2M 



de causa amor. i" Papinius. «" Isocrates 

demoiiico prscipit ut quum alicujus amicitiam velle- 
ilium laudet, quod laus initium amoris sit, vituperatio 
-simultaium. ^'i* Suspect leet. lib. i. cap. 2. 2i"Tti5 
priest of wisdom, pprpetual dictator, ornament of lite- 
rature, wonder of Kiirope." 2° Oli incredible excf.'- 
lence of genius, &c., more comparable to gods' than 
man's, in every respect, we venerate youi writings on 
bended knees, as we do the shield that fell from he» 
ven," *> Isa. xlix. 



434 Love-Melancholy. [Part, o Sec i. 

dren, of ^^ d'sagreeing brothers, nothing so common. The love of kinsmen is grown 
cold, '^°"many kinsmen (as the saying is) few friends;" if thir.e estate be good, and 
-hou able, par pari rcferre, to reqnite their kindness, there will be mutual corre- 
spondence, otherwise thou art a burden, most odious to them above all others. Th»^ 
last object that ties man and man, is comeliness of person and beanj^y alone, as men 
love women with a wanton eye: which zar' t^ox^t^is termed heroical, or love-melan- 
choly. Other loves (saith Picolomineus) are so called with some contraction, as the 
love of wine, gold, &c., but this of women is predominant in a higher strain, whose 
part affected is the liver, and this love deserves a longer explication, and sliall be 
dilated apart in the next section. 

SuBSECT. III. — Honest Objects of Love. 

Beauty is the common object of all love, ^^" as jet draws a straw, so doth beauty 
love :" virtue and honesty are great motives, and give as fair a lustre as tho rest, 
especially if they be sincere and right, not fiicate, but proceeding from true form, 
and an incorrupt judgment ; those two Venus' twins, Eros and Anteros, are then 
most firm and fast. For many times otherwise men are deceived by their llattering 
gnathos, dissembling camelions, outsides, hypocrites that make a show of great love, 
learning, pretend honesty, virtue, zeal, modesty, with affected looks and counterfeit 
gestures: feigned protestations often steal away the hearts and favours of men, and 
deceive them, specie virlutis et umbra, when as reveru and indeed, there is no worth 
or honesty at all in them, no truth, but mere hypocrisy, subtilty, knavery, and the 
like. As true friends they are, as he that Cslius Secundus met by the highway side; 
and hard it is in this temporising age to distinguish such companions, or to find them 
out. Such gnathos as these for the most part belong to great men, and by this 
glozing flattery, affability, and such like philters, so dive and insinuate into their 
favours, tliat they are taken for men of excellent worth, wisdom, learning, demi- 
gods, and so screw themselves into dignities, honours, offices ; but these men cause 
harsh confusion often, and as many times stirs as Rehoboam's counsellors in a com- 
monwealth, overthrew themselves and others. Tandlerus and some authors make a 
doubt, v/hether love and hatred may be compelled by philters or characters ; Cardan 
and Marbodius, by precious stones and amulets ; astrologers by election of times, 
&c. as^"] shall elsewhere discuss. The true object of this honest love is virtue, 
■wisdom, lionesty, "'real worth, Interna forma, and this love cannot deceive or be 
compelled, ut ameris amabilis esfo, love itself is the most potent philtrum, virtue and 
wisdom, gratia gratum facicns, the sole and only grace, not counterfeit, but open, 
honest, simple, naked, ^^'•'' descending from heaven," as our apostle hath it, an infused 
habit from God, which hath given several gifts, as wit, learning, tongues, for which 
they shall be amiable and gracious, Eph. iv. 11. as to Saul stature and a goodly pre- 
sence, 1 Sam. ix. 1. Joseph found favour in Pharaoh's court. Gen. xxxix, for ''^ iiis 
person ; and Daniel with the princes of tlie eunuchs, Dan. xix. 19. Christ was gra- 
cious with God and men, Luke ii. 52. There is still some peculiar grace, as of good 
discourse, eloquence, wit, honesty, which is the primum mobile, first mover, and a 
most forcible loadstone to draw the favours and good wills of men's eyes, ears, and 
affections unto them. When " Jesus spake, they were all astonished at his answers, 
(Luke ii. 47.) and wondered at his gracious words which proceeded from his mouth. '*^^ 
An orator steals away the hearts of men, and as another Orpheus, quo vuJl, undt 
vulf, he pulls them to him by speech alone : a sweet voice causeth admiration ; and 
he tiiat can utter himself in good words, in our ordinary phrase, is called a proper 
man, a divine spirit. For which cause belike, our old poets, Senatus populusque poeta- 
rum, made Mercury the gentleman-usher to the Graces, captain of eloquence, and those 
charities to be Jupiter's and Eurymone's daughters, descended from above. Though 
they be otherwise deformed, crooked, ugly to behold, those good parts of the minJ 
denominate them fair. Plato commends the beauty of Socrates; yet who was more gnivr^ 
of countenance, stern and ghastly to look upon.? So are and have been many great phi- 

i" Rara est coiiciirdia fratriini. "SGrad. ]. cap 2i. I hnrniiie prolio. ''•' James iii. 10. "^flratic »« 

* Vives 3. (Ic aiiiiiia, ut paleain succiiiuiii sic fHrinaiii i pulchro veiiieiis ^ corpore vjrlus. 
amor trahit. *Secl. seq. '' Niiiil divinius i 



Hnn. 2 Subs. 3.] 



Honest Objects of Love. 



435 



.'< gophers, as ** Gregory Nazianzen observes, "deformed most part in that which is to 
tve seen with the eyes, but most elegant in that wliich is not to be seen." ScBpe sub 
utlriUi latitat sapientla veste. ^Esop, Democritus, Aristotle, Politianus, Melancthon, 
'iesner, &c. withered old men, Sileni Jllcibiadls, very harsh and impolite to the eye ; 
but who were so terse, polite, eloquent, generally learned, temperate and modest? 
No man then living was so fair as Alcibiades, so lovely quo ad superjicient, to the 
^ye, as ^^ Boethius observes, but he had Corpus turpissirnum interne, a most deformed''^ 
loul ; honesty, virtue, fair conditions, are great enticers to such as are well given, 
and much avail to get the favour and good-will of men. Abdolominus in Curtius, a 
poor man, (but which mine author notes, ^^ " the cause of this poverty was his 
honesty'") for his modesty and continency from a private person (for they found him 
digging in his garden) was saluted king, and preferred before all the magnificoes of 
his time, iiijecta ei vestis purpunl auroque distincta, "a purple embroidered garment 
was put upon him, ^''and they bade him wash himself, and, as he was worthy, take 
upon him the style and spirit of a king," continue his continency and the rest of his 
good parts. Titus Pomponius Atticus, that noble citizen of Rome, was so fair con- 
dilionc'i, of so sweet a carriage, that he was generally beloved of all good men, of 
Ciesar, Pompey, Antony, TuUy, of divers sects, &c. multas hcBreditates (^^ Cornelius 
I\ epos writes) sola, bonitate consequutus. Operce pretlum audire., ^c. It is worthy 
of your attention, Livy cries, "^ " you that scorn all but riches, and give no esteem 
to virtue, except they be wealthy withal, Q,. Cincinnatus had but four acres, and by 
the consent of the senate was chosen dictator of Rome. Of such account were 
Cato, Fabricius, Aristides, Antonius, Probus, for their eminent worth: so Caesar, 
Trajan, Alexander, admired for valour, ''° Ilaephestion loved Alexander, but Parmenio 
the kmg: Titus deUcics Immani generis, and which Aurelius Victor hath of Vespatian, 
the darling of his time, as ■" Edgar Etheling was in England, for his ''^ excellent vir- 
tues : their memory is yet fresh, swe-'t, and we love them many ages after, though 
they be dead : Suavem me?noriam sui reliquit, saith Lipsius of his friend, living and 
dead they are all one. ''^"I have ever loved as thou knowest (so Tully wrote to 
Dolabella) Marcus Brutus for his great wit, singular honesty, constancy, sweet con- 
ditions ; and believe it ''''there is nothing so amiable and fair as virtue." "I '''do 
mightily love Calvisinus, (so Pliny writes to Sossius) a most industrious, eloquent, 
upright man, which is all in all with me :" the affection came from his good parts. 
And as St. Austin comments on the 8tth Psalm, ''®'' there is a peculiar beauty of jus- 
tice, and inward beauty, which we see with the eyes of our hearts, love, and are 
enamoured with, as in martyrs, though their boches be torn in pieces with wild 
beasts, yet this beauty shines, and we love their virtues." f Tlie ^'^ stoics are of opinion 
that a wise man is only fair; and Cato in Tully 3 de Finibus contends the same, 
that the lineaments of the mind are far fairer than those of the body, incomparably 
beyond them : wisdom and valour according to *^ Xenophon, especially deserve the 
name of beauty, and denominate one fair, e< incomparabiliter pulchrior est (as Austin 
holds) Veritas Christianormu qua?n Helena Grcecorum. "Wine is strong, the king is 
strong, women are strong, but truth overcometh all things,^ Esd. i. 3, 10, 11, 12. 
" Blessed is the man that findeth wisdom, and getteth understanding, for the mer- 
chandise thereof is better than silver, and the gain thereof better than gold : it is 
more precious than pearls, and all the things thou canst desire are not to be com- 
pared to her," Prov. ii. 13, 14, 15, a wise, true, just, upright, and good man, I say 
it again, is only fair: ''^it is reported of Magdalene Queen of France, and wife tcr"^ 
Lewis 11th, a Scottish woman by birth, that walking forth in an evening with her 
ladies, she spied M. Alanus, one of the king's chaplains, a silly, old, ^"hard-favoured 



81 Oral. 13. deformes plerunique philosnplii ad id quod 
In aspHctiim cadit ea parte elegantes qiuc ociilos fiigit. 
•5 43 (le cnnsol. S"" Causa ei paiiperlalis, philosophia, 
Bicul plerisque piobitas fiiit. sT^lilue corpus et 

cape regis auimum, et in earn fortunani qua dignus es 
contiiientiain istam profer. s-^Vitaejns. 39Q(,j 

Dr^ divitiis humana spernunt, nee virtuti locum putant 
nisi opes affluant. Q,. Cincinnatus consensu patruni in 
dictatoreni Romanuni electus. '•'''urtius. ■"Edgar 
Stheling, England's darling. ^^Moruin suavitas, 

obvia comitas, pronipta officia mortaliuin aniinos de- 
merentur *3Epist. lib. 8. Semper aniavl ut tu scis, 

M. Bruuun propter ejus summum in(;eniuni, suavissi- 



nios mores, singularem probitatem et constantiam; 
nihil est, niilii crede, virtute forniosius, nihil aniabiliusi. 
^^Ardentes amores excitaret, si simulacrum ejus ad 
oculos penetraret, Plato PhcBdone. ^s Epjgt. lib. 4 

Validissime diligo virum rectum, disertiiin, quod apud 
me potentissimum est. ^^ Est quffidam pulchrituilo 

justitiae quam videmus oculis cordis, aniamus, et exar 
descinius, ut in martyrihus, quum eorum ineuihra 
besliiE lacerarent, etsi alias deformes, &c. ■" Lipsiu* 
manuduc. ad Phys. Stoic, lib. 3. difi" 17. solus sap en* 
pulcher. ■'^Fortitudo et prudenlia piilcliritud nih 

iitudein pjEcipue ■norentiir. i* Franc. Belforisl is 

hist. an. 1430. ^ Brat autem fcede deformis, et ei 



430 Love-Mclanclwly. [Part. 3. Sec. L 

man fast asleep in a bower, and kissed him sweetly, when the young ladies laughed 
at her ibr it, she replied, that it was not his person that she did embrace and reve- 
rence, but, witli a platonic love, the divine beauty of ^' his soul. Thus in all ages 
virtue hath been adored, admired, a singular lustre hath proceeded from it : and the 
more virtuous he is, the more gracious, the more admired. No man so much fol- 
lowed u])on earth as Christ himself: and as the Psalmist saith, xlv. 2, ''He was 
fairer than the sons of men." Chrysostom Horn. 8 in Mat. Bernard Ser. 1. de. omni- 
his Sanctis; Austin, Cassiodore, Hier. in 9 Mat. interpret it of the *^ beauty of his 
pl;^^on ; there was a divine majesty in his looks, it shined like lightning and drew 
all men to it : but Basil, Cyril, lib. 6. super. 55. Esay. Theodoret, Arnobius, &.c. of 
the beauty of his divinity, justice, grace, eloquence-, &c. Thomas in Psal. xliv. of 
both ; and so doth Baradius and Peter Morales, lib de pulchritud. Jcsu et Maria;, 

adding as much of Joseph and the Virgin Mary, hcec alias forma prcBcesserit 

onmes, *'' according to that prediction of Sibylla Cumea. Be they present or absent, 
near us, or afar off, this beauty shines, and will attract men many miles to come and 
visit it. Plato and Pythagoras left their country, to see those wise ^Egyptian priests: 
ApoUonius travelled into ^Ethiopia, Persia, to consult with the Magi, Brachmanni, 
gymnosophists. The Queen of Sheba came to visit Solomon ; and " many, saith 
"^ Hierom, went out of Spain and remote places a thousand miles, to behold that 
eloquent Livy :" ^^Multi Romam non ut urhem pulcherrimam, aut urbis et orbis dojni- 
nwii Octavianum, sed ul hunc unum inviserent audirentque, d Gadibus profecti sunt. 
No beauty leaves such an impression, strikes so deep, ^®or links the souls of men 
closer liian virtue. • 

s' " Not) per deos aut pictor posset, 
Aut statuariiis ullus finpcre 
Talem puli^hritudiiieiii iiualom virtus habet ;" 

" no painter, no graver, no carver can express virtue's lustre, or those admirable rays, 
that come from it, those enchanting rays that enamour posterity, those everlasting 
rays that continue to the world's end." Many, saith Phavorinus, that loved and 
admired Alcibiades in his youth, knew not, cared not for Alcibiades a man, nunc 
intuentes quarebant Mcibiadem; but the beauty of Socrates is still the same; "* vir- 
tue's lustre never fades, is ever fresh and green, semper viva to all succeeding ages, 
and a most attractive loadstone, to draw and combine such as are present. For that 
reason belike. Homer feigns the three Graces to be linked and tied hand in hand, 
because the hearts of men are so firmly united with such graces. ^^"O sweet bands 
(Seneca exclaims), which so happily combine, that those which are bound by them 
love their binders, desiring withal much more harder to be bound," and as so many 
Geryons to be united into one. For the nature of true friendship is to combine, to 
be like affected, of one mind, 

60" Voile et nolle ambobiis idem, satiataque toto 
Mens aevo" 

as the poet saith, still to continue one and the same. And where this love takes 
place there is peace and quietness, a true correspondence, perfect amity, a diapason 
of vows and wishes, the same opinions, as between ®' David and Jonathan, Damon 
and Pythias, Pylades and Orestes, ^^Nysus and Euryalus, Theseus and Pirithous, 
'^they will live and die together, and prosecute one another with good turns. ^W«m 
vinci in amore tiirpissimum putani, not only living, but when their friends are dead, 
with tombs and monuments, Nenias, epitaphs elegies, inscriptions, pyramids, obe- 
lisks, statues, images, pictures, histories, poems, annals, feasts, anniversaries, many 
ages after (as Plato's scholars did) they will parenfare still, omit no good office that 
may tend to the preservation of their names, honours, and eternal memory. ^Ullum 
color ihis., ilium cerci, ilium cere., 8jC. " He did express his friends in colours, in wax, 
m brass, in ivory, marble, gold, and silver (as Pliny reports of a citizen in Rome), 



forma, qua citius pueri terreri possent, qtiam invitari 
ad isciilum puella;. ei Deformis iste etsi videatiir 

senex. divinum animum habet. ^SFulgeliat vultu 

8uo: fulgor et divina majestas homines ad se trahons. 
" " She excelleil all others in beauty." ^4 Prsjefat. hib. 
vulgar. s' Pars inscrip. Til. Livii status; Patavii. 

•« A true love's Itnot. "Sto08Bus c Gnco. ssSoli- 
nus, pulchri nulla est facies. suq dulcissimi laquei 



gari et in uiinm redigi. eogtatius. «' " He 

loved him as he loved his own soul," 1 Sam. xv. 1. 
"Beyond the love of women." «2 Virg. 9. .(En. 

diii super exanimem sese conjecit amicura confessus. 
"•< .Amicus anima; diniidium, Austin, confess. 4. cap. 6. 
Quod de Virgilio Horatius, et serves anims diniidium 
mea;. oipijnius. ^sinum argento et auro, ilium 

ebore, marniore effingit, et nuper ingenti adhibHo 



H"< tani feliciter dcvinciunt, ut et-iain a viiictis dili- auditorio iiigentem de vita ejus librum recitavit. epiat 
ini.iur, qui 4 graliis vjncti sunt, cupiunt arctiua deli- i lib 4. epist. 68 



Mem. 3.J _ Division of Love. 437 

»i'd in a great auditory not long since recited a just volume of his life." In anothe* 
place, ''''sppaking of an epigram which Martial had composed in praise of him, ""He- 
gave me as much as hff might, and would have done more if he could : though what 
can a man give more than honour, glory, and eternity ?" But that which he wrote 
peradventure, will not continue, yet he wrote it to continue. 'Tis all the recom- 
pense a poor scholar can make his well-deserving patron, Mecaenas, friend, to men- 
tion him in his works, to dedicate a book to his name, to write his life, &c., as all . 
our poets, orators, historiographers have ever done, and the greatest revenge such 
men take of their adversaries, to persecute them with satires, invectives, Stc, and 
'tis both ways of great moment, as ^^ Plato gives us to understand Paulus Jovius, 
in the fourth book of the life and deeds of Pope Leo Decimus, his noble patron^ 
concludes in these woi'ds, '^^ " Because I cannot honour him as other rich men do, 
with like endeavour, aliection, and piety, I have undertaken to write his life; since 
my fortunes will not give me leave to make a more sumptuous monument, I will 
perform those rites to his sacred ashes, which a small, perhaps, but a liberal wit can 
afford." But 1 rove. Where this true love is wanting, there can be no firm peace, friend- 
ship frcin teeth outward, counterfeit, or for some by-respects, so long dissembled, 
till they have satisfied their own ends, which, upon every small occasion, breaks ou. 
into enmity, open war, defiance, heart-burnings, whispering, calumnies, contentions, 
and all manner of bitter melanclioly discontents. And those men which have nc 
other object of their love, than greatness, wealth, authority, &c., are rather feared 
than beloved; nee amant Queniquani, nee amantur ab ullo : and howsoever borne 
with for a time, yet for their tyranny and oppression, griping, covetousness, currish 
hardness, folly, intemperance, imprudence, and such like vices, they are generally 
odious, abhorred of all, both God and men. 

'• Nun uxor salvuui te vult, non filius, omnes 
Vicini oderuiu," 

" wife and children, friends, neighbours, all the world forsakes them, would feign be 
rid of th.em," and are compelled many limes to lay violent hands on them, or else 
God's judgments overtake them : instead of graces, come furies. So when fair 
'"Abigail, a woman of singular wisdom, was acceptable to David, Nabal was churlish 
and evil-conditioned ; and therefore " Mordecai was received, when Haman was 
executed, Haman the favourite, " that had his seat above the other princes, to whom 
all the king's servants that stood in the gates, bowed their knees and reverenced." 
Though they flourished many times, such hypocrites, such temporising foxes, and 
blear the world's eyes by flattery, bribery, dissembling their natures, or other men's 
weakness, that cannot so apprehend their tricks, yet in the end they will be dis- 
cerned, and precipitated in a moment : ^ surely," saith David, " thou hast* set them 
in slippery places," Ps. xxxvii. 5. as so many Sejani, they will come down to the 
Gemonian scales; and as Eusebius in '^Amraianus, that was in such authority, ad 
juhendmn Imperatorem, be cast down headlong on a sudden. Or put case they 
escape, and rest unmasked to their lives' end, yet after their death their memory 
stinks as a snuff of a candle put out, and those that durst not so much as mutter 
against them in their lives, will prosecute their name with satires, libels, and bitter 
imprecations, they shall male audire in all succeeding ages, and be odious to the 
world's end. 



MEMB. III. 

Charity composed of all three Kinds, Pleasant, Prqfitahle, Honest. 

Besides this love that comes from profit, pleasant, honest (for one good turn asks 
another in equity), that which proceeds from the law of nature, or from discipline 
and philosophy, there is yet another love compounded of all these three, which is 

«6 Lib. iv. ep. CI. Prisco suo ; Dedit mihi quantum i enim vim habent, &c. ^u peri tamen studio et pie- 

potuit maxiriiuiii, daturus auiplius si potuisset. Ta- tate conscribeuilte vits ejus munus suscepi, et post quam 
metsi quid lioriiiiii dari potest niajus quaui gloria, laus, suuiptiiosa condere pro fortuna non licuit, exiguo sed 
et aeiernitas? At non erunt fortasse qua scripsit. Ille eo forte liberalis ingenii monuniento justa sanctissiino 
tanieii scripsit tauquam essent futura. ^' For, genus cineri solventur. "> 1 Sam. xxv. 3. " Esther, iii. 3- 
tritabile valum. *I.ib. 13 de L.egibus. Magnam I " Amni. Marcellinus, I. H. 

'Zm'Z 



438 



Love-Melancholy. 



Tart. 3. Sec. 1 



charity, an J includes piety, dilection, benevolence, friendship, even all those virtuous 
habits-, for love is the circle equant of all other affections, of which Aristotle dilates 
at larg'? in his Ethics, and is commanded by God, which no man can well perform, 
but ht that is a Cliristian, and a true regenerate man ; this is, ""To love God above 
all, auvl our neighbour as ourself ;" for this love is lychnus accendem et accensus, a 
communicating light, apt to illuminate itself as well as others. All other objects 
are fair, and very beautiful, I confess ; kindred, alliance, friendship, the love that we 
owe to our coimtry, nature, wealth, pleasure, honour, and such moral respects, &.C., 
of which read '^copious Aristotle in his morals; a man is beloved of a man, in that 
he is a man ; but all these are far more eminent and great, when they shall proceed 
from a sanctified spirit, that hath a true touch of religion, and a reference to God, 
Nature binds all creatures to love their young ones; a hen to preserve her brood 
will run upon a lion, a hind will fight with a bull, a sow with a bear, a silly sheep 
with a fox. So the same nature urgeth a man to love his parents, (J^dii me jiater 
omnes oderint^ ni te magis quam oculos amem meos!) and this love cannot be dis- 
solved, as TuUy holds, '^" without detestable offence:" but much more God's com- 
mandment, which enjoins a filial love, and an obedience in this kind. '''"The love 
of brethren is great, and like an arch of stones, where if one be displaced, al' comes 
down," no love so forcible and strong, honest, to the combination of which, nature, 
fortune, virtue, happily concur ; yet this love comes short of it. '^Dulce et decorum 
pro patrid mori., '"it cannot be expressed, what a deal of charity that one name of 
country contains. Amor laudis et patrics pro sfipendio est ; the Decii did se devo- 
vere-i Horatii, Curii, Scaevola, Regulus, Codrus, sacrifice themselves for their country's 
peace and good. 



' Una dies Fahios ad belltim miserat omnes 
Ad belluni inissos penliilit una dies." 



" One day the Fabii stoutly warred. 
One day the Fabii were destroyed." 



Fifty thousand Englishmen lost their lives willingly near Battle Abbey, in defence 
of their country. ^' P. jEmilius I. 6. speaks of six senators of Calais, that came 
with halters in their hands to the king of England, to die for the rest. This love 
makes so many writers take such pains, so many historiographers, physicians, &C., 
or at least, as they pretend, for common safety, and their country's benefit. *^Sanc~ 
turn nomen amicitice^ sociorum communio sacra; friendship is a holy name, and a 
sacred communion of friends. ^^^ As the sun is in the firmament, so is friendship in 
the world," a most divine and heavenly band. As nuptial love makes, this perfects 
mankind, and is to be preferred (if you will stand to the judgment of ^^ Cornelius 
Nepos) before affinity or consanguinity; plus in amicUid valet simUitudo morum, 
quam ajinitas^ Sfc, the cords of love bind faster than any other wreath whatsoever. 
Take this away, and take all pleasure, joy, comfort, happiness, and true content out 
of the world ; 'tis the greatest tie, tlie surest indenture, strongest band, and, as our 
modern Marc decides it, is much to be preferred before the rest. 



5" Hard is the doubt, and difficult to deem. 
When all three kinds of love together meet; 
And do dispart the heart witli power extreme. 
Whether shall weigh the balance down; to wit, 
The dear atfection unto kindred sweet, 
Or raging tire of love to women kind, 
Or zeal of friends, combin'd by virtues meet ; 
But of them all the band of virtuous inind, 
Metliinks the gentle heart should most assured bind. 



" For natural affection soon doth cease. 
And quenched is with Cupid's greater flame ; 
IJut faitht'iil friendship doth them both suppress, 
And them with mustering discipline doth tame, 
Through thoughts aspiring to eternal fame. 
For as th« soril doth rule the earthly mass. 
And all the service of (he body frame, 
So love of soul (lolh love of body pass, [brass," 

No less than pi^rfect gold surmounts the meanest 



^A faithful friend is better than '^''gold, a medicine of misery, ^'an only possession*, 
yet this love of friends, nuptial, heroical, profitable, pleasant, honest, all three loves 
put together, are little worth, if they proceed not from a true Christian illuminated 
soul, if it be not done in or dine ad Deum^ for God's sake. ) "Though I had the gift 
of prophecy, spake with tongues of men and angels, though I feed the poor with al 
Tfiy goods, give my body to be burned, and have not this love, it prof^t.eth nie no- 



's utmundus duobus polls sustentatiir : ita lex Dei, 
amore Dei et proximi ; duobus his fundamentis vin- 
citur; machina mundi corruit, si una de polls turba- 
tur; lex peril diviiia si una ex his. '^ 8 et 9 

libro. '6 Ter. Adelph. 4, 5. '« De 

amicit. "Charitas parentum dilui nisi detestabili 

v.elere nnn potest, lapidum fornicibus simillima.casura, 
iisi ee invicem suslentaret. Seneca, 'b-' It is sweet 



to die for one's country." '^Dii immirtali s, dici non 
potest quantum charitalis nomen illud .label, f Ovid. 
Fast. 81 Anno 1347. Jacob Mayer. An.ial. Fland. 

lib. 12. sjTully. w Luojanus Toxari. Amicitiu 

ut sol in inundo. Sec. ^4 vit. Pompon. Attic.i. 

»'S Spencer, Faerie ftueene, lib. 5. cant. 9. staff. 1, 2. 
sfSyracides. *? Plutarch, preciosum numisma. 

^ Xenophou, verus amicus prsstantissiiua possessio. 



Mem. 3.] Divisiov of Love. 430 

thii.^,'y 1 Cor. xiii. 1, 3. 'tis splendidum ptccatum^ without chanty. This is an all- 
npprenending love, a deifying love, a refined, pure, divine love, the quintessence of 
ill love, the true philosopher's stone, vVon potest eninij as *^ Austin infers, veraciter 
amicus esse hominis. niii fuerit ipsius prhnitus veritaJis, He is no true iriend that 
loves not God's truth. And therefore this is true love indeed, tlTe cause of all good 
to mortal men, that reconciles all creatures, and glues them together in perpetual 
amity and firm league ; and can no more abide bitterness, hate, malice, than fair and 
fcul weather, light and darkness, sterility and plenty may be together; as the sun in 
the lirmament (1 say), so is love in the world; and for this cause 'tis love without 
an addition, love, love of God, and love of men. *''-' The love of God begets the 
love of man ; and by this love of our neighbour, the love of God is nourished and 
increased." By this happy union of love, ^'"all well-governed families and cities 
are combined, the heavens annexed, and divine souls complicated, the world itself 
composed, and all that is in it conjoined in God, and reduced to one. ^This love 
causeth true and absolute virtues, the life, spirit, and root of every virtuous action, 
it finisheth prosperity, easeth adversity, corrects all i^atural incumbrances, inconve- 
niences, sustained by faith and hope, which with this our love make an indissoluble 
twist, a Gordian knot, an equilateral triangle, and yet the greatest of them is love," 
1 Cor. xiii. 13, ^'* which inflames our souls with a divine heat, and being so inflamed, 
purged, and so purgeth, elevates to God, makes an atonement, and reconciles us unto 
him. ^ That other love infects the soul of man, this cleanseth ; that depresses, this 
rears ; that causeth cares and troubles, this quietness of mind ; this informs, that 
deforms our life ; that leads to repentance, this to heaven." For if once we be truly 
linked and touched with this charity, we shall love God above all, our neighbour as 
o\irself, as we are enjoined, Mark xii. 31. 3Iatt. xix. 19, perform those duties and 
exercises, even all the operations of a good Christian. 

^yThis love sufTereth long, it is bountiful, envieth not, boasteth not itself, is not 
piited up, it deceiveth not, it seeketh not his own things, is not provoked to an^er, 
"t thinketh not evil, it rejoiceth not in iniquity, but in truth. It sufTereth all thingij. 
believeth all things, hopeth all things," 1 Cor. xiii. 4, 5, 6, 7 ; " it covereth all tres- 
passes," Prov. x. 12; '"a multitude of sins," I Pet. 4, as our Saviour told the woman 
in the Gospel, that washed his feet, " many sins were forgiven her, for she loved 
much," Luke vii. 47; "it will defend the fatherless and the widow," Isa. i. 17; "will 
seek no revenge, or be mindful of wrong," Levit. xix. 18; "will bring home his 
brother's ox if he go astray, as it is commanded," Deut. xxii. 1 ; " will resist evil, 
give to him that askelh. and not turn from him that borroweth, bless them that curse 
him, love his enemy," Matt, v; "bear his brother's burthen," Gal. vi. 7. He that so 
loves will be hospitable, and distribute to the necessities of the saints ; he will, if it 
be possible, have peace with all men, " feed his enemy if he be hungry, if he be 
athirst give him drink ;" he will perform those seven works of mercy, " he will 
make himself equal to them of the lower sort, rejoice with them that rejoice, weep 
with them that weep," Rom. xii; he will speak truth to his neighbour, be courteous 
and tender-hearted, " forgiving others for Christ's sake, as God forgave him," Eph. 
iv. 32; "he will be like minded," Phil. ii. 2. " Of one judgment; be humble, meek, 
long-suffering," Colos. iii. "Forbear, forget and forgive," xii. 13. 23. and what he 
doth shall be heartily done to God, and not to men. "Be pitiful and courteous," 1 
Pet. iii. " Seek peace and follow it." He will love his brother, not in word and 
ton^e, but in deed and truth, John iii. 18. "and he that loves God, Clirist will love 
him that is begotten of him," John v. 1, &c. Thus should we willingly do, if we 
had a true touch of this charity, of this divine love, if we could perform this which 
we are enjoined, forget and forgive, and compose ourselves to those Christian laws , 



of love. 

»^*'0 felix hnminum genus. 
Si vestros aniiiios amor 
Quo cflBlum regitur regat !" 



** Kpisl. 52. WGreg. Per amnrenc Dei, prozimi 

gignilur; et p«r hunc atnorem pro.ximi, Dei nutrilur. 
•' Piccolomineus, grad. 7. cap. 27. hoc felici ainnris iiodo 
ligantur familix civitates, &.c. *! Veras absohiias 

hiec parit virlulcs, radix omnium virtutiim, mensi et 
H>>ritus '^Diviuo calore aiiimos .nciKtit. iuccn- 



sos purgat, purgatos elevat ad Deum, Deum plhvat, ho 
mjnein Deo conciliat. Bernard. ^ [n^ inficit, hi» 

pcrfjcjt. ille deprimit, hie elevat; hie tranqiiillitaceu: 
ille caras oarit : hie vitam rectfi informat, ille defoimat 
&.C. ^ Boethius, lib. 2. met. 8. 



440 Love-Melancholy [Part. 3. 3cc • 

"Angelical souls, how blessed, how happy should we be, so loving, how might we 
triumph over the devil, and have another heaven upon earth !" 

But this we cannot do; and which is the cause of all our woes, miseries, discon- 
tent, melancholy, ^"^ want of tiiis charity. We do invicem aiiguriare^ contemn, con- 
sult, vex, torture, molest, and hold one another's noses to the grindstone hard, pro- 
voke, rail, scoff, calumniate, challenge, hate, abuse (hard-hearted, implacable, mali- 
cious, peevish, inexorable as we are), to sati fy our lust or privalp spleen, for " toys 
trifles, and impertinent occasions, spend ourselves, goods, friends, fortunes, to be 
revenged on our adversary, to ruin him and his. 'Tis all our study, practice, and 
business how to plot mischief, mine, countermine, defend and oflend, ward ourselves, 
injure others, hurt all ; as if we were born to do mischief, and that with such eager- 
ness and bitterness, with such rancour, malice, rage, and fury, we prosecute our 
intended designs, that neither affinity or consanguinity, love or fear of God or men 
can contain us : no satisfaction, no composition will be accepted, no offices will 
serve, no submission ; though he shall upon his knees, as Sarpedon did to Glancua 
in Homer, acknowledging his error, yield himself with tears in his eyes, beg his par- 
don, we will not relent, forgive, or forget, till we have confounded him and his 
"made dice of ins bones," as they say, see him rot in prison, banish his friends, 
followers, et omm invisum genus, rooted him out and all his posterity. Monsters 
of men as we ire, dogs, wolves, ^^ tigers, fiends, incai-nale devils, we do not only 
contend, oj)press, and tyrannise ourselves, but as so many firebrands, we set on, and 
animate others : our whole life is a perpetual combat, a conflict, a set battle, a snarl- 
ing fit. Eris (lea is settled in our tents, ^^ Omnia de lite, opposing wit to wit, wealth 
to wealth, strength to strength, fortunes to fortunes, friends to friends, as at a sea- 
fight, we turn our broadsides, or two millstones with continual attrition, we fire our 
selves, or break another's backs, and both are ruined and consumed in the end. 
C Miserable wretches, to fat and enrich ourselves, we care not how we get it, Quocun- 
que modo rcjn; how many thousands we undo, whom we oppress, by whose ruin 
and downfall we arise, whom we injure, fatherless children, widows, conmion soci- 
eties, to satisfy our own private lust. \ Though we have myriads, abundance of 
wealth and treasure, (pitiless, merciless, remorseless, and uncharitable in the highest 
degree), and our poor brother in need, sickness, in great extremity, and now ready 
to be starved for want of food, we had rather, as the fox told the ape, his tail should 
s'veep the ground still, than cover his buttocks ; rather spend it idly, consume it with 
dogs, hawks, hounds, unnecessary buildings, in riotous apparel, ingurgitate, or l«t it 
be lost, than he should have part of it; '"rather take from him that little which he 
hath, than relieve hnn.\ 

Like the dog in the manger, we neither use it ourselves, let others make use of or 
enjoy it; part with nothing while we live: for want of disposing our household, 
and setting things in order, set all the world together by the ears after our deatlv-^ 
,.J*oor Lazarus lies howling at his gates for a few crumbs, he only seeks chippings, 
offals ; let him roar and howl, famish, and eat his own flesh, he respects him not. 
A poor decayed kinsman of his sets upon him by the way in all his jollity, and runs 
begging bareheaded b\^ him, conjuring by those former bonds of friendship, alliance, 
consanguinity, &c., uncle, cousin, brother, father. 



" Per ego has lachryinas. dexlramqiie tiiam te. 

Pi i)ii)il(iiiaiii de tn iiieriii, fuil aut tibi quidquam 
nulr(! iMiMiiii, iiiisere luei." 



I 



" Show some pity for Christ's sake, pity a sick man, an old man, &c.," he cares 
not, ride on : pretend sickness, inevitable loss of limbs, goods, plead suretyship, or 
shipwreck, fires, conmion calamities, show thy wants and imperfections, 

" Et si per sanctum jiiratus dicat Osyrim, 
Credile, nori liido, crudeles lollite claudum." 

*' Swear, protest, take God and all his angels to witness, qucRre peregrinum, thou 
art a counterfeit crank, a cheater, he is not touched with it, pauper uhique jacet, ride 
on, he takes no notice of it." Put up a supplication to him in the name of a thou- 

•6Dpli^^,lillm patitiir charitas, odium ejus locn succe- I » Heraclitus. lOnSi in sehennain abit, paiiperem qui 

iil. Basil. , ser. de iiisiit. 1111)11. "' Nudum in scirpo non alal. quid de eo fiel qui paujiereui denudai? 
tiisreiitt;s. *Hircana>que adniorunt ubera tigres. I Austin. 



Mem. 3.] Charity. 441. 

sand orphans, a hospital, a spittel, a prison, as he goes by, they cry out to him foi 
aid, ride on, surdo narras^ he cares not, let them eat stones, devour themselves with 
vermin, rot in their own dung, he cares not. Show him a decayed haven, a bridge. 
a school, a fortification, &c., or some public work, ride on; good your worsliip, 
your honour, for God's sake, your country's sake, ride on. But show him a roli 
A'herein his name shall be registered in golden letters, and commended to all pos* 
lerity, his arms set up, with his devices to be seen, then peradventure he will stuv 
and contribute ; or if thou canst thunder upon him, as Papists do, with satisfactory 
and meritorious works, or persuade him by this means he shall save his soul out of 
hell, and free it from purgatory (if he be of any religion), then in all likelihood he 
will listen and stay ; or that he have no children, no near kinsman, heir, he cares 
for, at least, or cannot well tell otherwise how or where to bestow his possessions 
(for carry them with him he cannot), it may be then he will build some school or" 
hospital in his life, or be induced to give liberally to pious uses after his death. For 
I dare boldly say, vain-glory, tliai opinion of merit, and this enforced necessity, when 
they know not otherwise how to leave, or what better to do with them, is the main 
cause of most of our good works. I will not urge this to derogate from any man's 
cliaritable devotion, or bounty in this kind, to censure any good work ; no doubt 
there be many sanctified, heroical, and worthy-minded men, that in true zeal, and 
for virtue's sake (divine spirits), that out of commiseration and pity extend their 
liberality, and as much as- in them lies do good to all men, clothe the naked, feed the 
hungry, comfort the sick and needy, relieve all, forget and forgive injuries, as true 
charity requires ; yet most part there is simuJatum quid., a deal of hypocrisy in this 
kind, much default and defect. -' Cosmo de Medici, that rich citizen of Florence, 
ingeniously confessed to a near friend of his, that would know of him why he built 
so many public and magnificent palaces, and bestowed so liberally on scholars, not 
that he loved learning more than others, '■'■ but to '^ eternise his own name, to be im- 
mortal by the benefit of scholars ; for when his friends were dead, walls decayed," 
and all inscriptions gone, books would remain to the world's end.',' , The lanthorn 
in '^Athens was built by Zenocles, the theatre by Pericles, the famous port Pyraeum 
by Musicles, Pallas Palladium by Phidias, the Pantheon by Calhcratidas \ but liiese 
brave monuments are decayed all, and ruined long since, their builders' names alone 
flourish by meditation of writers. And as ■* he said of that Manan oak, now cut 
down and dead, nullius Jlgricolce manu vulta slirps tarn diutiirna, qua/n qua. poetcB 
versu seminarl potest, no plant can grow so long as that which is ingcnio sata^ set 
and manured by those ever-living wits. * AUon Backuth, that weeping oak, under 
which Deborah, Rebecca's nurse, died, and was buried, may not survive the raemorv 
of such everlasting monuments. Vain-glory and emulation (as to most men) was 
the cause efiicient, and to be a trumpeter of his own fame, Cosmo's sole intent so to 
do good, that all the world might take notice of it. Such for the most part is the 
charity of our times, such our benefactors, Mecaenates and patrons. Show me amongst 
so many myriads, a truly devout, a right, honest, upright, meek, humble, a patient, 
innocuous, innocent, a merciful, a loving, a charitable man ! ^Probus quis nobiscum 

vivit? Show me a Caleb or a Joshua! Die mihi Musa virum show a virtuous 

woman, a constant wife, a good neighbour, a trusty servant, an obedient child, a 
true friend, &c. Crows in Africa are not so scant. He that shall examine this 
'iron age wherein we live, where love is cold, et jam terras Astrea re /ti^u/i, justice 
fled with her assistants, virtue expelled, 

» " JiistitifE soror, 

liicorrupta tiiles, luidaque Veritas,"^ 

all goodness gone, where vice abounds, the devil is loose, and see one man vilify 
and insult over his brother, as if he were an innocent, or a block, oppress, tyrannise 
i)rey upon, torture him, vex, gall, toi-ment and crucify him, starve him, where is 
charity .'' He that shall see men ^ swear and forswear, lie and bear false witness, to 



1 Jovius, vita ejus. » Immortalitatem beneficio 

Uterarum, iiiiiiiortali glorinsa quadam cupidilate con- 
eupivit. duod civesquibus beiielVcisset perituri.niOBrii i 
Tiiitura, etsi regio suniptu aedificata, non lihri. » Plu- 
'arcli, Pericle. ♦Tulluis, lib. 1. (ie lei!Jbus. •Gen. | iu:ii fore scito 
«ixv. 8. « Hnr. 'Uuruui genis suiiius. '"Th 

56 



sister of justice, honour inviolate, and naked trulo " 
•Tull. pro Rose. Mentiri vis causa niea ? ego vero 
cupide et libeiiter mnitiar tua cawsa ; el si quando rne 
VIS perjurare. ut paululuui lu '•nnipeniiii "-Aciaa para 



442 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



JPart. 3. Sec. i 



advantage thi-mselves, prejudice others, hazard goods, liveb, ibrtunes, credit, all, to 
be revenged on their enemies, men so unspeakable in their lusts, unnatural in malice, 
such blo»)dy designments, Italian blasplieming, Spanish renouncing, &tc., may well 
ask where is charily ? He that shall observe so many lawsuits, such endless con 
tentions, such plotting, undermining, so much money spent with such eagerness and 
fury, eAcry man for liimself, his own ends, the devil for all: so many distressed 
souls, such lamentable complaints, so many factions, conspiracies, seditions, oppres- 
sions, abuses, injuries, sucli grudging, repining, discontent, so much emulation, envy, 
«<^ many brawls, ([uarrels, monomachies, Stc, may well require what is become of 
charity ? wlien we see and read of such cruel wars, tumults, uproars, bloody battles, 
so many '"men slain, so many cities ruinated, &.c. (for what else is the subject of all 
our stories almost, but bills, bows, and guns!) so many murders and massacros, &c., 
where is charity ? Or see men wholly devote to God, churchmen, professed divinesf'' 
holy m-en, ""to make the trumpet of the gospel the trumpet of war," a company 
of hell-born Jesuits, and liery-spirited ii'vdvs^ faccm prmferre to all seditions; as so 
many firebrands set all the world by tiie ears (I say nothing of their contentious and 
railing books, whole ages spent in writing one against another, and that with such 
virulency and bitterness, Bioncris sermonibus el sale nigro)^ and by their bloody in- 
quisitions, that in tliirty years. Bale saith. consumed 39 princes, 148 earls, 235 
barons, 14,755 commons; worse than those ten persecutions, may justly doubt 
where is charity ?) Obsecro vos quules hi dcmum Chrisliani ! Are these Christians ? 
1 beseech you tell me : he that shall observe and see these things, may say to them 
as Cato to Caesar, credo qucp, de inferls dicunfur falsa existimas, ••' sure I think thotJ' 
art of opinion there is neither heaven nor hell." Let them pretend religion, zeal, 
make what shows they will, give alms, peace-makers, frequent sermons, if we may 
guess at the tree by the fruit, they are no better than hypocrites, epicures, atheists, 
with the '^ " fool in their hearts they say there is no God.') 'Tis no marvel then if 
being so uncharitable, hard-hearted as we are, we have so frequent and so many discon- 
tents, such melancholy fits, so many bitter pangs, mutual discords, all in a combus- 
tion, often complaints, st) common grievances, general mischiefs, si tantce in terria 
iragocdicB,, quibus labcfactaiur ei misere laceratur humanum genus, so many pesti- 
lences, wars, uproars, losses, deluges, fires, inundations, God's vengeance and all the 
plagues of Egypt, come upon us, since we are so currish one towards another, so 
respectless of God, and our neighbours, and by our crying sins pull these miseries 
upon our own heads. Nay more, 'tis justly to be feared, which "'Josephus once 
said of his countrymen Jews, '' if the Romans had not come when they did to sack 
their city, surely it had been swallowed up with some earthquake, deluge, or fired 
from heaven as Sodom and Gomorrah : their desperate malice, wickedness and pee- 
vishness was such." 'Tis to be suspected, if we continue tliese wretched ways, we 
may look for the like heavy visitations to come upon us. If we had any sense or 
feeling of these things, surely we should not go on as we do, in such irregular 
courses, practise all manner of impieties ; our whole carriage would not be so averse 
from God. If a man would but consider, when he is in the midst and full career of 
such prodigious and uncharitable actions, how displeasing they are in God's sight, 
how noxious to himself, as Solomon told Joab, 1 Kings, ii. "-The Lord shall bring 
this blood upon their heads." Prov. i. 27, "■ sudden desolation and destruction shall 
come like a whirlwind upon them: affliction, anguish, the reward of his hand shall 
be given him," Isa. iii. 11, &.C., " they shall fall into the pit they have digged tor 
others," and when they are scraping, tyrannising, getting, wallowing in their wealth, 
" mis night, O fool, I will lake away thy soul," what a severe account they must 
make; and how '''gracious on the other side a charitable man is in God's eyes, 
luiurit sibi gradam. Matt. v. 7, " Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain 
mercy : he that lendeth to the poor, gives to God," and how it shall be restored to 
them again ; " how by their patience and long-suflbring they shall heap coals on 



I 



I 



•"Gallienus in Treb. Pollio lacera, occide, mea mente 
irascere. Rabie jecur incendente feruntur prKcipites, 
Vn(iiscus of Aurelian. Taiitiitn fudil sanguinis quan 
'nini quis villi potavit. 'i Kvangelii liibain belli tubam 
"aciuiil; in pulpitis pa/'ein. in colloqniis bellum sua- 
deiit. ispsui. xiii. J '^ De bello Jndaico, lib. 6. c. 



16. Puto si Romani contra nos veniro tardassent, lut 
hiatu tprrSE devorandani fuisse civitatein, aut diliifio 
peritLirani, aut fiilniina ac Sodoma cum incend'o |as- 
siirain, ob dcsperatum populi, &c. " Benefacil aniioas 
sua: vir niisericors. 



Mym. ]. Subs. 1.] 



Lovers Power and Extent. 



443 



their enemies' heads," Rom. xii. " and he that foUoweth after righteousness and 
merry, shall find righteousness and glory;" surely they would check their desires 
".urb in their unnatural, inordinate affections, agree amongst themselves, abstain from 
doing evil, amend their lives, and learn to do well. "Behold how comely and o-ood 
a thing it is for brethren to live together in '^ union : it is like the precious ointment, 
Slc How odious to contend one with the other!" ^^Miscriquid luctatiimculis 
kisce volumus ? ccce mors supra caput est, et supremum illiid tribunal, ubi et dicta 
U facta nostra exaininanda sunt : Sapiamus! " Why do we contend and vex one 
another .'' behold death is over our heads, and we must shortly give an account of all 
our uncharitable words and actions : think upon it : and be wise." 



SECT. II. MEMB. I. 



SuBSECT. I. — Heroical love causeth Melancholy. His Pedigree, Pmoer, and Extent. 

In the preceding section mention was made, amongst other pleasant objects, of 
t!\is comeliness and beauty which proceeds from women, that causeth heroical, or 
love-melancholy, is more eminent above the rest, and properly called love. The 
part affected in men is the liver, and therefore called heroical, because commonly 
gallants. Noblemen, and the most generous spirits are possessed with it. His 
power and extent is very large, " and in that twofold tlivision of love, f^iXiiv and ipwv 
"* those two veneries which Plato and some other make mention of it is most emi- 
nent, and zor' t^oxriv called Venus, as I have said, or love itself. Which although it 
be denominated from men, and most evident in them, yet it extends and shows itself 
in vegetal and sensible creatures, those incorporeal substances (as shall be speciffed), 
and hatli a large dominion of sovereignty over them. His pedigree is very ancient, 
derived from the beginning of the world, as '^ Phjedrus contends, and his ^^ parent- 
age of such antiquity, that no poet could ever find it out. Hesiod makes ^' Terra 
and Chaos to be Love's parents, before the Gods were born : Ante deos omnes pri- 
mum generavit amorcm. Some think it is the self-same fire Prometheus fetched from 
heaven. /Plutarch amator. libello, will have Love to be the son of Iris and Favo- 
nius ; but Socrates in that pleasant dialogue of Plato, when it came to his turn to 
speak of love, (of which subject Agalho the rhetorician, magniloquus Agatho, that 
chaunter Agalho, had newly given occasion) in a poetical strain, telleth this tale : 
when Venus was born, all the gods were invited to a banquet, and amongst the rest, 
^" Porus the god of bounty and wealth ; Penia or Poverty came a begging to the 
door; Porus well whittled with nectar (for tlrere was no wine in those days) walk- 
ing in Jupiter's garden, in a bovver met with Penia, and in his drink got her with 
child, of wiiom was born Love; and because he was begotten on Venus's birthday, 
Venus still attends upon him. The moral of this is in '^^Ficinus. Another tale is 
there borrowed out of Aristophanes : '^* in the beginning of the world, men had four 
arms and four feet, but for their pride, because they compared themselves with the 
gods, were parted into halves, and now peradventure by love they hope to be united' 
again and made one. Otherwise thus, ^^ Vulcan met two lovers, and bid them ask 
what they would and they should have it; but they made answer, O Vulcane faber 
Deorum, &fc. " O Vulcan the gods' great smith, we beseech thee to work us anew 
in thy furnace, and ol" two make us one ; which he presently did, and ever since 
true lovers are either all one, or else desire to be united." Many such tales you 
shall find in Leon HebnBus, dial. 3. and their moral to them. The reason why Love 
was still painted young, (as Fhornutus ^® and others will) ^' " is because young men 



"Concordia magnse res crescunt, discordia maximoe 
dii!i(.jr,tur. is Lipsius. " Memb. 1. Subs. 2. 

w Amor et amicitia. ^' Phsedrus orat. in laiuiem 

anioris Platonis ccmvivio. 20 Vide Boccas. de Genial 
lieonini. ^i See the moral in Pint, of that fiction. 

a AffluentiiE Deus. ^acap. 7. Ooininenl. in Plat, 

conviviuni. 24 gee more in Valesius, lib. 3. cont. 

ned et cont. 13. ^^ Vives 3. de aninia; oranms te nt 
*uis arltbus et caminis nos refingas, et ex duobus unum 



facias; quod et fecit, et e.\inde amatores unum sunt et 
unum esse petunt. ^^ See more in Natalis Comes 

Imag. Deorum Philostratus de Imaginibus. Lilius Gi- 
raldus Syntag. de dils. Phornutus, &c. ^'Juvenin 

piuifitur quod amore plerumque juvencs capiunlur; sis 
et mollis, formosus, nudus, quod simple.ic et apertus hin 
afl'ectus; ridet quod oblectamentum pra) se teiat, cum 
pliarelra, &c. 



444 



Love-Melancfiuiy. 



"''art. 3. Sec. I 



are most apt t? love; soft, fair, and fat, because such folks are soonest taken : naked, 
because all tri e aftbction is simple and open : he smiles, because merry and given to 
delights : hath a quiver, to sliow his power, none can escape : is blind, because he 
sees not where he strikes, whom he hits, &.c." His power and sovereignty is ex- 
pressed by the '^'^ poets, in that he is held to be a god, and a great commanding god, 
above Jupiter himself; Magnus Daemon, as Plato calls him, the strongest and mer- 
riest of all the gods according to Alcinous and ^^ Athenaeus, Amor virorum rex, amor 
rex el deiim as Euripides, the god of gods and governor of men ; for we must all 
do homage to him, keep a holiday few his deity, adore in his temples, worship his 
image, {iiumen enim hoc non est nudum nomen) and sacrifice to his altar, that conquers 
all, and rules all: 

so " Mallem cum icniie, cervo et apro iEolico, 
Cum Atiteo et Stymphaljcis avibus luctari 
Q,iiam cum amore" 

" I had rather contend with bulls, lions, bears, and giants, than with Love ;" he is st 
powerful, enforceth ^' all to pay tribute to him, domineers over all, and can make 
mad and sober whom he list ; insomuch that Cascilius in Tully's Tusculans, holds 
him to be no better than a fool or an idiot, that doth not acknowledge Love to be a 
great god. 

32"Cui in nianu sit quem esse dementem velit, 
tiueiii sapere, quern in inorbum injici, &c." 

That can make sick, and cure whom he list. Homer and Stesichorus were both 
made blind, if you will believe ^^ Leon Hebreus, for speaking against his godhead : 
and though Aristophanes degrade him, and say that he was ^scornfully rejected from 
the council of the gods, had his wings clipped besides, that he might come no more 
amongst them, and to his farther disgrace banished heaven for ever, and confined to 
dwell on earth, yet he is of that ''^ power, majesty, omnipotency, and dominion, that 
no creature can withstand him. 

36 " Imperat Cupido otiain diis pro arbitrio, 

Et ips-um arci'io ne arniipotens potest Jupiter." 

He is more than quarter-master with the gods, 

S7 "Tenpt 

Thetide tequor, umbras iEaco, cesium Jove:" 

and hath not so much possession as dominion. Jupiter himself was turned into a 
satyr, shepherd, a bull, a swan, a golden shower, and what not, for love ; that as 
^Lucian's Juno right well objected to him, Indus amoris tu es, thou art Cupid's 
whirligig : how did he insult over all the other gods. Mars, Neptune, Pan, Mercury, 
Bacchus, and the rest ? ^^ Lucian brings in Jupiter complaining of Cupid that he 
could not be quiet for him ; and the moon lamenting that she was so impotently be- 
sotted on Endymion, even Venus herself confessing as much, how rudely and in 
what sort her own son Cupid had used her being his ^^ mother, " now drawing her 
to Mount Ida, for the love of that Trojan Anchises, now to Libanus for that Assyrian 
youth's sake. And although she threatened to break his bow and arrows, to clip 
his wings, '"and whipped him besides on the bare buttocks with her phantophle, yet 
all would not serve, he was too headstrong and unruly." That monster-conquering 
Hercules was tamed by him : 



' Queni non mille feriB, queni tion Sthenelejus host] 
Nee potuit Juno vincere, vicit amor." 



Whom neither beasts nor enemies could tame, 
Nor Juno's miglit subdue, Love quelld the same. 



Your bravest soldiers and most generous spirits are enervated with it, ^^uhi mulieri" 
bus blnnditiis permittunt se, et inquinanlur amplexibus. Apollo, that took upon him 
to cure all diseases, ''^ could not help himself of this ; and therefore ''■* Socrates calls 
Love a tyrant, and brings him triumphing in a chariot, whom Petrarch imitatef in 
his triumph of Love, and Fracastorius, in an elegant poem expresseth at large, Cupid 
riding, Mars and Apollo following his chariot. Psyche weeping, &c. 

In vegetal creatures what sovereignty love hath, by many pregnant proofs and 



"8 A petty Pope claves habet superorum et inferorum, 
ds Orpheus, &c. ^ Lib. 13. cap. 5. Dyphnoso. 

■"RfiKnat et in superos jus habei ille deos. Ovid. 
" Plautus. 32 Seidell pro leg. 3. cap. de diis Syris. 

™ Dial. 3. *< A concilio Ueoruni rejectus et ad majo- 

rem ejus ignominiain. &c. s6 Fuiniiiis concitatior. 

•• Sophocles. 37 ■• He divides I he empire of the sea 

with Thetis, — of the Sliades, with .^acus, — o«" t>>e 



Heaven, with Jove." 3«Tom. 4. ''Dial, deorum, 

torn. 3. '"Quippe matrem ipsius quihus modis 

me afficit, nunc in Idam adigens Anchisie causa, &c. 
■" Jampridem et plagas ipsi in nates incussi sandalio. 
*- Altopiliis, fol. 7i>. *^ Nullis amor est medicnbilis 

herbis. « Plutarch in Amatorio. Dictator auu 

creato cessant reliqui magistraius. 



*Iein 1 Subs. l.J Love''s Puxer and Extent. 445 

lamiliar examples ma} be proved, especially of palm-trees, which are both 1 e ana 
she, and express not a sympathy but a love-passion, and by many observations have 
been confirmed. 

45" vivunt in venerem frondes, omnisque vicissim 
Felix arbor amat, nutaiit et miitiia palms 
Fcedera, popiileo suspirat populiis ictii, 
Et platano platanus, alnoque assihilat ainus." 

Constantine de Agric. lib. 10. cap. 4. gives an instance out of Florentius his 
Georgics, of a palm-tree that loved most fervently, "^ " and would not be comforted 
until such time her love applied herself unto her ; you might see the two trees bend, 
and of their own accords stretch out their boughs to embrace and kiss each other : 
they will give manifest signs of mutual love." Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. 24, re- 
ports that they marry one anotlier, and fall in love if they grow in sight; and when 
the wind brings the smell to them, they are marvellously affected. Philostratus in. 
Imaginibus.1 observes as much, and Galen lib. 6. de locis affectis, cap. 5. they will be 
sick for love; ready to die and pine away, which the husbandmen perceiving, saith 
"'Constantine, "stroke many palms that grow together, and so stroking again the 
palm tliat is enamoured, they carry kisses from the one to the other :" or tying the 
leaves and branches of the one to the stem of the other, will make them both 
flourish and prosper a great deal better . ■*^" which are enamoured, they can perceive 
by the bending of boughs, and inclination of their bodies." If any man think this 
w'hich I say to be a tale, let him read that story of two palm-trees in Italy, the male 
growing at Brundusium, the female at Otranto (related by Jovianus Pontanus in an 
excellent poem, sometimes tutor to Alphonsus junior. King of Naples, his secretary 
of state, and a great philosopher) " which were barren, and so continued a long 
time," till they came to see one another growing up higher, though many stadiums 
asunder, Pierius in his Hieroglyphics, and Melchior Guilandinus, Mem. 3. tract, de 
papyro. cites this story of Pontanus for a truth. See more in Salmuth Comment, in 
Pancirol. de JYova repert. Tit. I. de novo orbe, Mizaldus Arcanorum lib. 2. Sand's 
Voyages, lib. 2.fol. 103. S^c. 

If such fury be in vegetals, what shall we think of sensible creatures, how much 
more violent and apparent shall it be in them ! 

.„., „ , . ■ . • .. r I " All kind of creatures in the earth, 

■"•"Omne adeo genus in terns hominiimqiip frrarum, And fihes of the ^ea 

Et genus aequoreum, pecudes. picta-que volucres ^,,j -^^^^ ^^^^^ ^j^ ^' 3,;^ 

In furias ignemque ruuni ; amor omnibus idem. | ^.j^J^ 1^^^ ^^^^^ equal sway." 

M" Hie Deus et terras et maria alta domat." 

Common experience and our sense will inform us how violently brute beasts are 

carried away with this passion, horses above the rest, furor est insignis equa- 

rum. ^' " Cupid in Lucian bids Venus his mother be of good cheer, for he was now 
familiar with lions, and oftenthnes did get on their backs, hold them by the mane, 
and ride them about like horses, and they would fawn upon him with their tails." 
Bulls, bears, and boars are so furious in this kind they kill one another : but espe- 
cially cocks, *^ lions, and harts, which are so fierce that you may hear them fight 
half a mile ofl^, saith ^^Turberville, and many times kill each other, or compel them 
to abandon the rut, that they may remain masters in their places ; " and when one 
hath driven his co-rival away, he raiseth his nose up into the air, and looks aloft, as 
though he gave thanks to nature," which aflbrds him such great delight. How birds 
aiti affected in this kind, appears out of Aristotle, he will have them h:> sing obfutu- 
ram venerem, for joy or in hope of their venery which is to come. 

W'iEeriffi primum volucres te Diva tuumque 
Significant initum, percuiss corda tua vi.' 

'' Fishes 
and are 



Significant initum, percuiss corda tua vi." 

pine away for love and wax lean," if ^^Gomesius's authority may be taken, 
rampant too, some of them: Peter Gellius, lib. 10. de hist, animal, tells 



'^Claui^iaa descript. vener. aula. "Trees are in- 
fluenced by love, and every flourishing tree in turn feels 
the passion : palms nod mutual vows, poplar sighs to 
poplar, plane to plane, and alder breathes to alder." 
"i Neque prius in iis desiderium cessat dum dejectus 
consoletur; videreenim est ipsain arborem incurvatam, 
ultroramis ab utrisque vicissim ad osnulum exporrectis. 
IWanifesta dant riiutui desiderii signa. ■" Multas 

palnias contingens qus siniul crescunt, rursusque ad 
amantem regrediens, eamque manu attingens, quasi 
usi'.uluni mutuo luiiiistrare videtur, et expediti concu' 



bitus gratiam facit. ■leCiuam vero ipsa desidere* 

aflectu ramorum significat, et adullam respicit; aman 
tur, &c. «Virg. 3. Georg MFropertius. ^i Dial, 
deorum. Confide mater, leonibus ipsis fanriliaris jam 
factiis sum, et saepe conscendi eorum terga et appre- 
hendi jubas; equorum more insidens eos agito, et illi 
mihi caudis adblandiuntur. 62 Leones prs amore 

furunt, Plin. I.8.C. 1(5. Arist. 1. 6. hist, animal. i>3 0ap. 
17. of his book of hunting. ^4 Lucretius. '^ De 

sale lib. I. c. 21. Pisces oh amorem marcescunl, pallcs- 
cunt, &C. , 



2N 



4 4G Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

w onders of a triton in Epirus : there was a well not far from the shore, m here the 
country wenches fetched water, they, ^^tiitons, stupri causd would set upon them 
and carry them to the sea, and there drown them, if they would not yield ; so Iovp 
tyranniseth in dumb creatures. Yet this is natural for one beast to dote upon an- 
other of the same kind ; but what strange fury is that, when a beast shall dote upon 
a man.? Saxo Grammaticus, lib. 10. Duv. hist, halh a story of a bear that loved a 
woman, kept her in his den a long time and begot a son of her, out of whose loins 
proceeded many northern kings : this is the original belike of that common tale of 
Valentine and Orson : Julian, Pliny, Peter Gillius, are full of such relations. A pea- 
cock in Lucadia loved a maid, and when she died, the peacock pined. *'" A dolphin 
loved a boy called Hernias, and when he died, the fish came on land, and so perished." 
The like adds Gellius, lib. 10. cap. 22. out of Appion, jEgypt. lib. 15. a dolphin at 
Puteoli loved a child, would come often to him, let him get on his back, and carry 
him about, "^^and when by sickness the child was taken away, the dolphin died." — 
69u£ygj.y book is full (saith Busbequius, the emperor's orator with the grand signior, 
not long since, e.p. 3. legal. Tare.)., and yields such instances, to believe which 1 
was always afraid lest I should be thought to give credit to fables, until 1 saw a lynx- — 
which I had from Assyria, so affected towards one of my men, that it cannot be 
denied but that he was in love with him. When my man was present, the beast 
would use many notable enticements and pleasant motions, and when he was going, 
hold him back, and look after him when he was gone, very sad in his absence, but 
most jocund when he returned : and when my man went from me, the beast expressed 
his love with continual sickness, and after he had pined away some few days, died." 
Such another story he hath of a crane of Majorca, that loved a Spaniard, that would 
walk any way with him, and in his absence seek about for him, make a noise that 
he might hear her, and knock at his door, ^""-and when he took his last farewell, 
famished herself." Such pretty pranks can love play with birds, fishes, beasts : 

6'(" CcElestis itheris, pntiti, terrte claves liabet Venus, 
Solaque istorutii omniiiiii imperiuin otitiiiet.") 

and if all be certain that is credibly reported, with the spirits of the air, and devils 
of hell themselves, who are as much enamoured and dote (if I may use that word) 
as any other creatures whatsoever. For if those stories be true that are written of 
incubus and succubus, of nymphs, lascivious fauns, satyrs, and those heathen gods 
which were devils, those lasciviouus Telchines, of whom the Platonists tell so many 
fables ; or those familiar meetings in our days, and company of witches and devils, 
there is some probability for it. 1 know that Biarmannus, Wierus, lib. 1. cap. 19. 
et 24. and some others stoutly deny it, that the devil hath any carnal copulation withr'^ 
women, that the devil takes no pleasure in such facts, they be mere fantasies, all 
such relations of incubi, succubi, lies and tales; but Austin, lib. 15. do. civil. Dei^ 
doth acknowledge it : Erastus de Lamiis, Jacobus Sprenger and his colleagues, &,c. 
*^Zanchius, cap. 16. lib. 4. de oper. Dei. Dandinus, in Jirisl. de Jlnimd., lib. 2. lexl. 29. 
com. 30. Bodin, lib. 2. caji. 7. and Paracelsus, a great champion of this tenet amongst 
the rest, which give sundry peculiar instances, by many testimonies, proofs, and con- 
fessions evince it. Hector Boethius, in his Scottish history, hath three or four such 
examples, which Cardan confirms out of him, lib. 10. cap. 43. of such as have hai. 
familiar company many years with them, and that in the habit of men and women 
Philostratus in his fourth book dc vita Jipollonii., hath a memorable instance in this 
kind, which I may not omit, of one Menippus Lycius, a young man twenty-five years 
of age, that going between Cenchreas and Corinth, met such a phantasm in the habit 
of a fair gentlewoman, which taking him by the hand, carried iiim home to her 
house in the suburbs of Corinth, and told him she was a Phoenician by biith, and 
if he would tarry with her, '^''"he should hear her sing and play, and drink such 

M Haiiriendae aqus causa venientfs ej insidiis a , derium suum testatus post inediam aliquot, diprum 
Tritoiie cnmprehensiB, &c. s' Pliri. I. 10. c. 3. quuiii- iiiteriit. ci Orpheus liyiniio Veti. " Venus keeps the 

que ahorta lemposlate periisset Hernias in sicco pi«cis keys of the air, earth, sea. and she alone retains thn 
expiravit. '"Postquum puer morbo ahiit, i'. ipse | command of all." "'^Clui hfRC in atrSE bills aut 

deipliinus periit. ^gpiefii sunt lihri quib'>s ferie in i Imaginallonis vim referre conati sunt, nihil faciunt. 

noinines inflammatae fuerunt, in quibu r-gn quidcni I ^3 Cantantein audies et vinum bibes, qmie antea nun. 
•einper assensum siistinui, verilus ne fabulosa crede- | quam hibisti ; te rivaiis turbabit nullus puldira auiem 
rem; Donee vidi lynceni quern habui nb Assyria, sic pulchro autem pulchro contents vivam ct m >rii>r 
iffrctum erga unum de meie hominibuc, Sec i^Dvsi- 



Mem. 1. "^ubs .j Lovc''s Power and Extent. 447 

wine as never any drank, and no man should molest him ; but she being fair and 
lonely would live and die with him, that was fair and lovely to behold." The 
young man a philosopher, otherwise staid and discreet, able to moderate his pas- 
sions, though not this of love, tarried with her awhile to his great content, and at 
last married her, to whose wedding, amongst other guests, came Apollonius, who, 
oy some probable conjectures, found her out to be a serpent, a lamia, and that all h^r 
furniture was like Tantalus's gold described by Homer, no substance, but mere illu- 
sions. When she saw herself descried, she wept, and desired Apollonius to be silent, 
but he would not be moved, and thereupon she, plate, house, and all that was in it, 
vanished in an instant : ^^ " many thousands took notice of tiiis fact, for it was done in 
the midst of Greece." Sabine in his Comment on the tenth of Ovid's Metamorphoses, 
at the tale of Orpheus, telleth us of a gentleman of Bavaria, that for many months 
together bewailed the loss of his dear wife ; at length the devil in her habit came 
and comforted him, and told him, because he was so importunate for her, that she 
would come and live with him again, on that condition he would be new married, 
never swear and blaspheme as he used formerly to do ; for if he did, she should be 
gone: '^'"•he vowed it, married, and lived with her, she brought him children, and 
governed his house, but was still pale and sad*, and so continued, till one day falling 
out with him, he fell a swearing ; she vanished thereupon, and was never after seen. 
^ This I have heard," saith Sabine, "• from persons of good credit, which told me that 
the Duke of Bavaria did tell it for a certainty to the Duke of Saxony." One more 
I will relate out of Florilegus, ad annum 1058, an honest historian of our nation, 
because he telleth it so confidently, as a thing in those days talked of all over 
Europe : a young gentleman of Rome, the same day that he was married, after din- 
ner with the bride and his friends went a walking into the fields, and towards even- 
ing to the tennis-court to recreate himself; whilst he played, he put his ring upon 
the finger of Venus statua, which was thereby made in brass ; after he had sufficiently 
played, and now made an end of his sport, he came to fetch his ring, but Venus had 
bowed her finger in, and he could not get it off. Whereupon loth to make his com- 
pany tarry at present, there left it, intending to fetch it the next day, or at some more 
convenient time, went thence to supper, and so to bed. In the night, when he should 
come to perform those nuptial rites, Venus steps between him and his wife (unseen ' 
or felt of her), and told her that she was his wife, that he had betrothed himself unto 
her by that ring, which he put upon her finger : she troubled him for some follow- 
ing niglUs. He not knowing how to help himself, made his moan to one Palumbus, 
a learned magician in those days, who gave him a letter, and bid him at such a time 
of the night, in such a cross-way, at the town's- end, where old Saturn would pass 
by with his associates in procession, as commonly he did, deliver that script with 
his own hands to Saturn himself; the young man of a bold spirit, accordingly did 
it; and when the old fiend had read it, he called Venus to him, who rode before him, 
and cammanded her to deliver his ring, which forthwith she did, and so the gentle- 
man was freed. Many such stories I find in several ^'' authors to confirm this which 
I have said ; as that more notable amongst the rest, of Philinium and Machates in 
^ Phlegon's Tract, de rebus 7)urabllUms, and though many be against it, yet I, for my 
part, will subscribe to Lactantius, lib. 14. cap. 15. ^^"God sent angels to the tuition 
of men; but whilst they lived amongst us, that mischievous all-commander of the 
earth, and hot in lust, enticed them by little and little to this vice, and defiled them 
with the company of women : and Anaxagoras, de resurrect. "^ Many of those spi- 
ritual bodies, overcome by the love of maids, and lust, failed, of whom those were 
born we call giants." ^Vjustin Martyr, Clemens Alexandrinus, Sulpitiu? Severus, 
Eusebius, &c., to this sense make a twofold fall of angels, one from the oeginning 
of the world, another a little before tlie deluge, as Muses teaclieth us, " openly pro- 
fessing tliat these genii Can beget, and have carnal copulation with women. At Japan 



M Mulli factum hor cognnvere, quou in meaia Gitpcia i misit ad tutelain cultumque generis Iminani ; sad illoa 



l^rstiim sit. ''^ Rem curaiis dniiiesticam, iit ante, 

pcperit aliquot lilieros, semper tameii trislis et pallida. 
•6 lliec audivi a ninltis fide difi'iis qui asseverahaiit dii- 
cem Bavarian eadem retulifse Duci Siiyuni^ pro veris. 
SI Fabiila Uimaiati ei Aiistonis in Herodolo lib. 6. 
Kraio. "" liii.erpret. Mersr <!» Oeus Angelus 



cum hominibus commoraiiies, doniinator ille terri-E sala- 
cissimus paulatiiii ad vitia pellexit, et iniilieruni con 
gressibus inqiiinavit. ™(iiii.iam ex illo capti sun 

arnore vjrginiim, el libidine vicli itefecerant, ex qiii'mi 
t'lgantes qui vocantur, iiali sunt. "' Pererius m 

Gen. lib. 8. c. 6. ver. 1. Zaiic. Sec. 



448 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3 Sect. 2 

in the East Indies, at this present (if we may believe the relation of ''^travellers), 
there is an idol called Teuchedy, to whom one of the fairest virgins in the country 
is monthly brought, and left in a private room, in the foloqui, or church, where she 
sits alone to be deflowered. At certain times "the Teuchedy (which is thought to 
be the devil) appears to her, and knoweth her carnally. Every month a fair virgin 
is taiven in ; but what becomes of the old, no man can tell. In that goodly templf 
of Jupiter Belus in Babylon, there was a lair chapel, '^ saith Herodotus, an eye-wit- 
ness of it, in which was splcndide stratus Icctus et apposila mensa atirea^ a brave 
bed, a table of gold, Stc, into which no creature came but one only woman, which 
their god made choice of, as the Chaldean priests told him, and that their god lay 
with her himself, as at Tlw;bes in ^Egypt was the like done of old. So that you see 
this is no news, the devils themselves, or their juggling priests, have played such 
pranks in all ages. Many divines stiffly contradict this ; but I will conclude witn 
" Lipsius, that since " examples, testimonies, and confessions, of those unhapp^" 
women are so manifest on the other side, and many even in this our town of 
Louvain, that it is likely to be so. "One thing I will add, that I suppose that 
in no age past, I know not by what destiny of this unhappy time, have theie 
ever appeared or showed themselves so many lecherous devils, satyrs, and genii, 
as in this of ours, as appears by the daily narrations, and judicial sentences upon 
record." Read more of this question in Plutarch, vit. JVmnce., Austin de civ. 
Dei. lib. 15. Wierus, lib. 3. de prcesfig. Dcpin. Giraldus Cambrensis, itinerar. 
Camb. lib. 1. Malleus, ?nalejic. qucBsi. b. part. 1. Jacobus Reussus, lib. 5. cap. 6. 
fol. 54. Godelman, lib. 2. cap. 4. Erastus, Valesius de sacra philo. cap. 40. John 
Nider, Formcar. lib. 5. cap. 9. Stroz. Cicogna. lib. 3. cap. 3. Delrio, Lipsius 
Bodine, dcBmonol. lib. 2. cap. 7. Pererius in Gen. lib. 8. in 6. cap. ver. 2. King 
James, &c. 

Sub SECT. II. — Hoio Love tyranniseth over men. Love, or Heroical Melancholy, his 

definition, part affected. 

You have heard how this tyrant Love rageth with brute beasts and spirits ; now 
let us consider what passions it causeth amongst men. 

"'' Lnprobe amor quid non mortalia pectora cogis? How it tickles the hearts of 

mortal men, Horresco referens,—* 1 am almost afraid to relate, amazed, "'and 

ashamed, it liath wrought such stupendous and prodigious effects, such foul offences. 
Love indeed (I may not deny) first united provinces, built cities, and by a per])etual 
generation makts and preserves rnankind, propagates the church ; but if it rage it is 
no more love, but burning lust, a disease, frenzy, madness, hell. '^ Est orcus die, 
vis est immedicahilis, est rabies insana; 'tis no virtuous habit this, but a vehemen* 
perturbation of the mind, a monster of nature, wit, and art, as Alexis in ''"Athenaeum 
sets it out, viriliter audax, muliebritcr timidum, furore prcBceps., labore infractuni, 
mel felleum, blanda percussio, Sfc. It subverts kingdoms, overthrows cities, towns, 
families, mars, corrupts, and makes a massacre of men ; thunder and lightning, wars, 
fires, plagues, have not done that mischief to mankind, as this burning lust, this 
brutish passion. Let Sodom and Gomorrah, Troy, (which Da.res Pln-ygius, and 

Dictis Cretensis Avill make good) and I know not how many cities bear record, 

et fuit ante Helenam, Sfc, all succeeding ages will subscribe : Joanna of Naples in 
Italy, Fredegunde and Brunhalt in France, all histories are full of these l^asilisks. 
Besides those daily monomachies, murders, effusion of blood, rapes, riot, and immo- 
derate expense, to satisfy their lusts, beggary, shame, loss, torture, punishment, dis- 
grace, loathsome diseases that proceed from tlience, worse than calentures and pesti- 
lent fevers, those often gouts, pox, arthritis, palsies, cramps, sciatica, convulsions, 
aches, combustions, &.C., which torment tlie body, that feral melancholy which cru- 
cifies the soul in this life, and everlastingly torments in the world to come. 

Notwithstanding they know these and many such miseries, threats, tortures, will 



"Purchas Hack posth. par. 1. lib. 4. cap. I.S. 7. "In 
«.'lio. '■• JJeus ipse hoc cubili requiesr.ens. '^ Physiolo- 
giae Stoicoriiin 1. Leap. 20. Si spiritusunde semen iis,&c, 



me ullo retro »vo tantani copiam Satyrorum, et sala- 
cium isloruin Geriinrum se osleiidisse, quaiitum n\inr. 
qiiotidiana; iiarrationes, et judiciale? sententia; prule 



t exempla tdrhaiit iios; tiiiilieriim qiiotiiliaiia; coiifes- runt. " Virg. '« " For il is a shame to speak 

siones de niisitiune oiniies asseriint, et suftt in hac iirbe of those tilings which are done ol" ihem in secret," Eoh 
U'vanio exempla. '6 u„uin dixero non opinari v. 12. '" Plutarch, amator lib. w Lib. 13 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2. 



Love''s Power and Extent. 



449 



.surely coaie uporj them, rewards, exhortations, e contra; yel ',itAer out of their own 
weakness, a depraved nature, or love's tyranny, which so furiously rageth, they suffer 
themselves to be led like an ox to the slaughter : (Facilis descensus Averni) they 
go down headlong to their ovvii perdition, tliey will commit folly with beasts, men 
"• leaving the natural use of women," as ^' Paul saith, " burned in lust one towards 
another, and man with man wrought filthiness." 

Semiramis equo, Pasiphae tauro, Aristo Epliesius asince se commiscuit, Fulvius equre, 
alii canibus, capris, (Sfc, unde monslra nascuntiir aViquandu., Ce7itauri, Syivani, et ad 
terrorem hominum prodigiosa spectra : JYec cum hrutis., sed ipsis hominibus rem ha- 
bent^ quud peccatuni Sodomice vulgb dicitur; etfrequens o-lim vitium apnd Orientalis 
illos fuit., Graecos nimirum, Italos, Afros, Asianos: '"^Hercules Hylam kabuit, Poly- 
cletum, Dionem, Perilhoonta, Abderum et Phryga; alii et Euristium ab Hercule ama- 
tum tradunt. Socrates pulchroru7n Jldolc scent um causa frequens Gymnasium adibat^ 
Jlagitiosque spectaculo pascebat oculos^ quod et Philebus et Phredon Rivales., Charm- 
ides et ^^reliqui Platonis Dialogic satis superque testatum faciunt : quud verb Alci- 
biades de eodem Socrate loqualur., lubcns conticesco., sed et abhorreo ; tantum incita- 
mentum prcebet libidini. Jit hunc pcrstrinxit Theodoretus lib. de curat, graic. affect, 
cap. ulti?}io. Quin et ipse Plato suum demiratur Agathonem, Xenophon, Cliniam, 
Virgilius Alexin, Anacreon Bathyllum : Quod autcm de Nerone, Claudio, cceterorum- 
que portentosa libidinc memorice proditum., mallem d Petronio, Suetonio, cceterisque 
petalis, quandu omnem Jidcm excedat., quujn a me txpecletis ; sed vetera querimur. 
"'Jlpud Asianos, Turcas, Italos, nunqu:im frequent ius hoc quam hodierno die vitium 

Diana Romanorum Sodomia; officina; horum alicuhi apud Turcas, '''•qui saxis 

se7nina mandanO'' arenas arant.es; et frequentes querelcs., etiam inter ipsos con- 

juges hac de re., quae virorum concubitum illicitum calceo in oppositam partem verso 
niagistratui indicant 5 nullum apud Italos familiare magis peccafmn, qui et post '*^Lu- 
anum et '^Tatium, scriptis volnminibis defcndwnt. Johannes de la Casa, Beventinus 
Episcopus.1 divimim opus vocal., suave scelus., adeoque jactat., se non alia usum Venere. 
JVihil usitatius apud monachos, Cardinales., sacrijiculos., etiam ^'' furor hie ad mortem., 
ad insaniam. ^"Angelus Politianus, ob pueri amorem, violent as sibi manus injecit. 
Et horrendum sane diclu., quantum apud nos patrum memoria., scelus detestandum hoc 
scsvierit! Quum enim Anno 1538. prudentissimus Rex Henricus Octavus cucullato- 
rum ccenobia, et sacrihcorum collegia, votariorum, per venerabiles legum Doctores 
Thomam Leum, Richardum Laytonum visitari fecerat, &c., tanto numero reperti sunt 
apud eos scortatores, cinaedi, ganeones, paedicones, pnerarii, pa^deraslag, Sodomitae, 
(^^ Balei verbis utor) Ganimedes, &c. ut in unoquoque eorum novam ^^redideris Go- 
morrham. Sed vide si lubet eorundem Catalogum apud eundem Baleum; Puellae 
(inquit) in lectis do>-mire non poterant ob fratres necromanticos. Ha;c si apud vota- 
rios., monachos., sanctos scilicet homunciones., quid in foro., quid in aula factum sus- 
piceris? quid apud nobilcs., quid inter fornices., quam non fccditatem, quam non spur- 
citiem? Sileo interim turpes illas., et ne nominandas quidem monachorum ^° mastrupa- 
tiones, masturbg.tores. ^' Rodericus a Castro vocal., turn et eos qui se invicem ad Vene- 
rem cxciiandam fagris ccedunt., Spintrias., Succubas., Ambubeias. et lasciviente lumbo 
Tribades illas mulierculas, qua se invicem fricanl., et prceter Eunuchos etiam ad 
Venerem explendam., arlificiosa ilia veretra liabent. Immo quod magis mirere., fcemina 
fceminam Constantinopoli non ila pridem deperiit., ausa rem plane incredibilem., mu- 
tato cultu mentita virum de nuptiis sermonem init., et brevi nupta est : sed authorem 
ipsum consule, Busbequium. Omdto ^^ Salanarios illos Egyptiacos, qui cum formosa- 
rum cadaveribus concumbunt; et eorum vesanam libidincm., qui etiam idola et ima- 
gines depereunt. JYota est fabula Pigmalionis apud ^^Ovidium; Mundi et Paulin. 
apud .^gesippum belli Jud. lib. 2. cap. 4. Pontius C. Caesaris legatus., referenle Plinio, 
lib. 35. cap. 3. quem suspicor cum esse qui Christum crucifixit., picturis Atalantag e; 
Helenae aded libidine incensus, ut tollere eas vellet si naiura tectorii permisisset., alius, 
statuam bonce Fortunae deperiit (JElianus, lib. 9. cap. 37.) alius Bonce decc, et ne qua 



6> Roih. i. 27. 8'^Lilius Giraldus, vita ejus, m Pueros 
ainare solis Philosophis re'linnueiidiim vult Liicianus 
dmi. Ainorum. '"' Busberiiiius. ^s Achilles Tatiiis 
Jib. i ^6 Luniaiiiis Cliaridemo. *' Non est hsc 

meiitula demt^iis. Mart. **» Jovius Muse. "^ Praefat. 
tectori lib. de vitis pontif. » .Mercurialis cap. de 

Priujy.smn. Coeliua I. 11. antic, lect. cap. 14. Galenusti. 



de locis aff. s" De innrh. mulier. lib. 1. c. 15. 

'2 Herodotus 1.2. Euterps: uxores insignium viroruui 
iioti statiin vita functa.s tradunt condendas, ac ne eas 
quidem fceuiinas quffi forinosae sunt, sed quatridur 
ante defunctas, ne cum iis salinarii connumbant, &r 
03 Metam. 13. 



57 



2\2 



450 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. sec. 'Z. 



pars prahro vacet '''Raptus ad stupra (quod ait ille) et ne ^^ os quidem a libidine 
exceptum. Ileliogabalus, per omnia cava corporis libidinem recepit, Lamprid. vita 
ejus. ^'^Hoslius quidam specula fecit ^ et ita d.isposuit, ul quum virum ipse pateretur^ 
aversus onnes admissarii motus in speculo viderct., ac deinde falsa magnitudine ipsius 
membri tanquam vera, gauderet, simul virum et faiminam passus, quod diciii foedum 
et abomi.nandum. Ut veram plane sit., quod apud ^'' Plutarchuin Grylliis Ulyssi objecit. 
Ad liunc usque diem apud nos neque mas marem, neque foemina fceminam amavit, 
qualia niulta apud vos memorabiies et prasclari viri fecerunt: ut viles missos faciam, 
Hercules imberbem sedans socium, amicos deseruit, &c. Vestrai libidines intra suos 
natura3 fines coerceri non possunt, quin instar fluvii exundantis atrocem foeditatum, 
tumultum, confusionemque naturae gignant in re Venerea: nam et capras, porcos, 
equos inierunt viri et fceminae, insano bestiarum amore exarserunt, unde Minotauri, 
Centauri, Sylvani, Sphinges, &c. Scd ne cnnfutando doceam., aut ea foras efj'eram.^ 
qucE, non omncs scire convenit {Jkec enim doctis solummodo., quod causa non alsimili 
** Rodericus, scripta velim) ne Icvissimis ingenlis et depravatis meniibus fwdissimi 
sceleris 7iotitia7n, <^c., nolo quern diutius Msec sordibus inquinare. 

I come at last to ihat heroical love which is proper to men and women, is a fre- 
quent cause of melancholy, and deserves much rather to be called burning lust, than 
by such an honourable title. There is an honest love, I confess, which is natural, 
laqueus occultus captivans corda hominu7n, ut a mulicribus non possint separari^ " a 
secret snare to captivate the hearts of men," as ®" Christopher Fonseca proves, a 
strong allurement, of a most attractive, occult, adamantine property, and powerful 
virtue, and no man living can avoid it. ^°°Et qui vim non sensit amoris, aut lapis est., 
aut bcllua. lie is not a man but a block, a very stone, aut 'JVur/ien, aut JVebuchad- 
nezzar, he hath a gourd for his head, a pepon for his heart, that hath not felt the 
power of it, and a rare creature to be found, one in an age, Qui nunquam viscejta- 
gravit^amore pucllce;^ for semel insanivimus omnes., dote we either young or old, as 
^ he said, and none are excepted but Minerva and the Muses : so Cupid in '' Lucian 
complains to his mother Venus, that amongst all the rest his arrows could not pierce 
them. But this nuptial love is a common passion, an honest, for men to love in the 
way of marriage ; ut materia appeiit formam., sic mulicr virum. ^ You know marriage 
is honourable, a blessed calling, appointed by God himself in Paradise ; it breeds 
true peace, tranquillity, content, and happiness, qua nulla est autfuit unqua.m sanc- 
tior conjunctio., as Daphnaeus in '' Plutarch could well prove, et qua. gencri humano 
immortaidatem j^arat, when they live without jarring, scolding, lovingly as they 
should do. 



1" Felices ter et amplius 

Quoii irriipta tenet copula, nee ullis 
Divulsus queiiinoniis 

Supreiria citius solvit amor die." 



'Thrice happy »liey, and more than that, 
Whom bond of love so firmly ties, 
Thnt without brawls till death them part, 
'Tis uiidissolv'd and never dies." 



As Seneca lived with his Paulina, Abraham and Sarah, Orpheus and Euridyce, Airia 
and Poetus, Artemisia and Mausolus, Rubenius Celer, that would needs have it en 
graven on his tomb, he htid led his life with Ennea, his dear wife, forty-three years 
eight months, and never fell out. There is no pleasure in this world comj)arable 

to it, 'tis summum mortalitatis bonum ^hominum 'divmnque voluptas., A]ma Venus 

■ latet enim in muliere aliquid majus potentiusque omnibus aliis humanis volupta- 



tibus, as ^one holds, there's something in a woman beyond all human delight; a 
magnetic virtue, a charming quality, an occult and powerful motive. The husband 
rules her as head, but she again commands his heart, he is her servant, she is only 
joy and content: no happiness is like unto it, no love so great as this of man and 
wife, no such comfort as ^°placens uxor, a sweet wife: " Omnis amor magnus, *ed 
aperto in conjuge major. When they love at last as fresh as they did at first, '^ Cha- 
raque charo consenescit conjugi., as Homer brings Paris kissing Helen, after they had 
been married ten years, protesting withal that he loved her as dear as he did the first 



M Seneca de ira, I. 11. c. 18. ss'Nullus est meatus 

•d quern non pateat ailitus impudicitiie. Clem. Alex. 
psRdag. lib. 3. c. 3. »» Seneca 1. nat. qua!St. « Timi. 
P. Gryllo. <«* De morbis mulierum 1. 1. c. 15. ^'' Ain- 
phitheat. amnr. cap. 4 inlerpret. (urtio. ""ifliieas 

Bylvius Juvenal. " And he w ho has not felt the influ- 
ence of love is wither a stfme or a bi'ast." ' Terliil. 
prover. lib. 4. adversua Mane. cap. 40. a "One whom 



no maiden's beauty had ever affected." ^chaucer. 

♦ Torn. 1. dial, deorum Lucianus. Amore non ardent 
Muste. '" As matter seeks form, so woman turna 

towards man." ^ In amator. dialog. ' Hor. 

B Lucretius. • » Fonseca. lo Hor. " Pro pert. 

'- Simonidcs, grwc. " She grutvs old in love and in yi an 
together."' 



Uem. 1. Subs. 2.J 



Love's Power and Extent. 



451 



hour that he was betrothed. And in their old age, when they make much of one 
another, saying, as he did to his wife in the poet, 



•S"Uinr vivamus quoii vixinrwjs, et moriamur, 
Servantes iioiiien suiiipsiiniis in Ihalamo; 
Ncc ferat iilla dies ut commutemur in a;vo, 
<^uin tibi sini juvenis, tuque puella uiihi." 



" Dear wife, let's live in love, and die together, 
As hitherto we have in all good will : 
Let no day change or alter our affectioniJ, 
But let's he young to one another sti;;.*' 



Such should conjugal love be, still the same, and as they are'one tlesh, so shoulc" 
they be of one mind, as in an aristocratical government, one consent, ''' Geyron-like. 
coalesce're in unum,., have one heart in two bodies, will and nill the same. A good 
wife, according to Plutarch, should be as a looking-glass to represent her husband's 
face and passion: if he be pleasant, she should be merry: if he laugh, she should 
smile : if he look sad, she should participate of his sorrow, and bear a part with 
him, and so should they continue in mutual love one towards another. 



16" Et me ab ainore tuo deducet nulla senectus, 
Sive ego Tythonus, sive ego Nestor ero." 



' No age shall part my love from thee, sweet wife. 
Though I live Nestor or Tithonua' life." 



And she again to him, as the '® Bride saluted the Bridegroom of old in Rome, XJbl tu 
Caius, ego semper Caia, be thou still Caius, I'll be Caia. 

'Tis a happy state this indeed, when the fountain is blessed (saith Solomon, Prov. 
V. 17.) " and he rejoiceth with the wife of his youth, and she is to him as the loving 
hind and pleasant roe, and he delights in her continually." But this love of ours is 
immoderate, inordinate, and not to be comprehended in any bounds. It will not 
contain itself within the union of marriage, or apply to one object, but is a wander- 
ing, extravagant, a domineering, a boundless, an irrefragable, a destructive passion : 
sometimes this burning lust rageth after marriage, and thef it is properly called 
jealousy; sometimes before, and then it is called heroical melancholy; it extends 
sometimes to co-rivals, &c., begets rapes, incests, murders : Marcus Antonius com- 
pressit Faustinam sororem, Caracalla Juliam JS'overcam., JVero Matrem, Caligula 
sorores, Cyneras Myrrhamfiliain^ Sfc. But it is confined within no terms of blood, 
years, sex, or whatsoever else. Some furiously rage before they come to discretion 
or age. " Quartilla in Petronius never remembered she was a maid ; and the wife 
of Bath in Chancer, cracks, 

Sin.,e J was twelve years old, believe. 
Husbands at Kirk-door had I five. 

'^ Aratine Lucretia sold her maidenhead a thousand times before she was twenty-four 
years oXA., plus milies xiendldcrant virginitafem, Sfc. neque te celabo, non deerant qui 
ut integram amblre^it Rahab, that harlot, began to be a professed quean at ten years 
of age, and was but fifteen when she hid the spies, as '^Hugh Broughton proves, to 
whom Serrarius the Jesuit, qumst. 6. m cap. 2. Josue, subscribes. Generally wome-n 
begin pubescere, as they call it, or catuUire, as Julius Pollux cites, lib. 2. cap. 3. 
onomast out of Aristophanes, ^°at fourteen years old, then they do offer themselves, 
and some plainly rage. ^' Leo Afer saith, that in Africa a man shall scarce find a 
maid at fourteen years of age, they are so forward, and many amongst us after they 
come into the teens do not live without husbands, but linger. What pranks in this 
kind the middle ages have played is not to be recorded. Si mihi sint centum linguce^ 
sint oraque centum, no tongue can sufficiently declare, every story is full of men and 
women's insatiable lust, Nero's, Heliogabali, Bonosi, &c. ^^ Caelhis Amphilenum, sed 
Quintius Amphelinam depereunt, Sfc. They neigh after other men's wives (as Jeremia, 
cap. V. 8. complaineth) like fed horses, or range like town bulls, raptores virginum 
et v'iduarum, as many of our great ones do. Solomon's wisdom was extinguished 
in this fire of lust, Samson's strength enervated, piety in Lot's daughters quite for- 
got, gravity of priesthood in Eli's sons, reverend old age in the Elders that would 
violate Susanna, filial duty in Absalom to his stepmother, brotherly love in Ammon 
towards his sister. Human, divine laws, precepts, exhortations, fear of God and 
men, fair, foul means, fame, fortune, shame, disgrace, honour cannot oppose, stave 
off^ or withstand the fury of it, omnia vincit amor, Sfc. No cord nor cable can so 



•3 Ausonius. '^ Geryon amicitae symholuin. 

-6 Propert. I. 2. w Plutarch, c. 30. Rom. Hist. " Ju- 
Ronem habeam iratam, si unquam meminerim me vir- 
ginem fuisse. Infaiis enim paribus iiiquiiiata sum, et 
Bubinde m.-ijoribus me applicui, donee ad ffitatem per- 
»*"i : ut Milo vitulum, <Si.c. w Parnodidasc. dial. lat. 



I interp. Casp. Barthio ex Ital. "^ Angelico scriptur 

concentu. ''" Epictetus c. 42. mulieres statiin an anno 
14. movere incipiunt, &.c. attrectari se sinunt et expo- 
nunt. Levinu Lemnius. >' Lib. 3. fol. 12(1. s^Ca- 
tullus 



45S 



Love-J\Jelancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



forcibly draw, or hold so fast, as love can do with a twined thread. The scorching^ 
beams under the equinoctial, or extremity of cold within the circle arctic, where the 
very seas are frozen, cold or torrid zone, cannot avoid or expel this heat, fury, and 
•^ge of mortal men. 

33 "Quo fiigis ab deinens, nulla est fuga, tu licet usque 
Ad Tauaim fugias, usque scquetiir amor." 

Of women's unnatural, ^' insatiable lust, what country, what village doth not coni- 
plain ? Mother and daughter sometimes dote on the same man, father and son, 
master and servant, on one woman. 

26" Sed amor, sed ineffrenata libido, 

duid castuni in tflrris intentatutnque reliquit?" 

What breach of vows and oaths, fury, dotage, madness, might I reckon up ? Tet 
this is more tolerable in youth, and such as are still in their hot blood ; but for an 
old fool to dote, to see an old lecher, what more odious, what can be more absurd ? 
and yet what so common ? Who so furious } ^Amare ea cBtate, si occiperint, multo 
insaniunt acrius. Some dote then more than ever they did in their youth. How 
many decrepit, hoary, iiaxsh, wrilhen, burstenbellied, crooked, toothless, bald, blear- 
eyed, impotent, rotten, old men shall you see ilirkering still in every place .? One 
gets him a young wife, another a courtezan, and when he can scarce lift his leg over 
a sill, and hath one foot already in Charon's boat, when he hath the trembling in his 
joints, the gout in his feet, a perpetual rheum in his head, " a continuate cough," 
" his sio-ht fails him, thick of hearing, his breath stinks, all his moisture is dried up 
and gone, may not spit from him, a very child again, that cannot dress himself, or 
out his own meat, yet he will be dreaming of, and honing after wenches, wliat can 
be more unseemly? Worse it is in women than in men, when she is cEiaJe declivis, 
diu vidua., malcr olim^ parum decor e mntrimonium scqid videtnr, an old widow, a 
mother so long since ("'^in Pliny's opinion), she doth very unseemly seek to marry, 
et whilst she is ^^ so old a crone, a beldam, she can neither see, nor hear, go nor/Stand, 
mere ''"carcass, a witch, and scarce feel; she catterwauls, and must have a stallion^- 
a champion, she must and will marry again, and betroth herself to some young 
man, ^' that hates to look on, but for her goods ; abhors the sight of her, to the 
prejudice of her good name, her own undoing, grief of friends, and ruin of her 
children. 

But to enlarge or illustrate this power and effects of love, is to set a candle in the 
sun. ^^ It rageth with all sorts and conditions of men, yet is most evident among 
such as are young and lusty, in the flower of their years, nobly descended, high 
fed, such as live idly, and at ease; and for that cause (which our divines call burn- 
ing lust) this ^^ferinus insanus amor., this mad and beastly passion, as I have said, is 
named by our physicians heroical love, and a more honourable title put upon it, 
Amor nohilis, as ^'Savanarola styles it, because noble men and women make a com- 
mon practice of it, and are so ordinarily affected with it. Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen, I. 
tract. 4. cap. 23. calleih this passion Ilishi.) and defines it '''" to be a disease or me- 
lancholy vexation, or anguish of mind, in which a man continually meditates of the 
beauty, gesture, manners of his mistress, "and troubles himself about it : desiring," 
(as Savanarola atlds) with all intentions and eagerness of mind, "• to compass or 
enjoy her, "^as commonly hunters trouble themselves a"bout their sports, the covetous 
about their gold and goods, so is he tormented still about his mistress " Arnoklus 
Villanovanus, in his book of heroical love, defines it, ^"^ a continual cogitation of 
that which he desires, with a confidence or hope of compassing it ;" which deflni- 



23 Euripides. " Whithersoever enraged you fly there 
■8 110 escape. Although you reach the Tanais, love will 
Btill pursue you." ^^ De uiulieruin iriexhausta lihi- 

dine luxuque insatiahili omnes!£qUH regiones conquer) 
posse existiuio. Stepli. *^ " What have lust and 

iinrestiained desire left chaste or inviolate upon earth ?" 
2«Plaulus. 27 0culi caligaiit, aures graviter audiiint, 
capilli fluunl, cutis arescit, flatus olet, lussis, &c. Cy- 
prian. 28 Lih. 8. Epist. Ruffinus. 29 Hiatque turpis 
inter aridas nates podex. sooadaverosa adeo ut ab 

inferis reversa videri possit, vull adhuc caliillire. 
'I iVatn et niatrimoniis est despectum senium. .iEneas 
Silvius. 3-iQ,uid toto terraruni orbe c.iinmunius ? qua; 
riviias, quod oppiduni, qua; I'au'ilia vaoat uniatoruni 



exemplis? Jf.neas Silvius. Q.uis trigesinnim annum 
riatus nullum auioris causa peregit insigiie facinus ? ego 
de me facio conjecturam. quern amor in niille pericula 
niisit. "3 porcstus. Plato. S'' Fract. major. Tract. 
li. cap. 1. Ruh. 11. dp isgrit. cap. quod his multum cou- 
tinjial. 35 Haec oegritudo est solicitudo melancliolica 

in qua homo applicat sibi continuam cogitationem su- 
per pulchri'.udine ipsius quam amal, gesiuum niorum. 
38Animi forte accidens quo quis rem habere nimia avi- 
dilate concupiscit, ut ludos venatores, aurum et ope« 
avari. 3? Assidua cogitatio super rem desiderat jm, 

cum confidentia obliiiendi, ul spe aitprehensuin deleo- 
t a bile, Slc. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Love-Melancholy. 45d 

•ion his coramentator cavils at. For continual cogitation is not the genus but a 
symptom of love ; we continually tliink of that which we hate and abhor, ag well 
as that which we love ; and many things we covet and desire, without all hope of 
attaining. Carolus a Lorme, in his Questions, makes a doubt, Jin amor sit morbus., 
whether this heroical love be a disease: Julius Pollux Onomast. lib. G. cap. 44. de- 
termines it. They that are in love are likewise ''^ sick ; lascimis., salax., lasciviens., 
et qui in veneremfurit., vere est. cegrotus. Arnoldus will have it improperly so called, 
and a malady rather of the body than mind. TuUy, in his Tasculans., defines it a 
furious disease of the mind. Plato, madness itself, Ficinus, his Commentator, cap. 
1'2. a species of madness, " for many have run mad for women," Esdr. iv. 26. But 
"^^ Rhases " a melancholy passion :" and most physicians make it a species or kind 
of melancholy (as will appear by the symptoms), and treat of it apart; whom I 
mean to imitate, and to discuss it in all his kinds, to examine his several causes, to 
show his symptoms, indications, prognostics, effect, that so it may be with more 
facility cured. 

The part affected in the meantime, as ^"Arnoldus supposeth, " is the former part 
of the head for want of moisture," which his Commentator rejects. Langius, med. 
epist. lib. 1. cap. 24. will have this passion seated in the liver, and to keep residence 
in the heart, "" '•'• to proceed first from the eyes so carried by our spirits, and kindled 
with imagination in the liver and heart ;" coget amare jecur., as the saving is. J\Ie~ 
dium. feret per epar., diS Cupid in Anacreon. For some such cause belike ''" Homer 
feigns Titius' liver (who was enamoured of Latona) to be still gnawed by two vul- 
tures day and night in hell, ''^"for that young men's bowels thus enamoured, are so 
continually tormented by love." Gordonius, cap. 2. part. 2. ''^" will have the testi- 
cles an immediate subject or cause, the liver an antecedent." Fracastorius agrees in 
this v/ith Gordonius, hide primitus imaginatio venerea., erectio., S^c. titillatissimam 
partem vocat, ita ut nisi extruso scmine gestiens voluptas non cessaf, nee assidua ve- 
neris recordatio, addit Gnastivinius Comment. 4. Sect. prob. 27. Jlrist. But ''''pro- 
perly it is a passion of the brain, as all other melancholy, by reason of corrupt 
imagination, and so doth Jason Pratensis, c. 19. de morb. cerebri (who writes copi- 
ously of this erotical love), place and reckon it amongst the affections of the brain. 
*® Melancthon de anima confutes those that make the liver a part afiected, and Guia- 
nerius. Tract. 15. cap. 13 e/ 17. though many put all the affections in the heart, refers 
it to the brain. Ficinus, cap. 7. in Convloimn Platonis, " will have the blood to be 
the part affected." Jo. Frietagius, cap. 14. noct. med. supposeth all four affected, 
heart, liver, brain, blood; but the major part concur upon the brain, """tis imaginatio 
l(Bsa ; and both imagination and reason are misaffected; because of his corrupt judg- 
ment, and continual meditation of that which he desires, he may truly be said to be 
melancholy. If it be violent, or his disease inveterate, as I have determined in the 
precedent partitions, both imagination and reason are misaffected, first one, then the 
other. 



MEMB. II. 

SuBSECT. I. Causes of Heroical Love., Temperature, full Diet, Idleness, Place, 

Climate, 6fc. 

Of all causes the remotest are stars. *^ Ficinus cap. 19. saith they are most prone 
to this burning lust, that have Venus in Leo in their horoscope, when the Moon and 
Venus be mutually aspected, or such as be of Venus' complexion. '^^ Plutarch inter- 



* Morbus corporis potius quam aiiimi. ^9 Amor 

e^ passio iiielancliolira. *" Ob calefaclioiiein 

<piriluuni pars anterior capitis laborat ob coiisump- 
tionem huiii.ditutis. *' Affectus aiiimi coiicupisciliilis 
e desiiierio rei amatee per nculiis in meiite concepto, 
epiritus in corcle el jixore inct-tidens. "Odyss. et 

Meiamor. 4. Ovid ^3 (^uod talem carnificinaiii 

in adolesceiituin visceribus amor facial inexplehilis. 
♦Testiculi quoad causam conjunctam, epar antece<leii- 
f.em, possunt esse stibjectuiii. '•^ Proprie passio 

eercbri esl ob corrupiam imagiiialionGm. ■"'Cup. de 



affectibus. *"> Est corruplio imaginative et ^stimativse 
t'acullntis, ob formam fortiler affixani, corruptumque 
judicium, ut semper de eo cof;itet, ideoque rente inelan- 
cholicus appellatur. Cnncupisceiitia vebemens ex cor- 
rupto judicio aeslimativfe virlutis. <*< (jomment. in 

coiivivium Platonis. Irretiuntur cito qnibus nascenti 
bus Venus fuerit in Leone, v«tI Luna venerem vehe 
menter aspexerit, et qui eadem coinplexione sunt pra- 
diti. ^" Plerumque amalores sunt, et si foeiiiinae [ji» 
retricfl? ]. de audiend. 



454 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

prets astrologicall}' that tale of Mars and Venus, " in whose genitures t and ? are in 
conjunction," they are commonly lascivious, and if women queans ; " as the good 
wife of Bath confessed in Chaucer ;" 

IfollaiBcd aye mine inclivation, 
By virtue of viy constellation. 

But of all those astrological aphorisms which I have ever read, that of Cardan is 
most memoiable, for which howsoever he is bitterly censured by ^"Marinus Marcen- 
nus, a malapert friar, and some others (which '''he himself suspected) yet methinks 
it is free, downright, plain and ingenious. Jn his ^^ eighth Geniture., or example, he 
hath these words of himself c^ ? and ^ in ? dignitatibus assiduam mihi Venereorum 
cogitationem prcBStahunt., ila ut nunquam quiescam. Et paulo post, Cogitatio Venere- 
orum me torquef perpetuo., et quam facto implere non licuU,, autfeclsse potentem puduit, 
cogitatione assidiut vientitus sum voluptalem. Et aiibi, ob i et 'i dominium et radiorum 
mixtionem, profundum fuit ingenium, sed lascivum., egoque turpi libidini deditus et 
obsccpnus. So far Cardan of himself, quod de se fatctur idco ^^ut utiliiatem adferat 
stjidiosis hujusce discipline^., and for this he is traduced by Marcennus, when as in 
eflect he saith no more than what Gregory Nazianzen of old, to Chilo his scholar, 
offerebant sc mihi visendce mulieres., quarum prcecellenti elegantid et decore spectabili 
tentabatur mece integritas pudiciti(e. Et quidem jlagitium vitavi fornicationis, at 
mundifice virginalis Jlorem arcana cordis cogitalione fcedavi. Sed ad rem. Aptiores 
ad masculinam venerem sunt quorum genesi Venus est in signo masculino, et in 
Saturni finibus aut oppositione, Stc. Ptolomeus in quadripart. plura de his et speci- 
alia habet aphorismata, longo proculdubio usu confirmata, et ab experientia multa 
perfecta, inquit commentator ejus Cardanus. Tho. Campanella Jlstrologice lib. 4. 
cap. 8. articulis 4 and 5. insaniam amatoriam remonstrantia, multa pras caeteris accu- 
mulat aphorismata, quae qui volet, consulat. Chiromanlici ex cingulo Veneris ple- 
rumque conjecturam faci«nt, et monte Veneris, de quorum decretis, Taisnerum, 
Johan. de Indagine, Goclenium, ceterosque si lubet, inspicias. Physicians divine 
wholly from the temperature and complexion ; phlegmatic persons are seldom taken, 
according to Ficinus Conunent. cap. 9; naturally melancholy less than they, but 
once taken they are never freed ; though many are of opinion flatuous or hypochon- 
driacal melancholy are most subject of all others to this infirmity. Valescus assigns 
their strong imagination for a cause, Bodine abundance of wind, Gordonius of seed, 
and spirits, or atomi in the seed, which cause their violent and furious passions. 
Sanguine thence are soon caught, young folks most apt to love, and by their good 
wills, saith ^ Lucian, " would have a bout with every one they see :" the colt's evil 
is common to all complexions. Theomestus a young and lusty gallant acknowledg- 
eth (in the said author) all this to be verified in him, " I am so amorously given, 
'^you may sooner number the sea-sands, and snow falling from the skies, than my 
several loves. Cupid had shot all his arrows at me, I am deluded with various 
desires, one love succeeds another, and that so soon, that before one is ended, I 
begin with a second ; she that is last is still fairest, and she that is present pleaseth 
me most : as an hydra's head mv loves increase, no lolaus can help me. Mine eyes 
are so moist a refuge and sanctuary of love, tliat they draw all beauties to them, and 
are never satisfied. ] am in a doubt what fury of Venus this should be : alas, how 
have I offended her so to vex me, what Hippolitus am I !" What Telchin is my 
genius 1 or is it a natural imperfection, an hereditary passion .'"/Another in ^^\nacreon> 
confesseth that he had twenty sweethearts in Athens at once, fifteen at Corintl\, as 
many at Thebes, at Lesbos, and at Rhodes, twice as many in Ionia, thrice in Caria, 
wenty thousand in all : or in a word, d ^vxko, Ttdvta, &c. 



' Folia arhnrum omnium si 
Nosti referre cuncta, 
Aul computare arenas 
III .T(]Uore universas, 
Solum nieorum amorum 
Te fecero loaistaui ?" 



"Canst count the leaves in May, 
Or sands i'th' ocean sea' 
Then count my loves I pray. 



His eyes are like a balance, apt to propend each way, and to be weighed down 



^ Comment, in Genes, cap. 3. *' El si in hoc parum 
i. prseclara infamia stultitiaquc aliero, vincit tamen 
amor veritatis. " Edit. Basil. 1553. Cum Commentar. 
in Ptolomaei quad iparlituin. 6S pol. 445. Basil. 

Edit. M Dial, amorum. 65 (jitius maris ductus 

et niveta coelo delbicntes numeraris quam amores .ueos ; 



alii amores aliis succedunt, ac priusquam desinant pri- 
ores, incipiunt sequentes. Adeo humidis oculis neU3 
inhabitat Asylus omnem formam ad se r'-piens, ut nulld 
satietate expleatur. Quienam hsee ii.. Veneriv fee 
^ Num. ixxii 



Mfiu. 2. Subs. I.] 



Causes of Love -Melancholy. 



455 



with every wench's looks, his heart a weathercock, his affection tinder, or napthe 
ithelf, which every fair object, sweet smile, or mistress's favour sets on fire. Guia- 
ncrius tract. 15. cap. 14. refers all this ^^to "the hot temperature of the testicles," 
Ferandus a Frenchman in his Erotique Mel. (which ''''book came first to my hands 
after the tliird edition) to certain atomi in the seed, '•'• sucli as are very spermatic and 
full of seed." I find tiie same in Jlristot. sect. 4. prob. 17. si non secernatur semen^ 
cefisare fcniigines non possunt., as Gaustavmius his commentator translates it : for 
which cause these young men that be strong set, of able bodies, are so subject to it 
Hercules de Saxonia hath the same words in effect. But most part I say, such as 
are aptest to love that are young and lusty, live at ease, stall-fed, free from cares, like 
cattle in a rank pasture, idle and solitary persons, they must needs hirquitullire, as 
Guastavinius recites out of Censorinus. 



' Mens eiit apta capi turn qmim laetissima rerum. 
Ul SHgcs in pingLii luxiiriabit liuino." 



' The mind is apt to lust, and hot or cold, 
As corn luxuriates in abetter mould." 



The place itself makes much wherein we live, the clime, air, and discipline if they 
concur. In our Misnia, saith Galen, near to Pergamus, thou shalt scarce find an 
adulterer, but many at Rome, by reason of the delights of the seat. It was that 
plenty of all things, which made ®° Corinth so infamous of old, and the opportunity 
of the place to entertain those foreign comers ; every day strangers came in, at each 
gate, from all quarters. In that one temple of Venus a thousand whores did prosti-- 
tute themselves, as Strabo writes, besides Lais and the rest of better note : all nations 
resorted thither, as to a school of Venus. Your hot and southern countries are 
prone to lust, and far more incontinent than those that live in the north, as Bodine dis- 
courseth at large. Method, hist. cap. 5. Molles Jlsiatici., so are Turks, Greeks, Span 
iards, Italians, even all that latitude ; and in those tracts, such as are more fruitful 
plentiful, and delicious, as Valence in Spain, Capua in Italy, domicilium liixus Tully 
terms it, and (which Hannibal's soldiers can witness) Canopus in Egypt, Sybaris 
Phoeacia, Baiae, ^' Cyprus, Lampsacus. In ^^ Naples the fruit of the soil and pleasant 
air enervate their bodies, and alter constitutions : insomucli that Florus calls it Cer- 
tamen Bacchi et Veneris^ but ^^Foliot admires it. In Italy and Spain they have their 
stews in every great city, as in Rome, Venice, Florence, wherein, some say, dwell 
ninety thousand inhabitants, of which ten thousand are courtezans ; and yet for all 
this, every gentleman almost hath a peculiar mistress ; fornications, adulteries, are 
nowhere so common : urbs est jam tota hipanar; how should a man live honest 
amongst so many provocations .'' now if vigour of youth, greatness, liberty I mean, 
and that impunity of sin which grandees take unto themselves in this kind shall 
meet, what a gap must it needs open to all manner of vice, with what fury will it 
rage .'' For, as Maximus Tyrius the Platonist observes, libido consequuta quumfuerit 
materiam improbam, et prceruptam liccntiam., et effrenafam audacia?n, &c., what will 
not lust effect in such persons } For commonly princes and great men make no 
scruple at all of such matters, but with that whore in Spartian, quicquid libet licet., 
they tliink they may do what they list, profess it publicly, and rather brag with Pro- 
culus (that writ to a friend of his in Rome, '^^ what famous exploits he had done in 
that kind) than any way be abashed at it. ''^Nicholas Sanders relates of Henry VIII. 
(I know not how truly) Quod paucas vidit pulchriores quas non concupierit, et pau- 
cissimas non concupierit quas non vlolarit^ "• He saw very few maids that he did not^ 
desire, and desired fewer whom he did not enjoy:" nothing so familiar amongst 
them, 'tis most of their business : Sardanapalus, Messalina, and Joan of Naples, are 
not comparable to ^^ meaner men and women ; Solomon of old had a thousand concu- 
bines-, Ahasuerus his eunuchs and keepers; Nero his TigiUinus panders, and bawds; 
tlie Turks, ^' Muscovites, Mogors, Xeriffs pf Barbary, and Persian Sophies, are no 
whit inferior to them in our times. Delectus Jit omnium pucllarum toto regno forma 



*'Q.iii calidum testiculorum crisin habent, &c. 
» Printed at Paris 1624, seven years after my first edi- 
tiai. MQviddeart. ^OGerbslius, descript. 

Grecis. Rerum omnium affluentia et loci mira oppor- 
lunitas, nullo non die hospites in portas advertebant. 
Tempio Veneris mille meretrices se prostilnebant 
•'TotaCypri i"S'ila delitiis incumbit, et ob id tantiim 
Irr-irir dedi .^ ..» =it olim Veiieri sacrata. Ortelius, 
Lijm'isacus, ulim Priapo sacer ob vinum geucrosum, et 



loci delicias. Idem. ^ Agri Neapolitan! delectal.o, 

elegantia, amoenitas, vix intra moilum hunianiim con- 
sistere videtur ; unde,&c. Leand. Alber. in Campania 
63 Lib. de laud. iirb. Neap. Disputat. de niorhis aninii, 
Reinoldo Interpret. ^ l.ainpridius, dii>>d decom 

noctihus centum virgines fecisset inulieres. ^^ Vita 

ejus. 68 If they contain themselves, many times i» 

is not virtutis amore; non deest voluntas sed facuim? 
" In Muscov 



45(» Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

praistantiorum (saith Jovius) ^pro imperatore ; et qi/as ilU Ihiquit, nobilrs habent , 
they press aiul muster up wenches as we do soldiers, and have their choice of th*" 
rarest beauties their countries can afford, and yet all this cannot keep them from 
adultery, incest, sodomy, bugi^ery, and such prodigious lusts. We may conclude, 
that if they be young, fortunate, rich, high-fed, and idle withal, it is almost impos- 
sible that they should live honest, not rage, and precipitate themselves into these 
inconveniences of burning lust. 

^"Otiutii el ijejies priiis et beatas 
Pcrdilit uriies." 

Idleness overthrows all, Vanio pectore. regnat amor, love tyranniseth in an idle 
person. Aniore ahundas Antip/io. If thou hast nothing to do, ^^ '•'• Invidid vrl 

amorc miser torquehcre Thou shalt be naieu in pieces with envy, lust, some 

passion or other. Homines nihil agendo male agere discunt ; 'lis Aristotle's simile, 
'"'■''as match or touchwood takes fire, so doth an idle person love." Q,ua;ritur 
yEgistiis Qiiore sit foetus adulter, &c., why was jEgistus a whoremaster ? You 
need not ask a reason of it. Ismenedora stole Baccho, a woman forced a man, as 
'' Aurora did Cephalus : no marvel, saith '^Plutarch, Liixurians opibus more hominum 
muJier agit : she was rich, fortunate and jolly, and doth but as men do in that case, 
as Jupiter did by Europa, Neptune by Amymone. The poets therefore did well to 
feign all shepherds lovers, to give themselves to songs and dalliances, because they 
lived such idle lives. For love, as "Theophrastus defines it, is otiosi animi affectus^ 
an affection of an idle mind, or as '^ Seneca describes it, Juvi nta gignitur, juxu 
nutritur, feriis alitur, otioque inter Iccta fortunes bone: youth begets it, riot main- 
tains it, idleness nourisheth it, &.c. whir.Ii makes "Gordonius the physician cap. 20. 
part. 2. call this disease the proper passion of nobility. Now if a weak judgment 
and a strong apprehension do concur, how, saith Hercules de Saxonia, shall they 
resist ? Savanarola appropriates it almost to '®" monks, friars, and religious persons, 
because they live solitarily, fair daintily, and do nothing :" and well he may, for how ~ 
should they otherwise choose } 

Diet alone is able to cause it : a i"are thing to see a young man or a woman that 
lives idly and fares vvell, of what condition soever, not to be in love. "Alcibiadea 
was still dallying with wanton young women, immoderate in his expenses, effemi- 
nate in his apparel, ever in love, but why.' he was over-delicate in his diet, too fre- 
quent and excessive in banquets, Ubicunque securitas, ibi libido dominotur ; lust 
and security domineer logether, as St. Hierome averreth. All which the wife of Bath 
in Chaucer freely justifies. 

For nil to sicker, as c.oUl cvfrpiidrelh hail, 

Ji liiiuorisli tongue must have a liquorish tail. 

Especially if they shall further it by choice diet, as many times those Sybarites and 
Phaeaces do, feed liberally, and by their good will eat nothing else but lascivious 
meats. "'^Vinum imprimis generosnm, legumen, fabas, radices omnium generum 
bene conditas, et largo pipere aspersas, carduos hurtuJunos, lactucos, ''^ erucas, 
rapas, porros, ccr.pas, nucem piceum, aiiiygdalas dulcts, eleduariu, sj/rupos, succos, 
cochleas, conchas, pisces optime prapurotos, aviculas, testiculos animalium, ova, 
condimenfa diversorum generum, inolles lectos, pulvinaria, t^r. Et qiiicqiiid fere 
medici impotentia rei venerea; laboranti prccscribunt, hoc ejuasi diasalyrion habent 
in delitiis, et his dapes multb ddications ; muhum, exquisitas et exoticas fruges, 
aromuta, placenta.s, espressos succos miittis fcr cutis varialos, ipsumque vinum sini' 
vitate vincentes, et quicquid culina, pharmocopaa, aut quceque fere oficina subnii- 
nistrare possit. Et hoc plerumque victu qimm se ganeones infarciiint, '^'^ ut ille oh 
Chreseida suam, se bulbis et corhleis curavit ; etiani ad Venerem se parent, et ad 
hanc pulestram se exerceant, qui Jicri possit, ut non misere depereant, ^^ ut nun peni- 
tus insaniant ? ./Estuans venter cito despuit in iibidinem, Hieronymus ait. *^ Post 

incuriit hffic passio solitarios delitiosi' viventes, incon- 
tiiii'iites, relifjiosos, &c. '■ Plutarch, vit. ejus. 

^^ Vina parant uiiiiiios veiieri. 's* Seil nihil eriic* 

faciiint hiilhiqiie salaces; Iniproha nee prci^il jam satu. 
reia lihi. Ovid. sopeirnnins. Curavi inc mo* 

cil)is validiorihus, &c. *' I'ti ille apuil Skenkinji.. 

qui post polionem, uxorem et qualuor ancilias projcmio 



«e Catullus ad Lesbiam. eo Hor. ™ Polit. 8. 

num. 2- . ut naptha, ad ifinem, sic amor ad illos qui tor- 
pescuMt ocin. " Pausaiiias Attic, lih. 1. Cephalus 

esrejriffi formffi juvenis ah aurora raptus quod ejjis 
amore capta esset. '^ in amatorio. 's g sio- 

bffio ser. G'2. ">* Amor otinsse cura est sniliriluriinis. 

•' Principes plerumque oh licentiam et adfluentiam di- 

7itiaruin islam passionern soleiit inciirnre. '•» Ar cuhiculo cubantus, coIllpre^'8it. 6-i Pers. Sal. X 

Jenter appeli' qui o'lcfam vitain agit, et coininuniter 



W«in. 2. Subs. 2.] Causes of Looe-Melancholy. 457 

pramlia, Callyroenda. Quis enim continere se potest? *'Luxuriosa res vinum, 
■^omentum libidinis vocat Augiistinus, hlandum dcemonem, Bemardus ; lac veneris, 
Aristophanes. Non iEtna, noii Vesuvius tantis ardoribus aestuant, ac juveniles iiie- 
dullae vino plenae, addit '^^ Hieronymus : unde oh optimum vinum Lamsacus olim 
Priapo 5(ice/-.- et venerandi Bacchi sucia apud ^^Orpheum Venus aM(/<7. Hac s\ 

vinum simplex, et per se sumptum prcrstare possit, nam "^'^ quo me Bacche 

rapis tui plenum .'' quwn nun iusaniam, quern non furorem a ccsteris expectemus 1 
^''Gomesius salem enumerut inter ea quce intempstivam libidinem provoccire solent^ 
et salaciores fieri faeminas obesum salis contendit : Venerem ideo dicunt ab Oceano 
ortam. 

fS" Unde tot in Veneta scortonmi millia cur sunt ? 
In pioMiptu causa est, est Venus orta inari." 

Et liinc fcEta mater Salacea Oceani conjux, verhumqiie fortasse salax a sale effiuxit. 
Mala Bacchica tantum olim in amoribus prccvaluerunt, ut coronce ex illis statucB 
Bacchi ponerentur. ^ Cubehis in vino maceratis utuntur Indi Orientales ad Vene- 
rem excitaudutn, et ^Surax radice Africani. Chinse radix eosdem ejfectus habet, 
talisque herbcB meminit mag. nat. lib. 2. cap. 16. ®' Baptista Porta ex India allatce, 
cujus mentionem facit et Theoplirastus. Sedhifinita his similia apud Rhasin, Mat- 
tliiolum, Mizaldum, cceterosque medicos occurrunt, quorum idea mentionem feci, ne 
quis imperitior in hos scopulos impingat, sed pro virili tanquam syrtes et cautes 
consulto effugiat. 

5UBSECT. II. — Other causes of Love-Melancholy, Sight, Beauty from tlie Face^ 
Eyes, other parts, and how it pierctth. 

Many such causes may be reckoned up, but they cannot. avail, except opportunity 
be offered of time, place, and those other beautiful objects, or artificial enticements, 
as kissing, conference, discourse, gestures concur, with such like lascivious provoca- 
cations. Kornmannus, in his book de linea aiiioris, makes five degrees of lust, out 
of ^^Lucian belike, which he handles in five chapters, Visus, Colloquium, Conoictus, 
Oscula, Tactus.^^ Sight, of all other,^ is the first step of this unruly love, though 
sometime it be prevented by relation or hearing, or rather incensed. For there be 
those so apt, credulous, and facile to love, that if they hear of a proper man, or wo- 
man, they are in love before they see them, and that merely by relation, as Achilles 
Tatius observes. ^"Such is their intemperance and lust, that they are as much 
maimed by report, as if they saw them. Callisthenes a rich young gentleman of 
Byzance in Thrace, hearing of "^Leucippe, Sostratus' fair daughter, was far in love 
with her, and, out of fame and common rumour, so much incensed, that he would 
needs have her to be his wife." And sometimes by reading they are so affected, as 
he in ^'^Lucian confesseth of himself, " 1 never read that place of Panthea in Xeno- 
phon, but I am as much affected as if 1 were present with her." Such persons com.- 
monly ^' feign a kind of beauty to themselves 5 and so did those three gentlewomen 
in ^^Balthasar Castillo fall in love with a young man whom they never knew, but 
only heard him commended : or by reading of a letter ; for there is a grace conieth 
from hearing, ^^as a moral philosopher informeth us, "as well from sight; and the 
species of love are received into the fantasy by relation alone :" '™ ut cupere at 
aspectu, sic velle ab auditu, both senses affect. Interdwn et absentcs amamus, some 
times we love those that are absent, saith Philostratus, and gives instance in his 
friend Athenorodus, that loved a maid at Corinth whom he never saw ; non oculi sed 
mens videt, we see with the eyes of our understanding. 

But the most familiar and usual cause of love is that which comes by sight, which 



*»Siracides. Nox, et amor vinumque nihil modera- 
bile suadent. '^Lip. ad Olyiiipiain. ^ Hymno. 

••Hor. I. 3. Od. 25. «~ De sale lib. cap. 21. 

fs Kornmanr.js lib. de virginitate. 69Garcias ab 

bi>rto aroniatum, lib. 1. cap. 28. ' ^oSurax radix ad 
coitum suninie facit si quis coaiedat, aut iiifusioneni 
bibat, inenibruni subito erigitur. Leo Afer. lib. 9. cap. 
ult. K'Clua! non solum edentibus sed et genitale 



kisses, touch." s< Ea enim hominum intemperan 

tium libido est ut etiani faina ad aniandum impellaiitiir, 
et audientes ffique alRciuntur ac videntes. "& por- 

niosain Sostrato filiain audiins, uxoreni cupit, et sola 
illius, auditioiie ardvt. isiluoties de Panthea Xe- 

nophuntis locum perlego, ita aniino aflrctus ac si coram 
inluerer. 9' Pulclirituditiem sibi ipsis coMtingunt, 

Imagines. 98 Pe aulico lib. 2. t'ol. 116. 'tis a pleasant 



langentibus laiitum valet, ut coire suniine desidereiil ; I story, and related al large by hini. i" Gratia venit 

juoties fere velint, possint; alios dundecies proferisse, ah auditu £e(|ue ac visu et spi cie.s anions in phanla- 
iilios ad 60 vices pervenisse ref.'rt: a" Lucian T.mii. siam recipiuii.t. sola relatione. Picnioiniiieus grad. S. r 

( Dial, amoruin. "s • Sight, confenuce, association, ' 38. lO" Lips.cent. 2. epist. 22. Beautiu's Kiicuiiii'>n». 

58 2C 



458 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



convey \hose admirable rays of beauty and pleasing graces to the heart. Plotiiius de- 
rivts love from sight, tptoj quasi opaoi;. ' Si nescis, oculi sunt in amore duces^ "■ the eyes 
are the harbingers of love," and the first step of love is sight, as ^ Lilius Giraldus 
proves at large, hist. dcor. syntag. 13. tliey as two sluices let in the influences of that 
divine, povyerful, soul-ravishing, and captivating beauty, which, as ' one saith, " is 
sharper than any dart or needle, wounds deeper into the heart; and opens a gap 
through our eyes to that lovely wound, which pierceth the soul itself" (Ecclus. 18.) 
Through it love is kindled like a fire. This amazing, confounding, admirable, amia- 
ble beauty, ■*" than which in all nature's treasure (saith Isocrates) there is nothing 
so majestical and sacred, nothing so divine, lovely, precious," 'tis nature's crown 
gold and glory ; bonum si non summum^ de summis tamen non infrequentcr iriumphans, 
whose power hence may be discerned ; we contemn and abhor generally such things 
as are foul and ugly to behold, account them filthy, but love and covet that which 
is fair. 'Tis ^ beauty in all things which pleaseth and aliureth us, a fair hawk, a fine 
garment, a goodly building, a fair house, &.c. That Persian Xerxes when he de- 
stroyed all those temples of the gods in Greece, caused that of Diana, in integrum 
scrvari, to be spared alone for that excellent beauty and magnificence of it. Inani- 
mate beauty can so command, 'Tis that which painters, artificers, orators, all aim 
at, as Eriximachus the physician, in Plato contends, ^"It was beauty first that min- 
istered occasion to art, to find out the knowledge of carving, painting, building, to 
find out models, perspectives, rich furnitures, and so many rare inventions." White- 
ness in the lily, red in the rose, purple in the violet, a lustre in all things without 
life, the clear light of the moon, the bright beams of the sun, splendour of g^ld, 
purple, sparkling diamond, the excellent feature of the horse, the majesty Of the lion, 
the colour of birds, peacock's tails, the silver scales of fish, we behold with singular 
delight and admiration. ''''And which is rich in plants, delightful in flowers, won- 
derful in beasts, but most glorious in men," doth make us aflect and earnestly desire 
it, as when we hear any sweet harmony, an eloquent tongue, see any excellent 
quality, curious work of man, elaborate art, or aught that is exquisite, there ariseth 
instantly in us a longing for the same. We love such men, but most part for come- 
liness of person ; we call them gods and godesses, divine, serene, happy, &c. And 
of all mortal men they alone (^Calcagninus holds) are free from calumny; qui divi- 
tiis^ magistratu et gloria Jlorent^ injuria lacessimus., we backbite, wrong, hate re- 
nowned, rich, and happy men, we repine at their felicity, they are undeserving we 
think, fortune is a step-mother to us, a parent to them. " We envy (saith * Isocrates) 
wise, just, honest men, except with mutual offices and kindnesses, some good turn 
or othei they extort this love from us ; only fair persons we love at first sight, desire 
their acquaintance, and adore them as so many gods : we had rather serve them than 
command others, and account ourselves the more beholding to them, the more ser- 
vice they enjoin us : though they be otherwise vicious, dishonest, we love them, 
favour them, and are ready to do them any good office for their '"beauty's sake, 
though they have no other good quality beside. Die igitur oformose adoleseens (as 
that eloquent Phavorinus breaks out in " Stobeus) die Jlutiloque., suavius nectare 
loqueris ; die b Telemaehe, vchcmentius Ulysse dicis; die Alciiiades utcunqiie ebrius, 
libcnliiis tibi lieet ebrio auscultabimus. "■ Speak, fair youth, speak Autiloquus, thy 
words are sweeter than nectar, speak O Telemachus, thou art more powerful than 
Ulysses, speak Alcibiades though drunk, we will willingly hear thee as thou art." 
Faults in such are no faults : for when the said Alcibiades had stolen Anytus his gold 
and silver plate, he was so far from prosecuting so foul a fact (though every man 
el.» . condemned his impudence and insolency) that he wished it had been more, and 
much better (he loved him dearly) for his sweet sake. ''No worth is eminent io 
such lovely persons, all imperfections hid ;" non enim facile de his quos plurimun, 



t Propert. » Amoris primum gradum visas habct, 

rri a^piciat rem ainatam. 3 Achilles Tatius lib. I. 

Forma telo quovis aoulior ad infereiidum vulnus, perque 
oculos amatorio viilneri adilum patefaciens in aiiiinuin 
penetrat. « In tola reruni natura nihil forma divinius, 
nihil augustius, nihil pretiosius, cujus vires hinc facile 
intelliguntur, ice. 'Christ. Fonseca. "S. L. 

■"Bri.ye proh. 11. de forma e Lucianns. »Lib. de 

tahimnia. Forinosi Cahimninia vacant ; dolemus alios 
ntftiore loco positos.fortunam nobis novercam illis, Jfec. 



•Invidemiis sapientibus, justis, nisi beneficiis assidud 
amorein extorquent; soins formosos amamus et primo 
velut aspectu benevolentia conjungiinur. et eos tan- 
quam Deos coliinus, libentius iis strvimus quam aliii 
imperamus, niaj.)remque, <Stc. '" ForinK majestater. 

Barbari vereiitur, nee alii majores quam quos eximia 
fnrma natura donata est, Herod, lib. 5. Curtius <>. Arii^t 
Polit. >i Serm 63. Plutarch, vit. ejus. Brisoniua 

Strabo. 



Mem, 2. Subs. 2.1 



Causes of Love-Melancholy. 



459 



diligimus, turpitudinem suspicamur, for hearing, sight, touch, &.C., oui mind and all 
our senses are captivated, onirics scnsus formosus deler.laf. Many men have been 
preferred for their person alone, chosen kings, as amongst the Indians, Persians, 
Aithiopians of old ; the properest man of person the country could afford, was 
elected' their sovereign lord; Gratior est pulcliro venkns e corpore virtus, '-and so 
have many other nations thought and done, as '^ Curtius observes : Ingens enim 
in corporis majestate veneratio est, " for there is a niajestical presence in such 
men ;" and so far was beauty adored amongst them, that no man was thought fit tu 
Kngn, that was not in all parts complete and supereminent. Agis, king of Lacedasraon, 
had like to have been deposed, because he married a little wife, they would not have 
their royal issue degenerate. Who would ever have thought that Adrian the Fourth, 
an English monk's bastard (as '■' Papirius Massovius writes in his life), inops a suis 
relectus^squalidus ei miser, a poor forsaken child, should ever come to be pope of Rome } 
But why was it? Erat acri ingenio,facu7idid expeditd eleganti corpore, facieque 
Icetd ac liilari, (as he follows it out of '^Nubrigensis, for he ploughs with his heifer,) 
" he was wise, learned, eloquent, of a pleasant, a promising countenance, a goodly, 
proper man ; he had, in a word, a winning look of his own," and that carried it, for 
that he was especially advanced. So " Saul was a goodly person and a fair." Maxi- 
minus elected emperor, &c. Branchus the son of Apollo, whom he begot of Jance, 
Succron's daughter (saith Lactantius), when he kept King Admetus' herds in Thessaly, 
now grown a man, was an earnest suitor to his mother to know his father ; the 
nymph denied him, because Apollo had conjured her to the contrary; yet overcome 
by his importunity at last she sent him to his father; when he came into Apollo's 
presence, malas Dei reverenter osculatus, he carried himself so well, and was so 
fair a young man, that Apollo was infinitely taken with the beauty of his person, he 
could scarce look off him, and said he was worthy of such parents, gave him a 
crown of gold, the spirit of divination, and in conclusion made him a demi-god. O 
vis superba forma, a goddess beauty is, whom the very gods adore, nam pulchros 
dii amant; she is Jimoris domina, love's harbinger, love's loadstone, a witch, a 
charm, &c. Beauty is a dower of itself, a sufficient patrimony, an ample commend- 
ation, an accurate epistle, as '^Lucian, ''Apuleius, Tiraquellus, and some others con- 
clude. Imperio digna forma, beauty deserves a kingdom, saith Abulensis, paradox 
2. cap. 110. immortality; and '^"more have got this honour and eternity for their 
beauty, than for all other virtues besides :" and such as are fair, " are worthy to be 
honoured of God and men." That Idalian Ganymede was therefore fetched by 
Jupiter into heaven, Hephaestion dear to Alexander, Antinous to Adrian. Plato calls 
beauty for that cause a privilege of nature, N'uturce gaudentis opus, nature's master- 
piece, a dumb comment ; Theophrastus, a silent fraud ; still rhetoric Cameades, that 
persuades without speech, a kingdom without a guard, because beautiful persons 
command as so many captains ; Socrates, a tyranny, "• which tyranniseth over tyrants 
themselves; which made Diogenes belike call proper women queens, quod facerent 
homines qucp, pracipcrent, because men were so obedient to their commands. They 
will adore, cringe, compliment, and bow to a common wench (if she be fair) as if 
she were a noble woman, a countess, a queen, or a goddess. Those intemperate 
young men of Greece erected at Delphos a golden image with infinite cost, to the 
eternal memory of Phryne the courtezan, as Jillian relates, for she was a most beau- 
tiful woman, insomuch, saith '^ Athenaeus, that Apelles and Praxiteles drew Venus's 
picture from her. Thus young men will adore and honour beauty; nay kings them- 
selves I say will do it, and voluntarily submit their sovereignty to a lovely woman. 
't^Wine is strong, kings are strong, but a woman strongest," 1 Esd. iv. 10. as Zero- 
babel proved at large to King Darius, his princes and noblemen. " Kings sit still 
and command sea and land, &.C., all pay tribute to the king ; but women make kings 
pay tribute, and have dominion over them. - When the^ have got gold and silver, 
they submit all to a beautiful woman, give themselves wholly to her, gape and gaze 



12" Virtue appears more gracefully in a lovely per- 
sonage. " - IJI). 5. niagnoruniqiiH ; operuiii iinn 
alios capaces piitant ijuuin quDS eximia specie natura 
donavit. " Lib. de vitis Ponliliouin. Rniii. i=Lil). 
2. cap. 6. '^ Dial, amoruni. c. 2. tie niaiiia. Lib. 2. 
eonnub. cap. 27. Virgo foriiiosa et si oppido pauper, 
•buiidd est dotata. " Isocraies plures ob formam 



immortalitatem adepti sunt quam ob reliquas omnes 
virtutes. 'SLucian Tom. 4. Charidiemon. (iiii 

pulchri, merito apud Deos et apud homines bonore af 
iecti. Mut:i commentatio, quavis epistola ad commeo 
dandum efficacior. is Lib. 9. Var. hist, tanta form* 

clegantia ut ab ea nuda, Sec. 



460 Love-Melancholy [Part. 3. Sec, 2 

nn her, and all men desire hei more than gold or silver, or any precious thing: the;y 
will leave father and mother, and venture tlieir lives for her, labour and travel to get, 
and bring all their gains to women, steal, fight, and spoil for their mistress's sake. 
And no king «o strong, but a fair woman is stronge- lian he is. All things (as ^°he 
proceeds) fear to touch the king; yet 1 saw him and Apame his concubine, the 
daughter of the famous Bartacus, sitting on the right hand of the king, and she took 
the crown off his head, and put it on her own, and stroke him with her left hand; 
yet thd king gaped and gazed on her, and when she laughed he laughed, and when 
slie was angry he flattered to be reconciled to her." So beauty commands even 
kings themselves; nay whole armies and kingdoms are captivated together with their 
kings: '^^ Forma vincil armutos, ferrum pulchrUudo captivat; vincentur specie^ qui 
non vlncentur prcElio. And 'tis a great matter saith ^^Xenophon, "and of which all 
fair persons may worthily brag, that a strong man must labour for his living if he 
will have aught, a valiant man must fight and endanger himself for it, a wise man 
speak, show himself, and toil ; but a fair and beautiful person doth all with ease, he 
compasseth his desire without any pains-taking:" God and men, heaven and earth 
conspire to honour him; every one pities him above other, if he be in need, '^^and 
all the world is willing to do him good. ^^Chariclea fell into the hand of pirates,, 
but when all the rest were put to the edge of the sword, she alone was preserved for ' 
her person. ^^ When Constantinople was sacked by the Turk, Irene escaped, and 
v»as so far from being made a captive, that she even captivated the Grand Seignior 
himself. So did Rosamond insult over King Henry the Second. 

20 " I was so fair an object ; 

Whom fortune made my king, my love made subject; 
He found by proof the privilege of beauty, 
That it iiud power to countermand all duty." 

It captivates the very gods themselves, Morosiora numina, 

27 " Dens ipse deoruni 

Factus ob hanc foruiam bos, equus imber olor." 

And those mali genu are taken with it, as ^ [ have already proved. Formosam Bar- 
bari verentur, et ad spectuiii pulchrum immanls animus mansucscil. (Heliodor. lib. 5.) 
The barbarians stand in awe of a fair woman, and at a beautiful aspect a fierce spirit 
is pacified. For when as Troy was taken, and the wars ended (as Clemens ^^Alex 
andrinus quotes out of Euripides) angry Menelaus with rage and fury armed, came 
with his sword drawn, to have killed Helen, with his own hands, as being the sole 
cause of all those wars and miseries : but when he saw her fair face, as one amazed 
at her divine beauty, he let his weapon fall, and embraced her besides, he had no 
power to strike so sweet a creature. Ergo habetantur enses pulchritudine^ the edge 
of a sharp sword (as the saying is) is dulled with a beautiful aspect, and severity 
itself is overcome. Hiperides the orator, when Phryne his client was accused at 
Athens for her lewdness, used no other defence in her cause, but tearing her upper 
garment, disclosed her naked breast to the judges, with which comeliness of her 
body and amiable gesture they were so moved and astonished, that they did acquit 
her fortliwith, and let her go. O noble piece of justice! mine author exclaims : and 
who is he that would not rather lose his seat and robes, forfeit his office, than give 
sentence against the majesty of beauty.'' Such prerogatives have fair persons, and 
they alone are free from danger. Paithenopseus was so lovely and fair, that when 
he fought in the Theban wars, if his face had been by chance bare, no enemy would 
offer to strike at or hurt him, such immunities lialh beauty. Beasts themselves are 
moved with it. Sinalda was a v/oman of such excellent feature, ^"and a queen, that 
when she was to be trodden on by wild horses for a punishment, '•'■ the wild beasts 
stood in admiration of her person, (Saxo Grammaticus lib. 8. Dan. hist.) and would 
not hurt her." Wherefore did that royal virgin in ^' Apuleius, when she fled from 



20 Esdras, iv. 29. ^i Origen horn. 23. in Numb. 

In ipsos tyrannos tyrannidem exercet. '^ mud 

terte magnum ob quod jjloriari possunt formosi, quod 
roliustis necessarium sit laborare, forteni periculis se 
objicere, sapientem, &c. -3 Majorem vim habet ad 

commendandam forma, quam accurate .scripta epistola. 
Arist. 24 (leliodor. lib. 1. 26 Knowles. hist. 

Turcica. seDaninl in complaint of Rosamond. 

"Slroza filius Epig. "The king of the gods on ac- 



count of this beauty became a bull, a shower, a swan.* 
28 Sect. 2. Mem. 1. Suh. 1. sjgtromatnm I. post 

captani Trojam cum impetu ferretur, ad occidendain 
Helenam, stupore adeo pulchritudinis correptiis nt frr- 
rum excideret, &c so'J'anta' formse fuit ut cum 

vincta Ions, fens exposita foret, equorum calcibus ob 
terenda, ipsis jumentis admirationi fuit; lajdere iiolue- 
runt. 31 Liii). 8. mules. 



Mom. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause 461 

the thieves' den, in a desert, make such an apostrophe to her ass on whom she rode; 
'for what knew she lo the contrary, but that he was an ass .?) Si me parentibus el 
proco formoso reddideris^ quas tihi gratias^ quos honores habebo^ quos cibos exhi 
hpboP^ She would comb him, dress him, feed him, and trick him every day her 
pelf, and he should work no more, toil no more, but rest and play, &c. And besides 
she would have a dainty picture drawn, in perpetual remembrance, a virgin riding 
upovi an ass's back with this motto, As'ino vecfore regia virgo fuglcns captivitatem; 
why said she all this ? why did she make such promises to a dumb beast .'' but that 
she perceived the poor ass to be taken with her beauty; for he did often obliquo 
cnlJo pedes puellcB decoros basiarc, kiss her feet as she rode, et ad dclicatulas vocu- 
las tentabat adhinnire^ offer to give consent as much as in kim was to her delicate 
speeches, and besides he had some feeling, as she conceived of her misery. And 
why did Theogine's horse in Heliodorus ^^ curvet, prance, and go so proudly, exuUans 
alacriter et superbirns, Sfc., but that such as mine author supposeth, he was in love 
with his master.'' divisses ipsum equum pulchrum intelligere pulchram domini for- 
mam? A fly lighted on ^■' Malthius' cheek as he lay asleep; but why.? Not to hurt 
him, as a parasite of his, standing by, well perceived, non ut pungeret^ sed ut oscula- 
retu?; but certainly to kiss him, as ravished with his divine looks. Inanimate crea- 
tures, I suppose, have a touch of this. When a drop of ^^ Psyche's candle fell on 
Cupid's shoulder, I think sure it was to kiss it. When Venus ran to meet her rose- 
cheeked Adonis, as an elegant ^^ poet of our's sets her out, 

"the bushes in the way 

Some catch her neck, some kiss her face. 
Some iwine about her lejrs to make her stay, 
And all did covet lier for to embrace." 

Aer ipse amore inficitur, as Heliodorus holds, the air itself is in love: for when Hero 
plaid upon her lute, 

^ " The wanton air in twenty sweet forms danc't 
After her finsers" 

and those lascivious winds stayed Daphne when she fled from Apollo; 

' niidahant corpora venti. 



Obviaque adversas vibrabant (lamina vestos." 

Boreas Ventus loved Hyacinthus, and Orithya Ericthons's daughter of Athens : vt 
rapuit, Sfc. he took her away by force, as she was playing with other wenches at 
llissus, and begat Zetes and Galias his two sons of her. That seas and waters are 
enamoured with this our beauty, is all out as likely as that of the air and winds; 
for when Leander swam in the Hellespont, Neptune with his trident did beat down 
the waves, but 

" They still mounted up intending to have kiss'd him. 
And fell in drops like tears because they missed him." 

The '^ river Alpheus was in love with Arethusa, as she tells the tale herself, 

M " viridesque manu siccata capillos, 

Fhiminis Alpliei veteres recitavit amores; 
Pars ego Nympharum," &c. 

When our Thame and Isis meet 

*'"Oscula mille sonant, connexu brachia pallent, 
Mutuaque explicitis connectunt colla lacertis." 

Inachus and Pineus, and how many loving rivers can I reckon up, whom beauty 
hath enthralled ! I say nothing all this while of idols themselves that have com- 
mitted idolatry in this kind, of looking-glasses, that have been rapt in love (if you 
will believe ''^ poets), when their ladies and mistresses looked on to dress them. 

" Et si non habeo sensure, tua gratia sensuni | " Though I no sense at all of feeling have, 
Exhibel, et calidi sentio amoris onus. Yet your sweet looks do animate and save ; 

Dirifiis hue (|uolies spectantia luniina, flamma And when your speaking' eyes do thjs way turn, 

Succendunt inopi saucia membra milii." I Methinks my wounded members live and burn." 

I could tell you such another story of a spindle that was fired by a fair lady's '"'looks 



'■! " If you will restore me to my parents, and my 
beautiful lover, what thanks, what honour shall I 
owe you, what provender shall I not supply you?" 
» iEtliiop. 1. 3. =1 Atheneus, lib. 8. ss Apuleius 

Aur. asiiio. saghakspeare. 3' Marlowe. s" Ov. 
Met. 1. S9 0vid. Met. lib. 5. ^» " And with her 

baud wiping off the drops from her green tresses, thus 



began to relate the loves of Alpheus. I was formerly an 
Achaian nymph." <i Leiand. " Their lips resound 

with thou.~and kisses, their arms are pallid with the 
close embrace, and their necks are mutually entwined 
by their fond laresses." "Anserianus. ■'^ Si 

longe aspiciens hsc urit lumiue divos atque homines 
prope, cur urere lina nequit ? Angerianus. 



2o2 



402 



Love-Melancholy. 



iTart. 3. Sec. 2. 



oi fingers, some say, I know not well whether, but fired it was by report, and of a 
cold bath that suddenly smoked, and was very liot when naked Ccelia came into it, 
Miramur quis sit tantus et unde vapor,'''''*^ S,-c. But of all the tales in this kind, that 
is the most memorable of *^ Death himself, when he should have strucken a swset 
young virgin with his dart, he fell in love with the object. Many more such could 
I relate which are to be believed with a poetical faith. So dumb and dead creatures 
dote, but men are mad, stupified many times at the first sight of beauty, amazed, 
*^as that fisherman in Aristaenetus tliat spied a maid bathing herself by the sea-side, 

<'"Soliiia mihi sunt omnia membra 

A capite ad calcem. sensiisqiie omnis periit 

De pectore, tarn immensus stupor aniiiiam invasit mihi. 

And as ^^Lucian, in his images, confesses of himself, that he was at his mistress's 
presence void of all sense, immovable, as if he had seen a Gorgon's head : which 
was no such cruel monster (as ''^Coelius interprets it, lib. 3. cap. 9.), "but the very 
quintessence of beauty," some fair creature, as without doubt the poet understood 
in the first fiction of it, at which the spectators were amazed. ^"Miseri quibus in- 
tentala nites, poor wretches are compelled at the very sight of her ravishing looks to 
'un mad, or make away with themselves. 

""They wait the sentence of her scornful eyes; 
And whom she favours lives, the other dies." 

^^Heliodorus, lib. 1. brings in Thyamis almost besides himself, when he saw Cha- 
.•iclia first, and not daring to look upon her a second time, " for he thought it impos- 
sible for any man living to see her and contain himself'J The very fame of beauty 
will fetch them to it many miles off (such an attractive power this loadstone hath), 
and they will seem but short, they will undertake any toil or trouble, ^^ long journeys. 
Penia or Atalanta shall not overgo them, through seas, deserts, mountains, and dan- 
gerous places, as they did to gaze on Psyche : " many mortal men came far and near 
to see that glorious object of her age," Paris for Helena, Corebus to Troja. 

" mis Trojam qui forte diebus 

Venerat insano Cassandrse insensus amore." 

' who inflamed with a violent passion for Cassandra, happened then to be in Troy." 
King John of France, once prisoner in England, came to visit his old friends again, 
crossing the seas ; but the truth is, his coming was to see the Countess of Salisbury, 
the nonpareil of those times, and his dear mistress. That infernal God Pluto came 
from hell itself, to steal Proserpine ; Achilles left all his friends for Polixena's sake, 
his enemy's daughter ; and all the ^'^ Graecian gods forsook their heavenly mansions 
for that fair lady, Philo Dioneus daughter's sake, the paragon of Greece in ihose 
days ; ea enim xienustate fidl., ut earn certatlm omnes dii conjugem expeterent : " for 
she was of such surpassing beauty, that all the gods contended for her love." ^''For- 
mosa divis imperat puclla. " The beautiful maid commands the gods.?' They will 
not only come to see, but as a falcon makes a hungry hawk hover about, follow, 
give attendance and service, spend goods, lives, and all their fortunes to attain ; 

" Were beauty under twenty locks kept fast, 
Yet love breaks through, and picks them all at last." 

When fair ^ Hero came abroad, the eyes, hearts, and affections of her spectators were 
still attendant on her. 



" " Et niedios inter vultus supereminet omnes, 

Perque urbem aspiciunt venieiitem numinis instar." 



' So far above the rest fair Hero shined. 
And stole away the enchanted gazer's mind." 



'^When Peter Aretine's Lucretia came first to Rome, and that the fame of her beauty, 
ad urbanarum deliciarum seclatores venerat, nemo non ad videndam earn., Sfc. was 
spread abroad, they came in (as they say) thick and threefold to see her, and hovered 



44 " We wonder how great the vapour, and whence it 
comes." ■«' Idem Anger. <' Obstupuit mirabundas 
membrorum elegantiam, &c. Ep. 7. ■" Stohajiis e 

griEco. "My limbs bucame relaxed, I was overcome 
from head to foot, all self-possession fled, so great a 
stjipor overburdened my mind." ** Parum abfiiit quo 
minus saxuni ex homine factus sum, ipsis statuis im- 
mobilioreni me fecit. " Veteres Gorgonis fahulain 

ftonfinxerunt, eximium forma; decus stupidos reddens. 
•• Hor. Ode 5. " Marios Hero. " Aspectual 



Virginia sponte fugit insanus fere, et impossibile exis- 
timans ut simul earn aspicere quis possit, et intra tem- 
perantioe metas se continere. '' Apuleius, I. 4. Multi 
rnortales longis itineribus, Sec. '^ Nic. Gerbel. I. 5. 

Achaia. ^^ I. Secundus basiorum lib. ''Murieus 

Ilia autem bene inorata, per sdpm quocunque vjga- 
batur, sequentem inentem habeliat, e oculos, et cnrda 
virorurn. "Homer. ^Marlowe. '"Pcrno 

didasc '<o dial. Ital. Latin, donat. i Gasp. Barthio Ger 
mano 



Mem. 2, Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 463 

aboMt her gates, as they did of old to Lais of Corinth, and Phryne of Thebes, ^Jid 
cujus jacuit GrcFxia tota fores, "at whose gales lay all Greece." ^'" Every man 
soiio-ht to get her love, some with gallant and costly apparel, some with an affected 
pace, some with music, others with rich gifts, pleasant discourse, multitude of fol- 
lowers •, others with letters, vows, and promises, to commend themselves, and to be 
gracious in her eyes." Happy was he that could see her, thrice happy that enjoyed 
her company. Charmides " in Plato was a proper young man in comeliness of per- 
son, "and all good qualities, flir exceeding others; whensoever fair Charmides came 
abroad, they seemed all to be in love with him (as Critias describes their carnage), 
and were troubled at the very sight of him ; many came near him, many followed 
him wheresoever he went," as those ^^formarum spectatores did Acontius, if at any 
time he walked abroad : the Athenian lasses stared on Alcibiades ; Sappho and the 
Mitilenean women on Phaon the fair. Such lovely sights do not only please, entice, 
but ravish and amaze. Cleonimus, a delicate and tender youth, present at a feast 
which Androcles his uncle made in Piraeo at Athens, when he sacrificed to Mercury. 
so stupified the guests, Dineas, Aristippus, Agasthenes. and the rest (as Charidemus 
in ^' Lucian relates it), that they could not eat their meat, they sat all supper time 
gazing, glancing at him, stealing looks, and admiring of his beauty.^ Many will con- 
demn^th'ese men that are so enamoured, for fools ; but some again commend them 
for it; many reject Paris's judgment, and yet Lucian approves of it, admiring Paris 
for his choice ; he would have done as much himself, and by good desert in his 
mind: beauty is to be preferred ^^^ before wealth or wisdom." '^'^Athenaeus Deip- 
nosophist, lib. 13. cap. 7, holds it not such indignity for the Trojans and Greeks to 
contend ten years, to spend so much labour, lose so many men's lives for Helen's 
sake, ^ for so fair a lady's sake, 

" Oh taleni iixorem cui prxstantissima forma, 
Nil inortale refert." 

That one woman was worth a kingdom, a hundred thousand other women, a world 
itself. Well might ^^ Sterpsichores be blind for carping at so fair a creature, and a 
just punishment it was. The same testimony gives Homer of the old men of Troy, 
that were spectators of that single combat between Paris and Menelaiis at the Seian 
gate, when Helen stood in presence ; they said all, the war was worthily prolonged 
and undertaken "^^for her sake. The very gods themselves (as Homer and ™ Isocrates 
record) fought more for Helen, than they did against the giants. When ^' Venus lost 
her son Cupid, she made proclamation by Mercury, that he that could bring tidings 
of him should have seven kisses ; a noble reward some say, and much better than 
so many golden talents; seven such kisses to many men were more precious than 
seven cities, or so many provinces. One such a kiss alone would recover a man if 
he were a dying, ''^ Suaviohm Stygia sic te de valk reducet., tSfc. Great Alexander 
married Roxane, a poor man's child, only for her person. " 'Twas well done of 
Alexander, and heroically done ; I admire him for it. Orlando was mad for Angelica, 
and who doth not condole his mishap ? Thisbe died for Pyramus, Dido for iEneas; 
who doth not weep, as (before his conversion) "Austin did in commiseration of her 
estate ! she died for him ; " methinks (as he said) I could die for her." 

But this is not the matter in hand ; what prerogative this beauty hath, of what 
power and sovereignty it is, and how far such persons that so much admire, and 
dote upon it, are to be justified; no man doubts of these matters; the question is, 
how and by what means beauty produceth this effect .? By sight : the eye betrays 
the soiil, and is both active and passive in this business ; it wounds and is wounded, 
is an especial cause and instrument, both in the subject and in the object. ""As 
tears, it begins in the eyes, descends to the breast;" it conveys these beauteous rays, 
as I have said, unto the heart. Ut vidi ui perii. '^^Mars videt hanc, visamque cupit. 



MiPrnpprtiiis. siVestium splendore et elejrantia 

amhitione incessus, donis, cantilenis, &,c. gratiam adi- 
pisci. ^^ Pi'iB ceteris corporis proceritate et egregia 

indole mirandus apparebat, cKteri autem capti ejus 
atnore videhaiitiir, &.c.. 63 Aristenietus, ep. 10. 

MToHi. 4. dial, meretr. re'spicientes et ad formam ejus 
obstiipi'seentes. «5 in Charidemo sapientis rnerilo 

pnlchritiido praifertiir et opiliiis. '^ Indignum nihil 

est Troas fortes et Achivos tempore tarn longo per- 



pessns esse labore. "Digna qiiidem facies pro qua 

vol obiret Achilles, vel Priamiis, belli causa probanda 
fuit. Proper, lib. 2. ^ecoecus qui Helenae formair 

carpserat. ^'Those mutinous Turks that munnureil 
at Mahomet, when they saw Irene, excused his abseiiea 
Knowls. "1 In laudem Helena; erat. ■" Apu. 

miles, lib. 4. "gecun. lias. 13. "Cnrtius, I. I 

'^Oonfrssi. '5 Seneca Amor in oculis oritui 

'« Ovid Fast 



464 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



Schechem saw Dinah the daughter of Leah, and defiled her, Gen. xxxiv. 3. Jacob, 
Rachel, xxix. 17, '•'• for she was beautiful and fair." David spied Bathsheba afar off, 
2 Sam. xi. 2. The Elders, Susanna, "as that Orthomenian Strato saw fair Aristoclea 
daughter of Theophanes, bathing herself at that Hercyne well in Lebadea, and were 
captivated in an instant. Viderimt ocuU^rapuerunt pectorajlajnmce ; Amnion fell sick 
for Thamar's sake, 2 Sam. xiii. 2. The beauty of Esther was such, that she found 
favour not only in the sight of Ahasuerus, •■' but of all those that looked upon her." 
Gerson, Origen, and some others, contended that Christ himself was the fairest of 
the sons of men, and .Joseph next unto him, speciosus prcE filiis hominum, and they 
will have it literally taken ; his very person was such, that he found grace and favour 
of all those that looked upon him. Joseph was so fair, that, as the ordinary gloss 
hath it^ fiUcB dccurrerent per rmirum, et ad fenestras, they ran to the top of the walls 
and to the windows to gaze on him, as we do commonly to see some great person- 
age go by: and so Matthew Paris describes Matilda the Empress going through 
CuUen. ™P. Morales the Jesuit saith as much of the Virgin Mary. Antony no 
sooner saw Cleopatra, but, saith Appian, lib. 1, he was enamoured of her. "Theseus 
at the first sight of Helen was so besotted, that he esteemed himself the happiest 
man in the world if he might enjoy her, and to that purpose kneeled down, and 
made his pathetical prayers unto the gods. ^^ Charicles, by chance, espying that 
curious picture of smiling Venus naked in her temple, stood a great while gazing, as 
one amazed; at length, he brake into that mad passionate speech, "O fortunate god 
Mars, that wast bound in chains, and made ridiculous for her sake !" He could not 
contain himself, but kissed her picture, I know not how oft, and heartily desired to be 
«io disgraced as Mars was. And what did he that his betters had not done before him ? 

« •' atque aliqiiis de diis non tristibus optat 

Sic fieri turpis" 

When Venus came first to heaven, her comeliness was such, that (as mine author 
saith) ^^"all the gods came flocking about, and saluted her, each of tliem went to 
Jupiter, and desired he might have her to be his wife." When fair ^^Antilochus 
came in presence, as a candle in the dark his beauty shined, all men's eyes (as Xeno- 
phon describes the manner of it) "were instantly fixed on him, and moved at the 
sight, insomuch that they could not conceal themselves, but in gesture or looks it 
was discerned and expressed." Those other senses, hearing, touching, may much 
penetrate and afiect, but none so much, none so forcible as sight. Forma Briseis 
mediis in arinis mnvit Jlchillem, Achilles was moved in the midst of a battle by fair 
Briseis, Ajax byTecmessa; Judith captivated that great Captain Holofernes : Dalilah, 
Samson ; Rosamund, ^^ Henry the Second ; Roxolana, Solyman the Magnificent, Stc. 

'*' " NiKa 6c Ka] ciStpov 

Kai csDp KaXfi rij ovaa." 

" A fair woman overcomes fire and sword." 



' Nought under lieaven so stron<i;ly doth allure 
The Sfrtise of man and all his mind possess, 
As beauty's loveliest hait, that doth procure 
Great warriors erst llieir rigour to suppress, 
And mighty hands fbrpet their manliness. 



Driven with the power of an heart-burning eye. 
And lapt in flowers of a golden tress, 
That can with melting pleasure mollify 
Their harden'd hearts inur'd to cruelty." 



*^Clitiphon ingenuously confesseth, that he no sooner came in Leucippe's presence, 
but that he did corde tremere, et oculis lasctvius intueri ; ^* he was wounded at the 
first sight, his heart panted, and he could not possibly turn his eyes from her. So 
doth Calysins in Heliodorus, lib. 2. Tsis Priest, a reverend old man, complain, who 
by chance at Memphis seeing that Thracian, Rodophe, might not hold his eyes ofi' 
her : ^^" I will not conceal it, she overcame me with her presence, and quite assaulted 
iny_ continency which I had kept unto mine old age ; I resisted a long time my 
bodily eyes with the eyes of my understanding ; at last I was conquered, and as 
in a tempest carried headlong." ^^ Xenophiles, a philosopher, railed at women down- 



" Plutarch. '^ Ljh. de pulchrit. Jesii et Maris. 

" Lucian Charidemon supra omnes mortalcs felicissi- 
inum si hac friii possit. 8" Lucian amor. Insanum 

quiiklam ac furibundum exclamans. O fortunatissime 
deorum Mars qui propter banc vinclus fuisti. s' Ov. 
Met. I. 3. 82 Omnes dii cnmploxi sunt, et in uxorenj 



vincit et vel ignem, ferrumqiie si qua pulchra est. Ana- 
creon, 2. *' Spenser in his Faerie dueene. *' Achil- 
les Tatius, lib. I. *" Statim ac earn contemplatus 
sum, ocridi ; oculos a virgine avertere conatus sum, sed 
illi repugnabant. 89 Pudet dicere, non celabo tamen. 
Memphim ve iens me vicit, et continentiam expup 



sil>i petierunt, Nat. Comes de Venere. 83 ^Ji rum Inx iiavit, quam ad senectutem usque servaram, ocu'i* o/^» 
noctis affulget, omnium oculos incurrit : sic Antiloriiius poris, &,c. 8° Nunc primum circa banc anxius anilKi 
Itc. 0^ I>;levil imnes ex animo mulieres. 86 ;vani I li«!reo. Arista.netus, ep. 17 



.Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 465 

righc for many years together, scorned, hated, scoifed at thern; coming it last intfv 
Daphnis a fair maid's company (as he condoles his mishap to his friend Demaritis), 
tiiough free before, Intactus nuUis ante cupidinibus^ was far in love, and quite over- 
come upon a sudden. Victus smnfateor a Daplmlde^ Sfc. I confess 1 am taken^ 

*i " Sola liKC iriflexit sensiis, anjiiiiiiiique labeiitem 
Impulit" 

could hold out no longer. Such another mishap, but worse, had Stratocles the 
physician, that blear-eyed old man, nmco plenus [so ^-Prodromus describes him); he 
was a severe woman's-hater all his Vife.fceda el. contumeliosa semper infceininas pro- 
fatus, a bitter persecutor of the whole sex, kumanas aspides et viperas appeUahaU 
he forswore them all still, and mocked them wheresoever he came, in such vile 
terms, ?<^ matrem et sorores odisses, that if tliou hadst heard him, thou wouldst have 
loatlied thine own mother and sisters for his word's sake. Yet this old doting fool 
was taken at last with that celestial and divine look of Myrilla, the daughter of An- 
ticles the gardener, that smirking wench, that he shaved off his bushy beard, painted 
his face, ^* curled his hair, wore a laurel crown to cover his bald pate, and for her 
love besides was ready to run mad. For the very day that he married he was so 
furious, ut soils occasum minus expectare posset (a terrible, a monstrous long day), 
he could not stay till it was night, sed omnibus insalutatis in thalamum festinans 
irrupit, the meat scarce out of his mouth, without any leave taking, he would needs 
go presently to bed./ What young man, therefore, if old men be so intemperate, can 
secure himself? Who can say I will not be taken with a beautiful object.? I can, 
1 will contain. No, saith ^^ Lucian of his mistress, she is so fair, that if thou dost 
but see her, she will stupify thee, kill thee straight, and. Medusa like, turn thee to a 
stone ; thou canst not pull thine eyes from her, but, as an adamant doth iron, she , 
will carry thee bound headlong whither she will herself, infect thee like a basilisk. 
It holds both in men and women. Dido was amazed at iEneas' presence ; Obstupuit 
primo aspectu Sidonia Dido ; and as he feelingly verified out of his experience ; 

••'^"(iuani ego postquam vidi, non ita amavi ut sani solent I "I lov'd her not as others soberly, 

Homines, sed eodem pacto ut insani solent." | But as a madman rageth, so did I." 

So Museus of Leander, nusquam lumen detorquet ab ilia ; and ^ Chaucer of Palamon, 

He cast his eye upon Emilia, 

Jlnd thercwitli he blent and cried ha, ha, 

Ms though he had been stroke unto the hearla. 

If you desire to know more particularly what this beauty is, how it doth Injluere^ 
how it doth fascinate (for, as all hold, love is a fascination), thus in brief "'"This 
comeliness or beauty ariseth from the due proportion of the whole, or from each 
several part." For an exact delineation of which, I refer you to poets, historio- 
graphers, and those amorous writers, to Lucian's Images, and Charidemus, Xeno- 
phon's description of Panthea, Petronius Catalectes, Heliodorus Chariclia, Tacius 
Leucippe, Longus Sophista's Daphnis and Cloe, Theodorus Prodromus his Rhodan- 
thes, Aristaenetus and Philostratus Epistles, Balthasar Castillo, lib. 4. de aulico. 
Laurentius, cap. 10, dc melan. ^Eneas Sylvius his Lucretia, and every poet almost, 
which have most accurately described a perfect beauty, an absolute feature, and that 
through every member, both in men and women. Each part must concur to the 
perfection of it ; for as Seneca saith, Ep. 33. lib. 4. JS'on est formosa mulier cujus 
cms laudatuT e<- brachium,sed ilia cujus simul universa fades ad7nirationem singulis 
partibus dedit ; " she is no fair woman, whose arm, thigh, &c. are commended, ex- 
cept the face and all the other parts be correspondent." And the face especially 
gives a lustre to the rest : the face is it that commonly denominates a fair or foul : 
arx formce fades, the face is beauty's tower; and though the other parts be deformed, 
yet a good face carries it (fades non uxor amatur) that alone is most part respected^ 
principally valued, deliciis suisferox, and of itself able to captivate. 

W" Urit te Glycerse nitor, 
Urit grata protervitas. 
El vultus nimium lubricus aspici." 



»' ^irg. iEn. 4. " She alone hath captivated my feel- 
ings, and fixed nvy wavering mind." aa Amaranto 
<iial. >3 Comasque ad speculum disposuit. ^ Imag. 
I'oljstralo. Si illam saltern intuearie, statuis imnio- 
tiiiiorem te fac'et ; si coiispexerif eain. non relinque'.ur 

59 



facultas oculos ab ea amovendi ; abducet te alligatiian 
quocunque voluerit, ut ferrum ad se trahere feruiit ada- 
mantem. »* Plaut. Merc. se fp the Knight's Tale 
9' Ex debita totius proportione aptaqiie partium coin- 
posilione. Piccoloniiiieus. w Hor. Ud. 19. lib. 1. 



466 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



" Gi/otrftt y too fair a face was it that set him on fire, too fine to be beheld." When 
*' Chaerea jiaw the singing wench's sweet looks, he was so taken, that he cried out, 
O faciem fulchram., deleo omnes dehinc ex animo muKeres, tcedet quotidianarum ha- 
rum formurum ! " O fair face, I'll never love any but her, look on any other here- 
after but hi?r; I am weary of these ordiitary beauties, away with them." The more 

he sees hei, the worse he is, uritque videndo, as in a burning-glass, the sunbeams 

are re-colk/ted to a centre, the rays of love are projected from her eyes. It was 
^neas's countenance ravished Queen Dido, Os humerosque Deo similis, he had «' 
aiiffelical face. 



' O sacros vultus Racchn vpI ApoIIine diffiios, 
Qiios vjr, quos tuto fcEinina nulla videt !" 



" O sarred looks, befittine majesty, 

Which never mortal wight could saftly see." 



Although for the greater part this beauty be most eminent in the face, yet many times 
those other members yield a most pleasing grace, and are alone sufficient to enamour. 
A high brow like unto the bright heavens, crjcli pukhcrrima plaga., Frons uhi vivit 
honor, frons uhi htdit onior, white and smooth like the polished alabaster, a pair of 
cheeks of vermilion colour, in which love lodgeth; ^Jimor quimoUibus genis puellce 
pernoctas : a coial lip, sxiaviornin dcluhrnm, in which Basia mille patent, basia mille 
latent, " A thousand appear, as many are concealed ;" gratiarum sedes gratissima ; 
a sweet-smelling flower, from which bees may gather honey, '^MellilegcBvolucres quid 
adhuc cava thyma rosasque, Sfc. 

"Omnes ad dominae labra venite mete, 
Ilia rosas spiral," &c. 

A white and rounu neck, that via lactea, dimple in the chin, black eye-brows, Cupi- 
dints urcus, sweet breath, white and even teeth, which some call the salepiece, a fine 
soft round pap, gives an excellent grace,^ Quale decus twnidis Pario de marmore 
niamnds .'" '* and make -a pleasant valley lacinim sinum, between two chalky hills, 
Sororiantes papillulas, et ad pruritum frigidos amatores solo aspeclu excitantes. 
Unde is, ^Forma papillarum quam fuit apta premi ! — Again Urebant oculos durce 
stanfesque mamillcR. A flaxen hair ; golden hair was even in great account, for 
which Virgil commends Dido, JVondum sustulerat flavum Proserpinina crinem, Et 
crines nodantur in anrum. Apollonius {Argonani. lib. 4. Jasonis Jlava coma incendil 
cor Medecp}) will have Jason's golden hair to be the main cause of Medea's dotage 
on him. Castor and Polliix were both yellow haired. Paris, Menelaiis, and most 
amorous young men. have been such in all ages, molles ac suaves, as Baptista Porta 
infers, ^Physiog. lib. 2. lovely to behold. Homer so commends Helen, makes Patro- 
clus and Achilles both yellow haired : Pulchricoma Venus, and Cupid himself was 
yellow haired, in auriim corvsconte et crispante capillo, like that neat picture of Nar 
missus in Callistratus ; for so ''Psyche spied him asleep, Briseis, Polixena, Sfc.Jlavi 
comcB omnes, 

" and Hero the fair. 

Whom youaa; Apollo courted for her hair." 

Leland commends Guithera, king Arthur's wife, for a flaxen hair: so Paulus ^miliiis 
sets out Clodeveus, that lovely king of France. ''Synesius holds every effeminate 
fellow or adulterer is fair haired : and Apuleius adds that Venus herself, goddess of 
love, cannot delight, ® '• though she come accompanied with the graces, and all 
Cupid's train to attend upon her, girt with her own girdle, and smell of cinnamon 
and balm, yet if she be bald or badhaired, she cannot please her Vulcan." Which 
belike makes our Venetian ladies at this day to counterfeit yellow hair so much, 
great women to calamistrate and curl it up, vibrantes ad gratiam crines, et tot orhi- 
bus in captivitatem Jlexos, to adorn their heads with spangles, pearls, and made- 
flowers ; and all courtiers to effect a pleasing grace in this kind. In a word, '"'Mlie 
hairs are Cupid's nets, to catch all comers, a brushy wood, in which Cupid builds ■ 
his nest, and under whose shadow all loves a thousand several ways sport themselves. 



MTer Eunuch. Act. 2. seen. 3. woPetronlus 

Catall. • Sophocles. Antieone. « Jo. Scciiiidiis 

bas. 19. » LcEchsiis. « Ararulus. Vallis amtenis- 

sima e duobus monlibus composita niveis. • Ovid. 

• Fol. 77. Dapsiles hilares ainatort-s, &c ' When 

Cupid slept. CiEsariem aiireain habeiitem, ubi Psyche 
vidit, mollj^mqiie ex ambrosia ce."vicem inspexit, crines 
crifpoB, purpureas eenas candidasque. &c. Apuleius. 
> III laudeni calvi ; i|j|»ndida coma quisque adulter est* 



allicit anrea coma. » Venus ipsa non placeret comi» 
nudata, capile spoliata, si qualis ipsa Venus cum fuit 
vir^o omni gratiarum clioro stipata, et tuto ciipidinum 
popiili) concinnata, bal'.leo suo cincta. cinriam.i fra- 
grans, et balsama, si calva processerit, plaeere n^n pr> 
test Vulcano suo. i» .^randiis. Capilli retia C; ipidi 
nis, svlva cffi.lua. in qua nidificat Cupido, sub cujjn 
umbra amores mille modis se exercent. 



'Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] 



Beauty a Cause. 



467 



A little soft hand, pretty little mouth, small, fine, long finj^ers, GraticB qucs digitis 
'tis that which Apollo did admire in Daphne, laudut digUosque manusque , 



a straight and slender body, a small foot, and well-proportioned leg, hath an excel- 
lent lustre, "Ci/i totum incumbit corpus uii fimdamento <zdes. Ciearchus vowed to 
his friend Amyander in '^Aristinaetus, that the most attractive part in his mistress, to 
make him love and like her first, was her pretty leg and foot : a soft and white skin, 
&c. have their peculiar graces, '^JYebuIa hand est mollior ac hujus cutis est, (zdipol 
papiUam bellulam. Though in men these parts are not so much respected ; a grim 

Saracen sometimes, nudus membra Pyracmon, a martial hirsute face pleaseth best; 

a black man is a pearl in a iair woman's eye, and is as acceptable as '^ lame Vulcan 
was to Venus ; for he being a sweaty fuliginous blacksmith, was dearly beloved of 
her, when fair Apollo, nimble Mercury were rejected, and the rest of the sweet-faced 
gods forsaken. Many women (as Petronius '^ observes) sordlbus calent (as many 
men are more moved with kitciien wenches, and a poor market maid, than all these 
illustrious court and city dames) will sooner dote upon a slave, a servant, a dirt 
dauber, a brontes, a cook, a player, if they see his naked legs or arms, thorosaque 
brachia,^^ &c., like that huntsman Meleager in Philostratus, though he be all in rao-s, 
obscene and dirty, besmeared like a ruddleman, a gipsy, or a chimney-sweeper, than 
upon a noble gallant, Nireus, Ephestion, Alcibiades, or those embroidered courtiers 
full of silk and gold. '" Justhie's wife, a citizen of Rome, fell in love with Pylades 
a player, and was ready to run mad for him, had not Galen himself helped her by 
chance. Faustina the empress doted on a fencer. 

Not one of a thousand falls in love, but there is some peculiar part or other 
which pleaseth most, and infiames him above the rest. '^ A company of young phi- 
losophers on a time fell at variance, which part of a woman was most desirable and 
pleased best .'' some said the forehead, some tlie teeth, some the eyes, cheeks, lips, neck, 
chin, &c., the controversy was referred to Lais of Corinth to decide ; but she, smil- 
ing, said, they were a company of fools ; for suppose they had her where they 
wished, what would they '^ first seek? Yet this notwithstanding I do easily grant, 
neq^ic quis vestrum negaverlt opinor, all parts are attractive, but especially ^° the 
eyes,^' 

" videt igiie micantes, 

Sicleribiis similes ociilos" ■ 

H'hich are love's fowlers ; ^aucupium amor is, the shoeing horns, " the hooks of love 
as Arandus vvill,) the guides, touchstone, judges, that in a moment cure mad men. 
and make sound folks mad, the watchmen of the body ; what do they not .'" How 
vex they not.? All this is true, and (which Athseneus lib. 13. dip. cap. 5. and Tatius 
hold) they are the chief seats of love, and James Lernutius^^ hath facetely expressed 
in an elegant ode of his, 



' Ainorem ocellis flaiuiiieolis herae 
Villi iiisidentein, credite pusten, 
Fratresque circuin hidibuiirios 
Cum pharetra volitare et arcu," &c. 



' I saw Love sitting in my mistress' eyes 

Sparkling, believe it all posterity, 
And iiis attendants playing round about 
With bow and arrows ready for to fly." 



Scaliger calls the eyes, '^'' " Cupid's arrows; the tongue, the lightning of love ; the 
paps, the tents :" ^^ IBalthasar Castillo, the causes, the chariots, the lamps of love, 



" femula luinina stellis. 

Lamina qute possent sollicitare decs." 



Love's orators, Petronius. 



'O blandos oculos, et 6 facetos, 
Et quiidam propria nota loquaces 
Ulic est Venus, et leves amores, 
Atque ipsa in medio sedet voluptas." 



"Eyes emulating stars in light, 
Enticing gods at the first sight;" 



' O sweet and pretty speaking eyes. 
Where Venus, love, and pleasure lies.' 



Love's torches, touch-box, napthe and matches, ^^ Tibullus. 



" Illius ex oculis quum vult exurere divos, 
Accendit geininas lampades acer amor." 



' Tart Love when he will set the gods on fire. 
Lightens the eyes as torches to desire." 



i> Theod. Prodromus Ainor. lib. \. >» Epist. 72. 

Ubi pulchram tibiam, bene conipactum tenuenique pe- 
deni vidi. '^ Plant. Cas. wciaudus optinie rem 

agit. '6 Fol. 5. Si servum viderint, aut flatorem 

altius cinctum, aut pulvere perfusum, aut histrionein 
in scenam tradiictum, &c. i^Me pulchra fateor 

tarere forma, verum luciilenta nostra est. Petronius 

Catal. de Priapo. "Galen. '^Calcagniiius 

Apologis. Ciua; pars piaxime desiilerabilis? Alius 
frontem, alius genas, &.c '^ Inter fcemineuni. 



20 Hensius. ^i Sunt enim oculi, priecipua; pulchritu- 

dinis sedes. lib. 6. ^i Amoris haini, duces, judices 

et indices qui momento insanos sanant, sanos insanire 
cogunt, oculalissimi corporis excubitores, quid nnu 
agunt? Quid non cogunt ? '-iS Ocelli carm. 17 

cujiis et Lipsius epist. qua.'st. lib. 3. cap. 11. nieininit ob 
ele^antiam. ^*CyJil\\\aL prima suis miserum ine 

cepit ocellis, contactum iiullis ante cupidinibus. Pro- 
pert. 1. 1. iisin catalect, m De Sul^icio, lib. 4. 



468 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



Part 3. Sec 2 



Leantlor, at the first sight of Hero's eyes, was incensed, saith Musaeus. 



'Simul in "oculoriim radiis crescet>al fax anioruiu, 
Et cor fervebat invecti ignh iiiiiietii ; 
Piilcliritiido eiiiiii Celebris iinniacuUitce fcemiriiB, 
Aculinr homiiiibus est vcloci sajiitta. 
Oculos vero via est, ab oculi ictibus 
Vulnus (iilabilur, et in prtecordia viri manat." 



' Love's torches 'gan to burn first in her eycji, 
And set his heart on fire which /lever dies: 
For tlie fair beauty of a virgin pure 
Is sliarper than a dart, and doth inure 
A deeper wound, wliich ; ercelh to the heart 
By the eyes, and causeth such a cruel smart " 



"A modern poet brings in Aranon complaining of Thamar, 



" et me fascino 

Occidit ille risus et formic lepos, 
llle nilor, ilia gratia, et verus ilecor, 
JIIje ajmulantes purpurain, el ^ rosas gense, 
Oculique vinctsque aureo nodo coma;." 



" It was thy beauty, 'twas thy pleasing smile, ^ 
'i'hy grace and comeliness did me beguile; ( 

Thy rose-like cheeks, and unto purple fair 
Thy lovely eyes and golden knotted hair." 



" Philostratus Lemnius cries out on his mistress's basilisk eyes, ardentes faces, those 
two burning-glasses, they had so inflamed his soul, that no water could quench it. 
"What a tyranny (saith he), what a penetration of bodies is this! thou drawest with 
violence, and swallowest me up, as Charybdis doth sailors with thy rocky eyes : he 
that falls into this gulf of love, can never get out." Let this be the corollary then, 
the strongest beams of beauty are still darted from the eyes. 



31" Nam quis lumina tanta, tanta 
Posset luminibus suis tueri, 
Non statim trepidansque, palpitansque, 
Prae desiderii isstuantis aura?" &c. 



" For who such eyes with his can see, 
And not forthwith enamour'd be!" 



And as men catch dotterels by putting out a leg or an arm, with those mutual glances 
of the eyes they first inveigle one another. ^^ Cynthia prima suis miserum me cepit 
ocellis. Of all eyes (by the vvay) black are most amiable, enticing and fairer, which 
the poet observes in commending of his mistress. ^^ '•'• Spectandum nigris ocuJis, 
nigroque capillo,'''' which Hesiod admires in his Alcmena, 

" From her black eyes, and from her golden face 
As if from Venus came a lovely gracu." 

'^ Homer uselh that 



'Cujus h vertice ac nigricantibus oculis, 
Tale quiddani spiral ac ab aurea Venere." 



and ^^ Triton in his Milccne- 



-nigra oculos formosa mifii. 



epithet of ox-eyed, in describing Juno, because a round black eye is the best, the 
son oi beauty, and farthest from black the worse : which ^' Polydore Virgil taxeth 
in our nation : JlngJi lit plurimum ccesiis oculis, we have gray eyes for the most part. 
Baptisma Porta, Physiognom. lib. 3. puts gray colour upon children, they be childish 
eyes, dull and heavy. Many commend on the other side Spanish ladies, and those 
*•* Greek dames at this day, for the blackness of their eyes, as Porta doth his Neapo- 
litan young wives. Suetonius describes Julius C;fisar to have been nigris vegeiisque 
oculis micantihus, of a black quick sparkling eye : and although Averroes in his 
Colliget will have such persons timorous, yet without question they are most 
amorous. 

Now last of all, I will show you by what means beauty doth fascinate, bewitch 
as some hold, and work upon the soul of a man by the eye. For certainly I am of 
the poet's mind, love doth bewitch and strangely change us. 



' Ludit amor sensus, oculos perstringil, et aufert 
Libertatem animi, mira nos fascinal arte. 
Credo aliquis daemon subiens pnecordia flainmam 
Concitat, et raplam tollit de cardine mentem." 



" Love mocks our senses, curbs our liberties, 
And doth bewitch us with his art and rings, 
I think some devil gets into our entrails, [hinges.' 
And kindles coals, and heaves our souls from Ih 



Heliodorus lib. 3. proves at large, ''"that love is witchcraft, "it gets in at our eyes, 
pores, nostrils, engenders the same qualities and affections in us, as were in the party 
whence it came." The manner of the fascination, as Ficinus 10. cap. com. in Plat. 
declares it, is thus : " Mortal men are then especially bewitched, when as by often 
gazing one on the other, they direct sight to sight, join eye to eye, and so drink and 
suck in love between them; for the beginning of this disease is the eye. And therefoVe 
he that hath a clear eye, though he be otherwise deformed, by often looking upon 
him, will make one mad, and tie him fast to him by the eye." Leonard. Varius, lib. \. 
cap. 2. de fascinat. telleth us, that by this interview, ■" " the purer spirits are infected," 



3' Pulchriludo ipsa per occultos radios in pectus aman- 
lis dimanans amatie rei forniam insculpsit, Tatius, 1.5. 
"Jacob Cornelius Amnon Tragajd. Act. 1. sc. 1. 
•» Rosas formosarum oculis nascuntur, el hilaritas vul- 
•us elegantia; corona. Philostratus deliciis. so Epist. 

et in deliciis, abi et oppugnationem relinque, quam 
flamma non e.\linguit; nam abamore ipsa fiamma sen- 
tit inceadium: quae corporum penetratio, qua; tyrannis 
haec?&c. 31 Loecbeua Panthea. 82 ivooertiu.s. 



" The wretched Cynthia first captivates with her spark- 
ling eyes." 33 Ovid. amorum, lib. 2. eleg. 4. 
3<Scut. Hercul. s^Calcagninus dial. sc njad 1. 
3' Hist. lib. 1. 83 Sands' relation, fol. 67. S9 Man 
tuan. ■"> Amor per oculos, nares, poros influens, 
&.C. Morlates turn summopere fascinantur quando 
frequentissimo intuitu aciem dirigentes, &c. Ideo si 
quis nitore polleat oculorum, &c. ■" Spiritus puri- 
ores fascinantur. ociilus a se radios einiltit. &c. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 469 

the one eye pierceth through the other whh his rays, which he sends foith, and 
many men have those excellent piercing eyes, that, which Suetonius relates of Augus- 
tus, their brightness is sucli, they compel their spectators to look ofl*, and can no 
more endure them than the sunbeams. ''^ Barradius, lib. 6. cap. 10. de Harmonia 
Evangel, reports as much o^ our Saviour Christ, and " Peter Morales of the Virgin 
Mary, whom Nicephorus des'^ribes likewise to have been yellow-haired, of a whea, 
colour, but of a most amiable and piercing eye. The rays is some think, sent from 
the eyes, carry certain spiritual vapours with them, and so infect the other party, 
and that in a moment. I know, they that hold visio Jit intra miltendo., will make a 
doubt of this ; but Ficinus proves it from blear-eyes, ""^ " That by sight alone, make 
others blear-eyed ; and it is more than manifest, that the vapour of the corrupt blood 
doth get in together with the rays, and so by the contagion the spectators' eyes are 
infected." Other arguments there are of a basilisk, that kills afar off by sight, as 
that Ephesian did of whom " Pliilostratus speaks, of so pernicious an eye, he poi- 
soned all he looked steadily on : and that other argument, menstru(S fcemince, out of 
Aristotle's Problems, morhosce. Capivaccias adds, and '"^ Septalius the commentator, 
that contaminate a looking-glass with beholding it. '"" So the beams that come from 
the agent's heart, by the eyes, infect the spirits about the patients, inwardly wound, 
and thence the spirits infect the blood." To this effect she complained in ''^Apuleius, 
"Thou art the cause of my grief, thy eyes piercing through mine eyes to mine inner 
parts, have set my bowels on fire, and therefore pity me that am now ready to die 
for thy sake." Ficinus illustrates this with a familiar example of that Marrhusian 
Phaedrus and Theban Lycias, ''^ " Lycias he stares on Phaedrus' face, and Phasdrus 
fastens the balls of his eyes upon Lycias, and with those sparkling rays sends out 
his spirits. The beams of Phaedrus' eyes are easily mingled with the beams of 
Lycias, and spirits are joined to spirits. This vapour begot in Phasdrus' heart, enters 
into Lycias' bowels : and that which is a greater wonder, Phaedrus' blood is in 
Lycias' heart, and thence come those ordinary love-speeches, my sweetheart Phae- 
drus, and mine own self, my dear bowels. And Phaedrus again to Lycias, O my 
light, my joy, my soul, my life. Phaedrus follows Lycias, because his heart would 
have his spirits, and Lycias follows Phaedrus, because he loves the seat of his spirits; 
both follow, but Lycias the earnester of the two : the river hath more need of the 
fountain, than the fountain of the river ; as iron is drawn to that which is touched 
with a loadstone, but draws not it again ; so Lycias draws Phaedrus." But how 
comes it to pass then, that the blind man loves, that never saw ? We read in the 
Lives of the Fathers, a story of a child that was brought up in the wilderness, from 
his infancy, by an old hermit : now come to man's estate, he saw by chance two 
comely women wandering in the woods : he asked the old man what creatures they 
were, he told him fairies ; after a while talking obiter., the hermit demanded of him, 
which was the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life ^ He readily replied, the 
two '" fairies he spied in the wilderness. So that, without doubt, there is some secret 
loadstone in a beautiful woman, a magnetic power, a natural inbred affection, which 
moves our concupiscence, and as he sings, 

"Methinlts I have a mistress yet to come, 
Ami still I seek, I love, I know not whom." 

'Tis true indeed of natural and chaste love, but not of this heroical passion, or rather 
brutish burning lust of which we treat; we speak of wandering, wanton, adulterous 
eyes, which, as ^' he saith, " lie still in wait as so many soldiers, and when they spy 
an innocent spectator fixed on them, shoot him through, and presently bewitch him: 
especially when they shall gaze and gloat, as wanton lovers do one upon another, 
and with a pleasant eye-conflict participate each other's souls." Hence you may 



« Lib. de pulch. Jes. et Mar. " Lib. 2. c. 23. co- 

tore triticuin referente, crine, flava, acribus oculis. 
•'Lippi solo intuitu alios lippos faciunt, et patet una 
cum radio vaporem corrupti sangunis emanare, cujiis 
contagione oculus spectantis inficitur. 45 Vita 

\pollon. ''e Comment, in Aristot. Probl. ■'"Sic 

radius a corde perciilienlis missus, regimen proprlum 
repetit, cor vulnerat, per ociilos et sanguinem inficit ct 
^piritus, subtili quaism vi. Castil. lib. 3. de aulico. 
•8 Lib. 10. Causa omiiis et origo omnis pra; sentis do- 
loris tute es; isti enim tui oculi, per nieos oculos ad 



2P 



intima delapsi prscordia, acerrimum meis medullie 
commovent inceiidium; ergo miserere tui causa pere- 
untis. -IS Lycias in Phaedri vultum inhiat, Phsdrus 

in oculos Lyciae scintillas suorum detiL'it oculorum ; cum 
que scintillis, &c. Soqiiitur Phsdrus Lyciam, quia cor 
siiiim petit spiritum ; Phaerlrum Lycias, quia spiritui 
propriam sedem postulat. Verum Lycias, &c. »" DaB- 
monia inquit quse in hoc Erenio nuper occurrebant. 
s'CMstilio de aulico, 1. 3. fol. 2'i8. Oculi ut milites in 
insidiis semper recubant, et subito ad visum sagittaj 
pinittunt, &.C. 



470 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



r»er<!eivti how easily and how quickly we may be taken in love; since at the 
iwinklin-r of an eye, Phsedrus' spirits may so perniciously infect Lycias' blood 
•'^"Neither is it any wonder, if we but consider how many other diseases closely, 
and as suddenly are caught by infection, plague, itch, scabs, flux," Stc. The spirits 
taken in, will not let hnn rest that hath received them, but egg him on. ^^^'■Idque 
petit corpus mens unde est saucia amore ; and we may manifestly perceive a strange 
eduction of spirits, by such as bleed at nose after they be dead, at the presence of 
the murderer;" but read more of this in Lemnius, lib. 2. de occult, nat. mir. cap. 7. 
Valleriola lib. 2. observ. cap. 7. Valesius controv. Ficinus, Cardan, Libavius de cruentis 
cadaveribus, Sfc. 

Sub SECT. III. — Artificial allurements of Love., Causes and Provocations to Lust; 
Gestures., Clothes., Doiver, S^c. 

Natural beauty is a stronger loadstone of itself, as you have heard, a great temp- 
tation, and pierceth to the very heart; ^* forma verecii.ndce nocuit mihi visa puella: ; 
but much more when those artificial enticements and provoct». -ons of gestures, 
clothes, jewels, pigments, exornations, shall be annexed unto it; thoso other circum- 
stances, opportunity of time and place shall concur, which of themselves alone were 
all sufficient, each one in particular to produce this eflfect. It is a question much 
controverted by some wise men, forma debeat plus arti an natures? Whether natural 
or artificial objects be more powerful.^ but not decided: for my part I am of opinion, 
that though beauty itself be a great motive, and give an excellent lustre in sordibus, 
in beggary, as a jewel on a dunghill will shine and cast his rays, it cannot be sup- 
pressed, which Heliodorus feigns of Chariclia, though she were in beggar's weeds : 
yet as it is used, artificial is of more force, and much to be preferred. 



5S" Sic deptata sibi videtur ^gle, 
Empti's ossihijs Indicoqiie cornu ; 
Sic qiire nijrrior est cadente moro, 
Cerussata si hi placet Lychoris." 



' So toothless Mg\e seems a pretty one, 
Set out with new-hoiight teeth of Indy bone: 
So foul Lychoris blacker than berry 
Herself admires, now finer than cherry." 



John Lerius the Burgundian, cap. 8. hist, navigat. in Brazil, is altogether on my side. 
For Avhereas (saith he) at our coming to Brazil, we found both men and women 
naked as they were born, without ^ny covering, so much as of their privities, and 
could not be persuaded, by our Frenchmen that lived a year with them, to wear any, 
"'\Many will think that our so long commerce with naked women, must needs be 
a great provocation to lust ;" but he concludes otherwise, that their nakedness did 
much less entice them to lasciviousness, than our women's clothes., "And I dare 
boldly affirm (saith he) that those glittering attires, counterfeit colours, headgears, 
curled hairs, plaited coats, cloaks, gowns, costly stomachers, guarded and loose gar- 
ments, and all those other accoutrements, wherewith our countrywomen counterfeit 
a beauty, and so curiously set out themselves, cause more inconvenience in this 
kind, than that barbarian homeliness, although they be no whit inferior unto them in- 
beauty. I could evince the truth of this by many other arguments, but I appeal 
(saith he) to my companions at that present, which were all of the same mind." His 
countryman, Montague, in his essays, is of the same opinion, and so are many 
others ; out of whose assertions thus much in brief we may conclude, that beauty 
is more beholden to art than nature, aiul stronger provocations proceed from out- 
ward ornaments, than such as nature hath provided. It is true that those fair 
sparkling eyes, white neck, coral lips, turgent paps, rose-coloured cheeks, &c., of 
themselves are potent enticers ; but when a comely, artificial, well-composed look, 
pleasing gesture, an affected carriage shall be added, it must needs be far more forci- 
ble than it was, when those curious needleworks, variety of colours, purest dyes, 
jeM'els, spangles, pendants, lawn, lace, tiffanies, fair and fine linen, embroideries, 
calamistrations, ointments, &.c. shall be added, they will make the veriest dowdy 
otherwise, a goddess, when nature shall be furthered by art. For it is not the eye 



62 Nee mirum si reliqiios morbos qui ex contagione 
nascunlur considereniiis, pestem, pruritum, scabiem, &c. 
K> Lucretius. " And the body naturally seeks whence it 
is that the mind is so wounded by love." "In 

beauty, that of favour is preferred before that of 
colours, nd decent motion is more than that of favour. 



Bacon's Essays. e5 jyiartialis. 66 Multi tacit e 

opinantur commercium illud adeo frequens cum bar- 
baris nudis, ac presertim cum fceminis ad libiriinem 
provocare, at minus multo no.\ia illorum nuditas quam 
nostrarum fcBminarum cultus. Ausia; asseverare splcn 
didum-illum cultum, fucos, &c. 



Mem. 2. Sabs. 3.J 



Artificial Allurements. 



471 



of itself that enticeth to lust, but an "adulterous eye," as Peter terms it, 2. ii. 14. a 
wanton, a rolling, lascivious eye: a wandering eye, which Isaiah taxeth, iii. 16. 
Christ himself, and the Virgin Mary, had most beautiful eyes, as amiable eyes as any 
persons, saith ^^ Baradius, that ever lived, but withal so modest, so chaste, that wno- 
soever looked on them was freed from that passion of burning lust, if we may 
iielieve ^^Gerson and ^^Bonaventure : there was no such antidote against it, as the 
Virgin Mary's face ; 'tis not the eye, but carriage of it, as they use it, that causeth 
such effects. When Pallas, Juno, Venus, were to win Paris' favour for the golden 
apple, as it is elegantly described in that pleasant interlude of ^°Apuleius, Juno came 
with majesty upon the stage, Minerva gravity, but Venus dulce subridens, constitit 
amcRne ; et gratissimce. Gratlce deam propitiant.es, <S(-c. came in smiling with her gra- 
cious graces and exquisite music, as if she had danced, et nonnunquam saltare solis 
ocuUs, and which was the main matter of all, she danced with her rolling eyes : they 
were the brokers and harbingers of her suite. So she makes her brags in a modern 
poet, 

61" Soon could I make my brow to tyrannise, 
And forc" the world do homage to mine eyes." 

The eye is a secret orator, the first bawd, Amoris porta, and with private looks, 
winking, glances and smiles, as so many dialogues they make up the match man^ 
times, and understand one another's meanings, before they come to speak a word 
*^Eurialus and Lucretia were so mutually enamoured by the eye, and prepared to 
give each other entertainment, before ever they had conference : he asked her good 
will with his eyes ; she did sujfragari, and gave consent with a pleasant look. That 
**Thracian Rodophe was so excellent at this dumb rhetoric, "that if she had but 
looked upon any one almost (saith Calisiris) she would have bewitched him, and he 
could not possibly escape it." For as ^^ Salvianus observes, " the eyes are the win- 
dows of our souls, by which as so many channels, all dishonest concupiscence gets 
into our hearts." They reveal our thoughts, and as they say, frons animi index, but 
the eye of the countenance, ^""Qiiid procacibus intuere occllis? <^c. I may say the 
same of smiling, gait, nakedness of parts, plausible gestures, &c. To laugh is l)Jie 
proper passion of a man, an ordinary thing to smile ; but those counterfeit, com- 
posed, affected, artificial and reciprocal, those counter-smiles are the dumb shows 
and prognostics of greater matters, which they most part use, to inveigle and deceive; 
though many fond lovers again are so frequently mistaken, and led into a fool's 
paradise. For if they see but a fair maid laugh, or show a pleasant countenance^ 
use some gracious words or gestures, they apply it all to themselves, as done in then 
favour ; sure she loves them, she is willing, coming, &c. 



" Stultus quando videt quod pnlclira puellula ridet, 
Turn fatuus credit se quod amare velit :" 



' When a fool sees a fair maid for to smile. 
He thinks she loves him, 'tis but to beguile.' 



They make an art of it, as the poet telleth us, 



'duis credaf discunt eliam ridere pucllse, 
Qucerilur atque illis hac quoque parte decor." 



" Who can believe ? to laugh maids make an art. 
And seek a pleasant grace to that same part." 



And 'tis as great an enticement as any of the rest. 



' "subrisit molle puella. 

Cor tibi rite salit." 



"She makes thine heart leap with ^^a pleasing gentle smile of hers." 



63" Dulce ridi'ntem Lalagen amabo, 
Dulce loquentein," 



" I love Lalage as much for smiling, as for discoursing," delectata ilia risit tarn 
hlandum, as he said in Petronius of his mistress, being well pleased, she gave so 
sweet a smile. It won Ismenius, as he ™ confesselh, /s??ierte subrisit amatorium, 
Ismene smiled so lovingly the second time I saw her, that I could not choose but 
admire her : and Galla's sweet smile quite overcame '' Faustus the shepherd. Me 



6' Harmo. evangel, lib. 6. cap. 6. 's Serni. de 

eoncep. Virg. Physiognomia virginis omnes movei ad 
castitatem. 533. gent. d. 3. q. 3. mirum, virgo 

forniosissima, sed a nemine concupita. ^o Met. 10. 

" Rosamond's complaint, by Sam. Daniel. ™ jEneas 
Silv. 63 Heliodor. I. 2. Rodolphe Thracia tam 

'nevitabili fascino instructa, tam exacte oculis intueiis 



attraxit, ut si in illam quis incidisset, fieri non posset 
quin caperetur. 64 Lib. 3. de providontia : Animi 

fenestra oculi, et omnis improba cupiditas per ocellos 
tanquam canales introit. 65 Buchanan. 660vid 

de arte tmandi. 67 Per,?. 3 Sat. 68 Vel centum 

Charites ridere putaret, Museus of Hero. 68 jjcr. 

Od. 22. lib. 1. T> Eustathius, I 5. '1 Mantuaw 



472 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

aspicif.nn viotis blande subrisit ocellis. All other pfestures of the body will enforce 
as much. Daphnis in '^Lucian was a poor tattered wench when I knew her first, 
said Corbile, pannosa et laccra., but now she is a stately piece indeed, hath her niaida 
to attend her, brave attires, money in her purse, &.C., and will you know how this 
came to pass .? " by setting out herself after the best fashion, by her pleasant car 
riage, affability, sweet smiling upon all," &c. Many women dote upon a man foi 
his compliment only, and good behaviour, they are won in an instant; too credulous 
to believe that every light wanton suitor, wlio sees or makes love to them, is instantly 
enamoured, he certainly dotes on, admires them, will surely marry, when as he 
means nothing less, 'tis his ordinary carriage in all such companies. So both delude 
each other by such outward shows ; and amongst the rest, an upright, a comely 
grace, courtesies, gentle salutations, cringes, a mincing gait, a decent and an affected 
pace, are most powerful enticers, and which the prophet Isaiah, a courtier himself 
and a great observer, objected to the daughters of Zion, iii. 16, " they minced as they 
went, and made a tinkling with their feet." To say the truth, what can they not 
effect by such means .'' 

"Whilst nature decks them in their best attires 
Of youth and beauty which the world admires." 

''^^^Urit voce, manu, gressii., pcctore^fronte, oculisP When art shall be annexed 

to beauty, when wiles and guiles shall concur ; for to speak as it is, love is a kmd 
of legerdemain ; mere juggling, a fascination. When they show their fair hand, i.ne 
foot and leg withal, magnum sid desiderium nobis rcUnquunt, saith '''Balthazar ' /,ts- 
tilio, lib. 1. they set us a longing, "and so when they pull up their petticoats, tnd' 
outward garments," as usually they do to show their fine stockings, and thos' of 
purest silken dye, gold fringes, laces, embroiderings, (it shall go hard but when t'ley 
go to church, or to any other place, all shall be seen) 'tis but a springe to catch 
woodcocks; and as '''' Chrysostom telleth them downright, "though they say nothmg 
with their mouths, they speak in their gait, they speak with their eyes, they speak 
in the carriage of their bodies." And what shall we say otherwise of that baring 
of their necks, shoulders, naked breasts, arms and wrists, to what end are they iuut 
only to tempt men to lust ! 

W" Nam quid lacteolus sinus, et ipsas 
PriE te fers sine linteo papiilas ? 
Hoc est dicere, posce, posce, trado; 
Hoc est ad Venerein vocare ainanles." 

There needs no more, as " Fredericus Matenesius well observes, but a crier to go 
before them so dressed, to bid us look out, a trumpet to sound, or for defect a sow- 
gelder to blow, 

'8" Look out, look out and see I In rich and gaudy clothes, 

Wliat object this may be | But whither away God knows, 

That doth perstriiige mine eye; look out, &c., et qua; sequuntur," 

A gallant lady goes | 

or to what end and purpose .J* But to leave all these fantastical raptures, I'll prose- 
cute my intended theme. Nakedness, as I have said, is an odious thing of itseli^ 
remedium amoris; yet it may be so used, in part, and at set times, that there can be 
no such enticement as it is ; 

79" \e^ niihi cincta Diana placet, nee nuda Cythere, 
Ilia voluptalrs nil habet, hue nitnium." 

David so espied Bathsheba, the elders Susanna : ^"Apelles was enamoured with Cam- 
paspe, when he was to paint her naked. Tiberius in Suet. cap. 42. supped widi 
Sestius Gallus an old lecher, li.bidinoso scne, ed lege ul nudce puellce administrarent, 
some say as much of Nero, and Pontus Huter of Carolus Pugnax. Amongst tht 



"Tom. 4. merit, dial. Exnrnando seipsam eleganter, 
facilem et hilarem se gerendo erga cunctos, ridendo 
suave ac blandum quid, &,c. " Angerianus. '■• Vel 
si forte vestimentum de industria elevetur, ul pedum 
ac tibianim para aliqua conspicialur, duni templum aut 
'ocum aliquem adicrit. "> Seruione, quod non 

nemina' viris cohabilent. Non loquula es lingua, sed 
(oquiita es gressu : non loquuta es voce, sed oculis lo- 
>)uula es clarius quAm voce. '■^ Jovianus Pontanus 

Baiar. lib. 1. ad H. rmionein. " For why do you exhibit j est 
"our • uiilky way,' your uncovered bosoms ? What else i 



is it but to say plainly, Ask me, ask me, I will surren- 
der; and what is that but love's call?" "Deluxu 
vestiuni discurs. 6. Niliil aliiid deest nisi ut prreco vos 
pr;ecu(lat, &c. "*lf you can tell how, you may sing 
this to the tune a sovv-geldi^r blows. '" Auson 
epig 28. "Neither draped Diana nor naked Venus 
pleases me. One has too much voluptiiousiieSN about 
hei. the othernone." «» Plin. lib. 33. cap. 10. Gain- 
paspen nudam picturui< Apelles, araore ejus illaauent'it 



Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] 



Artificial Allurements. 



473 



Babylonians, it was the custom of some lascivious queans to dance frisking m that 
fashion, saith Curtius lib. 5. and Sardus de mor. gent. lib. 1. writes of others to that 
effect. The ^' Tuscans at some set banquets had naked women to attend upon them, 
which Leonicus de Varia hist. lib. 3. cap. 96. confirms of such other bawdy nations. 
Nero would have filthy pictures still hanging in his chamber, which is too commonly 
used in our times, and Heliogabalus, etiajn coram agentes, ut ad venerem inciiareni: 
So things may be abused. A servant maid in Aristaenetus spied her master and mis- 
tress through the key-hole ^■^ merrily disposed; upon the sight she fell in love with 
her master. ^''Antoninus Caracalla observed his mother-in-law with her breasts 
amorously laid open, he was so much moved, that he said, Ah si liceret., O that J 
might; which she by chance overhearing, replied as impudently, °'*Q«ic9?</(i libeL 
licet., thou mayest do what thou wilt : and upon that temptation he married her : 
this object was not in cause, not the thing itself, but that unseemly, indecent car- 
riage of it. 

When you have all done, uenmn/ a veste sagittce^ the greatest provocations of lust 
are from our apparel ; God makes, they say, man shapes, and there is no motive like 
unto it ; 

86" Which ddth even beauty beadtify, 
And most hewitch a wretched eye," 

a filthy knave, a deformed quean, a crooked carcass, a maukin, a witch, a rotten 
post, a hedgestake may be so set out and tricked up, that it shall make as fair a 
show, as much enamour as the rest : many a silly fellow is so taken. Primum Itixii 
rice aucupium., one calls it, the first snare of lust ; ^® Bossus aucupium a.nim,aru7n, 
leihalem arundinem, a fatal reed, the greatest bawd, ybr^c lenocinium., sanguineis 
lachrymis deplorandum., saith " Matenesius, and with tears of blood to be deplored. 
Not that comeliness of clothes is therefore to be condemned, and those usual orna- 
ments : there is a decency and decorum in this as well as in other things, fit to be 
used, becoming several persons, and befitting their estates ; he is only fantastical 
that is not in fashion, and like an old image in arras hangings, when a manner of 
attire is generally received ; but when they are so new-fangled, so unstaid, so pro- 
digious in their attires, beyond their means and fortunes, unbefitting their age, place, 
quality, condition, what should we otherwise think of them ? Why do they adorn 
themselves with so many colours of herbs, fictitious flowers, curious needle-works, 
quaint devices, sweet-smelling odours, with those inestimable riches of precious 
stones, pearls, rubies, diamonds, emeralds, &.c. } Why do they crown themselves 
with gold and silver, use coronets and tires of several fashions, deck themselves 
with pendants, bracelets, ear-rings, chains, girdles, rings, pins, spangles, embroideries, 
shadows, rebatoes, versicolour ribands .' why do they make such glorious shows 
with their scarfs, feathers, fans, masks, furs, laces, tiffanies, rufis, falls, calls, cuffs, 
damasks, velvets, tinsels, cloth of gold, silver, tissue ? with colours of heavens, stars, 
planets : the strength of metals, stones, odours, flowers, birds, beasts, fishes, and 
whatsoever Africa, Asia, America, sea, land, art, and industry of man can afford : 
Why do they use and covet such novelty of inventions ; such new-fangled tires, and 
spend such inestimable sums on them ? " To what end are those crisped, false hairs, 
painted faces," as ^^the satirist observes, " such a composed gait, not a step awry?" 
Why are they like so many Sybarites, or Nero's Poppaea, Ahasuerus' concubines, so 
costly, so long a dressing, as Caesar was marshalling his army, or a hawk in pruning? 
*^ Dum moliunfiir, dum comuntur., annus est : a ^ gardener takes not so much delight 
tnd pains in his garden, a horseman to dress his horse, scour his armour, a mariner 
about his ship, a merchant his shop and shop-book, as they do about their faces, and 
all those other parts : such setting up with corks, straightening with whalebones ; 
why is it, but as a daynet catcheth larks, to make young men stoop unto them ? 
Philocharus, a gallant in Aristenaetus, advised his friend Poliaenus to take heed of 
«uch enticements, ^' " for it was the sweet sound and motion of his mistress's 



*' In Tj'rrhenisconvivii^, nudse mulieresministrahant. 
•*Arnitoria iniscentes vidit, et in ipsis complexibiis 
audit, &c. emersit inde cupido in pectus virginis. 
«8Epist. 7. Iib.2. eigpartian. «5 Sidney's Arcadia, 
"o Dp immod. mulier. cullu. ^7 DIscurs, 6. de liixu 

vestiuni. '■6 Petrnnins fol. 95. quo pppctaiit ftpxs 

eoinee? quo facies medicamine attrita et oculorum 



mollis petulantia? quo incessus tarn compositi! *, fce. 
MTer. "They take a year to deck and comb them- 
selves" 8»P. Aretine. Hortulanus nnn ita exercctur 
visendis horlis, eques equis, armis, nauta navihus, ic. 
s' Epist. 4. Sonus armillarum bene sonantium. o^or 
unguentoruni, &.C. 



60 



2P2 



474 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



[Part 3. Sec. 2 



spangkr' ^1(1 bracelets, the smell of her ointments, that captivated Lim first, Illafuii 
mentis prima ruina mecE. Quid sibi vult pixidum turba, saith ^^ Lucian, " to what use 
are pins, pots, glasses, ointments, irons, combs, bodkins, setting-sticks ? why bestow 
they all their patrimopies and husbands' yearly revenues on such fooleries?" ^^bina 
pitlrimonia singulis aurihus ; "why use they dragons, wasps, snakes, for chains, 
pnamelled jewels on their necks, ears?" dignuin potius foret ferro manus istas reli- 
gari^ alque uiinam monilia vere dracones essent ; they had more need some of them 
be tied in HpfUam with iron chains, have a whip for a fan, and hair-cloths next to 
tbeir skms, and instead of wrought smocks, have their cheeks stigmatised with a hot 
iron : I say, some of our Jezebels, instead of painting, if they were well served. 
But why is all this labour, all this cost, preparation, riding, running, far-fetched, and 
dear bought stufi"? ^''"Because forsooth they would be fair and fine, and where 
nature is defective, supply it by art." ®^ Sanguine quce vero non rubel^ arte rubet, 
(Ovid); and to that purpose they anoint and paint their faces, to make Helen of 

Hecuba parvamque exortamque puellam — Europen.^ To this intent they crush 

in their feet and bodies, hurt and crucify themselves, sometimes in lax-clothes, a 
hundred yards I think in a gown, a sleeve; and sometimes again so close, ut nudos 
cxprimant artus. ^ Now long tails and trains, and then short, up, down, high, low, 
thick, thin, &c. ; now little or no bands, then as big as cart wheels ; now loose 
bodies, then great fardinj^ales and close girt, &c. Why is all this, but with the whore 
in the Proverbs, to intoxicate some or other ? oculormn decipulam, ^^ one therefore 
calls it, et indicem libidinis, the trap of lust, and sure token, as an ivy-bush is to a 
tavern. 



'Uiiod piilchros Glyeere sumas de pixide vultus, 

Quoil libi compusita; nee sine lege cniiiie: 

Quod iiiteat difi[itis adaiiias, Beryllus in aure, 

Non sum divinus, sed scio quid cupias." 



"O Glycere, in that you paint so much, 
Your hair is so bedeckt in order such. 
With rings on fingers, bracelets in your ear, 
Although no prophet, tell I can, I fear." 



To be admired, to be gazed on, to circumvent some novice; as many times they do, 
that instead of a lady he loves a cap and a feather instead of a maid that should 
have verum colorem^ corpus solidum et sued plenum (as Chserea describes his mis- 
tress in the ^^ poet), a painted face, a ruff-band, fair and fine linen, a coronet, a flower, 
C°° JYatiircBque put at quodfuit artificis^) a wrought waistcoat he dotes on, or a pied 
petticoat, a pure dye instead of a proper woman. For generally, as with rich-furred 
conies, their cases are far better than their bodies, and like the bark of a cinnamon 
tree, which is dearer than the whole bulk, their outward accoutrements are far more 
precious than their inward endowments. 'Tis too commonly so. 

I " With gold and jewels all is covered, 

» " Auferimur cultu, et gemmis, auroque teguntur | And with a strange tire we are won. 

Omnia ; pars minima est ipsa puella sui." (Whilst she's the least part of herself) 

I And with such baubles quite undone." 

Why do they keep in so long together, a whole winter sometimes, and will not be 
seen but by torch or candlelight, and come abroad with all the preparation may be, 
when they have no business, but only to show themselves ? Spectatum veniunt 
veniunt spectentur ut ipscB. 

a "For wliat is beauty if it be not seen. 
Or what is't to he seen if not admir'd. 
And though admir'd, unless in love desir'd?" 

whv do they go with such counterfeit gait, which ^Philo Judaeus reprehends them 
for, and use (I say it again) such gestures, apish, ridiculous, indecent attires, sybari- 
tical tricks, fucos gents, purpurissam venis, cerussam fronti, leges occults, &fc. use those 
sweet perfumes, powders and ointments in public; flock to hear sermons so frequent, 
is it for devotion ? or rather, as ■* Basil tells them, to meet theii sweethearts, and see 
fashions; for, as he saith, commonly they come so provided to that place, with such 



WTom. 4. dial. Amor, vascula plena niulta; infelici- 
tatis omneni niaritorum opulentiam in h<ec inpendunt, 
dracones pro monilihus habent, qui utinam vere dra- 
cones essent. Lucian. ssgeneca. s^Casliliode 
aulic. lib. 1. Mulierihus omnibus hoc imprimis in votis 
est, ut formosBR sint, aut si reipsa non sint, videantur 
lamen esse; et si qua parte iiatura defuit, artis sup- 
petias adjungunt: unde illfe faciei unctiones, dolor et 
crnciatus in arctandis corporibus, &c. s^Ovid. epist. 
M'll. Jasoni. ^''''A distorted dwarf, an Europa." 
»' Modo caudatas tunicas, &c. Bossus. Mgcribanius 
philos. Christ, cap. 6. '" Ter. Eunuc. Act. 2. seen. 3. 



loostroza fil. i Ovid. ^g. Daniel. sLiU.ds 

victimis. Fracto iucessu, obtuitu laseivo, oalamistrata. 
cincinnata, fucata, recens lota, purpurissata, pretioso 
quo amicta palliolo, spirans unguenta, ut juvenum 
aiiiinos circumveniat. ■" Orat. in ebfios. Impu- 

denter se masculorum aspectibus e.yponunt, insnienter 
comas jactantes, frahunt tunicas pedibus •nllidentes, 
oculoque petulanti, risu effiiso, ad tripu Jium insr.ni- 
entes, omnem adoleseentum intemporantiani in se pro 
vocantes, idque in templis menioriie martyrum conse- 
cratis; poniusrium civitatis officinaiii (ycrunt im 
pudentie. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 3.j Artificial Allurements. 475 

curious compliments, with such gestures and tires, as 't'they shoBld go to a dancing 
school, a stage-play, or bawdy-house, litter than a church. 

" When such a sliepriest comes her mass to say, 
Twenty to one they all forget to pray." 

'' They make those holy temples, consecrated to godly martyrs and religious i:ses, 
the shops of impudence, dens of whores and thieves, and little better than brothel 
.louses." When we shall see thf se things daily done, their husbands bankrupts, il 
not cornutos, their wives light h< dsewives, daughters dislionest ; and hear of such 
dissolute acts, as daily we do, hi w should we tliink otherwise .? what is their end, 
but to deceive and inveigle young men ? As tow takes fire, such enticing objects 
n' oduce their effect, how can it be altered .'' When Venus stood before Anchises fa.s 
* Homer feigns in one of his hymns) in her costly robes, he was instantly taken, 

Cum ante ipsum staret Jovis filia, videns earn I " When Venus stood before Anchises first, 
Anchises, admirahatur formam, et stupeiidas vestes ; He was amaz'd to see her in her tires; 

Erat enim induta pepio, igneis radiis splendidiore; For she had on a hood as red as fire, 

'-Jabebat quoque torques fulgidos, flexiles hcelices, And glittering chains, and ivy-twisted spires, 

Teneruin collum aniliiebant monilia pulchra, About her tender neck were costly brooches, 

Aurea, variegata." I And necklaces of gold, enaraell'd ouches." 

So when Medea came in presence of Jason first, attended by her nymphs and ladies, 
as she is described by ^ApoUonius, 

' Cunctas vero ignis instar seqnebatur splendor, I " A lustre followed them like flaming fire, 

Tantntr ab auieis fimbriis resplendebat jubar, And from their golden borders came such beams, 

Accenditque in oculis dulce de.siideriuni." | Which in his eyes provok'd a sweet desire." 

Such s relation we have in ''Pl'utarch, when the queens came and offered themselves 
to Ai.tony, * " with diverse presents, and enticing ornaments, Asiatic allurements, 
with such wonderful joy and festivity, they did so inveigle the Romans, that no man 
could contain himself, all was turned to delight and pleasure. The women trans- 
formed themselves to Bacchus shapes, the men-children to Satyrs and Pans ; but 
Antony himself was quite besotted with Cleopatra's sweet speeches, philters, beauty, 
jjleasing tires : for when she sailed along the river Cydnus, with such incredible 
pomp in a gilded ship, herself dressed like Venus, her maids like the Graces, her 
pages like so many Cupids, Antony was amazed, and rapt beyond himself" Helio- 
dorus, lib. 1. brings in Dameneta, stepmother to Cnemon, " whom she ®saw in big 
scarfs, rings, robes, and coronet, quite mad for the love of him." It was Judith's 
pantofles that ravished the eyes of Holofernes. And '"Cardan is not ashamed to 
confess, that seeing his wife the first time all in white, he did admire and instantly 
love her. If these outward ornaments were not of such force, why doth "Naomi 
give Ruth counsel how to please Boaz .^ and '^Judith, seeking to captivate Holo- 
fernes, washed and anointed herself with sweet ointments, dressed her hair, and put 
3n costly attires. The riot in this kind hath been excessive in times past ; no man 
almost came abroad, but curled and anointed, 

13" Et matutino suadans Orispinus amomo." 
(Quantum vis redolent duo funera." 

■' one spent as much as two funerals at once, and with perfumed hairs," '■* et rosa 
canos odorati capillos Assyriaque nardo. What strange thing doth '^ Sueton. relate 
in this matter of Caligula's riot.? And Pliny, lib. 12. & 13. Read more in Dios- 
"orides, Ulmus, Arnoldus, Randoletius de fuco et decoratione ; for it is now an art, 
as 11 was of old, (so '^ Seneca records) officince sunt odores coquentium. Women are 
bad and men worse, no diflference at all between their and our times; '^"good man- 
ners (as Seneca complains) are extinct with wantonness, in tricking up themselves 
men go beyond women, they wear harlots' colours, and do not walk, but jet and 
dance," hic mulier, hcec vir, more like players, butterflies, baboons, apes, antics, than 
men. So ridiculous, moreover, we are in our attires, and for cost so excessive, that 
ds Hierome said of old, Unofilio villarum insunt pretia, uno lino decies sestertiiim 



» Hymno Veneri dicato. « Argonaut. 1. 4. i Vit. 
Anton. » Regia domo ornatuque certantes, sese ac 

turniam suain Antonio ofTerentes, &c. Cum ornatu et 
incredibili pompa per Cydnuni fluvium navigarent 
aurata puppi, ipsa ad similitudinem Veneris ornata, 
uuells Gratiis similes, pueri Cnpidinibus, Antonius ad 
visum stupefactus. » Amictiim Chlamyde et coronis, 
quum nrimam aspexit Cuemonem, ex potestate mentis 



excidit. i" Lib. de lib. prop. 'i Ruth, iii. 3 

"Cap. ix. 5. "Juv. Sat. 6. h Hor. lib. 2. Od. 11 
16 Cap. 27. "Epist. 90. " Quicquid est boni 

moris levitate extinguitur, et politura corporis mullie- 
bres munditias antecessimus colores meretricios virt 
siiniimus, tenero et molli gradu suspendimus gradum 
non ambulamus, nat. quiEst. lib. 7. cap. 31. 



*76 



Love-Melancfioly. 



I Part. 3. Sec. Z 



inseriltj' ■ 'tis an ordinary thing to put a thousand oaks and a hundred oxen into a 
suit of apparel, to wear a whole manor on his back. What with shoe-ties, hangers, 
points, caps and feathers, scarfs, bands, cufls. Sec, in a short space their whole patri- 
monies are consumed. Heliogabalus is taxed by Lampridius, and admired in his age 
for wearing jewels in his shoes, a common thing in our times, not for emperors and 
princes, but almost for serving men and tailors ; all the flowers, stars, constellations, 
gold and precious stones do condescend to set out their shoes. To repress the 
luxury of those Roman matrons, there was '^Lex Valeria and Oppia, and a Cato to 
contradict ; but no laws will serve to repress the pride and insolency of our days, 
the prodigious riot in this kind. Lucullus's wardrobe is put down by our ordinary 
citizens ; and a cobbler's wife in Venice, a courtesan in Florence, is no whit inferior 
to a queen, if our geographers say true : and why is all this ? " Why do they glory 
in their jewels (as '^he saith) or exult and triumph in the beauty of clothes.^ why 
is all this cost .'' to incite men the sooner to burning lust. They pretend decency 
and ornament; but let them take heed, that while they set out their bodies they do 
not damn their souls;" 'tis ^"Bernard's counsel: "shine in jewels, stink in condi- 
tions ; tiave purple robes, and a torn conscience." Let them take heed of Isaiah's 
prophecy, that their slippers and attires be not taken from them, sweet balls, brace- 
lets, earrings, veils, wimples, crisping-pins, glasses, fine linen, hoods, lawns, and 
sweet savours, they become not bald, burned, and stink upon a sudden. And let 
maids beware, as '^'Cyprian adviseth, " that while they wander too loosely abroad, 
they lose not their virginities :" and like Egyptian t.emples, seem fair without, but 
prove rotten carcases within. How much better were it for them to follow that 
good counsel of Tertullian .? ^^"To have their eyes painted with chastity, the 
Woru of God inserted into their ears, Christ's yoke tied to the hair, to subject 
themselves to their husbands. If they would do so, they should be comely enough, 
clothe themselves with the silk of sanctity, damask of devotion, purple of piety and 
chasiiiy, and so painted, they shall have God himself to be a suitor : let whores and 
queans prank up themselves, ^^ let them paint their faces with minion and ceruse, 
they are but fuels of lust, and signs of a corrupt soul: if ye be good, honest, vir- 
tuous, and religious matrons, let sobriety, modesty and chastity be your honour, and 
God himself your love and desire." Mulier recii^ olet^ ubi nihil olet, then a woman 
smells best, when she hath no perfume at all; no crown, chain, or jewel (Guivarra 
adds) is such an ornament to a virgin, or virtuous woman, quam virgini pudor^ as 
chastity is : more credit in a wise man's eye and judgment they get by their plain- 
ness, and seem fairer than they that are set out with baubles, as a butcher's meat is 
with pricks, pufled up, and adorned like so many jays with variety of colours. It 
is reported of Cornelia, that virtuous Roman lady, great Scipio's daughter, Titus 
Sempronius' wife, and the mother of the Gracchi, that being by chance in company 
with a companion, a strange gentlewoman (some light housewife belike, that was 
dressed like a May lady, and, as most of our gentlewomen are, " was ^'' more soli- 
citous of her head-tire than of her health, that spent her time between a comb and 
a glass, and had rather be fair than honest (as Cato said), and have the common- 
wealth turned topsyturvy than her tires marred ;" and she did nought but brag of 
her fine robes and jewels, and provoked the Roman matron to show hers : Cornelia 
kept her in talk till her children came from school, and these, said she, are my 
jewels, and so deluded and put off a proud, vain, fantastical, housewife. How much 
better were it for our matrons to do as she did, to go civilly and decently, ^'' Honcsta 
nmlieris instar quce uiitur auro pro eo quod est., ad ea tanlum quibus opus csl, to use 
gold as it is gold, and for that use it serves, and when they need it, than to consume 
it in riot, beggar their husbands, prostitute themselves, inveigle others, and perad- 



18 Liv. lib. 4. dec. 4. ■' Quid pxultas in pulchritu- 

oine panni ? ftuid gloriaris in geinniis ut facilius in- 
/itesad libidinosiim incendium? Mat. Bossus de iin- 
moder. malie. cultu. MEpj^t. 113. fulgent nionilihus, 
moribus sordent, ptirpurata vestis, conscientia pannosa, 
eap. 3. 17. 2' De vir^inali hutiitu : duin oriiari cui- 

lius, duni evagari virgines volunt, desinunt esse vir- 
lines. Clemens Aiexandrinus, lib. de pulclir. aniins, 
•bid. 2' Lib. 2. de cultu inuiieruin, oiiulos depiclos 

»erecundia, inferentes in aures serinonem dei, annec- 
«nteii crinibus juguin Clirisii, caout mariiis subjicien- 



tes, sic facile et satis eriti? ornatsc: vestite vos serico 
probitatis, hyssino sanctitatis, purpura pudiciltai; tali- 
ter pjgnientalffi deum habebitis aniatorem. ^sgung 

habeant Rurnanx lascivias; purpurissa, ac ceiussa ora 
perungant, fcinienta libidinum, et cnrruptn; mentis in- 
dicia ; vestrtini ornamcntuni deus sit, pudicitia, virtutit 
studium. Bossus Plautus. 24Sollicitiores de capifin 

sui decore quam de salute, inter peclincni et specuiuni 
diem perdunl, concinniores esse malunt quam honesti- 
(ires, et rempiib. minus turbari curant 'juam coiuam. 
Seneca. ^ Lucinn. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] 



Artificial Alluremerui. 



477 



venture damn their own souls ? How much more would it be for their honour and 
credit ? Thus doing, as Hierom said of Blesilla, ^^ " Furius did not so triumph ovei 
the Gauls, Papyrius of the Samnites, Scipio of Numantia, as she did by lier tern 
pjerance ;" pulla semper veste, «^c., tliey should insult and domineer over lust, folly 
vain-glory, all such inordinate, furious and unruly passions. 

But 1 am over tedious, I confess, and whilst 1 stand gaping after fine clothes, there 
is another great allurement, (in the world's eye at least) which had like to have 
stolen out of sight, and that is money, veniunt a dote sagittce^ money makes tlie 
match ; ^^ M.ovbv apyupoi/ ^•KiTiovoLv : 'tis like sauce to their meat, cum carne condimentum, 
a good dowry with a wife. Many men if they do hear but of a great portion, a rich 
heir, are more mad than if they had all the beauteous ornaments, and those good 
parts art and nature can afford, they ^^care not for honesty, bringing up, birth, beauty 
person, but for money. 



' Canes et equos (6 Cyme) qutErimus 
NoliilHS, et a bona progenie; 
Malain vero uxorem, maliquo patris filiam 
Ducere non curat vir bonus, 
Modo ei niagnam dotem aflferat." 



' Our dogs and horses still from the best breed 
We carefully seek, and well may they speed: 
But for our wives, so they prove wealthy, 
Fair or foul, we care not what tliey be." 



If she be rich, then she is fair, fine, absolute and perfect, then they burn like fire, 
they love her dearly, like pig and pie, and are ready to hang themselves if they may 
not have her. Nothing so familiar in these days, as for a young man to marry an 
old wife, as they say, for a piece of gold ; aslnum auro onustwn; and though she be 
an old crone, and have never a tooth in her head, neither good conditions, nor a good 
face, a natural fool, but only rich, she shall have twenty young gallants to be suitors 
in an instant. As she said in Suetonius, non me, sed mea ambiunt, 'tis not for hei 
sake, but for her lands or money, and an excellent match it were (as he added) it 
she were away. So on the other side, many a young lovely maid will cast awa> 
herself upon an old, doting, decrepit dizzard, 

30 " Bis puer efTcoto quamvis balbutiat ore. 
Prima legit rarse tarn culta roseta puellffi," 

that is rheumatic and gouty, hath some twenty diseases, perhaps but one eye, one 
leg, never a nose, no hair on his head, wit in his brains, nor honesty, if he have 
land or ^' money, she will have him before all other suitors, ^^ Dummodo sit dives 
barbarus ilk placet. " If he be rich, he is the man," a fine man, and a proper man, 
she will go to Jacaktres or Tidore with him ; Galesmus de monte aureo. Sir Giles 
Goosecap, Sir Amorous La-Fool, shall have her. And as Philemasium in ^^'Aristae- 
netus told Emmusus, absque argento omnia vana, hang him that hath no money, 
" 'tis to no purpose to talk of marriage without means," '"' trouble me not with such 
motions; let others do as they will, '' I'll be sure to have one shall maintain me fine 
and brave." Most are of her mind, ^^De moribus ultima fiet qiiestio, for his condi- 
tions, she shall inquire after them another time, or when all is done, the match made, 
and everybody gone home. ^"^ Lucian's Lycia was a proper young maid, and had 
many fine gentlemen to her suitors ; Ethecles, a senator's son, Melissus, a merchant, 
gtc; but she forsook them all for one Passius, a base, hirsute, bald-pated k;iave ; 
but why was it .' '' His father lately died and left him sole heir of his goods and 
lands." This is not amongst your "dust-worms alone, poor snakes that will prosti- 
tute their souls for money, but with this bait you may catch our most potent, puis- 
sant, and illustrious princes. That proud upstart domineering Bishop of Ely, in ihe 
time of Richard the First, viceroy in his absence, as ="Nubergensis relates it, to for- 
tify himself, and maintain his greatness, propjnquarum suarum connubiis, p!urimos 
sihi potenies et nobiles devincire curavit. married his poor kinswomen (which came 
forth of Normandy by droves) to the chiefest nobles of the land, and they were glad 
to accept of such matches, fair or foul, for themselves, their sons, nephews, &c. Et 
quis tarn prczclaram affinitatem sub spe magnce promolionis non optaret f Who would 



28 Non sic Furius de Gallis, noil Papyrius de Samni- 
tibus, Scipio de Numantia triumphavit, ac ilia se vin- 
cendo III hac parte. "' Anacreon. 4. solum intuemur 
aurum. ^ Asser tecum si vis vivere meciiin. 

•8 Theognis. -" Chaloner, 1. 9. de Repub. Ang. 

" Uxorem ducat Danaen, &c. ^2 ovid. s^ Epist. 

14. forinam spectant alii per gratias, ego pecuniam, &c. 
ne r 'li negoliuin facesse. «aui caret argento. 



friistra utitur argumento. s'Juvenalis. seT.im. 
4. merit, dial, multus amatores rejecit, quiu pater ejui 
nuper mortuus, ac rioniiinis ipse factiis bonoriim om- 
nium. 37 Lib. 3. cap. 14. quia nohilium eo tempore 
sibi aiit filio aul nepoti uxorem accipere cupiens, obia 
tam sihi aliquam propinquarum ejus iion acciperet ob 
viis manibus? auaruiii turbaiii acciverat 6 Normannia 
in Angliam ejus rei gratia. 



478 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Se*^. 2 



not hAVt. done as much for money and preferment? as mine author '^adds. Vorti- 
gcr, Kiiig, of Britain, married Rowena the daughter of Hengist the Saxon prince, his 
mortal enemy ", but wherefore ? she had Kent for her dowry. lagello the great 
Duke of Lithuania, 1386, was mightily enamoured on Hedenga, insomuch tliat he 
turned Chiistian from a Pagan, and was baptized himself by the name of Uladislans, 
and all his subjects for her sake : but why was it ? she was daughter and heir of 
Poland, and his desire was to have both kingdoms incorporated into one. Charles 
the Great was an earnest suitor to Irene the Empress, but, saith ^^Zonarus, oh reg- 
num, to annex the empire of the East to that of the West. Yet what is the event 
of all such matches, that are so made for money, goods, by deceit, or for burning 
lust, quosfceda libido co7ijimxit, what follows ? they are almost mad at first, but 'tis 
a mere flash ; as chafl^ and straw soon fired, burn vehemently for a while, yet out in 
a moment; so are all such matches made by those allurements of burning lust; 
where there is no respect of honesty, parentage, virtue, religion, education, and the 
like, they are extinguished in an instant, and instead of love comes hate; for joy, 
repentance and desperation itself Franciscus Barbarus in his first book de re uxoria^ 
c. 5, hath a story of one Philip of Padua that fell in love with a common whore, 
and was now ready to run mad for her ; his father having no more sons let him 
enjoy her; ^°"but after a few days, the young man began to loath, could not so 
much as endu e the sight of her, and from one madness fell into another." Such 
event commonly have all these lovers ; and he that so marries, or for such respects, 
let them look for no better success than Menelaus had with Helen, Vulcan with 
Venus, Theseus with Phaedra, Minos with Pasiphae, and Claudius with Messalina ; 
shame, sorrow, misery, melancholy, discontent. 



SuBSECT. IV. — Importunity and Opportunity of Time, Place, Conference, Dis- 
course, Singing, Dancing, Music, Amorous Tales, Objects, Kissing, Familiarity, 
Tokens, Presents, Bribes, Promises, Protestations, Tears, 8fc. 

All these allurements hitherto are afar off, and at a distance; I will corne nearer 
to those other degrees of love, which are conference, kissing, dalliance, discourse, 
singing, dancing, amorous tales, objects, presents, Stc, which as so many Syrens 
steal away the hearts of men and women. For, as Tacitus observes, I. 2, ■*' '^t is 
no sufficient trial of a maid's affection by her eyes alone, but you must say some- 
thing that shall be more available, and use such other forcible engines ; therefore 
take her by the hand, wring her fingers hard, and sigh withal ; if she accept this in 
good part, and seem not to be much averse, then call her mistress, take her about 
the neck and kiss her, &c." But this cannot be done except they first get opportu- 
nity of living, or coming together, ingress, egress, and regress; letters and commend- 
ations may do much, outward gestures and actions : but when they come to live 
near one another, in the same street, village, or together in a house, love is kindled 
on a sudden. Many a serving-man by reason of this opportunity and importunity 
inveigles his master's daughter, many a gallant loves a dowdy, many a gentleman 
runs upon his wife's maids ; many ladies dote upon their men, as the queen in 
Ariosto did upon the dwarf, many matches are so made in haste, and they are com- 
pelled as it were by ''^ necessity so to love, which had they been free, come in com- 
pany of others, seen that variety which many places afford, or compared them to a 
third, would never have looked one upon another. Or had not that opportunity of 
discourse and familiarity been offered, they would have loathed and contemned those 
whom, for want of better choice and other objects, they are fatally driven on, and 
by reason of their hot blood, idle life, full diet, &c., are forced to dote upon them 
that come next. And many times those which at the first sight cannot fancy or affect 
each other, but are harsh and ready to disagree, offended with each other's carriage 
like Benedict and Beatrice in the '"' comedy, and in whom they find many faults, by 



M Alexander Gaguinus Sarmat. Europ. descript. 
•"Tom. 3. Aiinal. "o I.ibido slatim deferbiiit, fasti- 

diuiii caepil. et quod in ea tantopere adamavit asperna 
tur, et ab sgritudine libi-ratus in angiireni )iici<lit. 
u De puelliE voluiilate penciiluiii facere solis dculis mm 
Mt satis, sod e'UcaciiiK aliquid agere upo -t, ibigue 



etiam machinam alteram ahibere : itaquemanustange, 
(ligilos constriiige, atque inter stringendum suspira ; si 
hffic agentfin a-quo se animo feret, neque facta niijus- 
niodi aspernabltiir, turn vero doniinaiii appella. I'jusqiie 
folluni siiaviare. " Hungry dogs will ea' dirt/ 

puddings. <3 SliaRspeare. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.J Artijicial Allurements. 479 

this living together in a house, conference, kissing, colling, and such like allure 
ments, begin at last to dote insensibly one upon another. 

It was the greatest motive that Potiphar's wife had to dote upon Joseph, and 
*'Clitiphon upon Leuoippe his uncle's daughter, because the plague being at Bizance, 
it was his fortune for a time to sojourn with her, to sit next her at the table, as he 
tells the tale himself in Tatius, lib. 2. (which, though it he but a fiction, is grounded 
upon good observation, and doth well express the passions of lovers), he" had op- 
portunity to take her by the hand, and after a while to kiss, and handle her paps, kc, 
** which made him almost mad J; Ismenius the orator makes the like confession in 
Eustathius, Jib. 1, when he came first to Sosthene's house, and sat at table with 
Cratistes his friend, Ismene, Sosthene's daughter, waiting on them " with her breasts 
open, arms half bare," ""^ JYuda pede7n, discincta si7mm, spoUata lacerlos ; after the 
Greek fashion in those times, — ^''nudos media plus parte lacertos, as Daphne was 
when she fled from Phoebus (which moved him much), was ever ready to o-ive at- 
tendance on him, to fill him drink, her eyes were never off him, rogabundi ocull. 
those speaking eyes, courting eyes, enchanting eyes ; but she was still smiling on 
him, and when they were risen, that she had got a little opportunity, "^"she came 
and drank to him, and withal trod upon his toes, and would come and go, and when 
she could not speak for the company, she would wring his hand," and blush when 
she met him : and by this means first she overcame him (bibens amorem hauriebam 
si?nul).) she would kiss the cup and drink to him, and smile, "• and drink where he drank 
on that side of the cup," by which mutual compressions, kissings, wringing of hands, 
treading of feet, &c. Ipsam mihi vidcbar sorbillare virginem., I sipped and sipped 
60 long, till at length I was drunk in love upon a sudden. Philocharinus, in''^Aris- 
taenetus, met a fair maid by chance, a mere stranger to him, 'he looked back at her, 
she looked back at him again, and smiled witlial. 

'" " Ille dies lethi primus, pritnusque maloriim 
Causa fuit" 

It was the sole cause of his farther acquaintance, and love that undid him. ^^Onul- 
lis tuiiim credere blanditiis. 

This opportunity of time and place, with their circumstances, are so forcible mo- 
tives, that it is impossible almost lor two young folks equal in years to live together, 
and not be in love, especially in great houses, princes' courts, where they are idle in 
siimmo gradu, fare well, live at ease, and cannot tell otherwise how to spend their 
time. ^^Illic Hippolitum po7ie, Priapus erit. /Achilles was sent by his motlier 
Thetis to the island of Scyros in the ^gean sea (where Lycomedes then reigned) in 
his nonage to be brought up ; to avoid that hard destiny of the oracle (he should 
be slain at the siege of Troy) : and for that cause was nurtured in Geneseo, amongst 
the king's children in a woman's habit ; but see the event : he compressed Deidamia, 
the king's fair daughter, and had a fine son, called Pyrrhus by her. Peter Abelard 
the philosopher, as he tells the tale himself, being set by Fulbertus her uncle to 
teach Heloise his lovely niece, and to that purpose sojourned in his house, and had 
committed agnam iencUam famelico lupo., I use his own words, he soon got her good 
will, plura erant oscula quam sentcntim., and he read more of love than any other 
lecture ; such pretty feats can opportunity plea ; primum domo conjimcU., iiide ani- 
mis, &i'C. But when as I say, nox, vinum, ct adolescentla, youth, wine, and night, 
shall concur, nox amoris et quictis conscia., 'tis a wonder they be not all plunged 
over head and ears in love ; for youth is benigna in amorem., et prona materies., a 
very combustible matter, naptha itself, the fuel of love's fire, and most apt to kindle 
it. If there be seven servants in an ordinary house, you shall have three couple m 
syme good liking at least, and amongst idle persons how should it be otherwise .' 
J^* Living at ^^Rome, saith Aretine's Lucretia, in the flower of my fortunes, ricn, fair, 
young, and so well brought up, my conversation, age, beauty, fortune, made all the 

«Tatiiis, lib. 1. <5 in mainmaruBi attractu, I dens, &(;. i^Wir. Mn.i. " Tliat was the first hour 

non asperiianda inest jucunilitas, et attreclatus, &c. ( of dt-structioii, and tl>e first beginning of my iiii.-wries." 
•SManluam. « Uvid. 1. Mel. le Manus ad cnbitnm I " Propertius. m Ovid. amor. lib. y. eleg. -2. "Place 



nuda. coram astans, fortius intuita, tuniiem de pectore 
spiritum ducetis.digitum rneum pressit, et bibens pedem 
presL-.it ; mntuie compressiones corporuni, labiornni com- 
mixtiones, pedum connf^xiones, &c. Et bihit eodem 
oco. &c. *" Epist. 4 Rusoexi. respexii et ilia »ubri- 



modesty itself in such a situation, desire will intrmle 
'3 Koniie vivens flore fortuna;, et npiilentia? nieie, ffilas 
forma, gratia couversatiunis, maxiir.e me fecuruiil ex 
petib-'em, &«. 



4S() 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



world admire and love me." Nigbt alone, that one occasion, is enough to set all on 
.ire, and they are so cunning in great houses, that they make their best advantage 
of it • Many a gentlewoman, that is guilty to herself of her imperfections, paintings, 
impostures, will not willingly be seen by day, but as ^* Castillo notelh, in the night, 
Ihem Hi gUs adit, ta-darum luccm super omnia macull., she hateth the day like a dor- 
mouse, and above all things loves torches and candlelight, and if she must come 
abroad in the day, she covets, as ^^in a mercer's shop, a very obfuscate and obscure 
siglit. And good reason she hath for it : JVocle latent mendce, and many an amo- 
rous gull is fetched over by that means. Gomesius lib. 3. de sale gen. c. 22. gives 
Vinsfance in a Florentine gentleman, that was so deceived with a wife, she was so 
' radiantly set out with rings and jewels, lawns, scarfs, laces, gold, spangles, and gaudy 
devices, that the young man took her to be a goddess (for he never saw her but by 
torchlight) ; but after the wedding solemnities, when as he viewed her the next 
morning without her tires, and in a clear day, she was so deformed, a lean, yellow, 
shrivelled, &c., such a beastly creature in his eyes, that he could not endure to 
look upon her. {. Such matches are frequently made in Italy, where they have no 
Dther opportunity to woo but when they go to church, or, as ^ in Turkey, see them 
ai a distance, they must interchange few or no words, till such time they come to be 
married, and then as Sardus lib. 1. cap. 3. de morb. gent, and ^''Bohemus relate of 
those old Lacedaemonians, " the bride is brought into the chamber, with her hair 
girt about her, the bridegroom comes in and unties the knot, and must not see her 
at all by daylight, till such time as he is made a father by her." In those hotter 
countries these are ordinary practices at this day ; but in our northern parts, amongst 
Germans, Danes, French, and Britons, the continent of Scandia and the rest, we 
assume more liberty in such cases ; we allow them, as Bohemus saith, to kiss com- 
ing and going, et modo absit lascioia., in caxiponem ducere., to talk merrily, sport, play, 
sing, and dance so that it be modestly done, go to the alehouse and tavern together. 
And 'tis not amiss, though ^^Chrysostom, Cyprian, Hierome, and some other of the 
fathers speak bitterly against it : but that is the abuse which is commonly seen at 
some drunken matches, dissolute meetings, or great unruly feasts. ^®" A young, 
pittivanled, trim -bearded fellow," saith Hierome, "will come with a company of 
compliments, and hold you up by the arm as you go, and wringing your fingers, 
will so be enticed, or entice : one drinks to you, another embraceth, a third kisseth, 
and all this while the fiddler plays or sings a lascivious song; a fourth singles you 
out to dance, *° one speaks by beck and signs, and that which he dares not say, sig- 
nifies by passions ; amongst so many and so great provocations of pleasure, lust 
conquers the most hard and crabbed minds, and scarce can a man live honest amongst 
feastings, and sports, or at such great meetings."v For as he goes on, ^'" she walks 
along and with the ruffling of her clothes, makes men look at her, her shoes creak, 
her paps tied up, her waist pulled in to make her look small, she is straight girded, 
her hairs hang loose about her ears, her upper garment sometimes falls, and some- 
limes tarries to show her naked shoulders, and as if she would not be seen, she 
covers that in all haste, which voluntarily she showed." And not at feasts, plays, 
pageants, and such assemblies, "but as Chrysostom objects, these tricks are put in 
practice "at service time in churches, and at the communion itself." If such dumb 
shows, signs, and more obscure significations of love can so move, what shall they 
do that have full liberty to sing, dance, kiss, coll, to use all manner of discourse and 
dalliance ! What shall he do that is beleaguered of all sides .? 



«3"(iuem tot, tam roseoe pelunt puell<e, 
duPiii cultiE cupiunt nurus, aniorque 
Omnis undiqui.- et undecunque et usque, 
Oniiiis ambit Amor, Venusqiie Hymenque." 



' After whom so many rosy maids inquire. 
Whom dainty dames and loving w iglits desire, 
In every place, still, and at all timi's sue. 
Whom gods and gentle goddesses do woo." 



" De Aulic. 1. 1. fol. 63. ^ Ut adulterini mercato- 

rum panni. ^e Busheq. epist. ''' Paranympha in 

culnculiim adducta capillos ad cutim referebat ; sponsus 
inde ad earn ingressus cingulmn solvebat. nee prius 
sponsani aspexit interdiu quam ex ilia factus esset 
pater. s" Serm. cont. concub. '" Lib. 2. epist. ad 

(ilium, et virginem et matrem viduam epist. 10. dabit 
tibi barbatulus quispiam masium, sustentabit lassain, 
»t prcssis digilis ant tentabitur aul tenlabil, &;c. 
•" Loquetur alius nutihus, et quicquid metuit dicere, 
tifii-;iticabit affectihus. Inter has tantas voluptatum 



illecebras etiam ferreas mentes libido dnmat. Difficilt 
inter epulas servatur pudicitia. "' Clamore vestium 

ad se juvenes vocat ; capilli fasciolis cnmprimuntui 
crispati, cingulo ()eclus arctatur, capilli vel in frontein, 
vel ill aures deHuunt: palliokim interdum cadit, ut 
nudet humeros,et quasi videri noluerit, festinaiiscelat, 
quod volens detexerit. "sSerm. cont. concub In 

sancto et reverendo sacramentorum tempore mi'ltaa 
occasiones, ut illis placeant qui eas vident. ur£beaL 
63 Pont. Baia. I. 1. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Jlrlificial Allurements. 481 

How shall he^ contain > The very tone of some of their voices, a pretty pleasing 
speech, an affected tone they use, is able of itself to captivate a young man ; but 
when a good wit shall concur, art and eloquence, fascinating speech, pleasant dis- 
course, sweet gestures, the Syrens themselves cannot so enchant. " P. Jovius com- 
tiends his Italian countrywomen, to have an excellent faculty in this kind, above all 
5ther nations, and amongst them tlie Florentine ladies : some prefer Roman and 
Venetian courtesans, they have such pleasing tongues, and such ®' elegancy of speech, 
^fet they are able to overcome a saint, Pro facie muUls vox sua Icna'fuit. Tantd 
gratia vocisfamam conciliabat, saith Petronius ^'^ in his fragment of pure impurities 
I mean his Safyricon^ tarn dulcis sonus permulcebat aera^ut put ares inter auras can- 
tare Symmm concordiam; she sang so sweetly that she charmed the air, and thou 
wouldst have thought thou hadst heard a concert of Syrens. " O good God, when 
Lais speaks, how sweet it is !" Philocolus exclaims in Aristenaetus, to hear a fail 
young gentlewoman play upon the virginals, lute, viol, and sing to it, which as Gel- 
lius observes, lib. 1. cap. 11. are lascivienlium delicice, the chief delight of lovers, 
must needs be a great enticement. Parthenis was so taken. "JJfi vox ista avidd 
haurit ab aure animam: O sister Harpedona (she laments) I am undone, ''^"how 
sweetly he sings, I'll speak a bold word, he is the properest man that ever I saw in 
my life : O how sweetly he sings, I die for his sake, O that he would love me 
again !" If thou didst but hear her sing, saith ''^ Lucian, " thou wouldst forget father 
and mother, forsake all thy friends, and follow her." Helena is highly commended 
by ™ Theocritus the poet for her sweet voice and music; none could play so well as 
she, and Daphnis in the same Edyllion, 

" Q.uam tibi os dulce est, et vox amabilis 6 Daplini, I " How sweet a face hath Daphne, how lovely a voice! 
Jucundiusest audire te canentein,quam inel liiigere!" | Honey itself is not so pleasant in my choice." 

A sweet voice and music are powerful enticers. Those Samian singing wenches, 
Aristonica, Onanthe and Agathocleia, regiis diadematibus insultarunt., insulted over 
kings themselves, as '" Plutarch contends. Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus 
liabebat^i Argus had a hundred eyes, all so charmed by one silly pipe, that he lost his 
head. Clitiphon complains in "Tatius of Leucippe's sweet tunes, "he heard her 
play by chance upon the lute, and sing a pretty song to it in commendations of a 
rose," out of old Anacreon belike ; 



' Rosa honor decusque flnnim, 
Rosa flos odorque divuni, 
Hriminuin nisa est voluptas, 
Decus ilia Gratiarurn, 
Florerile arnoris hora, 
Rosa suaviuni Diones, &.c." 



' Rose the fairest of all flowers. 
Rose delight of higher powers, 
Rose the joy of mortal men. 
Rose the pleasure of fine women. 
Rose the Graces' ornament, 
Rose Dione's sweet content." 



To this effect the lovely virgin with a melodious air upon her golden wired harp oi 
lute, I know not well whether, played and sang, and that transported him beyond 
himself, " and that ravished his heart." It was Jason's discourse as much as his 
beauty, or any other of his good parts, which delighted Medea so much. 

" " Delectabatur enim 

Animus simul forma dulcihusque verbis." 

It was Cleopatra's sweet voice and pleasant speech which inveigled Antony, above 
the rest of her enticements. Verba ligant hominem, ut taurorum cornuafunes, "as 
bulls' horns are bound with ropes, so are men's hearts with pleasant words." " Her 
words burn as fire," Eccles. ix. 10. Roxalana bewitched Solyman the Magnificent, and 
Shore's wife by this engine overcame Edward the Fourth, '■* Omnibus una omnes sur- 
ripuit Veneres. The wife of Bath in Chaucer confesseth all this out of her experience. 

Some folk desire us for riches. 
Some for shape, some for fairness, 
Some for that she can siiig or dance. 
Some for gentleness, or for dalliance. 

* Peter Aretine's Lucretia telleth as much and more of herself, " I counterfeited 



S'' Descr. Brit. « Res est blanda canor, discunt 

cantare piielise profacie, &f. Ovid. 3. de art. amandi. 
"« Epist. I. 1. Cum loquitur Lais, quanta, O dii honi, 
Tocis ejus dulcedo! 6' " The sweet sound of his 

voice reanimates my soul through my covetous ears." 
« Aristentetiis, lib. 2. epist. 5. (iiiarn suave canit ! ver 
bum audax dixi, omnium quos vidi formosissimiis, uti- 
nam amare nie ilignetur! 69iinaginfS, si cantantem 
audieris, ita demulc-bere, ut parentum et patriee statiin 

61 2Q 



obliviscaris. '"> Edyll. 18. neque sane uUa sic Cytha- 

ram pulsare novit. ■" Amatorio Dialogo. "Fuel- 
lam Cythara canentem vidimus. '3 Apolloniuf Argo- 
naut. I. :i. " The mind is delighted as much by eloquence 
as beauty." 'H'atulhis. 'fi Parnodidascalo dial 

Ital. Latin, interp. Jasper. Barthio. Germ. FIngebat* 
honestatem plusquam virL'inis vestalis, intuebar oculi* 
uxoris, addebaui gesius, &.(:. 



482 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 'i 



honesty, as il I had been virgo virginissima^ more than a vestal virgin, I looked like a 
wife,, I was so demure and chaste, I did add such gestures, tunes, speeches, signs and 
motions upon all occasions, that ni)'^ spectators and auditors were stupified, enchanted, 
fastened all to their places, like so many stocks and stones." Many silly gentlewomen 
are fetched over in like sort, by a company of gulls and swaggering companions, that 
frequently belie noblemen's favours, rhyming Coribantiasmi, Thrasonean Rhado- 
mantes or Bombomachides, that have nothing in them but a few player's ends and 
compliments, vain braggadocians, impudent intruders, that can discourse at table of 
knights and lords' combats, like ™Lucian's Leontiscus, of other men's travels, brave 
adventures, and such common trivial news, ride, dance, sing old ballad tunes, and 
wear their clothes in fashion, with a good grace ; a fine sweet gentleman, a proper 
man, who could not love him ! r-She will have him though all her friends say no, 
;hough she beg with him.""; Some again are incensed by reading amorous toys, Amadis 
de Gaul, Palmerin de Oliva, the Knight of the Sun, &.c., or hearing such tales of 
"lovers, descriptions of their persons, lascivious discourses, such as Astyanassa, 
Helen's waiting-woman, by the report of Suidas, writ of old, de variis concubilus 
modis, and after her Philenis and Elephantine; or those light tracts of ''^Aristides 
.Vlilesius (mentioned by Plutarch) and found by the Persians in Crassus' army 
amongst the spoils, Aretine's dialogues, with ditties, love songs, &c., must needs set 
them on fire, with such iike pictures, as those of Aretine, or wanton objects of what 
kind soever; "no stronger engine than to hear or read of love toys, fables and dis- 
courses (™one saith), and many by this means are quite mad." At Abdera in Thrace 
(Andromeda one of Euripides' tragedies being played) the spectators were so much 
moved with the object, and those pathetical love speeches of Perseus, amongst the 
rest, " O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," &c. that every man almost a good while 
after spake pure iambics, and raved still on Perseus' speech, "O Cupid, Prince of 
Gods and men." As carmen, boys and apprentices, when a new song is published 
with us, go singing that new tune still in the streets, they continually acted that 
tragical part of Perseus, and in every man's mouth was " O Cupid," in every street, 
•' O Cupid," in every house almost, "• O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," pronounc- 
ing still like stage-players, " O Cupid ;" they were so possessed all with that rapture, 
and thought of that pathetical love speech, they could not a long time after forget, 
or drive it out of their minds, but " O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," was ever in 
their mouths. \This belike made Aristotle, PolU. lib. 7. cap. 18. forbid young men 
to see comedies, or to hear amorous tales. 

60" Hrec igitur juvenes nequam facilesque puellx 
Iiispiciant" 

" let not young folks meddle at all with such matters." And this made the Romans, 
as *' Vitruvius relates, put Venus' temple in the suburbs, extra viurum., ne adolescentes 
venereis insuescant, to avoid all occasions and objects. For what will not such ar. 
object do ? Ismenius, as he walked in Sosthene's garden, being now in love, when 
he saw so many ^^ lascivious pictures, Thetis' marriage, and I know not what, was 
almost beside himself. And to say truth, with a lascivious object who is not moved, 
to see others dally, kiss, dance .'' And much more when he shall come to be an 
actor himself 

••^o kiss and be kissed, which, amongst other lascivious provocations, is as a bur- 
den in a song, and a most forcible battery, as infectious, ^^Xenophon thinks, as the 
poison of a spider; a great allurement, a fire itself, jorotpmmm aut anticcenii/m., the 
prologue of burning lust (as Apuleius adds), lust itself, ^^ Fcw;/s quint a parte sui nec- 
taris imbuit^ a strong assault, that conquers captains, and those all commancHng 
forces, (^^Domasque ferro sed domaris osculo). *•* Aretine's Lucretia, when she would 
in kindness overcome a suitor of hers, and have her desire of him, " took him about 
the neck, and kissed him again and again," and to that, which she could not other- 



's Tom. 4. dial, merit. " Atnatoriiis sermo vnhe- 

mens veheriieiilis ciipiditatis incitatin est, Tatius I. I. 
'" De luxuria el deliciis compnsiti. '^ jEiieas Syl- 

vius. Nulla niachina valiilior quani lecto lasciva liis- 
tori.-e : fspe etiam hujusuiodi faliulis ad furoreiii iiicen- 
rfuntur. eo Miirtial. I. 4. ei Lili. 1. >;. 7. 

♦* Euslathius, I. I. Picture parant aniinum a I Ventrein, 
fcc. Horalius ed res veiiereas inteiiiperaMtJor traditur ; 



nam cuhiculo suo sic specula dicitur habuisse disposita 
ut quocuiique respexisset imafiinem coitus refcrreiit. 
Suetonius vit. ejus. ^^Osculum ut phylaiisium 

inficit. M Hor. " Venus hath nnhi.ieil with the 

quintessence nf her nectar." "* Fleiiisius. " You 

may conquer with the sword, but you are onquerwl by 
a kis."," <* A(>plico me illi proxiiiiius el spisse do 

iisculala saKUiii peto. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 483 

wise effect, she made him so speedily and \v7iiiiigly condescend. And 'tis a conimual 

assault, ^'' hoc non dpficit incipUqm semper ., always fresh, and ready to ^ begin 

as at first, basium nulla fine terminatury sed semper recens est., and hath a fiery touch 
with it. 



' "Tenia modo tangere corpus, 

Jam tua inellifluo membra calore fluent." 



Especially when they shall be lasciviously given, as he feelingly said, 
suliim deosculata Fotis^ Catenatis Idcertis., ^' Obtortc valgiter labello. 



^et me orxs^ 



82" Valffiis suaviis, 

Duni semiulco tsuavio 
Meam puellam suavior. 



Anima tunc aegra et c^aucia 
Concurrit ad labia milii.' 



The soul and all is moved; ^^Jam pluribus osculis lahra crepitabant, animarum quo- 
que mixturam facientes, inter muttios complexus animus anhelantes, 

8* " H-Tsimus calentes, 

Et transfudiinus liinc et hinc labellis 
Errantes aiinnas, valete curs." 

" They breathe out their souls and spirits together with their kisses," saith '° Baltha- 
rar Castillo, " change hearts and spirits, and mingle affections as they do kisses, and 
it is rather a connection of the mind than of the body." And altliono-h these kisses 
oe delightsome and pleasant, Ambrosial kisses, ^ Suaviolum dulci dulcius Jlmbrosia^ 
Buch as "Ganymede gave Jupiter, JVcc/are swav/'ws, sweeter than "* nectar, balsam, 
honey, ^Oscula merum amorem slillantia., love-dropping kisses; for 

'• The gilliflower, the rose is not so sweet, 
As sugared kisses be when lovers meet ;" 

Yet they leave an irksome impKession, like that of aloes or gall, 



100 " Ut mi' ex Ambrosia mulatuni jam foret illud 
Suavioluin tristi Irislius helleboro." 



riiey are deceitful kisses, 



'duid me mollibus implicas lacertis? 
Uuid fallacibus osculis iiiescas?" &:c. 



' At first Ambrose itself was not sweeter. 
At last black hellebore was not so bitter." 



" Why dost within thine arms rae lap, 
And with false kisses me entrap." 



They are destructive, and the more the worse: '^Et qucs me perdunt, oscula mille 
dabat, they are the bane of these miserable lovers. There be honest kisses, I deny 
not, osculum charitatis^ friendly kisses, modest kisses, vestal-virgin kisses, officious 
and ceremonial kisses, &c. Osculi sensus., brachiorum amplexus^ kissing and em- 
bracing are proper gifts of Nature to a man ; but these are too lascivious kisses, 
^Implicuitque siios circum mea colla lacertos^ Sfc. too continuate and too violent, 
*Brachia non hedercB., non vincunt oscula conchce; they cling like ivy, close as aii 
oyster, bill as doves, meretricious kisses, biting of lips, cum additamento : Tarn 
impresso ore (saith ^ Lucian) ut vix labia detrahant, inter deosculandum mordicantes^ 
tum et OS aperientes quoque et mammas attrectantes^ Sfc. such kisses as she gave to 
Gyton, innumera oscula dedit non repugnanti puero, cervicem invadens, innumerable 
kisses, Stc. More than kisses, or too homely kisses : as those that ^ he spake of, 
Accepturus ab ipsa venere 7, suavia., S^c. with such other obscenities that vain lovers 
use, which are abominable and pernicious. If, as Peter de Ledesmo cas. cons, holds, 
every kiss a man gives his wife after marriage, be mortale peccatum., a mortal sin, or 
that of ' Hierome, Adulter est quisquis in uxorem suam ardentior est amator; or that 
of Thomas Secund. qucest. 154. artic. 4. contactus et osculum sit mortale peccatum^ 
or that of Durand. Rational, lib. 1. cap. 10. abslinere debent conjuges a complexu., 
toto tempore quo solennitas nuptiarvm interdicitur, what shall become of all such 
'immodest kisses and obscene actions, the forerunners of brutish lust, if not lust 



6" Petronius catalect. ^Catullus ad Leebiam : 

da mihi basia mille, deinde centum, &c. '•'' Petro- 

nius. "Only attempt to touch her person, and imme- 
diately your niembtirs will be tilled with a glow of deli- 
cious warmth." o" Apuleius, I. 10. et Catalect. 
"Petronius, WApuleius. M Petronius Prose- 
lios ad Circen. *•• Petronius. M Animus conjun- 
gitur, et ^piritus etiam noster per osculum effluit ; alter- 
natim se in utriusque corpus infundenles commiscent; 
• nimae potius quam ccioris connectij. '^ Catullus. 
" Lucian. Tom. 4. '•* K'.r -lai basia, dat Nera nectar, 
4»' -nres aniutAf suaveolentes, dat narduiii, thymumque, 



cinnamumque et mel, &c. Secundus bas. 4. ss p,:x9. 
tathius lib. 4. i"" Catullus. i Buchanan 

2 Ovid. art. am. Eleg. 18. »Ovid. " She folded her 

arms around my neck." <Cum capita iiiiietil so- 

litis morsiutjculis, et cum mamniillarum pressiunciilia. 
Lip. od. ant. lee. lib. X ^ Tom. 4. dial, mereir, 

6 Apuleius Miles. 6. Et unum blandientis lingua' admul- 
sum longe inellilum: et post lib. 11. .Arclius earn com 
plexus ciepi suaviari jain(|ue paritcr pati'Utis oris inha- 
litu cinnameo et occursaiitis liiiguie illisu ncctareo.&o. 
' Lib. 1. advers. Jovii;. cap. 30. * Oscula qui sump- 

sit, si non et cetera suiiij'sit frc. 



t84 



Love-Melancholy. 



[\ art. 3. Sec. 2 



" With bpcks and nods lie first began 
To try the wench's mind. 
With becks and nods and smiles again 

An answer he did find. 
And in the dark he took her by the hand. 
And wrnng it iiard, and sighed grievously, 
And kiss'd her too, and wuo'd her as he niight. 
With pity nie, sweetheart, or else 1 die. 
And With sucli words and gestures as there past, 
He won his mistress' favour at the last." 



itseh"! What shall become of them tlial often abuse their own wives ? But wha 
have I to do with this ? 

That which I aim at, is to show you the progress of this burning lust ; to epito- 
mize therefore all this which I have hitherto said, with a familiar example out of 
that elegant Musaeus, observe but with me those amorous proceedings of Leandei 
and Hero : they began first to look one on another with a lascivious look, 

"Oblique intuens iiide nutibiis, 

Nutibus mutnis indncens in errorem mentem puellx. 
Et ilia e contra nutibus mutuis juvenis 
Leaiidri quod aniorem non renuit, &c. Inde 
Adibat in tenebris tacite quidem stringens 
Roseos puella; digitos, ex imo suspirabat 
•'^ehementer Inde 

Viri'inis autem bene olens colluin osculatiis. 

Tale verbuin ait anions ictus stiinulo, 

Preces audi et ainoris miserere mei, &c. 

Sic fatus recusantis persuasit mentem puellcc." 

The same proceeding is elegantly described by Apollonius in his Argonautics, be- 
tween Jason and Medea, by Eustathius in the ten books of the loves of Ismenhis 
and Ismene, Achilles Tatius between his Clitophon and Leucippe, Chaucer's neai 
poem of Troilus and Cresseide ; and in that notable tale in Petronius of a soldiei 
and a gentlewoman of Ephesus, that was so famous all over Asia for her chastity, 
and that mourned for her husband : the soUHer wooed her with such rhetoric as 

lovers use to do, placitone etiam pugnabis amori f S^c. at last, frangi perlina- 

ciam passu est, he got her good will, not only to satisfy his lust, ® but to hang her 
dead husband's body on the cross (which he watched instead of the thief's that was 
newly stolen away), whilst he wooed her in her cabin. These are tales, you wiii 
say, but they have most significant morals, and do yvell express those ordinary piu- 
ceedings of doting lovers. 

Many such allurements there are, nods, jests, winks, smiles, wrestlings, tokens, 
favours, symbols, letters, valentines, Stc. For which cause belike, Godfridus lib. 2. 
de amor, would not have women learn to write. Many such provocations are used 
when they come in presence, '° they will and will not. 



■ Malo me Galatea petit lasciva puella, 
El fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri." 



" My mistress with an apple woos me. 
And hastily to covert goes 
To hide herself, but would be seen 
With all her heart before, God knows.' 



Hero so tripped away from Leander as one displeased, 

" " Yet as she went full often loolt'd behind, 
And many poor excuses did she find 
To linger by the way," 

but if he chance to overtake her, she is most averse, nice and coy, 

,, r.„„ , „. „ „„. J 1. • • ■ ,. I "She seems not won, but won she is at length, 

Denegat et pngnat. sed vult super omnia v.nci." j • ,,, ^^^„ ^^^^ ^g,„^'„ ^^^ ^^^^ half their strength." 

Sometimes they lie open and are most tractable and coming, apt, yielding, and will- 
ing to embrace, to take a green gown, with that shepherdess in Theocritus, Edyl. 
27. to let their coats, Stc, to play and dally, at such seasons, and to some, as they 
spy their advantage ; and then coy, close again, so nice, so surly, so demure, you 
had much better tame a colt, catch or ride a wild horse, than get her favour, or win 
her love, not a look, not a smile, not a kiss for a kingdom. '^Aretine's Lucretia 
was an excellent artisan in this kind, as she tells her own tale, "Though I was by 
nature and art most beautiful and fair, yet by these tricks I seemed to be far more 
amiable than 1 was, for that which men earnestly seek and cannot attain, draws on 
their affection with a most furious desire. I had a suitor loved me dearly (said she), 
and the "^ more he gave me, the more eagerly he wooed me, the more I seemed to 
neglect, to scorn him, and which I commonly gave others, I would not let him see 
me, converse with me, no, not have a kiss." To gull him the more, and fetch him 
over (for him only I aimed at) I personated mine own servant to bring in a present 

• Corpus placuit mariti sui tolli ex area, atque illi 
quiB vocabat cruci adfigi. "• Novi ingenium mulie- 

rum, nolunt ubi velis. ubi nolis cupiunt ultro. Ter. 
Buniic. act. 4. sc. 7. '"Marlowe. i^ Pornodiilas- 

niln diai. lial. Latin, donat. a Gasp. Barthio Germaim. 
(tuanquam natura, et arte eraiu formosissima, iisto 



tamen astu tanto speciosior videbar, quod enim oculit 
cupitiim lEgre priebetur, multo magis affectus humanoi 
incendit. 'SQuo majoribus me donis propitiabal, «HI 
pejoribus ilium moilis tractabain. ne basiuin iinpecro 
vit, &.r. I 



Mem, 2. Subs. 4.J Artificial Jillurenients. 485 

''rom a Spanish count, whilst he was in my company, as if he had been the count' 
servant, which he did excellently well perform : '■* Comes de monle Ttirco, " my lord 
and master hath sent your ladyship a small present, and part of his hunting, a pieci' 
of venison, a pheasant, a few partridges, &.c. (all which she bought with her own 
money), commends his love and service to you, desiring you to accept of it in good 
part, and he means very shortly to come and see vou." Withal she showed him 
rings, gloves, scarfs, coronets which others had sent her, when there was no such 
matter, but only to circumvent him. '^By these means (as she concludes) " I made 
the poor gentleman so mad, that he was ready to spend himself, and venture his 
dearest blood for my sake." Philinna, in '^Lucian, practised all this long before, as 
it shall appear unto you by her discourse •, for when Diphilus her sweetheart came 
to see her (as his daily custom was) she frowned upon him, would not vouchsafe 
him her company, but kissed Lamprius his co-rival, at the same time " before his 
face : but why was it ? To make bun (as she telleth her mother that chid her for 
it) more jealous; to whet his love, to come with a greater appetite, and to know 
that her favour was not so easy to be had. Many oilier tricks she used besides this 
[as she there confesseth), for she would fall out with, and anger him of set purpose, 
pick quarrels upon no occasion, because she would be reconciled to him again. 
Amantiam ira. anioris redintegration as the old saying is, the falling out of lovers is the 
renewing^of love; and according to i\i9iioi Xvmienieinsnjuciindioresamoruni'postinjurias 
deTiclcB, love is increased by injuries, as the sunbeams are more gracious after a cloud. 
And surely this aphorism is most true ; for as Ampelis informs Crisis in the said 
Lucian, '^ '^Jf a lover be not jealous, angry, waspish, apt to fall out, sigh and swear, 
he is no True lover." To kiss and coll, hang about her neck, protest, swear and 
wish, are but ordinary symptoms, incipientis adhuc et crescentis amoris signa ; but 
if he be jealous, angry, apt to mistake. Sec, bene speres licet, sweet sister he is thine 
own ; yet if you let him alone, humour him, please him, Sec, and that he perceive 
once he hath you sure, without any co-rival, his love will languish, and he will not 
care so much for you. Hitherto (saith she) can 1 speak out of experience ; Demo- 
phan^us a rich fellow was a suitor of mine, I seemed to neglect him, and gave better 
entertainment to Calliades the painter before his face, principio abiit, verbis me in- 
seciatus, at first he went away all in a chafe, cursing and swearing, but at last he 
came submitting himself, vowing and protesting he loved me most dearly, I should 
have all he had, and that he would kill himself for my sake. Therefore I advise 
thee (dear sister Crisis) and all maids, not to use your suitors over kindly ; insolenles 
enitn sunt hoc cum sentiunt, 'twill make them proud and insolent; but now and then 
reject them, estrange thyself, et si tne audies semel atque iterum exclude, shut him 
out of doors once or twice, let him dance attendance ; follow my counsel, and by 
this means '^ you shall make him mad, come off roundly, stand to any conditions, 
and do whatsoever you will have him. These are the ordinary practices ; yet in 
the said Lucian, Melissa methinks had a trick beyond all this ; for when her suitor 
came coldly on, to stir him up, she writ one of his co-rival's names and her own in 
a paper, Melissa amat Hermotimutti, Hermotimus Mellissam, causing it to be stuck 
upon a post, for all gazers to beliold, and lost it in the way where he used to walk ; 
which when the silly novice perceived, statim ut legit credidit, instantly apprehended 
it was so, came raving to me, &c. -""and so when 1 was in despair of his love, four 
months after [ recovered him again." Eugenia drew Timocles for her valentine, and 
wore his name a long tune after in her bosom : Camaena singled out Paniphilus to 
dance, at Myson's wedding (some say), for there she saw him first ; Faelicianus over- 
took Caelia by the highway side, offered his service, thence came further acquaint- 
ance, and thence came love. But who can repeat half their devices ? What Aretine 
experienced, what conceited Lucian, or wanton Aristenaetus ? They will deny and 
take, stiffly refuse, and yet earnestly seek the same, repel to make them come with 



'* Comes de monteTurco Hispanus has de venatione 
Bud partes misit, jussitqiie peratnanter orare, ut hoc 
qualecunque doniim suo nomine accipias. '^ His 

ailibus hoininetn ita excantabam, ut pro me ille ad 
omnia parutas, &,c. '6 Tom. 4. dial, merit. " Re- 

licto illo, sgre ipsi interim faciens, ot oinniiio difficilis. 
'*Si quiseiim nee Zelolypus irascitur, ric pugnat ali- 

2q2 



qiiando amator, nee perjiirat, non est habendusamator. 
&c. Totus hie isinis Zelotypia coivstat, &c. maximi 
amores inde nascuntiir. Sed si porsiiasum illi funrit te 
solum habere, eianguescit illico amor suus. "> Veni- 
entem viclebis ipsumdenuo inflammalum et pror»us in- 
sariienleii.. '" Et sic cum fere de illo desperassem, 

post menses quatuor ad me rediit. 



486 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



more eagerness, fly from if you follow, but if averse, as a shadow they will follow 
j'ou again, fiigienlcm seqiiitur^ sequentem fugit ; with a regaining retreat, a gentle 
reluctancy, a smiling tliveat, a pretty pleasant peevishness they will put you off", and 
have a thousand such several enticements. For as he saith, 



"" Non est forma satis, nee qua vult bella videri, 
Debet viilgari more placere suis. 
Dicta, sales, liisus, serinoiies, gratia, risus, 
Viiicunt naturae canilidioris opus." 



' 'Tis not enough though she be fair of hue, 
For her to us^e this vulgar compliment : 
But pretty toys aiui jests, and saws and smiles. 
As far beyond what beauty can attempt." 



** For this cause belike Philostratus, in his images, makes diverse loves, " somo 
young, some of one age, some of another, some winged, some of one sex, some of 
another, some with torches, some with golden apples, some with darts, gins, snares, 
and other engines in their hands," as Propertius hath prettily painted them out, 
///;. 2. et 29. and which some interpret, diverse enticements, or diverse affections 
of lovers, which if not alone, yet jointly may batter and overcome the strongest 
constitutions. 

It is reported of Decius, and Valerianus, those two notorimis persecutors of the 
church, that when they could enforce a young Christian by no means (as '^"Hierome 
records) to sacrifice to their idols, by no torments or promises, they took another 
course to tempt him : they put him into a fair garden, and set a young courtesan to 
dally with him, ^''"took him about the neck and kissed him, and that which is not 
to be named," manihusque atirectare, ^c, and all those enticements which might be 
used, that whom torments could not, love might batter and beleaguer. But such 
was his constancy, she could not overcome, and when this last engine would take 
no place, they left him to his own ways. At "Berkley in Gloucestershire, there was 
in times past a nunnery (saith Gualterus Mapes, an old historiographer, that lived 
400 years since), '' of which there was a noble and a fair lady abbess : Godwin, that 
subtile Earl of Kent, travelling that way, (seeking not her but hers) leaves a nephew 
of his, a proper young gallant (as if he had been sick) with her, till he came back 
again, and gives the young man charge so long to counterfeit, till he had deflowered 
the abbess, and as many besides of the nuns as he could, and leaves him withal 
rings, jewels, girdles, and such toys to give them still, when they came to visit^im. 
The young man, willing to undergo such a business, played his part so well, that in 
short space he got up most of their bellies, and when he had done, told his lord 
how he had sped: ^^his lord made instantly to the court, tells the king how such a 
nunnery was become a bawdy-house, procures a visitation, gets them to be turned 
out, and begs the lands to his own use." This story I do therefore repeat, that you 
may see of what force these enticements are, if they be opportunely used, and how 
hard it is even for the most averse and sanctified souls to resist such allurements. 
John Major in the life of John the monk, that lived in the days of Theodosius, com- 
mends the hermit to have been a man of singular continency, and of a most austere 
life; but one night by chance the devil came to liis cell in the habit of a young 
market wench that had lost her way, and desired for God's sake some lodging with 
him. ^'"'The old man let her in, and after some common conference of her mishap, 
she began to inveigle him with lascivious talk and jests, to play with his beard, to 
kiss him, and do worse, till at last she overcame him. As he went to address him--~j 
self to that business, she vanished on a sudden, and the devils in the air laughed 
him to scorn." Whether this be a true story, or a tale, I will not much contend, i* 
serves to illustrate this which I have said. 

Yet were it so, that these of which I have hitherto spoken, and such like enticing 
baits, be not sufficient, there be many others, which will of themselves intend this 
passion of burning lust, amongst whicls, dancing is none of the least; and it is an 
engine of such force, I may not omit it. Incil amentum libidinis, Petrarch calls it, 



21 Pclrrs;i:3 Oatal. ^ Imagines deorum. fol. 3-27. 

varies amores facit, quos aliqui interpretantur multi- 
plices affectus et illecebras, alios puellos, puellas, alatos, 
alios poma aurea, alios sagittas. alios laqueos, &c. 
siEpist. lib. 3. vita Pauli EreuiiteB. '^* Meretrix 

gpeciosa cepit delicatius stringere colla complexibus, el 
rorpore in libidinem concitato, &c. sspamden in 

Gloucestershire, huic prfefuit nobilis et forniosa abha- 
tissa, Godw inus comee indole subtilis, non ipsam, sed 
»ua cupiens, reliqu't ncpotem suum forma elegantis- 



simum, tanquam infiruium donee reverteretur, in- 
struit, &.C. 28 Ille impiger regent adit, abatissam et 

suas priegnantes edocet, exploratnribus missis probat, 
et iis ejeotis, a domino suo manerium aecepit. ^7 post 
sermones de casu suosuavitate sermonesconciliat ani- 
mum hon)inis, manumque inter colloquia et risus &(* 
barbam protendit et palpare eiBpit ce'vieem suani o« 
oscniari; quid n\ulta? Captivum ducit >» ililein Chrisli. 
Coniplexura ev.uiescit, demones in ...( :« ilinachuna 
riserunt. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] drtijicial Jlllurements. 487 

the spur of lust. "A ^^circle of vvhicli llie devil himself is the centre, ^Many 
women that use it, liave come dishonest home, most indifferent, none better.^' 
'^Another terms it '•'•the companion of all filthy delights and enticements, and 'tis not 
easily told what inconveniences come by it, what scurrile talk, obscene actions," 
and many times such monstrous gestures, such lascivious motions, such wanton 
tunes, meretricious kisses, homely embracings. 

3' — " (ill Gailitaiia c.inoro 

Incipiat prurire clii>ro, plausuqiie probata; 
Ad terrain tremula descendant clune pnells, 
Irritamentum Veneris languentis)" 

that it will make the spectators mad. When that epitomizer of ^^Trogus had to the 
full described and set out King Ptolemy's riot as a chief engine and instrument of 
his overthrow, he adds, tympanum et trijmdium^ fiddling and dancing : " the king 
was not a spectator only, but a principal actor himself" A thing nevertheless fre- 
(juently used, and part of a gentlewoman's bringing up, to sing, dance, and play on 
the lute, or some such instrument, before she can say her paternoster, or ten com- 
mandments. 'Tis the next way their parents think to get them husbands, they are 
compelled to learn, and by that means, ^ InccBstos amores dc tenero medUantur ungue , 
'tia a great allurement as it is o^en used, and many are undone by it. Thais, in 
Lm'ian, inveigled Lamprias in a dance, Herodias so far pleased Herod, that she made 
him swear to give her what she would ask, John Baptist's head in a platter. ** Robert, 
Duke of Normandy, riding by Falais, spied Arlette, a fair maid, as she danced 
on a green, and was so much enamoured with the object, that ^^he must needs lie 
with her that night. Owen Tudor won Queen Catlierine's affection in a dance, fall- 
ing by chance with his head in her lap. Who cannot parallel these stories out of 
his experience .'' ■ Speusippas a noble gallant in ^ that Greek Aristenretus, seeing 
Panareta a fair young gentlewoman dancing by accident, was so far in love with her, 
that for a long time after he could think of notliing but Panareta : he came raving 
home full of Panareta : '' Who would not admire her, who would not love her, that 
ehould but see her dance as ] did .^ O admirable, O divine Panareta! I have seen 
old and new Rome, many fair cities, many proper women, but never any like to 
Panareta, they are dross, dowdies all to Panareta ! O how she danced, how she 
tripped, how she turned, with what a grace ! happy is that man that shall enjoy her. 
O most incomparable, only, Panareta !" When Xenophon, in Symposio, or Banquet, 
had discoursed of love, and used all the engines that might be devised, to move 
Socrates, amongst the rest, to stir him the more, he shuts up all with a pleasant 
interlude or dance of Dionysius and Ariadne. "^'^ First Ariadne dressed like a bride 
came in and took her place ; by and by Dionysius entered, dancing to the music 
The spectators did all admire the young man's carriage ; and Ariadne herself was so 
much affected with the sight, that she could scarce sit. After a while Dionysius 
beholding Ariadne, and incensed with love, bowing to her knees, embraced her first, 
and kissed her with a grace ; she embraced him again, and kissed him with like 
affection, Slc, as the dance required ; but they that stood by, and saw this, did much 
applaud and commend them both for it. And when Dionysius rose up, he raised 
her up with him, and many pretty gestures, embraces, kisses, and love compliments 
passed between them : which when they saw fair Bacchus and beautiful Ariadne so 
sweetly and so unfeignedly kissing each other, so really embracing, they swore they 
loved indeed, and were so inflamed with the object, tliat they began to rouse up 
themselves, as if they would have flown. At the last when they saw them still, so 



* Choraea circulns, cujus centrum diab. 29 iviu!tse 

inde impudioa* dnmum rediere, plures amhiguae, inelior 
nulla. soTurpiuin deliciaruin conies est externa 

lallatio; neque certe facile dictu quse mala hinc visus 
hauriat, et quEB pariat, colloquia, nionstrosos, incondi- 
los gcstus, &o. " Juv. Sat. 11. •' Perhaps you may 

expect tliat a Gaditanian with a tuneful company may 
liegin to wanton, and girls approved with applause 
lower themselves to the ground in a lascivious manner, 
a provocative of languishing desire." ^^ Justin. I. 

rO. Adduntur instrumenta luxuria;, tyn>pana et tripu- 
dia nee tam spectator rex, sed nequiti* magister, &c. 
M H jr. I. 5. od. t) 3^ Havarde vita ejus. 3= Of 

whom he begat VVilliam the Conqueror; liy the same 
token Blie tore her sniock down, saying, &c '^ Epist. 



26. Quis non miratus est sallantem? Q,iiis non vidit 
et amavit? velerem it iiovani vidi Roinam, sed tilii 
similem non vidi Panareta; felix qui Panareta fruitiir, 
&c. 37 Prinnpio Ariadne velut sponsa prodit, at; 

sola rocedit ; prodiens illico Dionysius ad numeroscan- 
tanle llliia saltabat; admirali sunt omnes saltaiiteiii 
juveneni, ipsaque Ariadne, ut vix potuerit coiiquiesci^re; 
postea vero cum Dionysius eam aspexit, &c. Ut a^teni 
surrexit Dionysius, er'exit simul Ariadnem, licehatque 
spectare gestus osciilanliiini, et inter se coniplecten- 
tium; qui auteni sprctaliant, &c. Ad extrenium viileii- 
tes eosmutuis aniplexibus implicatos etjanijam a<l tha- 
iamuni ituros; qui non duxeraiit ux<ires jurabant uxorei 
se ducturos; qui auteni duxerant coiiscensi.s equis e« 
incitatis, ut iisdrni fruereiitur, duiuuin festiiiaruut 



488 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. See. 2. 

willingly embracing, and now ready to go to the bride-chamber, they <vere so ravished 
with it, that they that were unmarried, swore they would forthwith marry, and those 
that were married called instantly for their horses, and galloped home to their 
wives." What greater motive can there be than this burning lust .'' what so violent 
an oppugner ? Not without good cause therefore so many general councils condemn 
it, so many fathers abhor it, so many grave men speak against it; '^ Use not the 
company of a woman," saith Syracides, 8. 4. ''that is a singer, or a dancer; neither 
hear, lest thou be taken in her craftiness." In circa non tain cernUur quam discifur 
libido. ^^Hisdus holds, lust in theatres is not seen, but learned. Gregory Nazianzen 
that eloquent divine, (^"as he relates the story himself,) when a noble friend of his 
solemnly invited him wath other bishops, to his daughter Olympia's wedding, refused 
to come : '•""For it is absurd to see an old gouty bishop sit amongst dancers;" he 
held it unfit to be a spectator, much less an actor. JYcmo saltat sobrius., Tully 
writes, he is not a sober man that danceth ; for some such reason (belike) Domitian 
forbade the Roman senators to dance, and for that fact removed many of them from 
the senate. But these, you will say, are lascivious and Pagan dances, 'tis the abuse 
that causeth such inconvenience, and I do not well therefore to condemn, speak 
against, or " innocently to accuse the best and pleasantest thing (so ^' Lucian calls 
it) that belongs to mortal men." You misinterpret, I condemn it not; I hold it 
notwithstanding an honest disport, a lawful recreation, if it be opportune, moderately 
and soberly used : I am of Plutarch's mind, ''^" that which respects pleasure alone, 
honest recreation, or bodily exercise, onglu not to be rejected and contemned 7^) I 
subscribe to ''^Lucian, "'tis an elegant thing, which cheereth up the mind, exerciseih 
the body, deliglits the spectators, wliich teacheth many comely gestures, equally 
affecting the ears, eyes, and soul itself" Sallust discommends singing and dancing 
in Sempronia, not that she did sing or dance, but that she did it in excess, 'tis the 
abuse of it; and Gregory's refusal doth not simply condemn it, but in some folks. 
Many will not allow men and women to dance togetiier, because it is a provocation 
to lust : they may as well, with Lycurgus and Mahomet, cut down all vines, forbid 
the drinking of wine, for tliat it makes some men drunk. 

*■>" Nihil prodist (lund non la'dere posset idem; 
Ifiiiu quid ulilius?" 

I say of this as of all other honest recreations, they are like fire, good and bad, and 
I see no such inconvenience, but that they may so dance, if it be done at due times, 
and by fit persons : and conclude with Wolfungus "^Hider, and most of our modern 
divines : Si decorce., graves^ verecundce., plena luce bonorum virorum et matronarum 
lionestartim^ tempcstitie fiant., probari possiiiif., et debent. "There is a time to mourn, 
a time to dance," Eccles. iii. 4. Let them take their pleasures then, and as ''^he said 
of old, "young men and maids flourishing in their age, fair and lovely to behold, 
well attired, and of comely carriage, dancing a Greek galliard, and as their dance 
required, kept their time, now turning, now tracing, now apart now altogether, now 
a courtesy then a caper," Sic, and it was a pleasant sight to see those pretty knots, 
and swimming figures. The sun and moon (some say) dance about the earth, the 
three upper planets about the sun as their centre, now stationary, now direct, now 
retrograde, now in apogee., then in perigee., now swift then slow, occidental, oriental, 
they turn round, jump and trace, ? and ^ about the sun with those thirty-three 
Maculcfi or Bourbonian planet, circa Solon sallantes Cytharedum., saith Fromundu.s 
Four Medicean stars dance about Jupiter, two Austrian about Saturn, Stc, and all 
(belike) to the music of the spheres. Our greatest counsellors, and staid senators, 
at some times dance, as David before the ark, 2 Sam. vi. 14. Miriam, Exod. xv. 20. 
Judith, XV. 13. (though the devil hence perhaps hath brought in tiiose bawdy bac- 
chanals), and well may they do it. The greatest soldiers, as ^"Quintilianus, ■'^^Emi- 
lius Probus, '"'CceHus Rhodiginus, have proved at large, still use it in Greece, Rome, 



'* Lib. 4. de conteinnend. amorihiis. 89 ^d Any- 

sium epist. 57. •"' Inleinpestiviini enim est, et a 

nuptiis ahliorrcns, inter saltantes poilauricuin videre 
tpneiM, et episcopiim. *' Keni orniiiuin in nKirtaliiini 

vita optitnam innocenter accusare. "(iuit liorit's- 

tani vohiptatem respicit, aiit corporis exercitnini, coti 



»quo deinulcens. '^Ovid. ^^ System, rnoralit 

pliilosophiw. « Apuleius. 10. PuhIIt, pui-llffqua 

virenti fiorentes a>tatula, tiiruia conspiciii, veste nitidi. 
inccssii gratiosi, Gra^caiiicani saltanles Pyrrliicain, dj-'- 
po^ltis orilinntionibiis, ilt-coros anibitns inerrahant, 
nunc in orlietii tli'xi, nnnc in nidiquain serieni connexi, 



■iiini non debet. « Klegantissifna ref est, quae nt nunc in qu;i<lruin cnneati, nunc indc s-iparali, &r, 

menlein acuit, corpus exerceat, ei spnclantes ohlect(:t, " Lib. 1. cup. 11. *» Vit. Epaniinondae. "Lib & 

■uulios geslus decoros docens, uculc'^, aures, aniinuiii ex 



Mem. 2 Subs. 4.] Artificial Jilluremfnis. 489 

and the most worthy senators, cantare, sallare. Luciau, Macrobius, Libaiuis, 
Plutarch, Julius, Pollux, AtheiifEus, have written just tracts in commendation of it. 
hi this our age it is in much request in those countries, as in all civil common 
wraiths, as Alexander ab Alexandro, lib. 4. cap. 10. et lib. 2. cap. 25. hath proveci 
dt large, ™ amongst the barbabarians themselves none so prrcious; all the worio 
Hows it. 

61 " Divitias contemnn tuas, rpx Crfpse, tuaimiiie 

/Vemlo Asiam, uiiguentis, (lore, iiiero, thorei.^." 
Plato, in his Commonwealth, will have dancing-schools to be maintained, " that 
young folks might meet, be acquainted, see one another, and be seen;" nay mo.«^, 
he would have them dance naked ; and scoffs at them that laugh at it. But Eusebius 
prcepar. Evangel, lib. 1. cap. 11. and Theodoret lib. 9. curat, grcec. affect, worthily 
lash him for it; and well they might : for as one saith, ^^" the very sight of naked 
parts causeth enormous, exceeding concupiscenses, and stirs up both men and wo- 
men to burning lust." There is a mean in all things : this is my censure in brief; 
dancing is a pleasant recreation of body and mind, if sober and modest (such as oui 
Christian dances are) ; if tempestively used, a furious motive to burning lust ; if as 
by Pagans heretofore, unchastely abused. But I proceed. 

If these allurements do not take place, for ^''Simierus, that great master of dal- 
liance, shall not behave himself better, the more effectually to move others, and 
satisfy their lust, ttiey will swear and lie, promise, protest, forge, counterfeit, brag, 
bribe, flatter aiid dissemble of all sides. 'Twas Lucretia's counsel in Aretine, Si vis 
arnica frui., pro?nitt£.iJinge, jura., jjerjura., jacta, simula.i mentire ; and they put it well 
in practice, as Apollo to Daphne, 



5 "tnilii Dflphica telliis 

Et Claros et Teiieilos, patareaque regia servil, 
Jupiter est genitor" 



' Delphn?, Clarns, and Tenedns seryjs me, 
And Jupiter is known my sire to be." 



^The poorest swains will do as mucli, ^'^ Mllle pecus nivei sunt et mihi vallibus agni; 
" I have a thousand sheep, good store of cattle, and they are all at her command," 

68 " Tihi nos, tibi nostra supellex, 

Ruraque servierint" 

*^ house, land, goods, are at her service," as he is himself. Dinomachus, a senator's 
son in °^Lucian, in love with a wench inferior to him in birth and fortunes, the 
sooner to accomplish his desire, wept unto her, and swore he loved her with all his 
heart, and her alone, and that as soon as ever his father died (a very rich man and 
almost decrepid) he would make her his wife. The maid by chance made her mother 
acquainted with Vlie business, who being an old fox, well experienced in such mat- 
ters, told her daughter, now ready to yield to his desire, that he meant nothing less, 
for dost thou think he will ever care for thee, being a poor wench, ^° that may have 
his choice of all the beauties in the city, one noble by birth, with so many talents, 
as young, better qualified, and fairer than thyself.'' daughter believe him not : the 
maid was abashed, and so the matter broke off When Jupiter wooed Juno first 
(Lilius Giraldus relates it out of an old comment on Theocritus) the better to effect 
his suit, he turned himself into a cuckoo, and spying her one day walking aloi.e, 
separated from the other goddesses, caused a tempest suddenly to arise, for fear of 
which she fled to shelter; Jupiter to avoid the storm likewise flew into her lap, in 
virginis Junonis gremium devoluvit, whom Juno for pity covered in her ^' apron. 
But he turned himself forthwith into his own shape, began to embrace and offer vio- 
lence unto her, sed ilia mairis metu abnuebat^ but she by no means would yield, donee 
■ioUicitus connubium obtinuit., till he vowed and swore to niarry lier, and then she gave 
consent. This fact was done at Thornax hill, which ever after was called Cuckoo 
hill, and in perpetual remembrance there was a temple erected to Telia Juno in the 
same place. So powerful are fair promises, vows, oaths and protestations. It is an 



60 Read P. Martyr Ocean Decad. Benzo, Lerius Hac- 
luit, &c. " Angeriaiius ErotopEBdium. ^^ 10 Leg. 

rijj yap ToiavTrjg avtirjs cvcKa, &c. hujus causa oportuil 
disciplinam constitui, ut tain pueri quain puelliE choreas 
celebrent, spectenturque ac spectent, &c. ^ Aspeclus 
enim nuiloruin corporuni tani mares qu.im feminas irri- 
tare solet ad enormes lascivise aupetitus. ^-i Cam- 

don Annal. anno 1578, ibl. 27*. Amatoriis facetiis et 

62 



illecehris exqiiisitissimus. ">* Met. 1. Ovid. ss Eras 
mils egl. niille niei sjculis errant in montibus a<.'ni 
s'Virg^ 5* Lecheiis. •'>» Tom. 4. merit dial, 

amare se jurat et lachrimatur dicitque uxorein mi« 
ducere velle, qmirn patfr oculos claussisset. ™(luun 
dotem all hi iniilto majorern asplciet, &,c. s> Or uppe' 
garment Qiiein Juiio miserata veste coiiterit. 



490 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



ordinary thing too in this case to belie tlieir age, which widows usually do, that 
mean to marry again, and bachelors too sometimes, 

83 " Cujus octavum trepidavit aetas, 
cernere lustrum ;" 

to say thej/ are younger than they are. Carmides in the said Lucian loved Philema- 
tiiim, an old maid of forty-five years; ^^she swore to him she was but thirty-two 
next December. But to dissemble in this kind, is familiar of all sides, and often it 
takes. ^^ Falltrc credentem res est opcrosa puellam^ 'tis soon done, no such great 

mastery, Egregiam verb laudem^ el spolia ampla, and nothing so frequent, 

as to belie their estates, to prefer their suits, and to advance themselves. Many men 
to fetch over a young woman, widows, or whom they love, will not stick to crack, 
forge and feign any thing comes next, bid his boy fetch his cloak, rapier, gloves, 
jewels, &e. in such a chest, scarlet-golden-tissue breeches, &.c. when there is no 
such matter ; or make any scruple to give out, as he did in Petronius, that he was 
master of a ship, kept so many servants, and to personate their part the better take 
upon them to be gentlemen of good houses, well descended and allied, hire apparel 
at brokers, some scavenger or prick-louse tailors to attend upon them for the time, 
swear they have great possessions, ^^ bribe, lie, cog, and foist how dearly they love, 
how bravely they will maintain her, like any lady, countess, duchess, or queen ; 
they shall have gowns, tiers, jewels, coaches, and caroches, choice diet, 



"The heads of parrots, tongues of nightingales, 
The brains of peacocks, and of ostriches, 
Tlieir bath shall be the juice of giliiflovvers, 



Spirit of roses and of violets, 
The milk of unicorns," &.c. 



as old Vulpone courted CcRlia in the ^^ comedy, when as they are no such men, not 
worth a groat, but mere sharkers, to make a fortune, to get their desire, or else pre- 
tend love to spend their idle hours, to be more welcome, and for better entertain- 
ment. The conclusion is, they mean nothing less. 



" " Nil metuunt jurare, nihil promittere curant ; 
Sed siniul accupid<e mentis satiata libido est. 
Dicta nihil metuere, nihil perjuria curant ;" 



"Oaths, vows, promises, are much protested ; 
But when their mind and lust is satisfied. 
Oaths, vows, promises, are quite neglected ;" 



though he solemnly swear by the genius of Cassar, by Venus' shrine. Hymen's deity, 
by Jupiter, and all the other gods, give no credit to his words. For when lovers 
swear, Venus laughs, Venus Ikbc perjuria ridet^ ®^ Jupiter himself smiles, and pardons 
it withal, as grave ^'' Plato gives out; of all perjury, that alone for love matters is 
forgiven by the gods, if promises, lies, oaths, and protestations will not avail, they 
fall to bribeS; ;.okens, gifts, and such like feats. ""^ Plurimus auro conciliatur amor: 
as Jupiter corrupted Danae with a golden shower, and Liber Ariadne with a lovely 
ciown, (which was afterwards translated into the heavens, and there for ever shines;) 
they will rain chickens, florins, crowns, angels, all manner of coins and stamps in 
her lap. And so must he certainly do that will speed, make many feasts, banquets, 
invitations, send her some present or olh'^r every foot. Summo studio parentur epulcB 
(saith '' Hffidus) et crehrce Jiant largitionts^ he must be very bountiful and liberal, seek 
and sue, not to her only, but to all her followers, friends, familiars, fiddlers, panders, 
parasites, and household servants; he must insinuate himself, and surely will, to all, 
of all sorts, messengers, porters, carriers ; no man must be unrewarded, or unre- 
spected. I had a suitor (saith "^Aretine's Lucretia) that when he came to my house, 
flung gold and silver about, as if it had been chafi^! Another suitor I had was a very 
choleric fellow; but 1 so handled him, that for all his fuming, I brought him upon 
his knees. If there had been an excellent bit in the market, any novelty, fish, fruit, 
or fowl, muscadel, or malmsey, or a cup of neat wine in all the city, it was pre- 
sented presently to me; though never so dear, hard to come by, yet I had it: the 
poor fellow was so fond at last, that I think if I would J might have had one of his 
eyes out of his head. A third suitor was a merchant of Rome, and his manner of 
wooing was with '* exquisite music, costly banquets, poems, &c. I held him ofT till 



62 Hor. *5 Dejeravit ilia secundum supra trigesi- 

mum ad proxiinuni Decembreni com|pleturam se esse. 
w Ovid. <^ Nam donis vincitur oninis amor. Catul- 

lus I. el. 5. 66 Fox, act. 3. sc. H. 6^ Catullus. 

•* Perjuria ridet amantum Jupiter, et ventos irrita ferre 
jubet Tibul. lib. 3. et 0. ^* In I'hilebo. pejeranti- 

k<i«, nvt dii soli ignoscunt. '•■'Catul. ^' Lib. 1. 



de contemnendis amorihus. '^Dial. Ital. argentum 

ut paleas projicieh.it. Biliosum habui amatorem imii 
supplex flexis genihiis, &c. Niillus recens nllatus letret 
fructus, nullum cupediaruni senus tatn c<>rum erat, nul 
lum vinum Creticum pretiosum, quin ad I'je ferret illino; 
credo allerum oculum pignori daturus. &,c " Post muii- 
cam opiperas epulas, et tautis juraiaeut i. Ion s, ttc 



Mem. 3. Subs. 4.J 



Jtrtificial Allurements. 



491 



at length he protested, promised, and swore pro virglnitate regno me donalurum., I 
should have all he had, house, goods, and lauds, pro concubitu solo ; ^'' neit'^'':>f was 
there ever any conjuror, I thuik, to charm his spirits that used such attention, or 
mighty words, as he did exquisite phrases, or general of any army so many strata- 
gems to win a city, as he did tricks and devices to get the love of me. Thus men 
are active and passive, and women not far behind them in this kind : Audax ad omnia 
foemina, quce vel a/nat, vel odit. 

'i^ For half .^0 boldly there can non 
' Swear and lijc as women can. 

'*They will crack, counterfeit, and collogue as well as the best, with handkerchiefs, 
and wrought nightcaps, purses, posies, and such toys: as he justly complained, 



" " Cur inittis violas ? nem[)e ut violentiiis uret ; 
Quid violas violis me violenta tuis ?" &.c. 



" Why dost thou send nie violets, my dear? 
To make me hum more violeul, I tear, 
With violets too violent thou art, 
To violate and wound my gentle heart." 



When nothing else will serve, the last refuge is their tears. Hcbc scripsi {testor 
amorem) mixta lachrymis et suspiriis., 'twixt tears and sighs, I write this (I take love 
to witness), saith '^Chelidonia to Philonius. LuminaqucEmoddfulmina^jamJlu- 
mina lachrymarum, those burning torches are now turned to floods of tears. Are- 
tine's Lucretia, when her sweetheart came to town, '^ wept in his bosom, " that he 
might be persuaded those tears were shed for joy of his return." Quartilla in Pe- 
tronius, when nought would move, fell a weeping, and as Balthazar Castillo paints 
them out, *°"To these crocodile's tears they will add sobs, iiery sighs, and sorrow- 
ful countenance, pale colour, leanness, and if you do but stir abroad, these fiends arc 
ready to meet you at every turn, with such a sluttish neglected habit, dejected look, 
as if they were now ready to die for your sake ; and how, saith he, shall a young 
novice thus beset, escape .?" But believe them not. 

81 " animam ne crede puellis, 

Namque est foeininea tutiar unda fide." 

V Thou thinkest, peradventure, because of her vows, tears, smiles, and protestations, 
she is solely thine, thou hast her heart, hand, and affection, when as indeed there is 
no such matter, as the ^^ Spanish bawd said, gaudet ilia habere unum in lecto^ alterum 
in port d^ terti.um qui domi suspiret^ she will have one sweetheart in bed, another in 
the gate, a third sighing at home, a fourth, &.c. Every young man she sees and 
likes hath as much interest, and shall as soon enjoy her as thyself. On the other 
side, which I have said, men are as false, let them swear, protest, and lie; ^^Quod 
vobis dicunt, dixerunt mille puellis. They love some of them those eleven thou- 
sand virgins at once, and make them believe, each particular, he is besotted on her, 
or love one till they see another, and then her alone ; like Milo's wife in Apuleius, 
lib. 2. Si quern conspexerit speciosce formce invenem, venustate ejus sumitur., et in eum 
animum intorquet. 'Tis their common compliment in that case, they care not what 
they swear, say or do : One while they slight them, care not for them, rail down- 
right and scofl' at them, and then again they will run mad, hang themselves, stab 

and kill, if they may not enjoy them. Henceforth, therefore, nulla viro 

juranti foemina credat, let not maids believe them. These tricks and counterfeit 
passions are more familiar with women, ^'^Jinem hie dolori faciet aut vitce dies., mise- 
rere amantis., quoth Phaedra to Hippolitus. Joessa, in ^* Lucian, told Pythias, a young 
man, to move him the more, that if he would not have her, she was resolved to make 
away herself. '• There is a Nemesis, and it cannot choose but grieve and trouble 
thee, to hear that 1 have either strangled or drowned myself for thy sake." Nothing 
6o common to this sex as oaths, vows, and protestations, and as I have already said, 



" Nunquam aliquis umhrarum conjurator tanta at- 
tcntione, tamque polentibus verbis usus est, quam ille 
exquisitis niilii dictis, &c. "Chaucer. '"Ah 

crudele genas nee tutum foemina nomen ! Tibul. 1. 3. 
eleg. 4. ■" Jovianus Pou. '8 Aristienetus, lib. 2. 

epist. 13. ^Su-iviter flebam. ut pfcrsuasum nabeat 

lachryinas prvB gaudio illius reilitiis uiihi emanare. 
"> l.ib. 3. hir. accedunt, vultus subtristis, color pallidus, 
geniebunna vox, iguita suspiria, lachtyms prope in- 
numerabiles. IstK se statim umbrEE offerunt tanto 
■quaiors et in omni fere diverticulo tanta macie, ut 



illasjamjam moribundas putes. 8i petronius 

"Trust not your heart to women, for the wave is less 
treacherous than their fidelity." s^Coelestina, act 7. 
Bartliio interpret omnibus arridet, et a singulis amari 
se solam dicit. ^^ Ovid. " They have made the same 
promises to a thousand girls that they make to you.", 
e* Seneca Hi ppol. ^^ fom. 4. dial, merit tu vern 

aliquando uia;rore afficieris ubi audieris me a meipsa 
laqueo lui causa sulfocatam aut in puteum prxcipita 
tain. 



492 



Love-Me tancholy. 



[Part. 3. Se». «.. 



".ears, which they have at command ; for they can so weep, that one would think 
their very hearts were dissolved within them, and would come out in tears ; theii 
nyes are like rocks, which still drop water, diarice laclirijmcE et sudoris in modum 
turgeri prompla:, saith ^® Aristaenetus, they wipe away their tears like sweat, weep 
wit'h one eye, laugh with the other ; or as children " weep and cry, they can both 
together. 



Neve piiellarum lachrymis moveiire memento, 
Ut flereiit oculos erudiere suos." 



" Care not for women's tears, I counsel thee, 
They teach their eyes as much to weep as see." 



And as much pity is to be taken of a woman weeping, as of a goose going barefoot- 
When Venus lost her son Cupid, she sent a crier about, to bid every one that met 
him take heed. 



f*"Si flentem aspicias, ne mox fallare, caveto; 
Sin arriiiebii, magis effuge ; et oscula si fors 
Ferre volet, fuyito ; sunt oscula noxia, in ipsis 
Suntque veiiena labris," &e. 



" Take heed of Cupid's tears, if cautelous, 
And of his smiles and kisses I thee tell. 
If that he offer 't, for they be noxious. 
And very poison in his lips doth dwell." 



^ A thousand years, as Castilio conceives, 'will scarce serve to reckon up those 
allurements and guiles, that men and women use to deceive one another with." 

Sub SECT. V. — Batcds, Philters, Causes. 

When all other engines fail, that they can proceed no farther of themselves, their 
last refuge is to fly to bawds, panders, magical philters, and receipts ; rather than 
fail, to the devil himself. Flectere si nequeimt superos, Jlcheronta movehunt. And 
by those indirect means many a man is overcome, and precipitated into this malady, 
if he take not good heed. For these bawds, first, they are everywhere so common, 
and so many, that, as he said of old Croton, ^' omnes hie aut captantur, aut captant, 
either inveigle or be inveigled, we may say of most of our cities, there be so many 
professed, cunning bawds in them. Besides, bawdry is become an art, or a liberal 
science, as Lucian calls it; and there be such tricks and subtleties, so many nurses, 
old women, panders, letter carriers, beggars, physicians, friars, confessors, employed 
about it, that nullus iradere stilus suj/iciat, one saith, 

92 " treceutis versibus 

Suas impuritias traloqui nemo potest." 

Such occult notes, stenography, polygraphy, JYuntins animaius, or magnetical telling 
of their minds, which ^^Cabeus the Jesuit, by the way, counts fabulous and false; 
cunning conveyances in this kind, that neither Juno's jealousy, nor Danae's custody, 
nor Argo's vigilancy can keep them safe. 'Tis the last and common refuge to use 
an assistant, such as that Catanean Philippa was to Joan Queen of Naples, a "* bawd'.s 
help, an old woman in the business, as '■'^Myrrha did when she doated on Cyniras. 
and could not compass her desire, the old jade her nurse was ready at a pinch, die 

inquit, opcmque me. sine ferre tibi et in hac niea [pone timorem) SeduUtas erii 

apta tibi, fear it not, if it be possible to be done, I will efl^ect it : non est 7nulieri 
muVier insuperabilis, ^ Caelestina said, let him or her be never so honest, watched 
and reserved, 'tis hard but one of these old women will get access : and scarce shall 
you find, as ®' Austin observes, in a nunnery a maid alone, " if she cannot have 
egress, before her window you shall have an old woman, or some prating gossip, 
tell her some tales of this clerk, and that monk, describing or commending some 
young gentleman or other unto her." " As I was 'walking in the street (saith a good 
fellow in Petronius) to see the town served one evening, ^"^ I spied an old woman in 
a corner selling of cabbages and roots (as our hucksters do plums, apples, and such 
like fruits) ; mother (quoth he) can you tell where I can dwell ? she, being well 
pleased with my foolish urbanity, replied, and why, sir, should I not tell } With that 



66 Epist. 20. 1. 2. " Matronae flent duobus oculis, 

moniales quatuor, virgines uno, meretrices nullo. 
«Ovid. ^0 Imagines deonim, fol. 332. e Moschi 

amore fugitivo, quern Politianus Latlnum fecit. '"Lib. 
3. mille vix anni sufficerent ad oinnes illas machina- 
tiones, dolosque commeniorandos, quos viri et niulieres 
ut se invicem circumveniant, excoiiitare solcnt. '' Pe- 
tronius. 92 piautus Triteniiiis. " Three hundred 
verses would not comprise their indecencies." ^a Dp 
Magnet. Philos. lib. 4. cap. 10. "^ Catul. eleg. 5. lib. 1. 
Veuit in exitiiim callida lena meum. >^Ovid. 10. 



met. w Parabosc. Barthii. " De vit. Erem. c. 3. 

ad sororem vix aliquam reclusarum hujus temporis so- 
lani invenies, ante cujus fencstram non anus garrula, 
vel nugigerula niulier sedet, qua; earn fabulis occu- 
pet, rumoribus pascat, hujus vel illius monachi, &c. 
9" Agreste olus anus vendebal, et rogo iiiquam, mater 
nunquid scis ubi ego habiteni ? delectata ilia urbanitatr 
tain slulta, et quid nesciam inquit? consurrexitque e. 
cepit me prsecedere ; divinam ego putabam, &c. iiudaf 
video meretrices et in lupanar me adductum. sero exe 
cratus anicula; insidias. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] 



Artijiclal Allurements. 



493 



she rose up and went bf^fore me. I took her for a wise woman, and by-and-by she 
led me hito a by-lane, and told me there I should dwell. I replied again, I knew 
not the house ; but I perceived, on a sudden, by the naked queans, that I was now 
come into a bawdy-house, and then too late I began to curse the treachery of this 
old jade." Such tricks you shall have in many places, and amongst the rest it is 
ordinary in Venice, and in the island of Zante, for a man to be bawd to his own 
wife. No sooner shall you land or come on shore, but, as the Comical Poet hath it, 



39" Morem liunc meretrices liabent. 

Ad portiim iiiitluiit serviilos, aiicilliilas, 
Si qua ptii'grina navis in portiim aderit, 



Rngant ciijatis sit, quod ei nomen siet, 
Post illie e.xtempio sese adplicent." 



These white devils have their panders, bawds, and factors in every place to seek 
about, and bring in customers, to tempt and waylay novices, and silly travellers. 
And when they have them once within their clutches, as ^gidius Maserius in his 
comment upon Valerius Flaccus describes them, ""'" with promises and pleasant dis- 
course, with gifts, tokens, and taking their opportunities, they lay nets which Lucretia 
cannot avoid, and baits that Hippolitus himself would swallow ; they make such 
strong assaults and batteries, that the goddess of virginity cannot withstand them : 
give gifts and bribes to move Penelope, and with threats able to terrify Susanna. 
How many Proserpinas, with those catchpoles, doth Pluto take .'' These are the 
sleepy rods with which their souls touched descend to hell ; this the glue or lime 
with which the wings of the mind once taken cannot fly away ; the devil's ministers 
to allure, entice," &c. Many young men and maids, without all question, are invei- 
gled by these Eumenides and their associates. But these are trivial and well known. 
The most sly, dangerous, and cunning bawds, are your knavish physicians, empyrics, 
mass-priests, monks, 'Jesuits, and friars. /Though it be against Hippocrates' oath, 
some of them will give a dram, promise to restore maidenheads, and do it without 
danger, make an abortion if need be, keep down their paps, hinder conception, pro- 
cure lust, make them able with Satyrions, and now and then step in themselves. 
No monastery so close, house so private, or prison so well kept, but these honest 
men are admitted to censure and ask questions, to feel their pulse beat at their bed- 
side, and all under pretence of giving physic. Now as for monks, confessors, and 
friars, as he said. 



'•I " JVon aiidet Stytrius Pluto tentare quod audet 
Eflrenis monaclius, plenaque fraudis anus;" 



" That Stygian Pluto dares not tempt or do, 
Wliat an old hag or monk will undergo ;" 



either for himself to satisfy his own lust, for another, if he be hired thereto, or both 
at once, having such excellent means. For under colour of visitation, auricular con- 
fession, comfort and penance, they have free egress and regress, and corrupt, God 
knows, how many. They can such trades, some of them, practise physic, \ise 
exorcisms, &c. 

' That whereas was wont to walk and Klf, 
There now walks the Limiter himself, 
In every bush and under enerij tree, 
There needs no other Incubus but lie. 

* In the mountains between Dauphine and Savoy, the friars persuaded the good wivt^s 
to counterfeit themselves possessed, that their husbands might give them free access, 
and were so familiar in those days with some of them, that, as one * observes, 
"• wenches could not sleep in their beds for necromantic friars : and the good abbess 
in Boccaccio may in some «'""t witness, that rismg betimes, mistook and put on the 
friar's breeches instead oi ner veil or hat. You have heard the story, I presume, of 

* Paulina, a chaste matron in jEgesippus, whom one of Isis's priests did prostitute to 
Mundus, a young knight, and made her believe it was their god Anubis. Many such 
pranks are played by our Jesuits, sometimes in their own habits, sometimes in others, 
like soldiers, courtiers, citizens, scholars, gallants, and women themselves. Proteus- 
like, in all forms and disguises, that go abroad in the night, to inescate and beguile 



3* Plautus Menech. "These harlots send little maid- 
ens lir^vn to the quays to ascertain the name and na- 
ti<):i of every ship that arrives, after which they them- 
selves hasten to address the newcomers." i™ Pro- 
missis everberanc, molliunt dulciloquiis, et opportunum 
temjHis aucupantes laqueos ingerunt qiios vix Lucretia 
vitare; escam parant quaui vel satur Hippolitus sume- 
'<". &.C. tlae sane sunt virga; snporifera; quibus contacts 



2R 



animce ad Orcum descendunt ; hoc gluten quo compaclai 
mentium al.iB evolare nequeunt, dicmonis ancills, quas 
sollicilant, &,c. i See the practices of the Jesuits, 

Aiiglice, edit. 1630. ^ JEn. Sylv. '■> Uhuucer, 

in the wife of Bath's tate. ■> H. Stephanus Apol. 

Herod, lib. I. cap. 2i. 5 Bale. Puella; in lectit 

dormire non poterant. ^ Idem Jotiiphus, lib. Ift 

cap. 4. 



<04 



Lov e-Me landioly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. a 



young women, or to have their pleasure of other men's wives, and, if we may 
believe 'some relations, they have wardrobes of several suits in the colleges for that 
purpose. Howsoever in public they pretend much zeal, seem to be very holy men, 
and bitterly preach against adultery, fornication, there are no verier bawds or whore- 
masters in a country, ^" whose soul they should gain to God, they sacrifice to the 
devil." But I spare these men for the present. 

The last battering engines are philters, amulets, spells, charms, images, and such 
jnlawful means : if they cannot prevail of themselves by the help of bawds, pan- 
ders, and their adherents, they will fly for succour to the devil himself I know 
there be those that deny the devil can do any such thing (Crato epist. 2. lib. vied.), 
and many divines, there is no other fascination than that which comes by the eyes, 
of which L have formerly spoken ; and if you desire to be better informed, read 
Camerarius, oper subcis. cent. 2. c. 5. It was given out of old, that a Thessalian 
wench had bewitched King Philip to dote upon her, and by philters enforced his 
love ; but when Olympia, the Queen, saw the maid of aii excellent beauty, w^ell 
brought up, and qualified — these, quoth she, were the philters which inveigled King 
Philip; those the true charms, as Henry to Rosamond, 

•"One accent rom thy lips the blood more warms, 
Than all their philters, exorcisms, and charms." 

With this alone Lucretia brags in '"Areline, she could do more than all philosophers, 
astrologers, alchymists, necromancers, witches, and the rest of the crew. As for 
herbs and philters, I could never skill of them, " The sole philter that ever I 
used was kissing and embracing, by which alone I made men rave like beasts stupi- 
fied, and compelled them to worship me like an idol." In our times it is a common 
thing, saith Erastus, in his book de Lamiis, for witches to take upon them the mak- 
ing of these philters, "" to force men and women to love and hate whom they will, 

to cause tempests, diseases," &c. by charms, spells, characters, knots. '^ hie Thes 

sala vendil PiliUra. St. Hierome proves that they can do it (as in Hilarius' life, 
epist. lib. 3) ; he hath a story of a young man, that with a philter made a maid mad 
for the love of him, which maid was after cured by Hilarian. Such instances I find 
in John Nider, Formicar. lib. 5. cap. 5. Plutarch records of LucuUus that he died 
of a philter ; and that Cleopatra used philters to inveigle Antony, amongst other 
allurements. Eusebius reports as much of Lucretia the poet. Panormitan. lib. 4. de 
gest. Alphonsi., hath a story of one Stephan, a Neapolitan knight, that by a philter 
was forced to run mad for love. But of all others, that which '^ Petrarch, epist. 
Jamil, lib. 1. ep. 5, relates of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) is most memorable. 
')He foolishly doted upon a woman of mean favour and condition, many years to- 
/' gether, wholly delighting in her company, to the great grief and indignation of his 
friends and followers. When she was dead, he did embrace her corpse, as Apollo 
did the bay-tree for his Daphne, and caused her coffin (richly embalmed and decked 
with jewels) to be carried about with him, over which he still lamented. At last & 
venerable bishop, that followed his court, prayed earnestly to God (commiserating 
his lord and master's case) to know the true cause of this mad passion, and whence 
it proceeded ; it was revealed to him, in fine, " that the cause of the emperor's mad 
love lay under the dead woman's tongue." The bishop went hastily to the carcass, 
and took a small ring thence ; upon the removal the emperor abhorred the corpse, 
and, instead '^ of it, fell as furiously in love with the bishop, he would not suffer 
him to be out of his presence ; which when the bishop perceived, he flung the ring 
into the midst of a great lake, where the king then was. From that hour the em- 
peror neglected all his other houses, dwelt at '^Ache, built a fair house in the midst 
of the marsh, to his infinite expense, and a '* temple by it, where after he was buried, 
and in which city all his posterity ever since use to be crowned. Marcus the heretic 



' Liberedit. Aiigustae Vindelicorum, .Aii.KiOS. • Qua- 
rum animas lucrari debeiit Deo, sacrificunt diaboln. 
» M. Drayton, Her. epist. '" Porticdidascalo dial. 

Ital. Latin, fact, a Gasp. Barthio. Phis pussuin quam 
omnes philosophi, aslrologi, necromaiitici, &.c. sola 
saliva inuiigeiis, 1. amplexu et basiis tani fiiriose 
fiirere, tain bestialiter obstupesieri cocgi, lit instar 
idoli me adorariiit. >' Saja; omnes silii arrogant 

notiliaiii, et facultatem in ainorem allicieiidi quos 



velint; odia inter conjuges serendi, tempestatea exci 
taiidi, niorbos infligendi, &c. " juvenalis SaU 

'S Mem refert Hen. Kormaiinus de mir. mori. lib. Leap. 
14. Perdile amavit mulierculam qiiaiidam, illius am 
plexibus acquiescens, summa cum indignatione suoruic 
et dolore. '* Et iiide totus in Episcopum furore, 

ilium colere. " Aqiiisjjraiiuin, vulgo Aixe. "lift 
meiiso suuiptu tenipluin et xdes, &c. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 5.'' 



Artificial Allurements. 



495 



is accused by Irenaeus lo have riiveigled a young maid by this means ; anu some 
writers speak hardly of the Lady Katharine Cobhani, that by the same art she cir 
cumvented Humphrey Duke of Gloucester to be her husband. Sycinius TEnulianua 
summoned " Apuleius to come before Cneius Maximus, proconsul of Africa, ihat he 
being a poor fellow, *•' had bewitched by philters Padentilla, an ancient rich matron, 
to love him," and, being worth so many thousand sesterces, to be his wife. Agrippa, 
lib. 1. cap. 48. occult. j)hLlos. attributes much in this kind to philters, amulets, images: 
and Salmutz com. in Pancirol. Tit. 10. de Horol. Leo Afer, lib. 3, saith, 'tis ai. 
ordmary practice at Fez in Africa, Prcesfigiatores ibi plures., qui cogunt amores et 
concubitus : as skilful all out as that hyperborean magician, of whom Cleodemus, in 
'* Lucian, tells so many fine feats performed in this kind. But Erastus, Wierus, and 
others are against it ; they grant indeed such things may be done, but (as Wierus 
discourseth, lib. 3. de Lamiis. cap. 37.) not by charms, incantations, philters, but the 
devil himself; lib. 5. cap. 2. he contends as much ; so doth Freitagius, noc. med. cap. 
74. Andreas Cisalpinus, cap. 5 ; and so much Sigismundus Schereczius, cap). 9. de 
hirco 7iocturno^ proves at large. '^"Unchaste women by the help of these witches, 
the devil's kitchen maids, have their loves brought to them in the night, and carried 
back again by a phantasm flying in the air in the likeness of a goat. I have heard 
(saith he) divers confess, that they have been so carried on a goat's back to theii 
sweethearts, many miles in a night." Others are of opinion that these feats, which 
most suppose to be done by charms and philters, are merely effected by natural 
causes, as by man's blood chemically prepared, which mucli avails, saith Ernestus 
Burgranius, iji Lucerna vilce et mortis Indice, ad atnorem conciliandum et odium., (so 
huntsmen make their dogs love them, and farmers their puUen,) 'tis an excellent 
philter, as he holds, sed vulgo prodere grunde nefas, but not fit to be made common: 
and so be Mala insana.i mandrake roots, mandrake ■^° apples, precious stones, dead 
men's clothes, candles, mala Bacckica., panis porcinus, jflyppomanes, a certain hair 
m a ^' wolf's tail, &c., of which Rhasis, Dioscorides, Porta, Wecker, Rubeus, Mi- 
«aldus, Albertus, treat : a swallow's heart, dust of a dove's heart, niulium indent 
lingua vipcrarum., cerebella asinoriwi, tela equina., palliola quibus infantes obvoluli 
nascuntur., funis strangulati hominis, lapis de nido AquilcB.^ <^'c. See more in Scken- 
kius observat. medicinal^ lib. 4. &.c., which are as forcible and of as much virtue as 
that fountain Salmacis in ^^Vitruvius, Ovid, Strabo, that made all such mad for love 
that drank of it, or that hot bath at '* Aix in Germany, wherein Cupid once dipt his 
arrows, which ever since hath a peculiar virtue to make them lovers all that wash in 
it. But hear the poet's own description of it, 



*< " Unde hie fervor aquis terra eriimpentibus uda ? 

'I'ela olim liic luileus ignea tiiixit amor ; 

Etgaudeiis stridore novo, fervete pereiines 



Inquit, et hxc pliaretrae sint moiiumenta inea^ 
Ex illo fervet, rarusque hic inergitur hospes, 
Cui lion litillet puctiira blandus amor." 



These above-named remedies have happily as much power as that bath of Aix, or 
Venus' enchanted girdle, in which, saith Natales Comes, "• Love toys and dalliance, 
pleasantness, sweetness, persuasions, subtleties, gentle speeches, and all witchcraft to 
enforce love, was contained." Read more of these in Agrippa de occult. P/iilos. lib. 
1. cap. 50. et 45. Malleus malefic, part. I. qucRst. 7. Delrio torn. 2. que t. 3. lib. 3. 
Wierus, Pomponatis, cap. 8. de incantat. Ficinus, lib. 13. Theol. Plat. Calcagni- 
nus, &.C. 



" Apolog. quod Pudentillam vidiiam ditem et provec- 
tioris ietatis fceminam caiitamiiiibus in amorem sui 
pellexisset. '» Pliilopseude, tom. 3. '" liiipudicae 

niulieres opera veneficanim, diaboli coquariini, ama- 
tores suos ad se iiuctu ducunt et reducunt, miiiisterio 
hirci in acre volantis. multos novi qui hoc fassi sunt, 
&c. '"> Mandrake apples, Lemriius lib. Iierh. bib. c.3. 
»' Of which read Plin. lib. 8. cap. 23. et lib. 13. c. 25. et 
ftuinlili.inum, lib. 7. ^sLih, U. c. 8. Venere implicat 
eoB, qui ex eo bibunt. Idem Uv. Met. 4. Strabo. Geog. 
L 14. '3|^od. tiuicciardine's descript. Ger. in AQuis- 



grano. 24 Baltheus Veneris, in quo suavitas, et 

dulcia colloquia, benevoleiitis, et blanditiie, suasiones, 
fVaudes et veneficia iiicludebuntur. " Whence tliat 
heat to waters bubbling from the cold moist earth? 
Cupid, once upon a time, playfully dipped herein Ids 
arrows of steel, and delighted with the hissing sound, 
he said, boil on for ever, and retain the memory of iny 
quiver. From that time it is a thermal spring, in which 
few venture to bathe, but whosoever does, has heart is 
instantly toucbed with love." 



1.46 



Love-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3, Sec 2. 



MEMB. III. 



SuBSECT. 1. — Symptoms or signs of Love Melancholy, in Body, Mind, good, had^ Sfc 

Sybiptoms are either of body or mind; of body, paleness, leanness, dryness, &c. 
^ Pallidus omnis amans, color hie est apius amanti, as the poet describes lovers; 
fecit amor maciem, love causeth leanness. ^^Avicenna de Ilishi, c. 33. "makes hol- 
low eyes, dryness, symptoms of this disease, to go smiling to themselves, or acting 
as if they saw or heard some delectable object." Valleriola, lib. 3. observat. cap. 7. 
Lauren tins, cap. 10. iElianus Montaltus de Her. amore. Langius, epist. 24. lib. 1. 
epist. med. deliver as much, corpus exangue pallet, corpus gracile, oculi civi, lean, 

pale, ut nudis qui pressit calcibus U7igiiem, "as one who trod with naked foot 

upon a snake," hollow-eyed, their eyes are hidden in their heads, ^' Tenerque 

nitidi corposis cecidit decor, they pine away, and look ill with waking, cares, sighs. 

" Et qui terifbant pigiia Plioehea; faois? 
Oculi, liiliil gentile nee p.Ttriuin niicant." 

"And eyes that once rivalled the locks of Phoebus, lose the patrial and paternal 
lustre." With groans, griefs, sadness, dulness, 

28 " Nulla jam Cereris subi 

Cura aut salulis" 

want of appetite, 8tc. A reason of all this, ^^ Jason Pratensis gives, "because of the 
distraction of the spirits the liver doth not perform his part, nor turns the aliment 
into blood as it ought, and for that cause the members are weak for want of suste- 
nance, they are lean and pine, as the herbs of my garden do this month of May, for 
want of rain." The green sickness therefore often happeneth to young women, a 
cachexia or an evil habit to men, besides their ordinary sighs, complaints, an<' 
lamentations, which are too frequent. As drops from a still, — ut occluso stillat ai 
igne liquor, doth Cupid's fire provoke tears from a true lover's eyes, 



' The mighty Mars did oft for Venus shriek. 
Privily moistening his horrid cheek 
With womanish tears, 



"ignis distillat in undas, 

Testis erit largus qui rigat ora liquor," 



with many such like passions. When Chariclia was enamoured of Theagines, as 
'^Heliodorus sets her out, "she was half distracted, and spake she knew not what, 
sighed to herself, lay much awake, and was lean upon a sudden :" and when she was 
besotted on her son-in-law, ^^ pallor deformis, marcentes oculi, Sfc, she had ugly 
paleness, hollow eyes, restless thoughts, short wind, &c. Eurialus, in an epistle 
sent to Lucretia, his mistress, complains amongst other grievances, tu mihi et so?nni 
et cibi nsum abstulisti, thou hast taken my stomach and my sleep from me. So he 
describes it aright : 

31 His sleep, his meat, his drink, in him bereft. 
That lean he waxeth, and dry as a shaft. 
His eyes holtoic and grisly to behold. 
His hew pale and ashen to nvfold, 
Jind solitary he was ever alone, 
.^nd waking all the night making mone. 

n^heocritus Edyl. 2. makes a fair maid of Delphos, in love with a young man ol 
Minda, confess as mucli, 



' Ut vidi ut insanii, ut animus mihi male afTectns est, 
Mi^ra' mihi forma tahescebat, neque amplius piimpam 
Ullum curabam, aut quaiido doumm redieram 
Novi, sed me ardens quidam morbus consumebat, 
Decubiii in lectn dies decern, et noctes decern. 
Df fluehant capite capilli, ipsaque sola reliqua 
Ossa et cutis" 



No sooner seen I had, but mad I was. 
My beauty fa i I'd, and I no more did care 
For any pomp, I knew not where I was. 
But sick I was, and evil \ did fare; 
I lay upon my bed ten days and nights, 
A skeleton I was in all men's sights." 



All these passions are well expressed by ^ that heroical poet in the person of Dido 



' At non infsli.x animi Phsnissa, nee unquam 
Solvilur in somnos, oculisque ac pectore aniores 
Accipit; ingeminant curee, rursusque resurgens 
StBvit amor," ice. 



" Unhappy Dido could not sleep at all. 
But lies awake, and takes no rest: 
And up she gets again, whilst care and grief. 
And raging love torment her breast." 



55 Ovid. Facit hunc amor ipse colorem. Met. 4. 
26 Signa ejus profunditas oculorum, privatio lachryma- 
rum, susplria, syepe rident sibi, ac si quod delectabile 
viderent. aut audirent. " Seneca Hip. "s Seneca 

Viip. 29 De inoris cerebri de erot. amore. Ob spiri- 

•-uum distractionem liepar officio sno iion fungjtur, nee 
vtriit aliinerituin in sanguinem, ut debeat Ergo mem- 



bra debilia, et penuria alibilis succi marcescunt, sqiia 
lentque ut herbie in horto meo hoc mense Maio Zeriscx 
ob inihrinm defectum. 3" Faerie ftueene, I. 3. cant. 1" 
31 Aniator Emblem. 3. ^iLib. 4. Animo errat, e 

quidvis (divium loquitur, vigilias absque causa sustinel 
et surcum corporis subito ainisit. 33 Apuleiui 

sTihaucer, 111 the Knight's Tale. « Virg. Ma 4 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 497 

Accius Sanazarius Egloga 2. de Galatea, in the same manner feigns his Lychoris 
^ tormenting herself for want of sleep, sighing, sobbing, and lamenting ; and Eusta- 
thius in his Ismenias much troubled, and ^''" panting at heart, at the sight of his mis« 
tress," he could not sleep, his bed was thorns. ''^AU make leanness, want of appe- 
tite, want of sleep ordinary symptoms, and by that means they are brought often so 
low, so much altered and changed, that as ^^he jested in the comedy, "one scarce 
know them to be the same men." 

"Attenuant juvenum vigilatse corpora noctes, 
Curaque et inuneiiso qui fit amore dolor."' 

Many such symptoms there are of the body to discern lovers by,— — quls enim bene 
celet amorem? Can a man, saith Solomon, Prov. vi. 27, carry fire in his bosom and 
not burn .' it will hardly be hid ; tliough they do all they can to hide it, it must out, 

plus quam milh notis it may be described, "" quoque magis tegitur, tectxis magis 

(Bstuat ignis. 'Twas Antiphanes the comedian's observation of old. Love and drunken- 
ness cannot be concealed, Celare alia possis, licec prcster diio, vini potum, Sfc. words, 
looks, gestures, all will betray them ; but two of the most notable signs are observed 
by the pulse and countenance. V/hen Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, was sick for 
Stratonice, his mother-in-law, and vvoul«l not confess his grief, or the cause of his 
disease, Erasistratus, the physician, foiund hiirs by his pulse and countenance to be in 
love with her, ^'" because that when she ccme in presence, or was named, his pulse 
varied, and he blushed besides." in tliis very sort was the love of Callices, the son 
of Polycles, discovered by Panacaeas tiie physician, as you may read the story at 
large in ^^Aristenaetus. By the same signs Galen brags that he found out Justa, 
Boethius the consul's wife, to dote on Pylades the player, because at his name still 
she both altered pulse and countenance, as ''* Polyarchus did at the name of Argenis. 
Franciscus Valesius, I. 3. controv. 13. vied, contr. denies there is any such pulsus 
amatorius.1 or that love may be so discerned ; but Avicenna confirms this of Galen 
out of his experience, lib. 3. Fen. 1. and Gordonius, cap. 20. ■**" Their pulse, he 
saith, is ordinate and swift, if she go by whom he loves," Langius, epist. 24. lib. 1. 
rned. epist. Neviscanus, lib. 4. numer. 66. syl. nuptialis., Valescus de Taranta, Guia- 
nerius. Tract. 15. Valeriola sets down this for a symptom, *'" Difference of pulse, 
neglect of business, want of sleep, often sighs, blushings, when there is any speech 
of their mistress, are manifest signs." But amongst the rest, Josephus Struthis, that 
Polonian, in the fifth book, cap. 17. of his Doctrine of Pulses, holds that this and 
all other passions of the mind may be discovered by the pulse. ''^"And if you will 
know, saith he, whether the men suspected be such or such, touch their arteries," 
&c. And in his fourth book, fourteenth chapter, he speaks of this particular pulse, 
""Love makes an unequal pulse," &c., he gives instance of a gentlewoman, ■** a 
patient of his, whom by this means he found to be much enamoured, and with 
whom : he named many persons, but at tiie last when his name came whom he sus- 
pected, '**"her pulse began to vary and to beat swifter, and so by often feeling her 
pulse, he perceived what the matter was." ApoUonius Argonaut, lib. 4. poetically 
setting down the meeting of Jason and Medea, makes them both to blush at one 
another's sight, and at the first they were not able to speak. 

50 "totus Panneno 

Tremo, horreoque postquain aspexi hanc," 

Phaedria trembled at the sight of Thais, others sweat, blow short. Crura tremunt ac 

poplites., are troubled with palpitation of heart upon the like occasion, cor prnxi- 

mum ori, saith ^'Aristenaetus, their heart is at their mouth, leaps, these burn and 
freeze, (for love is fiie, ice, hot, cold, itch, fever, frenzy, pleurisy, what not) they 



ssDumvaga passim sidera fulgent, numeral longas 
etricus horas, et sollicito nixus cubito suspirando vis- 
era rumpil. 31 Saliebat crebro tepidum cor ad 

aspectuin Ismenes. 98 Gordonius c. 20. amittunt 

saepe cibum, potum, et merceratur inde totum corpus. 

'3 Ter. Eunuch. Dii boni, quid hoc est, adeone homines 

niutari ex amore, ut non cognoscas eundem esse! 

'" Ovid. Met. 4. " The more it is concealed the more it 

strusgles to break throuf;h its concealment. " *o Ad 

ejus iioi.ien rubehat, et ad aspectum pulsus variebatur. 

Pliitar. « Epist. 13. « Barck. lib. I. Oculi j et creber anhelitus, calpitutio cordis. *x. 

wtid'co iremore errabant. ♦* Pulsus eorum velox | 

63 2r2 



et inordinatus, si mulier quam amal fortfi transeat. 
■fs Signa sunt cessatio ab omni opera insueto, privatio 
sonini, suspiria crebra, rubor cum si tsermode re amata, 
et commotio pulsus. *^ Si noscere vis an homines 

suspecti tales sint, tangito eorum arterias. <' Amor 

facit inoequales, inordinatos. « in nobilis cujus 

dam uxore quum subolfacerem adulteri amore fuisse 
correptam et quam maritus, &;c. 49 cepit illica 

pulsus variari et ferri celerius et sic inveni. 5» Eu 

nuch. act. 2. seen. 2. »' Epist. 7. lib. 2. Tener audot 



498 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 6. Sec. 2 

ook pale, red, and commonly blush at their first congress ; and sometimes through 
violent agitation of spirits bleed at nose, or when she is talked of; which very sign 
® Kustathius makes an argument of Ismene's afl^ection, that when she met her sweet- 
heirt by chance, she changed her countenance to a maiden-blush. 'Tis a common 
thing amongst lovers, as ''^Arnulphus, that merry-conceited bishop, hath well ex- 
pressed in a facetious epigram of his, 

Alteriio fades sibi dat respoiisa rubore, I " Their faces answer, and by blushing ssyi.^ 

lit tener aifuctuin prodit utrique piidor," &c. | How both affected are, they do betray." 

But the best conjectures are taken from such symptoms as appear when they are 
both present; all their speeches, amorous glances, actions, lascivious gestures will 
betray them ; they cannot contain themselves, but that they will be still kissing 
"Slratocles, the physician, upon his wedding-day, when he was at dinner, JV*//^!/ 
prius sorbiUavit., quam tria basin puelhv. pangerel, could not eat his meat for kissing 
the bride, See. First a word, and then a kiss, then some other compliment, and then 
a kiss, then an idle question, then a kiss, and when he had pumped his wits dry, can 
say no more, kissing and colling are never out of season, ^^Hoc nan deficit incipUque 
semper, 'tis never at an end, ^*^ another kiss, and then another, another, and ano4^her, 
Stc. — hue ades O Thelayra — Come kiss me Corinna ? 



'Centum basia centies. 
Centum basia tnillies, 
Mille basia millies, 
Et tot millia millies, 
Quot guttK Sicuio mari, 

Qiiot sunt sidera coBlo, 
Islis purpureis Renis, 
I«tis turgidulis lahria, 
Ocelisque loquaculis, 
Figam contjnuo impetu ; 

O frirmosa Nesra. (As Catullus to Lesbia.) 
Da mihi basia mille, deindi centum, 
Dein mille altera, da secunda centum, 
Dein usque altera millia, deinde centum." 



" first pive a hundred. 

Then a thousand, then another 
Hundred, then unto the other 
Add a thousand, and so more," &c. 



Till you equal with the store, all the grass, &c. So Venus did by her Adonis, the 
moon with Endymion, they are still dallying and culling, as so many doves, Colum- 
batimque labra conserentes labiis, and that with alacrity and courage, 



*"" Affligunt avide corpus, junguntque salivas 
Uris, el inspirant prensaiites dentibus ora." 

" Tarn impresso ore ut vix inde labra detrahant, cervice reclinata,'-^ q.s Lamprias in 
Lucian kissed Thais, Philippus her '" Aristaenetus," amore lymphato tarn uriose ad- 
haesif, ut vix labra solvere esset, totumque os mihi contrivit ; ^^Aretine's Lucretia, by 
a suitor of hers was so saluted, and 'tis their ordinary fashion. 

"denies illudunt stepe lahellis, 

Alque premunt arete adfigentes oscula" 

They cannot, I say, contain themselves, they will be still not only joining hands, 
kissing, but embracing, treading on their toes, &c., diving into their bosoms, and that 
libenter, et cum delectatione, as ^^Philostratus confesseth to his mistress; and Lam- 
prias in Lucian, Mammillas preTnens, per sinum clam dexird, Sfc, feeling their paps, 
and that scarce honestly sometimes : as the old man in the" Comedy well ob- 
served of his son, JYon ego te vidcbam manum huic puellce in sinum insere? Did 
not 1 see thee put thy hand into her bosom .'' go to, with many such love tricks. 
*''Juno in Lucian deorum, torn. 3. dial. 3. complains to Jupiter of Ixion, ''"'' he looked 
so attentively on her, and sometimes would sigh and weep in her company, and 
when I drank by chance, and gave Ganymede the cup, he would desire to drink still 
in the very cup that I drank of, and in the same place where I drank, and would 
kiss the cup, and then look steadily on me, and sometimes sigh, ar_ 1 then again 
smile." If it be so they cannot come near to dally, have not that opportunity, 
familiarity, or acquaintance to confer and talk together; yet if they be in presencei 

62 Lib. 1. S3 Le.xoviensis episcopus. " Theodorus i Tom. 4. Merit, sed et aperientes, &c ^' Epi.st. 16. 

prodroniiis Amarantodial. Gaulimo interpret. 66 p^. ei Deducto ore longo me hasio demulcet ^ Fii delicii* 

iron. Catal. ssged ununi ego usque et uniiin Petani mammas tuas tango, &c. 64-j'eient. ""Tom. 4. 

A tuis labtllis, postqup unum et uriiim et uiuim, dari | merit, dial. 66 Allente adeo in rne aspexit, rt inler- 

rogabo. I.CBclWMK Afiacreon. " Jo. Secundus, lias. 7. ' dum iiiiremiscebat. et lachryiliabatur. Et si quaniio bi 
w Translated or imitated by M. B. Johnson, our arch bens, .lie. 
Do«t, in his ll'J ep. 6u Lucre). I. 4. ^ l.,ucian. dial, i 



xVIem. 3. Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms of Loue. 



499 



their eye will betray them : Ubi amor ibi oculus, as the common saying is, " where 
I look I like, and where I like I love ;" but they will lose themselves in her looks. 

" Alter in alterius jactantes lumina vultus, 
Q,iisBrebant laciti nosier ubi esset amor." 

" They cannot look off whom they love," they will impregnare earn ipsis oculis^ 
deflower her with their eyes, be still gazing, staring, stealing faces, smiling, glancing 
at her, as "Apollo on Leucothoe, the moon on her ^^Endymion, when she stood 
still in Caria, and at Latmos caused her chariot to be stayed. They must all stand 
and admire, or if she go by, look after her as long as they can see her, she is anima> 
auriga^ as Anacreon calls her, they cannot go by her door or window, but, as an 
adamant, she draws their eyes to it ; though she be not there present, they must 
needs glance that way, and look back to it. Aristenaetus of ^^ Exithemus, Lucian, 
in his Iinagim. of himself, and Tatius of Clitophon, say as much, Ille oculos de Leu- 
cippe'" nunquam dejiciebaf, and many lovers confess when they came in their mis- 
tress' presence, they could not hold off their eyes, but looked wistfully and steadily 
on iier, inconnivo aspectu, with much eagerness and greediness, as if they would 
look through, or should never have enough sight of her. Fixis ardens obtutibus 
hcBret ; so she will do by him, drink to him with her eyes, nay, drink him up, de- 
vour him, swallow him, as Martial's Mamurra is remembered to have done: Inspexii 
moJles pueros, oculisque comedit, Sfc. There is a pleasant story to this purpose in 
JWioigat. Vertom. lib. 3. cap. 5. The sultan of Sana's wife in Arabia, because Ver- 
tomannus was fair and white, could not look off him, from sunrising to sunsetting- 
she could not desist ; she made him one day come into her chamber, et gemince horcf 
spatio mtuebalur.! -non a me anqiiom aciem oculorum avertebat, me observans veluti 
Cupidinem quendam, for two hours' space she still gazed on him. A young man in 
" Lucian fell in love with Venus' picture ; he came every morning to her temple, 
and there continued all day long" from sum-ising to sunset, unwilling to go home 
at night, sitting over against the goddess's picture, he did continually look upon her, 
and mutter to himself I know not what. If so be they cannot see them whom they 
love, they will strll be walking and waiting about their mistress's doors, taking all 
opportunity to see them, as in "^ Longus Sophista, Daphnis and Chloe, two lovers, 
were still hovering at one another's gates, he sought all occasions to be in her com- 
pany, to hunt in summer, and catch birds in the frost about her father's house in the 
winter, that she might see him, and he her. "''"A king's palace was not so ddi- 
gently attended," saith Aretine's Lucretia, " as my liouse was when I lay in Rome ; 
the porch and street was ever full of some, walking or riding, on set purpose to see 
me; their eye was still upon my window ; as they passed by, they could not choose 
but look back to my house when they were past, and sometimes hem or cough, or 
take some impertinent occasion to speak aloud, that I might look out and observe 
them." 'Tis so iir other places, 'tis common to every lover, 'tis all his felicity to be 
with her, to talk with her ; he is never well but in her company, and will walk 
'^" seven or eight times a-day through the street where she dwells, and make sleeve- 
less errands to see her ;" plotting still where, when, and how to visit her, 

'6"Levesqiie sub noote susurri, 
Coniposita repeliintur hora." 

And when he is gone, he thinks every minute an hour, every hour as long as a day, 
ten days a whole year, till he see her again. " Tempora si numercs., bene qucR mime- 
ramus amantes. And if thou be in love, thou wilt say so too, Et. long urn for mos a 
vale^ farewell sweetheart, vale charissima Argents, Sfc. Farewell my dear Argenis, 
once more farewell, farewell. And though he is to meet her by compact, and that 
very shortly, perchance to-morrow, yet loth to depart, he'll take his leave again, and 
again, and then come back again, look after-, and shake his hand, wave his hat afar 
ofll Now gone, he thinks it long till he see hsr again, and she him, the clocks are 
surely set back, the hour's past, 

recto, in ipsam perpetuo oculoriim ictus direxit, ifcc. 
'3 Lib. 3. '■" Reguni palatliun iioii tain riilijeiiti 

eusKidia septum fuit, ac a^des mras stipahaiit, &c. 
's Uno, et eodein die sexties vul septies atnhulant p^+f 
eandem plati'ain iit vel iiiiico amicae sua; fruanlur as 
pectu, lib. 3. Tlieai. Mundi. '« Hor. " Ovid 



*' duiqne omnia cerriere debes Leucothoen spectas, 
et virgine figis in unaquos mundo debes oculos, Ovid. 
Met. 4. "SLiicJan. torn. 3. quoties ad cariam venis 

ruirum sistis. et de.^uper aspectas. m Ex quo te 

prinium vidi Fvttiia alio oculos vertere non fuit. ™ Lib. 
4 " Dial, amorum. ''•* Ad occasum soils asgre do- 

Ilium rcdipnx. atque tntum die ex adverso dea' sedciis 



SOO Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

'8" Hnspita Deinophoon tiia te Rodopheia Pliillis, 
Ultra proniispiim tempus abesse queror." 

She looks out at window still to see whether he come, ™and by report Phillis went 
nine times to the sea-side that day, to see if her Demophoon were approaching, and 
*Troilus to the city gates, to look for his Creisseid. She is ill at ease, and sick till 
she see him again, peevish in the meantime; discontent, heavy, sad, and why comes 
he not .? where is he .'' why breaks he promise ? why tarries he so long ? sure he is 
no<; well ; sure he hath some mischance ; sure he forgets himself and me ; with 
ij.iinite such. And then, confident again, up she gets, out she looks, listens, and 
inquires, hearkens, kens ; every man afar off is sure he, every stirring in the street, 
now he is there, that's he, ynale aurorcB^ malcB soli dicit., deiratque, <Src., the longest 
day that ever was, so she raves, restless and impatient ; for Jlmor non patilur 7noras, 
love brooks no delays: the time's quickly gone that's spent in her company, the 
miles short, the way pleasant ; all weather is good whilst he goes to her house, heat 
or cold; though his ieeth chatter in his head, he moves not; wet or dry, tis all one; 
wet to the skin, he feels it not, cares not at least for it, but will easily endure it and 
much more, because it is done with alacrity, and for his mistress's sweet sake ; let 
the burden be never so heavy, love makes it light. *' Jacob served seven years for 
Rachel, and it was quickly gone because he loved her. None so merry; if he may 
happily enjoy her company, he is in heaven for a time ; and if he may not, dejected 
in an instant, solitary, silent, he departs weeping, lamenting, sighing, complaining. 

But the symptoms of the mind in lovers are almost infinite, and so diverse, that 
no art can comprehend them ; though they be merry sometimes, and rapt beyond 
themselves for joy: yet most part, love is a plague, a torture, a hell, a bitter sweet 
passion at last; ^^Amor melle et felle est fcEctindissimus., guslum dat dulcem et nma- 
rum. 'Tis suavis amaricies, dolentia deleclabills.i h'llare tormentutn ; 

Ki" Et me melle beam suaviora, 
Et me felle necant amariora." 

like a summer fly or sphine's wings, or a rainbow of all colours, 

" (iiife ad solis radios conversie aurefe eraiit, 
Adversus nubes cerulece, quale jubar iridis," 

fair, foul, and full of variation, though most part irksome and bad. For in a word, 
the Spanish Inquisition is not comparable to it ; "a torment" and ^^ " execution" as 
it is, as he calls it in the poet, an unquenchable fire, and what not } ^* From it, saith 
Austin, arise " biting cares, perturbations, passions, sorrows, fears, suspicions, dis- 
contents, contentions, discords, wars, treacheries, enmities, flattery, cosening, riot, 
impudence, cruelty, knavery," Stc. 

* ; " ^"^"f' querela, I ^^, gj ij.^^^^ magis potest quid esse, 

Larnentatio, lachryma; perennes, jj^^ ^^ ^^^ comites Neaira vit»." 

Languor, anxietas, Hinaritudo ; | 

These be the companions of lovers, and the ordinary symptoms, as the poet repeats 
them. 

8'" In amore hffic insunt vitia, 

Suspiriones, inimicitia-, audaciffi, 
Bellum, pax rursum," &c. 



' Insomnia, terumna, error, terror, et fuga, 
Excogitanlia excors iminodestia, 
Petulantia, cupiditas, et malevolentia; 
Inha;ret etiam aviditas, desidia, injuria, 
Inopia, contumelia et dispendium," &c. 



' In love these vices are; suspicions. 
Peace, war, and impudence, detractions. 
Dreams, cares, and errors, terrors and affrights. 
Immodest pranks, devices, sleights and flights. 
Heart-burnings, wants, iieglerts, desire of wrong, 
Loss continual, expense and hurt among." 



Every poet is full of such catalogues of love symptoms ; but fear and sorrow 
may justly challenge the chief place. Though Hercules de Saxonia, cap. 3. Tract 
de melanch. will exclude fear from love melancholy, yet I am otherwise persuaded. 
'^Res ''St solUciti plena timoris amor. 'Tis full of fear, anxiety, doubt, care, peevish- 
ness, suspicion ; it turns a man into a woman, which made Hesiod belike put Fear 
and Paleness Venus' daughters, 



"Marti clypeos atque arma secanti 

Alma Venus peperit Pallorem, unaque Timorem :" 



'8 Ovid. '^Hyginus, fab. 59. Eo die dicitur nonics i Ex eooriuntiirmordacescura;, perturbationes, mferore*, 
ad littus currisse. eochaucer. "Qen. xxix. 20. ' formidines, insana gaudia, discordiae, lites, hella, in- 

•2 Plautus Cislel. Mgtobffus 6 GrEBco. " Sweeter i sidia;, iracundis, inimicitis, fallacitB, adulatio, fraua, 

than honey it pleaies rr.,;, more bitter than gall, it teases furtum, nequitia, impudentia. ^^MaruPus, I |. 

me." M piautus- Credo ego ad homiiiis carnificinam s'Ter. Eunuch. ^o Plautus Mercat ^ OriJ. 

•niufem invenlum esse. 'ssDecivitat. lib. -22. cap.21). 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] 



Sijmp1o7ns of Love. 



i)0\ 



because fear and love are still linked tog-ether. Moreover they are apt to mistake, 
implify, too credulous sometimes, too full of hope and confidence, and then agaiu 
very jealous, unapt to believe or entertain any good news. The comical pott hatl 
prettily painted out this passage amongst the rest in a ^"dialogue betwixt Miiio ana 
^schines, a gentle father and a lovesick son. ••' Be of good cheer, my son, thou 
shalt have her to wife. JE. Ah father, do you mock me now.'' M. I mock thee, why? 
JF.. That which I so earnestly desire, I more suspect and fear. M. Get you home, 
and send for her to be your wife. JE. What now a wife, now father," &.c. These 
doubts, anxieties, suspicions, are the least part of their torments ; they break many 
times from passions to actions, speak fair, and flatter, now most obsequious and will- 
ing, by and by they are averse, wrangle, fight, swear, quarrel, laugh, weep : and he 
that doth not so by fits, ^'Lucian holds, is not thoroughly touched with this load- 
stone of love. So their actions and passions are intermixed, but of all other pas- 
sions, sorrow hath the greatest share; ^Move to many is bitterness itself; rem ama- 
ram Plato calls it, a bitter potion, an agony, a plague. 



" Erjpile banc pesteni perniciemque milii ; 
duffi rnihi siihrepens inicis ut torpor in artus, 
Expulit ex oinni pectore Iffititias." 



"O take away this plague, this mischief from me, 
Which, as a numbness over all my body, 
Expels my joys, and makes my soul so heavy." 



Phaedria had a true touch of this, when he cried out. 



I '• O Thais, utinam esset mihi 

Pars EEqua amoris tecum, ac pariler fieret ut 
Aiil hoc tibi doleret ilidetn, ut mihi dolel." 



" O Thais, would thou hadst of these ray pains a part. 
Or as it doth me now, so it would make thee smart." 



So had that young man, when he roared again for discontent, 



' Jactor, crucinr, agitor, stimulor, 
Versor in amoris rota miser, 

Exanimor, feror, distratior, deripior, [animus." 

Ubi sum, ibi non sum; ubi non sum, ibi est 



' I am vext and toss'd, and rack'd on love's wheel: 
Where not, I am ; but where am, do not feel." 



The moon in ^^Lucian made her moan to Venus, that she was almost dead for love, 
pereo equidem amore., and after a long tale, she broke off abruptly and wept, ^^ '■' 
Venus, thou knowest my poor heart," Charmides, in " Lucian, was so impatient, 
that he sobbed and sighed, and tore his hair, and said he would hang himself. " I 
am undone, O sister Tryphena, I cannot endure these love pangs ; what shall I do.?" 
Vos dii Averrunci solvite me his curis, O ye gods, free me from these cares and 
miseries, out of the anguish of his soul, ®* Theocles prays. Shall I say, most part 
of a lover's life is full of agony, anxiety, fear, and grief, complaints, sighs, suspi- 
cions, and cares, (heigh-ho, my heart is wo) full of silence and irksome solitariness.'' 

" Frequenting shady bowers in discontent. 
To tlie air his fruitless clamours he will vent." 

except at such times that he hath luclda intervalla, pleasant gales, or sudden altera- 
tions, as if his mistress smile upon him, give him a good look, a kiss, or that some 
comfortable message be brought him, his service is accepted, &,c. 

He is then too confident and rapt beyond himself, as if he had heard the night- 
ingale in the spring before the cuckoo, or as ^^ Calisto was at Malebasas' presence, 
Quis unquam hac mortall vitd tarn gloriosum, corpus vidit? humanitatem transcendcre 
videor, ^x. who ever saw so glorious a sight, what man ever enjoyed such delight.' 
More content cannot be given of the gods, wished, had or hoped of any mortal man 
There is no happiness in the world comparable to his, no content, no joy to this, no 
life to love, he is in paradise. 

ioo"Q,uis me uno vivit foelicior? aut ma_gis hac est I "Who lives so happy as myself? what bliss 
Opiandum vita dicere quis poterit?" | In this our life may be compar'd to this?" 

He will not change fortune in that case with a prince. 



1 " Donee gratus eram tibi, 

Persaruin vigui rege beatior." 



The Persian kings are not so jovial as he is, O ^festus dies hominis, O happy day 
so Chaerea exclaims when he came from Pamphila his sweetheart well pleased. 



" Nunc est profecto interfici cum perpeti me possem, 
Ne hoc gaudium containinet vita aliqua a;gritudine." 



""Adelphi, Act. seen. 5. M.Bono animo es, duces 
lixoreni hanc ,/Eschines. jE. Hem. pater, num tu ludis 
me nunc? M. Egone te, quamobrem? JE. Uuod tam 
niisere cupio, &c. ^iTom. 4. dial, amorum. '-Aris- 
totle, 2. Rhet. puts love therefore in the irascible part. 
Ovid. 93Ter. Eunuch. Act, 1. sc. 2. ^* Plautus. 

•6 Tam. 3. os Scis quod posthac dicturus fueriui. 



97 Tom. 4. dial, merit. Tryphena, amor me perdit, nequfl 
malum hoc amplius suslinere possum. si* Aristsene 

tus, lib. 2. epist. 8. »' Coelestniie, act 1. Sancti ma 

jora Istitia non fruuntur. Si mihi Deus omnium voto 
rum mortalium summam concedat, non magis, &c. 
looCatullus dn Lesbia. i Hor. ode 9. lib. 3. " Aci. 'X 
seen. 5. Eunuch. Ter 



502 



Lov e-Me la ncho ly. 



[Part. 3 Sec. 2. 



"• He (ould find in his heart to be killed instantly, lest if he live longer, some sorrow 
or sickness should contaminate his joys." A little after, he was so merrily set upon 
the same occasion, that he could not contain himself. 

3"0 populares, ecquis me vivit hodie fortunatior? 

Nemo herciile quisqiiam ; nam in me dii plane potestatem 
Siiain nmneni ostendere ;" 

Ts't possible (O my countrymen) for any living to be so happy as myself.'' No 
.sure it cannot be, for the gods have shown all their power, all their goodness in 
me." Yet by and by when this young gallant was crossed in his wench, he laments, 
and cries, and roars down-right : Occidi I am undone, 

" Neque virgo est usqiiain. neque ego, qui e conspectu illam amisi meo, 
Ubi quffiram, libi iiivestigem, quern percunter, quam insislam viam?" 

The virgin's gone, and I am gone, she's gone, she's gone, and what shall I do? where 
shall J seek her, where shall I find her, whom shall 1 ask.^ what way, what course 

shall I take } what will become of me " '•'■ vitales auras invitus agehat^'''' he was 

weary of his life, sick, mad, and desperate, ^utinam mi hi esset aliquid hie, quo nunc 
me jjrcBcipitem darem. 'Tis not Chaereas' case this alone, but his, and his, and every 
lover's in the like state. If he hear ill news, have bad success in his suit, she frown 
upon him, or that his mistress in his presence respect another more (as ^Hedus 
observes) " prefer another suitor, speak more familiarly to him, or use more kindly 
than himself, if by nod, smile, message, she discloseth herself to another, he is in- 
stantly tormented, none so dejected as he is," utterly undone, a castaway, 'in quern 
forluna omnia odiorum suorum crudelissima tela exonerate a dead man, the scorn of 
fortune, a monster of fortune, worse than nought, the loss of a kingdom had been 
less. ^Aretine's Lucretia made very good proof of this, as she relates it herself. 
'' For when I made some of my suitors believe I would betake myself to a nunnery, 
they took on, as if they had lost father and mother, because they were for ever after 
to want my company." Omnes labores leves fuere, all other labour was light: ^but 
this might not be endured. Tui carendum quod erat "for I cannot be with- 
out thy company," mournful Amyntas, painful Amyntas, careful Amyntas ; better a 
metropolitan city were sacked, a royal army overcome, an invincible armada sunk, 
and twenty thousand kings should perish, than her little finger ache, so zealous are 
they, and so tender of her good. They would all turn friars for my sake, as she 
follows it, in hope by that means to meet, or see me again, as my confessors, at 
stool-ball, or at barley-break: And so afterwards when an importunate suitor came, 
'°" If I had bid my maid say that I was not at leisure, not within, busy, could not 
speak with him, he was instantly astonished, and stood like a pillar of marble ; an- 
other went swearing, chafing, cursing, foaming." "///a sibi vox ipsa Jovis viokntior 
ird, cum tonat, Sfc. the voice ©f a mandrake had been sweeter music : " but he to 
whom I gave entertainment, was in the Elysian fields, ravished for joy, quite beyond 
himself." 'Tis the general humour of all lovers, she is their stern, pole-star, and 
guide. ^^ Deliciu?nque ahimi, deliquiumque sui. As a tulipant to the sun (which our 
herbalists calls Narcissus) when it shines, is Admirandus Jtos ad radios solis se pan- 
dens, a glorious flower exposing itself; '^but when the sun sets, or a tempest comes, 
it hides itself, pines away, and hath no pleasure left, (which Carolus Gonzaga, duke 
of Mantua, in a cause not unlike, sometimes used for an impress) do all inamorates 
to their mistress; she is their sun, their Prtnuim mohile, or anima informans ; this 
"one hath elegantly expressed by a wind-mill, still moved by the wind, which other- 
wise hath no motion of itself Sic tua ni spiret gratia, truncus ero. " He is wholly 
animated from her breath," his soul lives in her body, ^^sola claves habet interitus 
el salulis, she keeps the keys of his life : his fortune ebbs and flows with her favour, 
gracious or bad aspect turns him up or down. Mens mea lucescit Lucia luce tuil. 
Howsoever his' present state be pleasing or displeasing, 'tis contiauate so long as he 
"loves, he can do nothing, think of nothing but her; desire hath no rest, she is his 



3 Act. 5. seen. P. ■> Mantuan. *Ter. Adelph. 3. 4. 
» Lib. 1. de contemn, amorihus. Si quem aliuiii respexe- 
ft arnica suavius, et familiarius, si quem aloquuta 
fuerit, si nutu, nuncio, &c. stntim cruciatur. ' Ca- 

lis(.o in Celestiua. *■ Poriiodidasc. dial Ital. Patre 

et niatre se singuitu orbos censebant, quod meo contu- 
Oernio carendum esset. ^Ter. tui carendum quod 

»t\t. '"Si respotisum esset dominamoccupatam esse 



aliisque vacaret, ille statim vix hoc audito velut in 
amor obriguit, alii se dauinaro, &.c at cui favebam, in 
cainpis Elysiis esse videbatur, &u 'Mantuan. 

'" [jiecheus. 'SSole se occultante aul tempestatt 

veniente, statim clauditiir ac languescjt. '^ Emblem 
amat. 13. i^Calisto de Melebaes '^ Animt 

non est ubi aniniat, sed ubi aniat. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symploms of Lovr,. 503 

cynosure, hesperus and vesper, his morning and evening star, his goddess, his mis- 
tress, his life, his soul, his everything; dreaming, waking, she is always iu his 
mouth ; his heart, his eyes, ears, and all his thoughts are full of her. His Laura 
his Victorina, his Columbina, Flavia, Flaminia, Cajlia, Delia, or Isabella, (call her 
how you will) she is the sole object of his senses, the substance of his soul, nidulus 
animce suce, he magnifies her above measure, tolus in ilia, full of her, can breathe 
nothing but her. ''• I adore Melebfea," Sc^th love-sick. " Calisto, " I believe in Me- 
lebaea, I honour, admire and love my Melebgea;" His soul was soused, imparadised, 

imprisoned in his lady. When '* Thais took her leave of Phajdria, 7ni PIks' 

dria, et nunquid aliud vis? Sweet heart (she said) will you command me any further 
service .? he readily replied, and gave in this charge, 

"egone quid velim f I "Dost ask (my dear) what service I will have? 

Dies noctesqiie ames me. me desideres, J" 'f""^ '""^ '^^y ''"'' "'-'''^ '^ aH • crave, 

Mesoiiiiiies me expectes, me cofiites, ii dream on me, to expert, to think on me, 

Me speres, me te ohlectes, mecum tola sis, nfv \" ,J''^' *"" '^"^*^' "^^ '" ^^«' 

Meus fac postremo animus, quando ego sum tuus." U'^'t '">'*'^'','" "'«. be wholly mine, 

" I For know, my love, that I am wholly thine." 

But all this needed not, you will say; if she affect once, she will be his, settle het 
love on him, on him alone, 

>' " ilium ahsens ahsentem 

Auditque videtque" 

she can, she must think and dream of nought else but him, continually of him, aa 
did Orpheus on his Eurydice, 

" Te dulcis conjux, le solo in littore mecum, I " On thee sweet wife was all my sone 

Te veniente die, te discedente canebam." | Morn, evening, and all along." 

And Dido upon her ^neas ; 

— — "et qn.-E me insomnia terrent, I •• And ever and anon she thinks upon the man 

Multa viri virtus, et plurima currit imago." | That was so fine, so fair, so blithe, so debonair." 

Clitophon, in the first book of Achilles, Tatius, complaineth how that his mistress 
Leucippe tormented him much more in the night than in the day. ^O" For all day 
long he had some object or other to distract his senses, but in the night all ran upon, 
her. All night long he lay ^' awake, and could think of nothing else but her, he 
could not get her out of his mind ; towards morning, sleep took a little pity on him 
he slumbered awhile, but all his dreams were of her." ' 



' te nocte sub atra 



Alloquor, amplector, falsaque in imagine somni " ''.' "'? ^^'^^ "'§''' ' speak, embrace, and find 

Gaudia solicitam palpant evanida mentein." ' | That fading joys deceive my careful mind." 

The same complaint Eurialus makes to his Lucretia, ^ " day and night I think of 
tliee, I wish for thee, I talk of thee, call on thee, look for thee, hope for thee, delight 
myself ir thee, day and night I love thee." 

" " Nee itiihi vespere 

Surgeiite decedunt amores. 
Nee rapidum fiigiente solein." 

Morning, evening, all is alike with me, I have restless thoughts, ^^u y^ vigilam 
oculis, animo te nocte requiroP Still 1 think on thee, ^nima non est ubi animat, 
sed ubi amat. J live and bffathe in thee, 1 wish for thee. 

si"0 niveam qiise te poterit mihi reddere lucem, 
O mihi felicem terque quaterque diem " 

-O happy day that shall restore thee to my siglit." In the meantime he raves on 
her; her sweet face, eyes, actions, gestures, hands, feet, speech, length, breadth, 
height, depth, and the rest of her dimensions, are so surveyed, mea.'ured, and taken, 
by that Astrolabe of phantasy, and that so violently sometimes, with *,jch earnestness 
and eagerness, such* continuance, so strong an imagination, that at leno-th he thinks 
he sees her indeed ; he talks with her, he embraceth her, Ixion-like, pro Junane 
nubem, a cloud for Juno, as he said. Mhil prceter Leucippen cerno, Leucippe inihi 



'' Celestine, act. 1. credo in Melebaeam, &c. is Xer 
Buiiuch. act. I. sc. 2. >» Virg. 4. Mn. 20 inter- 

diu ocu'i, et aures occupatas distraliunt animum, at 
noctu solus jactor, ad auroram somnus paulum mi-er- 
tus, nee tamen ex animo puella abiit. sed omnia mihi 
de Leucippe soinnia erant. m Tota hac nocte som- 



num hisce oculis non vidi. Ter. m Buchanan, syt 

^ jEn. Sylv. Te dies, noclesque aino, te cogilo, te desi 
dero, te voco, te expeclo, te spero, tecum oblecto mn 
totus in tesum. « Hor. lib. 2. ode 9. as fetro 

nius "Tibullug, I. 3. Eleg. 3. 



bi>4 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

perpetud in oculis., et animo versatur, 1 see and meditate of nought but Leucippe. 
Be she present or absent, all is one ; 

" " Et ciuamvis aboral placidte praesentia forinie 
Ciueiii (iederal prspsens forma, manebat amor." 

That impression of her beauty is still fixed in his mind, ^^'■hcerent injixi pectorf 

vultus ;" as he that is bitten with a mad dog thinks all he sees dogs — dogs in his 
meat, dogs in his dish, dogs in his drink :."his mistress is in his eyes, ears, heart, in 
all his senses. Valleriola had a merchant, his patient, in the same predicament ; and 
'^Ulricus Molitor, out of Austin, hath a story of one, that through vehemency of his 
/ove passion, still thought he saw his mistress present with him, she talked with him, 
Et commisceri cum cd vigilans videbatur., still embracing him. 

Now if this passion of love can produce such effects, if it be pleasantly intended, 
what bitter torments shall it breed, when it is with fear and continual sorrow, sus- 
picion, care, agony, as commonly it is, still accompanied, what an intolerable '"'pain 
must it be .-* 



" Not! tam grandes 

Gargara ciilmos, <]iiot denierso 
Pettore curas longa nexas 
Usque catena, vel quce petiitus 
Crudelis arnor vulnera miscet." 



' Mount Garcarus hath not so many stems 
As lover's breast hath grievous wounds, 
And linked cares, which love compounds." 



When the King of Babylon would have punished a courtier of his, for loving of a 
young lady of the royal blood, and far above his fortunes, ^'Apollonius in presence 
by all means persuaded to let him alone ; " For to love and not enjoy was a most 
unspeakable torment," no tyrant could invent the like punishment; as a gnat at a 
candle, in a short space he would consume himself For love is a perpetual '^^JIux, 
angor animi^ a warfare, viilitat omni avians., a grievous wound is love still, and a 
lover's heart is Cupid's quiver, a consuming ''^tire, '^^ accede ad hunc ignem, Sfc. an 
inextinguishable fire. 



36 " alitur et crescit malum, 

Et ardet intus, qualis .iEtnso vapor 
Exundat aiitro" 

As ^tna rageth, so doth love, and more than iEtna or any material fire. 

S6 " Nam amor scepe Lyparco 

Vulcano ardentioren) flammam incendere solet." 

Vulcan's flames are but smoke to this. For fire, saith ^'Xenophon, burns them 
alone that stand near it, or touch it; but this fire of love burneth and scorcheth afar 
ofl", and is more hot and vehement than any material fire : '^^Ignis in ignejurit., 'tis a 
fire in a fire, the quintessence of fire. For when Nero burnt Rome, as Calisto 
urgeth, he fired houses, consumed men's bodies and goods ; but this fire devours the 
soul itself, " and •'^ one soul is worth a hundred thousand bodies." No water can 
quench this wild fire. 

^ , . . I "A fire he took into his breast, 

•0 " In pectus ccecos absorhuil ignes, ^,, j^,, ^g,^^ ^^^ij ^^j quench, 

Ignes qui nee aqua penmi potuere, nee imhre Nor herb, nor art, nor magic spells 

Diminui, neque graminihus, mag.cisque susurris. | ^ould quell, nor any drench." 

Except it be tears and sighs, for so they may chance find a little ease. 

41 "Sic candentia colla sic patens frons, I ., g„ „ ^,,j,g ^^^^ ^ ,^g g„„, 

teic me blanda tu> Nefera ocelli. Doth scorch, thy cheeks, thy wanton eyes that roll: 

Sic pares minio gens peruniut, ^,.^^ -^ „^^ fj dropping tears that hinder, 

Ut ni me achryinffi rigent perennes. , g^,,^^ f,^ -^^ burnt up forthwith to cinder" 

Totiis in tenues eaiii favillas. 1 

This fire strikes like lightning, which made those old Grecians paint Cupid, in many 
of their ''^ temples, with Jupiter's thunderbolts in his hands; for it wounds, and can- 
not be perceived how, whence it came, where it pierced. '*^ '■'■ Uritnur, et ccecum, 
pectora vulnus habcnt,'''' and can hardly be discerned at first. 

** " Est mollis flamina medullas, I " A gentle wound, an easy fire it was, 

Et taciturn insano vivit sub pectore vulnus." | And sly at first, and secretly did pass." 



" Ovid. Fast. 2. ver. 775. "Although the preseece of 
her fair form is wanting, the love which it kindled 
remains." >8 Virg. yEn. 4. 2-1 De Pythonissa. 

•ojuno, nee ira deum taiitum, nee tela, nee hostis, 
quantum tute potis animis illapsus. Siliiis Ital. 15. bel. 
Punic, de amore. 3' Philostratus vita ejus. Maxi- 

mum tormentuin quod exeogitare, vel docere te possum. 



carpitur igne; et niihi sese offert ultra meus ignis 
Ainyntas. S'' Ter. Eunuc. 35 gen. Hippo' 

38 Theocritus, edyl. 2. Levibus cor est vjolahile lelis. 
3' Iffiiis tangentes solum urit, at forma procul astaniei 
inflaiiiinat. 8« Nonius. 30 Major ilia flamma 

quie consuinil uiiam aiiimam, quain qua; centum millia 
corporum. ^"Mant. egl 2. <• Marullu* Epig 



est ipse amor. 32 ^usonius c. 35. 33 Et caco i lib. I « Imagines deorum. "Ovid. ■n.tflneid.A 



Mem. » .vbs. I.] " Symptoms of Love. ' 50D 

But by-and-by it began to rage and burn amain ; 



> '• Pectus insainim vapor, 

Ainorque torret, intus Sicviis vorat 
Penitus medullas, aique per veiias meat 
Visceril)us ignis mersus, el veiiis latens, 
Ut agilis altas flamnia percurrit trabes." 



' This fiery vapour rageth in the veins. 
And scorfihefh entrails, as when fire hums 
A house, it niinlily runs along the beams, 
And at the last the whole it overturns." 



Abraham HofFemannus, lib. 1. amor conjugal, cap. 2. p. 22. relates out of Plato, how 
that Empedocles, the philosopher, v^as present at the cutting up of one that died for 
love, ■'^"■his heart was combust, his liver smoky, his lungs dried up, insomuch that 
he verily believed his soul was either sodden or roasted through the vehemency of 
love's fire." Which belike made a modern writer of amorous emblems express love's 
fury by a pot hanging over the fire, and Cupid blowing the coals. As the heat consumes 
the water, "" " Sic sua consumit viscera coecus amor,'''' so doth love dry up his radical 
moisture. Another compares love to a melting torch, which stood too near the fire 

4»" Sic quo quis proprior sute puells es),, I "The nearer he unto his mistress is, 

Hoc stultus proprior suae runinie est." | The nearer he unto liis ruin is." 

So that to say truth, as *^ Castillo describes it, " The beginning, middle, end of love 
is nought else but sorrow, vexation, agony, torment, irksomeness, wearisomeness ; 
so that to be squalid, ugly, miserable, solitary, discontent, dejected, to wish for death, 
to complain, rave, and to be peevisli, are the certain signs and ordinary actions of a 
love-sick person." This continual pain and torture makes them forget themselves, 
if they be far gone with it, in doubt, despair of obtainirng, or eagerly bent, to i.eglect 
all ordinary business. 

60 " p^Midenl opera interrupta, minasque 

iMurorum ingentes, ffiquataque machina coelo." 

Love-sick Dido left her work undone, so did ^' Phsedra, 

" Palladis telae vacant 



Et inter ipsas pensa labuntnr manus." 

Faustus, in ^^Mantuan, took no pleasure in anything he did, 

" Nulla quies mihi dulcis erat, nullus labor aigro 
Peclore, sensus iners, et mens torpore sepulta, 
Carminis occiderat studium," 

And 'tis the humour of them all, to be careless of their persons and their estates, as 
the shepherd in *^ Theocritus, £i A«c barba inculta est, squalidique capil/i, their 
beards flag, and they have no more care of pranking themselves or of any business, 
they care not, as they say, which end goes forward. 

*< '• Oblitusque greges, et rura doniestica totus I " Forgetting flocks of sheep and country farms, 

^ Uritur. et noctes in luctum e.vpendit aniaras." | The silly shepherd always mourns and burns." 

Love-sick '^^ Chagrea, when he came from Pamphila's house, and had not so good 
welcome as he did expect, was all amort, Parmeno meets him, quid iristis es f Why 
art thou so sad man.? unde es? whence comest, how doest? but he sadly replies, 
Ego hercle nescio neqiie unde earn, neque quorsum earn, ita p'rorsus obliius sum mei, 
I have so forgotten myself, I neither know where I am, nor whence 1 come, nor 
whether I will, what I do. P. '"'^ "■ How so .?" Ch. " I am in love." Prudens scie7is. 

^ " vivus vidensque pereo, nee quid agam scio.'''' ^^ " He that erst had his thoughts 

free (as Philostralus Lemnius, in an epistle of his, describes this fiery passion), and 
spent his time like a hard student, in those delightsome philosophical precepts ; he 
that with the sun and moon wandered all over the world, with stars themselves 
ranged about, and left no secret or small mystery in nature unsearched, since he vv'as 
enamoured can do nothing now but think and meditate of love matters, day and 
night composeth himself how to please his mistress ; all his study, endeavour, is to 



*' Seneca. *^ Cor totura combustum, jecur suffu- 

migatum, pulmo arefactus, ut credani miseram illam 
animam bis elixam aut combustam,ob maximum ardo- 
rem quern patiuntur ob ignem amoris. •" Embl. 

Amat. 4. et 5. ^SGrotius. <" Lib. 4. nam istius 

amoris neque principia, neque media aliud hahentquid, 
<]uam molestias, dolores, cruciatus, defatigationes, adeo 
•It miserum esse msrore, gemitu, solitndine lorqueri, 
jiorteni optare. semperque debacchari.siiit certa amati. 
tinm signa et certa: actiones. ^o Virg. JB.n. 4. " The 
works are interrupted, promises of great walls, and 



hangs unfinished from her hands." w Eclog. 1. 

" No rest, no business pleased my love-sick breast, my 
faculties became dormant, my mind torpid, and I lost 
my taste for poetry and song." ^^ Edyl. 14. ^ Mant. 
Eclog. 2. ssQv. Met. 13.de Polyphemo: uritur 

oblitus pecorum, antrorumque suornm; janique tibi 
forniEe, &.C. ^^Ter. Eunuch. ^t Qui qujego ? Amo 
'»Ter. Eunuch. ^^lUui olim cigitabat qua; vellet, et 

pulcherriinis philosophia; pr.eceptis optram insumpsil, 
qui universi circuitiones cojlique naluram, &c. Hanc 
ur.am intendit operam, de sola totiitat, noctes et dies 



scaffoldings rising towards the skies, are all suspended." se componit ad banc, et ad acerbam servilutem redac- 
*' Seneca Hip. act. "The shuttle stops, and t! ' web tus animus, &c. 

64 2S 



^06 Love-Me,ancfioly [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

appr )/e (umself to his mistress, to win his mistress' favour, to compass his desire, 
to bo counted her servant." When Peter Abelard, that great scholar of his a^p, 
^°^'- Cut soli patuit scibile quicquid eral^'''' (" whose facuUies were equal to any ditfi- 
culty in learning,") was now in love with Heloise, he had no mind to visit or fre- 
quent schools and scholars any more, Tadiosum mild valde fuit (as *' he confesseth) 
ad scholas procedere^ vel in its viorari^ all his mind was on his new mistress. 

Now to this end and purpose, if there be any hope of obtaining his suit, to prose- 
cute his cause, he will spend himself, goods, fortunes for her, and though he lose 
and alienate all his friends, be threatened, be cast off, and disinherited ; for as the 
poet saith, ^^Amori quis legem detf though he be utterly undone by it, disgraced, go 
a begging, yet for her sweet sake, to enjoy her, he will willingly beg, hazard all he 
hath, goods, lands, shame, scandal, fame, and life itself. 



"Non recedam neque qiiiescaiii, iioctii et iiiterdiu, 
Prius profecto quaiii aut ipsaiii, aut mortem investigavero." 



' t '11 never rest or cease my suit 
Till she or death do make me mute." 



Parthenis in ^^ Aristaenetus was fully resolved to do as much. " I may have bettej 
matches, I confess, but farewell shame, farewell honour, farewell honesty, farewell 
friends and fortunes, &c. O, Harpedona, keep my counsel, 1 will leave all for his sweet 
sake, I will have him, say no more, contra genles, I am resolved, I will have him." 

^''■' Gobrias, the captain, when he had espied Rhodanthe, the fair captive maid, fell 
upon his knees before Mystilus, the general, with tears, vows, and all the rhetoric 
he could, by the scars he had formerly received, the good service he had done, or 
whatsoever else was dear unto him, besought his governor he might have the cap- 
tive virgin to be his wife, virlulis sties spolitim^ as a reward of his worth and service; 
and, moreover, he would forgive him the money which was owing, and all reckon- 
ings besides due unto him, " I ask no more, no part of booty, no portion, but Rho- 
danthe to be my wife." And when as he could not compass her by fair means, he 
fell to treachery, force and villany, and set his life at stake at last to accomplish his 
desire. 'Tis a common humour this, a general passion of all lovers to be so affected, 
and which iEmilia told Aratine, a courtier in Castillo's discourse, ^^" surely Aratine, 
if thou werst not so indeed, thou didst not love ; ingenuously confess, for if thou 
hadst been thoroughly enamoured, thou wouldst have desired nothing more than to 
please thy mistress. For that is the law of love, to will and nill the same." 
^^'•'■'Tanlum velle et nolle^ velit nolit quod a7nicaP 
r< Undoubtedly this may be pronounced of them all, they are very slaves, drudgea 

-''' for the time, madmen, fools, dizzards, ^' atrahilarii^ beside themselves, and as blind 
as beetles. Tlieir ^^ dotage is most eminent, Jlmare simul et sapere ipsi Jovi non 
dalur^ as Seneca holds, Jupiter himself cannot love and be wise both together; the 
very best of them, if once they be overtaken with this passion, the most staid, dis- 
creet, grave, generous and wise, otherwise able to govern themselves, in this commit 
many absurdities, many indecorums, unbefitting their gravity and persons. 

"9" Cluisquis amal servit, sequitur captivus amaiUem, 
Fert domita cervioe jugum" 

" Samson, David, Solomon, Hercules, Socrates," &c. are justly taxed of indiscretion 
in this point; the middle sort are between hawk and buzzard; and although they 
do perceive and acknowledge their own dotage, weakness, fury, yet they cannot 
withstand it; as well may witness those expostulations and confessions of Dido in 

Virgil. 

'0" Incipit effari mediaque in voce resistit."— /"Aisrfra in Seneca. 
" "Qund ratio poscit, vincit ac regnat furor, 
Putensque tola menle dominatur deus." — Myrrha in "^ Ovid. 
" Ilia quidem sentit, foedoque repugnat amori, i " She sees and knows her fault, and doth resist 

Et secuni quo mente feror, quid molior, inquit. Against her filthy lust she doth contend 

Dii precor, et pietas," &c. And whither go I, what am I about ? 

I And God forbid, yet doth it in the end." 



•o Pars epilaphii ejus. ei Epist. prima. 62 Boe- 

thius, I. 3. Met. ult. 63 Epist. lib. 6. Valeat pudor, 

valeat honestas, valeat honor. '« Theodor. proriro- 

mus, lib. 3 Amor Mystili genibus obvolutus, uber- 
timque lachrimans. &c. Nihil ex tola prceda priEter 
2lK)danthem virginem accipiam. ^sLjb. 2. Certe 

vix ori'dain, et bona fide fateare .^ratine, te non amasse 
■deo vehementor; si eiiiin vere aniapses, nihil prius aut 
pi(tiiis opiasses, quam amalre inulieri placere. Ea enim 
•D^oris lex est idem velle f nolle. segiroza, sil. 



Epig. ^(iuippe hffic omnia ex atra bile et amor» 

proveniunt. Jason Praiensis. 68 immeiisus amoi 

ipse stultitia est. Cardan, lib. 1. de sapietitia. 69 Man- 
tuan. "Whoever is in love is in slavery, he followi 
his sweetheart as a captive his captor, and wears a y^ke 
on his submissive neck." '" Virg. Mn. 4. " Sh« 

began to speak, but stopped in the middle of her dis- 
course." " Seneca riippo!. •' What reason equirei 
raging love forbids." '« Met. 10. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 507 

Again, 



" Perviiiil igne 

Carpitur indoinito, furiosaque vota relrectat, 
Et niodo desperat, inodo vult teiitare, piKletque 
Et cupit, et quid agat, non inveiiit," &c. 



' With raging lust she burns, and now rtcalls 
Her vow, and then despairs, and when lis past, 
Her former thoughts she'll prosecute in haste, 
And what to do she knows not at the lasf " 



She will and will not, abhors : and yet as Medsea did, doth it, 

"Trahit inv 

Mens aliiid suadet 
Deteriora sequor." 



Trahit invitam nova vis, aliudque cupido, I " Reason pulls one way, burning lust another. 
Mens all lid suadet ; video mellora, proboque. She sees and knows what's good, but she doth neither." 



'3"0 I'raus, attiorque, et mentis emotai furor, 
Q,uo me abstulistis ?" 

The major part of lovers are carried headlong like so many brute beasts, reason 
counsels one way, thy friends, fortunes, shame, disgrace, danger, and an ocean of 
cares that will certainly follow ; yet this furious lust precipitates, counterpoiseth, 
weighs down on the other; though it be their utter undoing, perpetual infamy, loss, 
yet they will do it, and become at last insensati^ void of sense ; degenerate into 
dogs, hogs, asses, brutes ; as Jupiter into a bull, Apuleius an ass, Lycaon a wolf, 
Tereus a lapwing, ''' Calisto a bear, Elpenor and Grillus into swine by Circe. For 
what else may we think those ingenious poets to have shadowed in their witty fic- 
tions and poems but that a man once given over to his lust (as "Fulgentius inter- 
prets that of Apuleius, Jilciat. of Tereus) " is no better than a beast." 

'*" Rex fueram, sic crista docet, sed sordlda vita I " I was a king, my crown my witness is, 

Immundam e tanto culmine fecit aveui." | But by my flithiness am come to this." 

Their blindness is all out as great, as manifest as their weakness and dotage, or 
rather an inseparable companion, an ordinary sign of it, "love is blind, as the say- 
ing is, Cupid's blind, and so are all his followers. Qiiisquis amat ranavi., ranam 
putat esse Dianam. Every lover admires liis mistress, though she be very deformed 
of herself, ill-favour&d, wrinkled, pimpled, pale, red, yellow, tanned, tallow-faced, 
have a swollen juggler's platter face, or a thin, lean, chitty face, have clouds in her 
face, be crooked, dry, bald, goggle-eyed, blear-eyed, or with staring eyes, she looks 
like a squis'd cat, hold her head still awry, heavy, dull, hollow-eyed, black or yel- 
low about the eyes, or squint-eyed, sparrow-mouthed, Persian hook-nosed, have a 
sharp fox nose, a red nose, Chiaia flat, great nose, nare sinio patuloque, a nose like a 
promontory, gubbertushed, rotten teeth, black, uneven, brown teeth, beetle browed, 
a witch'.s beard, her breath stink all over the room, her nose drop winter and sum- 
mer, with a Bavarian poke under her chin, a sharp chin, lave eared, with a long 
crane's neck, which stands awry too, pendulis 7na7nmis, " her dugs like two double 
jugs," or else no dugs, in that other extreme, bloody fallen fingers, she have filthy, 
long unpared nails, scabbed hands or wrists, a tanned skin, a rotten carcass, crooked 
hack, she stoops, is lame, splea-footed, "as slender in the middle as a cow in the 
waist," gouty legs, her ankles hang over her shoes, her feet stink, she breed lice, a 
mere changeling, a very monster, an oaf imperfect, her whole complexion savours, 
a harsh voice, incondite gesture, vile gait, a vast virago, or an ugly tit, a slug, a fat 
fustylugs, a truss, a long lean rawbone, a skeleton, a sneaker (si qua latent meliora 
puta), and to thy judgment looks like a mard in a lantern, whom thou couldst not 
fancy for a world, but hatest, loalhest, and wouldst have spit in her face, or blow 
thy nose in her bosom, remedium amoris to another man, a dowdy, a slut, a scold, 
a nasty, rank, rammy, filthy, beastly quean, dishonest peradventure. obscene, base, 
beggarly, ru le, foohsh, untaught, peevish, Irus' daughter, Thersites' sister, Grobians' 
scholar, if he love her once, he admires her for all this, he takes no notice of any 

such errors, or imperfections of body or mind, ''^ Ipsa hcec delecfant, veluti 

Balhinum Polypus Jignce ; he had rather have her than any woman in the world. 
If he were a king, she alone should be his queen, his empress. O that he had but 
the wealth and treasure of both the hidies to endow her with, a carrack of diamonds, 
ii chain of pearl, a cascanet of jewels, (a pair of calf-skin gloves of four-pence a pair 
were fitter), or some such toy, to send her for a token, she should have it with all 



''Buchanan. "Oh fraud, and love, and distraction i amans; ave hac nihil fsdius, nihil libidinosius. Sabia 
ot mind, whither have you led me?" '■• An ininio- ' in Ovid. Met. " Love is like a false glass, wbicli 

de.=t woman is like a bear. 's Feram induit dum represents everything fairer than it is. '» Hor. ger 

losas comedat, idem ad se redcat. '6 Alciatus de , lib. sat. 1. 3. " These very things please him, aa th* 

upupa Enibl. Aiiima <<ximundum upupa stercora I weii of Agna did Balbinus." 



608 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. '4. 

his heart , Jie would spend myriads of crowns for her sake. Venus herself, Panthea, 
Cleopatra, Tarquin's Tanaquil, Herod's Mariamne, or '^Mary of Burgundy, if she 
were alive, would not match her. 

80 " (Vincit vultus h»c Tyndarios, 
Q,ui nioverunt horrida bella." 

Let Paris himself be judge) renowned Helen comes short, that Rodopheian Phillis, 
Lurissean Coronis, Babylonian Thisbe, Polixena, Laura, Lesbia, &c., your counter- 
feit ladies were never so fair as she is. 

" " Q.iiicqiiid erit placidi, lopidi, grati, atque faceti, I " Whate'er is pretty, pleasant, facete, well, 

Vivida cunctorum retiiies Pandora deorum." | Whate'er Pandora had, she doth excel." 

^Dicebam Trivice formam nihil esse Diance. Diana was not to be compared to her, 
nor Juno, nor Minerva, nor any goddess. Thetis' feet were as bright as silver, the 
ankles of Hebe clearer than crystal, the arms of Aurora as ruddy as the rose, Juno's 
breasts as white as snow, Minerva wise, Venus fair ; but what of this ? Dainty come 
thou to me. She is all in all, 

' CiElia ridens ^, I 64 •• Pairesl of fair, that fairness doth excel." 



Est Venus, incodens Juno, Minerva loquens 

Ephemerus in Aristaenetus, so far admireth his mistress' good parts, that he makes 
proclamation of them, and challengeth all comers in her behalf ^^" Whoever saw 
the beauties of the east, or of the west, let them come from all quarters, all, and telK(^ 
truth, if ever they saw such an excellent feature as this is." A good fellow in Pe- 
tronius cries out, no tongue can ^ tell his lady's fine feature, or express it, quicquid 
dixeris minus erit, Sfc. 

" No tongue can her perfections tell. 
In whose each part, all tongues may dwell." 

Most of your lovers are of his humour and opinion. She is nuUi secunda, a rare 
creature, a phoenix, the sole commandress of his thoughts, queen of his desires, his 
only delight : as ^' Triton now feelingly sings, that love-sick sea-god : 

"Candida Leucothoe placet, et placet atra Melsne, I " Fair Leiicothe, black Melcene please ine well, 
Sed Galatea placet longe magis omnibus una." | But Galatea doth by odds the rest excel." 

All the gracious elogies, metaphors, hyperbolical comparisons of the best things in 
the world, the most glorious names; wlialsoever, I say, is pleasant, amiable, sweet, 
grateful, and delicious, are too little for her. 

.. nu L , I. ■ • r.1 1 • „ I " His Phfflbe is so fair, she is so bright, 

Phffibo pulchrior et sorore Phoebi.' | g,^g ^-^^^ ^^^^ ^^^.^ l^^^^g^ ^„^j ^^^^ „,„on's light." 

Stars, sun, moons, metals, sweet-smelling flowers, odours, perfumes, colours, gold, 
silver, ivory, pearls, precious stones, snow, painted birds, doves, honey, sugar, spice, 

cannot express her, ^^ so soft, so tender, so radiant, sweet, so fair, is she. 

Mollior cuniculi capillo, Sfc. 

69" Lydia bella, puella caiulida, 1 "Pine Lydia, my mistress, white and fair, 

(ins bene superas lac, et lilium, | The milk, the lily do not tliee come near; 

Alliamqiie simul rosam et rubicundam, I The rose so white, the rose so red to see, 

Et expolitum ebur Indicum." I And Indian ivory comes short of thee." 

Such a description our English Homer makes of a fair lady : 

"0 That Emilia that was fairer io seen, 
TIten is lily upon the stalk green : 
.,^11(1 fresher then May with flowers new, 
For with the rose colour strove her hue, 
I no't which was the fairer of the two. 

In this very phrase ^' Polyphemus courts Galatea : 

" Candidior folio iiivei Galatea ligustri, I " Whiter Galet than the white withie-wind, 

Floridior prato, longa procerior alno, | Fresher than a field, higher than a tree, 

Splendidior vitro, lenero lascivior hsedo, &c. I Brighter than glass, more wanton than a kid, 

Mollior et cygni plumis, et lacte coacto." | Softer than swan's down, or ought that may be." 

So she admires him again, in that conceited dialogue of Lucian, which John Secun- 
dus, an elegant Dutch modern poet, hath translated into verse. When Doris and 

"The daughter and heir of Carolus Piignax. «>Se- I omnes, et dicant veraces, an tani insignem virierint for 
neca in Octavia. "Her beauty excels the Tyndarian mam. *« Nulla vox tormam ejus possit comprehen. 

Helen's, which caused such dreadful wars." ei Loeche- dere. 87 Calcagnini dial. Galat. e« Catullu* 

us. 8-iMantuan. Egl. I. "9 Angerianus. m paerie « petronii Catalect. »i> Chaucer, in the Knight'i 

Queene, Cant. lyr. 4. « Epist. 12. Quis unquarn Tale. 9» Ovid. Met. 13. 

formaa vidit orientis, quis occidentis, veniant undique ' 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms of Love. 



009 



ihose other sea nymphs upbraided her with her ugly misshapen lovec, Polvphemus; 
slie replies, they speak out of envy and malice, 

**" Et plane iiividia hue mera vos stimiilare videtur. ^ 

Quod non vos itidem ut. me Polyphemus amet ;" 

Say what they could, he was a proper man. And as Heloise writ to her sweetheart 
Peter Abelard, Si me Augustus orbis imperator uxorem expeterel, mallem tua essr. 
meretrix quam orbis imperatrix ; she had rather be his vassal, l\is quean, than th< 

world's empress or queen. non si me Jupiter ipse forte velit, she would not 

change her love for Jupiter himself. 

To thy thinking she is a most loathsome creature ; and as when a country fellow 
discommended once that exquisite picture of Helen, made by Zeuxis, ^^ for he saw 
no such beauty in it ; Nibhomachus a love-sick spectator replied, Sume tibi meos 
oculos et (learn existimabis., take mine eyes, and thou wilt think she is a goddess, 
dote on her forthwith, count all her vices virtues ; her imperfections infirmities, ab- 
solute and perfect : if she be flat-nosed, she is lovely ; if hook-nosed, kingly ; if 
dwarfish and little, pretty ; if tall, proper and man-like, our brave British Boadicea ; 
if crooked, wise ; if monstrous, comely ; her defects are no defects at all, she hath 
no deformities. Immo nee ipsum amicce stercus fcetet^ though she be nasty, fulsome, 
as Sostratus' bitch, or Parmeno's sow ; thou hadst as live have a snake in thy bosom, 
a toad in thy dish, and callest her witch, devil, hag, with all the filthy names thou 
canst invent; he admires her on the other side, she is his idol, lady, mistress, 
'^ venerilla, queen, the quintessence of beauty, an angel, a star, a goddess. 

" Thou art my Vesta, thou my goddess art. 
Thy hallowed teuiple only is my heart." 

The fragrancy of a thousand courtesans is in her face: ^^ JYec pulchrce ejigies., hcec 
Cypridis aid Stratonices ; 'tis not Venus' picture that, nor the Spanish infanta's, as 
you suppose (good sir), no princess, or king's daughter : no, no, but his divine mis- 
tress, forsooth, his dainty Dulcinia, his dear Antiphila, to whose service he is wholly' 
consecrate, whom he alone adores. 



'"Cui comparatus indecens erit pavo, 

Inamabilis sciurus, el Irequens Phcenix." 



"To whom conferr'd a peacock's indecent, 
A squirrel's harsli, a phcenix too frequent. 



All the graces, veneries, elegancies, pleasures, attend her. He prefers her before a 
myriad of court ladies. 

9'" He that commends Phillis or Nersa, 
Or Amarillis, or Galatea, 
Tityrus or Mclibea, by your leave, 
Let him be mute, his love the praises have." 



Nay, before all the gods and goddesses themselves 
his squint-eyed friend Roscius 



So ^^ Quintus Catullus admired 



•' Pace mihi licoat (Coelestes) dicere vestra, 
Mortalis visus pulchrior esse Deo." 



I " By your leave gentle Gods, this 1 '11 say true, 
I There 's none of you that have so fair a hue." 



All the bombast epithets, pathetical adjuncts, incomparably fair, curiously neat, divine, 
sweet, dainty, delicious, &c., pretty diminutives, corculum^ suaviolum^ S^c. pleasant 
names may be invented, bird, mouse, lamb, puss, pigeon, pigsney, kid, honey, love, 
dove, chicken, &c. he puts on her. 



" Meum mel, mea suavitas, meum cor, 
Meum suavioluin, niei lepores," 



" my life, my light, my jewel, my glory, ^°° Margareta speciosa., cujus respectu omnia 
mundi pretiosa sordent, my sweet Margaret, my sole delight and darling. And as 
'Rhodomant courted Isabella; 



" By all kind words and gestures that he might. 
He calls her his dear heart, his sole beloved, 
His joyful comfort, and his sweet delight. 



His mistress, arid his goddess, and such names, 
As loving knights apply to lovely dames." 



Every cloth she wears, every fashion pleaseth him above measure ; her hand, O 
quales digitos^ quos habet ilia manus .' pretty foot, pretty coronets, her sweet car- 
riage, sweet voice, tone, O that pretty tone, her divine and lovely looks, her every 



93 "It is envy evidently thai prompts you, because 
Polyphemus does not love you as he does me." " Plu- 
.fcfch. sihi dixit lam nulchram non videri. See. 
•*Q,uanto quam Lucifer aurea Phrebe, tanio virginibus 
donspp-ctior omnibus lierce. Ovid. 96 jyi. D. Son. 30. 



96 Martial. I. 5. Epfg. 38. 9? Ariosto. * Tnlly lib 

J. de nat. deor. pulcnrior deo, et tamen erat oculis per- 
versissimis. 9S ivjarullus ad Nearam epig. » lib 

"X" Barlhius. » Arios;o, lib. 2'J. hist, e 



2S2 



510 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



vhiiig, lovely, sweet, amiable, and pretty, pretty, pretty. Her very name (let it be 
what it will) is a most pretty, pleasing name ; I believe now there is some secret 
power and virtue in names, every action, sight, habit, gesture ; he admires, whethei 
she play, sing, or dance, in what tires soever she goeth, how excellent it was, how 
well it became her, never the like seen or heard. ^Milh habet ornatus., mille de- 
center hahet. Let her wear what she will, do what she will, say what she will, 
'Quicquid eni7n dicit, seu facit, omne decel. He applauds and admires everything 
she wears, saith or doth. 



' " Illam quir.quid a^'it, qiioqiio vestigia vertit, 
Coiiiposult furtim subsequiturque decor; 
Seu solvit crines, fusis decet esse capillis, 
Seu cunipsit, coniptis est reverenda coniis." 



" Wliate'er she doth, or whither e'er she go, 

A sweet and pleasing grace ntteii'ls forsooth , 
Or loose, or hind her hair, or cnnih i't up. 
She's to be tionoured in what she doth." 



^Vestem induitur, formosa est : exuitur^ lota forma est., let her be dressed or un- 
dressed, all is one, she is excellent still, beautiful, fair, and lovely to behold. Women 
do as much by men ; nay more, far fonder, weaker, and that by many parasangs. 
" Come to me my dear Lycias," (saith Musaeus ni ® Aristeenetus) " come quickly 
sweetheart, all other men are satyrs, mere clowns, blockheads to thee, nobody to 
thee." Thy looks, words, gestures, actions, &c., '■'- are incomparably beyond all 
others." Venus was never so much besotted on her Adonis, Phaedra so delighted 
in Hippolitus, Ariadne in Theseus, Thysbe in her Pyramus, as she is enamoured on 
her Mopsus, 

" Be thou the inarygold, and I will be the suti, 
Be thou the friar, and I will be the nun." 

I could repeat centuries of such. Now tell me what greater dotage or blindness can 
there be than this in both sexes > and yet their " slavery" is more eminent, a greater 
sign of their folly than the rest. 

They are commonly slaves, captives, voluntary servants, Amator amiccB manci 
pium, as ' Castillo terms him, his mistress' servant, her drudge, prisoner, bondman, 
. what not .? " He composeth himself wholly to her affections to please her, and, as 
iEmelia said, makes himself her lacquey. All his cares, actions, all his thoughts, are 
subordinate to her will and commandment :" her most devote, obsequious, affection- 
ate servant and vassal. "For love" (as ^ Cyrus in Xenophon well observed) "-is a 
mere tyranny, worse than any disease, and they that are troubled with it desire to be 
free and cannot, but are harder bound than if they were in iron chains." What greater 
captivity or slavery can there be (as ^TuUy expostulates) than to be in love ? <-fh 
he a free man over whom a woman domineers, to whom she prescribes laws, com- 
mands, forbids what she will herself; that dares deny nothing she demands ; she 
asks, he gives ; she calls, he comes ; she threatens, he fears ; JYcquissirnvm Iivnc 
servum piito., I account this man a very drudge." And as he follows it, '°" I.s this 
no small servitude for an enamourite to be every hour combing his head, stiffening 
his beard, perfuming his hair, washing his face with sweet water, painting, curling, 
and not to come abroad but sprucely crowned, decked, and apparelled .?" Yei these 
are but toys in respect, to go to the barber, baths, theatres, &.C., he must attend upon 
her wherever she goes, run along the streets by her doors and windows to see her, 
take all opportunities, sleeveless errands, disguise, counterfeit shapes, and as many 
forms as Jupiter himself ever took; and come every day to her house (as he will 
surely do if he be truly enamoured) and offer her service, and follow her up and 
down from room to room, as Lucretia's suitors did, he cannot contain himself but 
he will do it, he must and will be where she is, sit next her, still talking with her. 
" "• If I did but let my glove fall by chance," (as the said Aretine's Lucretia brags,) 
•• I had one of my suitors, nay two or three at once ready to stoop and take it up, 
and kiss it, and with a low cohge deliver it unto me; if I would walk, another was 
ready to sustain me by the arm. A third to provide fruits, pears, plums, cherries, or 



•Tibullus. 'Marul. lib. 2. «Tibullus I. 4. 

de Sulpicia. ' Aristencetus, Epist. 1. tEpist. 24. 

veni Clio charissiine Lycia, cito veni ; pra^ te Satvri 
otnnes videntur non homines, iiullo loco solus es, &;c. 
' Lib. 3. de aulico, alterius airectui se tolurn componit, 
lotus placers stuilet, et ipsiiis aniuiam arnatie pedise- 
quaui r-icit. » Cyropted. I 5. amor servitus, et qui 

aniaiil optHtse liherari non secusac alio quovis mnrlio, 
neque liherari tameu possunt. sed validiori necfssitate 
li^'ati BUMt quatii si in ferrea viucula confectiforent. 



• In paradoxis. An ille mihi liber videtur cui muliei 
imperat? Cui leges imponit, pra;scribit, jubet, vetal 
quod videtur. Qui nihil imperanti negat, nihil aiidet, 
&c. piiscil? danduni : vocal? veniendum; niinaiur? 
extimiscendnm. '"Ulane parva est servitus ania- 

toriiiii singulis fere horis pecline capillum, calimistro- 
que barbam componere, faciem aquis redolentibu^ 
diluere, &.c. " Si quando in pavimentuui incL.iitiu9 

()nid mihi excidisset, elevare inde quam prompti- jimc, 
nee nisi osculo compaclo uiihi coniiiiendare, Sec 



jlem. 3. Subs. l.J Symptoms of Love 511 

whatsoever I would eat or drink." All this and much more he doth in her presence, 
and when he comes home, as Troilus to his Cressida, 'tis all his meditation to recoun* 
with himself his actions, words, gestures, what entertainment he had, how kindiv 
she used him m such a place, how she smiled, how she graced him, and'that infinitely 
pleased him ; and then he breaks out, O sweet Areusa, O my dearest Antiphila. 
most divine looks, O lovely graces, and thereupon instantly he makes an epigram, or 
a sonnet to five or seven tunes, in her commendation, or else he ruminates how she 
rejected his service, denied him a kiss, disgraced him, &c., and that as efTectually tor- 
ments hin). And these are his exercises between comb and glass, madrigals, ele- 
gies, Slc, these his cogitations till he see her again. But all this is easy and gentle. 
and the least part of his labour md bondage, no hunter will take such pains for his 
game, fowler for his sport, or soldier to sack a city, as he will for his mistress' 
favour. 

W" Ipsa comes veniatn, neque me salebrosa movebunt 
Saxa, nee oliliqui) dente timenilus aper." 

As Phaedra to Hippolitus. No danger shall affright, for if that be true the poets 
feign, Love is the son of Mars and Venus ; as he hath delights, pleasures, elegances 
from his mother, so hath he hardness, valour, and boldness from his father. And 
'tis true that Bernard hath; Amore nihil mollius, nihil volentius^ nothing so boister- 
ous, nothing so tender as love.- -If once, therefore, enamoured, he will go, run, ride 
many a mile to meet her, day and night, in a very dark night, endure scorching heat, 
cold, wait in frost and snow, rain, tempest, till his teeth chatter in his head, those 
northern winds and showers cannot cool or quench his flame of love. Intempestd 
nocte non delerrelur, he will, take my word, sustain hunger, thirst, Penetrabit omnia, 
perrumpet omnia, " love will find out a way," through thick and thin he will to her, 
Expeditissimi monies vidcnhir omnes franabiles, he will swim through an ocean, ride 
post over the Alps, Appenines, or Pyrenean hills, 

13" Ijnem marisqiie fluctus, atqiie turbines 
Venti paratiis est traiisire," 

though it rain daggers with their points down'vvard, light or dark, all is one: — 
Roscida per tenehras Faunus ad antra venit), for her sweet sake he will undertake 
Hercules's tweb'e labours, endure, hazard, &.c., he feels it not. '^"What shall I say," 
saith Haedus, " of their great dangers they undergo, single combats they undertake, 
how they will venture their lives, creep in at windows, gutters, climb over walls to 
come to their sweethearts," (anointing the doors and hinges with oil, because they 
should not creak, tread soft, swim, wade, watch, &c.), " and if they be surprised, 
leap out at windows, cast themselves headlong down, bruising or breaking their legs 
or arms, and sometimes loosing life itself," as Calisto did for his lovely Melibaea. 
Hear some of their own confessions, protestations, complaints, proffers, expostula- 
tions, wishes, brutish attempts, labours in this kind. Hercules served Omphale, put 
on an apron, took a distaff and spun ; Thraso the soldier was so submissive to Thais, 
that he was resolved to do whatever she enjoined. ^^ Ego me Thaidi dedam; et 
faciam. quod juhet, I am at her service. Philostratus in an epistle to his mistress, 
'®"I am ready to die sweetheart if it be thy will; allay his thirst whom tliy stai 
hath scorched and undone, the fountains and rivers deny no man drink that comes; 
the fountain doth not say thou shalt not drink, nor the apple thou shalt not eat, noi 
the fair meadow walk not in me, but thou alone wilt not let me come near thee, or 
see thee, contemned and despised I die for grief." Polienus, when his mistress Circe 
did but frown upon him in Petronius, drew his sword, and bade her " kill, stab, or 
whip him to death, he would strip himself naked, and not resist. Another will take 
a journey to Japan, Longce. navigationis molcsHs nnn curans : a third (if she say it) 
will not speak a word for a twelvemonth's space, her command shall be most in- 
violably kept : a fourth will take Hercules's club from him, and with that centurion 
in the Spanish '* Caelestina, will kill ten men for his mistress Areusa, for a word of 



i2"]Vnr will Ihe rude rocks affright nie, nor the 
trooked-tusked hear, so that 1 shall not visit my mis- 
tress in pleasant mood." " piQtarchus amat. dial. 
•< Lib. I. de coutein. amor, quid refcram eornm perirula 
i"t chides, qui in amicRniin cedes per fenestras irisre.ssi 
nillii icliiiqni- cijrosi iudeqilf detiirhati, sed aut priPci- 
^tes, membra frangiint, colliduni, a^it aiimam amit- 



tunt. i^Ter. Eunuch. Act. 5. Seen. 8. '6 Paratus 

sum ad obeundum mortem, si tu jnbeas; hano sitim 
xstuantis seda, quam tuum sidns perdidit, aqu<e el 
fontes non necant, &c. " Si orcidere placet, ferruin 

meiim vides, si verheribus coutenta es, curro nuilus art 
prenam. 18 Act. 1.5. 18. Iinpera mihi ; occidair 

decern vires, &.c. 



512 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



her mouth he will cut bucklers in two like pippins, and flap clown men like flies^ 
Klige quo mortis gene re ilium occidi cupis? '^Galeatus of Mantua did a little more, 
for when be was almost mad for love of a fair maid in the city, she, to try him l>3like 
what he would do for her sake, bade him in jest leap into the river Po if he loved 
her; he forthwith did leap headlong off the bridge and was drowned. Another at 
♦"'icinum in like passion, when his mistress by chance (thinking no harm I dare 
swear) bade him go hang, the next night at her doors hanged himself. ^°" Money 
(saith Xenophon) is a very acceptable and welcome guest, yet I had rather give it 
my dear Chnia than take it of others, 1 had rather serve him than command others, 
I had rather be his drudge than take my ease, undergo any danger for his sake than 
live in security. For I had rather see Clinia than all the world besides, and had 
rather want the sight of all other things than him alone ; I am angry with the night 
and sleep that I may not see him, and thank the light and sun because they show 
me my Clinia ; I will run into the fire for his sake, and if you did but see him, I 
know that you likewise would run with me." So Philostratus to his mistress, 
^'"Command me Avhat you will, I will do it; bid me go to sea, I am gone in an 
instan-t, take so many stripes, I am ready, run through the fire, and lay down my 
life and soul at thy feet, 'tis done." So did iEolus to Juno. 



" Tuus 6 regina quoii optas 

Explorare labor, inihi jussa capescere fas est." 



And Phaedra to Hippolitus, 



" Me vel sororem Hippolite aut famulam voca, 
Fatnulaojque potius, omne servitium feram." 

2S " Noil me per alias ire si juheas nives, 
Pigeat galatis ingredi Pindi jugis, 
Nun si per ifines ire aul infesta agmina 
Ciincler, paratusM ensibus pectus dare, 
Te tuncjubere, me decet jussa exequi." 



"O queen it is thy pains to enjoin me still, 
And I am bound to execute thy will." 



" O call me sister, call me servant, choose. 
Or rather servant, I am thine to use." 

" It shall not grieve me to the snowy hills, 
Or frozen Pindus' tups forthwith to climb, 
Or run through fire, or through an army. 
Say but the word, for I am always thine." 



Callicratides in ^^ Lucian breaks out into this passionate speech, " O God of Heaven, 
grant me this life for ever to sit over against my mistress, and to hear her sweet 
voice, to go in and out with her, to have every other business common with her ; I 
would labour when she labours ; sail when she sails ; he that hates her should hate 
me ; and if a tyrant kill Iter, he should kill me ; if she should die, 1 would not live, 
and one grave should hold us both." "^Finiet ilia meos moriens morientis amores. 
Abrocomus in ^® Aristrenetus makes the like petition for his Delphia, — '"Tecum 
viverc amem.1 tecum obeam lubens. " I desire to live with ihee, and 1 am ready to die 
with thee." 'Tis the same strain which Theagines used to his Chariclea, " so that I 
may but enjoy thy love, let me die presently:" Leander to his Hero, when he 
besought the sea waves to let him go quietly to his love, and kill him coming back. 
^'^ Parcite dum propero., mergite dum redeo. " Spare me whilst I go, drown me as I 
return." 'Tis the common hun/our of them all, to contemn death, to wish for death, 
to confront death in this case, Quippe quels nee f era., nee ignis., neque prcecipitiiim, 
nee f return, nee ensis^ neque laqueus gravia videntur ; "'Tis their desire" (saith 
Tyrius) " to die." 

" Haud timet mortem, cupit ire in ipsos 
obvius enses.'' 

•' He does not fear death, he desireth such upon the very swords." Though a thou 
sand dragons or devils keep the gates, Cerberus himself, Scyron and Procrastes la) 
in wait, and the way as dangerous, as inaccessible as hell, through fiery flamesi 
an.' uver burning coulters, he will adventure for all this. And as ^^ Peter Abelard lost 
his testicles for his Heloise, he will I say not venture an incision, but life itself. For 
how many gallants offered to lose their lives for a night's lodging with Cleopatra in 



i»Gasper Ens. puellam misere deperiens, per jocum 
ah ea in Padum desilire jussus statim e poiite se pra^- 
ripitavit. Alius Ficino insano amore ardens ah arnica 
jus»ns se suspendire, illico fecit. 20 Intelligo pecu- 

niam rem esse jurundissimain, meam tamen libentius 
darem Clinis quaoi ab aliis acciperem ; lihentius hui-' 
servirem, quam aliis imperarem, &c. Nocteni et som- 
num accuso, quod ilium non videam, luci aulem et soli 
gratiam habeo quod mihi Cliniam ostendant. Ego 
etiain cum Cliniii in i?nem curro'em ; et srio '-ns quo- 
qti<.' mecum ingrc- suros si vjderetis. ^i Iinpera quid- 

vis; naviaars j'lt ?, navem conscendo; plagas accipere, 
utector: animuin profuiidere, in ignem currere, non 



recuse, lubens faci*>. ^^ Seneca in Hipp. act. 2. 

23 Hujus ero vivus, mortuus hujus ero. Properl. lib. 2. 
vivam si vivat ; si cadat ilia, cadam, Id. 24 Djai. 

Amorum. Mihi 6 dii coelestes ultra sit vita hcec per- 
petua ex adverso amicK sedere, et suave loquentpin 
audire, &c. si moriatur, vivere non sustinebo, et idem 
erit se pulchrum utrisque. 25 Buchanan. "When 

she dies my love shall also be at rest in the tornb." 
26 Epist. 21. Sit hoc votum a diis amart Delpbidem, 
ab ea amari, adioqui pulchram el loqiientem judirr 
J' Hor. *'< Marl. ae Lege Calimitatea Pt> \b»t 

hardi Epist. prima. 



Mem. U Subs. I.] Symptoms of Love. 513 

those oays .' and in the hour or moment of death, 'tis their sole comfort to remem- 
ber their dear mistress, as ^"Zerbino slain in France, and Brandimart in Barbary; aa 
Arcite did his Emily. 

91 v>hen he felt death. 

Dusked been his eyes, and faded is his breath 

But on /lis lady yet casteth he Ins eye, 

His Inst word was, mercy Emely, 

His spirit c/iang'il, and out went there, 

Whether I cannot tell, ne where. 

9 

"When Captain Gobrius by an unlucky accident had received his death's wound- 

heu me miserum exclamat,, miserable man that I am, (instead of other devotions) he 
cries out, shall I die before 1 see my sweetheart Rodanthe ? Sic amor mortem^ (saith 
mine author) aut quicquid humanitiis accidit., aspernatur^ so love triumphs, contemns, 
insults over death itself. Thirteen proper young men lost their lives for that fair 
Hippodaniias' sake, the daughter of Onomaus, king of El is : when that hard condi- 
tion was proposed of death or victory, they made no account of it, but courageously 
for love died, till Pelops at last won her by a sleight. ^^ As many gallants desperately 
adventured their dearest blood for Atalanta, the daughter of Sclienius, in hope of 
marriage, all vanquished and overcame, till Hippomenes by a few golden apples hap- 
pily obtained his suit. Perseus, of old, fought with a sea monster for Andromeda's 
sake ; and our St. George freed the king's daughter of Sabea (the golden legend is 
.mine author) that was exposed to a dragon, by a terrible combat. Our knights 
errant, and the Sir Lancelots of these days, 1 hope will adventure as much for ladies' 
favours, as the Squire of Dames, Knight of the Sun, Sir Bevis of Southampton, or 
that renowned peer, 

3<"0rlanflo, who long time had loved dear 
Angelica the fair, and tor lier sake 
About the world in nations far and near. 
Did high attempts perform and undertake;" 

he is a very dastard, a coward, a block and a beast, that will not do as much, but 
they will sure, they will ; for it is an ordinary thing for these inamoratos of our 
time to say and do more, to stab their arms, carouse in blood, ^^ or as that Thessa- 
lian Thero, that bit off his own thumb, provocans rivalem ad hoc cBmulandiim^ to 
make his co-rival do as much. 'Tis frequent with them to challenge the fiqld fci 
their lady and mistress' sake, to run a tilt, 

S6 " That either bears (so furiously they meet) 
The other down under the horses' feet," 

and then up and to it again, 

" And with their axes both so sorely pour. 
That neither plate nor mail sustain'd the stour. 
But riveld wreak like rotten wood asunder, 
And fire did flash like lightning after thunder;" 

and in her quarrel, to fight so long ^'^ " till their head-piece, bucklers be all broken, 
and swords hacked like so many saws," for they must not see her abused in any 
sort, 'tis blasphemy to speak against her, a dishonour without all good respect to 
name her. 'Tis common with these creatures, to drink'** healths upon their bare 
knees, though it were a mile to the bottom, no matter of what mixture, off it comes. 
If she bid them they will go barefoot to Jerusalem, to the great Cham's court, ^^ to 
the East Indies, to fetch her a bird to wear in her hat : and with Drake and Candish 
sail round about the world for her sweet sake, adversis ventis, serve twice seven 
years, as Jacob did for Rachel; do as much as ""Gesmunda, the daughter of Tan- 
credus, prince of Salerna, did for Guisardus, her true love, eat his heart when he 
died ; or as Artemesia drank her husband's bones beaten to powder, and so bury him 
in herself, and endure more torments than Theseus or Paris. Er his coUtur Venus 
magis quam Ihure, et victimis, with such sacrifices as these (as ^' Aristasnetus holds^ 
Venus is well pleased. Generally they undertake any pain, any labour, any toil, for 
heir mistress' sake, love and admire a servant, not to her alone, but to all her friends 
and followers, they hug and embrace them for her sake •, her dog, picture, and every- 
thing she wears, they adore it as a relic. If any man come from her, they feas' 



30 Ariosto. 31 Chaucer, in the Knight's Tale. 

" 'J'heodorus prodromus, Amorum lib. 6. Interpret, 
rfaiilmino. sJOvid. )0. Met. Higinius, c. 185. 

M Anost. lib. 1. Cant. 1. staff. 5. ^j p|ut. dial. amor. 

"Faerie Qiieene, cant. 1. lib. (. et cant. 3. lib. 4. 

65 



3^ Dum cassis pertusa, ensis instar Serrae excisus, scu 
turn, &c. Barthius Caelestina. 38 Lesbia sex cyathig, 
spptem Justina bibatur. sa \s Xanthiis for the love of 
Eurippe, omnem Europam peragravit. Parthenius Erot 
cap. 8. M Beroaldu.se Bocatio. <' Euist. 17. I. S 



514 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec 1 



hicn, reward liim, will not be out of his company, do him all offices, still remember- 
ing, still talking of her: 



Nam si abest quod ames, praesto simulacra tamen sunt 
Illius, et noinen dulce ohservatur ad aures." 



Th«- very carrier that comes from him to her is a most welcome guest ; and if he 
bring a letter, she will read it twenty times over, and as ^''Lucretia did by Euryalus, 
•' kiss the letter a thousand tinges together, and then read it :" And '''' Chelidonia by 
Philonius, after many sweet kisses, put the letter in her bosom, 



' And kiss again, and often look thereon. 
And slay the uiessenger that would be gone:" 



And asked many pretty questions, over and over again, as how he looked, what he 
did, and what he said ? In a word. 



' " Vult placere sesfi arnica;, vult niihi, vult pedissequae, 
Vult faniulis, vult eliain ancillis, et catulo ineo." 



" He strives to please his mistress, and her maid, 
Her servants, and her dog, and 's well apaid." 



If he get any remnant of hers, a busk-point, a feather of her fan, a shoe-tie, a lace, 
a ring, a bracelet of hair, 

46" Pignnsque direptum lacertis; 
Aut digito male pertinaci," 

he wears it for a favour on his arm, in his hat, finger, or next his heart. Her picture 
he adores twice a day, and for two hours together will not look off it; as Laodamia 
did by Protesilaus, when he went to war, ■"" 'sit at home with his picture before her;' 
a garter or a bracelet of hers is more precious than any saint's relic," he lays it up 
in his casket, (O blessed relic)'and every day will kiss it: if in her presence, his 
eye is never off her, and drink he will where she drank, if it be possible, in that 
very place, Slc. If absent, he will walk in the walk, sit under that tree where she 

did use to sit, in that bower, in that very seat, et forihus miser oscula figit^"^ 

many years after sometimes, though she be far distant and dwell many miles off, he 
loves yet to walk that way still, to have his chamber-window look that way : to 
walk by that river's side, which (though far away) runs by the house where she 
dwells, he loves the wind blows to that coast. 

<»" O cfnoties dixi Zepliyris properantibus illnc, j 

Felices pulclirain visuri Aniaryllada venti." | 

He will send a message to her by the wind, 

'"'•Vosaurff Alpinse, placidis de montibus aurx, 
H;ec ilii porlate," 

*' he desires to confer with some of her acquaintance, for his heart is still with her, 
^ to talk of her, admiring and commending her, lamenting, moaning, wishing him- 
self anything for her sake, to have opportunity to see her, O that he might but enjoy 
her presence ! So did Philostratus to his mistress, ^" O happy ground on which she 
treads, and happy were I if she would tread upon me. I think her countenance 
would make the rivers stand, and when she comes abroad, birds will sing and come 
about her. 



"O happy western winds that blow that way. 
For you shall see my love's fair face to day." 



" Ridebunt vallps, ridebunt obvia Tempe, 
In floreiii viridis protinus ibi humus." 



"The fields will laugh, the pleasant valleys burn, 
And all the grass will into flowers turn." 



Omnis Jimhrosiam spirahif aura. ^'* " When she is in the meadow, she is fairer than 
any flower, for that lasts but for a day, the river is pleasing, but it vanisheth on a 
sudden, but thy flower doth not fade, thy stream is greater than the sea. If I look 
upon the heaven, methinks I see the sun fallen down to shine below, and thee to 
shine in his place, whom I desire. If I look upon the night, methinks I see two 
more glorious stars, Hesperus and thyself." A little after he thus courts his mis- 



<2 Lucretius. "For if the object of your love be ab- 
sent, hi^r image is present, and her sweet name is still 
familiar in my ears." ^s^neas Sylvius, Luoretie 

qnum accepil; Kuriali literas hilaris statim milliesqua 
papiruni hasiavit. ** Meiliis inseruit papillis litteratn 
ijus, mille prius pangens suavia. Arist. 2. epist ]J. 
<» Plautiis Asinar. ^8 Hor. '■ Some token snatched 

from her arm or her gently resisting (iiiger." <' Ilia 

doigi sedens imaginem ejus fi.\is ociilis assidue corispi- 
ista. <8" Anil distracted will imprint kisses on the 

ioora." ♦K Buchanan Sylva. <» Fracastorius 



Naugerio. " Ye alpine winds, ye mountain brcezeg. 
hear these gifts to her." " Happy servants that 

serve her, hap|iy men that are in her company. ^^ Non 
ipsos solum sed ipsoruni meinoriam amant. I.uciar 
M Epist. O ter felix solum ! beatu? ego, si me citlc*- 
veris ; vultiis tuns anines sistere pniest, &c. *■' Moia 
epist. in pralo cum sit tlores siipi-rat ; illi piilchri Md 
iinius tantuin diei ; fluviirs gratis sed iv.ine=« .1 ; *t 
tuns fliiviu< iiiari niajnr. Si icEliim aspicio, soleiii txm 
timo cecidisse. ei in terra ainliulair', &,c. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms of Love. 



515 

tress, ^ " If thou goest forth of the city, the protecting gods that keep the town 
will run after to gaze upon thee : if th^u sail upon the seas, as so many small boats, 
they will follow thee : what river would not run into the sea .?" Another, he sighs 
and sobs, swears he hath Cor scissum., a heart bruised to powder, dissolved and 
melted within him, or quite gone from him, to his mistress' bosom belike, he is in 
an oven, a salamander in the fire, so scorched with love's heat ; he wisheth himself 
» saddle for her to sit on, a posy for her to smell to, and it would not grieve him to 
be hanged, if he might be strangled in her garters : he would willingly die to-mor 
row, so that she might kdl him with her own hands. ^Ovid would be a flea, a 
gnat, a ring, Catullus a sparrow, 

s' " O si tecum ludere sicut ipsa possem, 
Et tristes animi levarecuras." 

^ Anacreon, a glass, a gown, a chain, anything, 



" Sed speculum ego ipse fiam, 
Ut me tuuni usque cernas, 
El vestis ipse fiam, 
Ut me tiium usque gestes. 
Mutari et opto in uudam, 
Laveiii tuos ut artus, 
Nardus puella tiam, 
Ut ego teipsum inungam, 
Sim fascia in papillis, 
Tuo et monile collo. 
Piamque caloeus, me 
Saltern ut pede usque calces. 



»i'"But I a looking-glass would be. 
Still to be look d upon by thee. 
Or I, my love, would be tliy gown. 
By thee to be worn up and down; 
Or a pure well full to the brims, 
That I might wasli thy purer limbs: 
Or, I'd be precious balm to 'noint. 
With choicest care each choicest joint ; 
Or, if I might, I would be fain 
About thy neck thy happy chain. 
Or would it were my blessed hap 
To be the lawn o'er thy fair pap. 
Or would I were thy shoe, to be 
Daily trod upon by thee." 



O thrice happy man that shall enjoy her : as they that saw Hero in Museus, and 
""Salmacis to Hermaphroditus, 



' " Felices mater, &c. felix nutrix. 

Sed loiige cunctis, longeque heatior ille, 
Qiiem fructu spousi et socii dignabere lecti." 



The same passion made her break out in the comedy, ^^JYce ill<z fortunatcB sunt quce 
cum illo cziJanZ, " happy are his bedfellows;" and as she said of Cyprus, *'*5ecfia 
quos illi uxor futura essef, blessed is that woman that shall be his wife, nay, thrice 
happy she that shall enjoy him but a night. ''* Una nox Jovis sceptro cequiparanduj 
such a night's lodging is worth Jupiter's sceptre. 



*' " Qualis nox erit ilia, dii, desque, 
Uuam mollis thorus ?" 

" O what a blissful night would it be, how soft, how sweet a bed !" She will ad- 
venture all her estate for such a night, for a nectarean, a balsam kiss alone. 

™." Q.iti te videt beatus est, 
Beatiorqui te audiet, 
dui te potitur est Deus." 

The sultan of Sana's wife in Arabia, when she had seen Vertomannus, that comely 
tra^'eller, lamented to herself in this manner, "'^O God, thou hast made this man 
wli'ter than the sun, but me, mine husband, and all my children black ; 1 would to 
God he were my husband, or that I had such a son ;" she fell a weeping, and so 
impatient for love at last, that (as Potiphar's wife did by Joseph) she would have 
had him gone in with her, she sent away Gazella, Tegeia, Galzerana, her waiting- 
maids, loaded him with fair promises and gifts, and wooed him with all tlie rhetoric 

she could, extrenium hoc misercB da munus amanti., "grant this last request to a 

wretched lover." But when he gave not consent, she would have gone with him, 
and left all, to be his page, his servant, or his lackey, Certa scqui charum corpus ut 
umbra soJet^ so that she might enjoy him, threatening moreover to kdl herself, &e. 
Men will do as much and more for women, spend goods, lands, lives, fortunes , 
kings will leave their crowns, as King John for Matilda the nun at Dunmow. 

»» " But kings in this yet privileg'd may he, 
I'll be a monk so I may live with thee." 



M Si civitate egrederis, sequentur te dii custodes, 
«pectifi;ulocommoti ; si naviges sequentur; quis fluvius 
galum tuum non rigaret ? 58EI. 15. 2. "^'''Oh, ifl 
might only dally with thee, and alleviate the wasting 
sorrotvs of my mind." wcarm. 30. s' Englished 

by M B. Holliday, in liis Technog. act 1. seen. 7. 
"Ov.d. Met. lib. 4. «' Xenophon Cyropaed. lib. ."j. 

•spia.tUA de milite. "Lucian. " E Graeco Ruf. 



85 Petronius. ^ " He is happy who sees thee, more 

happy who hears, a god who enjoys thee." " Lod. 

Vertomannus navig. lib. 2. c. 5. O deus, hunc creasti 
sole candidiorem, e diverso mc et conjugem tneuni et 
natos meos omnes nigricaritec Utinam hie. &c. Ibit 
Gazella, Tegeia, Galzerana, e* promissis oneravil, el 
donis, &,c. 68M. D. 



516 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3, Sec. 2. 



The very Gods will endure any shame [alque aliquis de diis nan trlstibus inquit, Sfc.) 
be a sjiectacle as Mars and Venus were, lo all tlie rest; so did Lucian's Mercury 
wish, and peradventure so dost thou. They will adventure their lives with alacrity 

^^pro qua non vietuam mori nay more, 2)ro qua non metuam his mori., I will 

die twice, nay, twenty times for her. If she die, there's no remedy, they must die 
with her, they cannot help it. A lover in Calcagninus, wrote this on his darling's 

omb. 



' Q,iiincia obiit, sed non Q.iiincia sola obiit, 
duincia ohiit, sed cum (iuiiicia et ipse obii ; 
Kisus obit, obit gralia, lusus obit, 
Nee mca nunc aninia in pectore, at in tumulo est." | 



" Quincia my dear is dead, but not alone. 
For I am dead, and with her I am gone : 
Sweet smibjs, mirth, graces, all with her do rest, 
And my soul too, for 'tis not in my breast." 



How many doting lovers upon the like occasion might say the same .'' But these 
are toys in respect, they will hazard their very souls for their mistress' sake. 

' One said, to heaven would I not 

desire at all to go. 
If that at mine own house I had 
such a fine wife as Hero." 

^coeh prcefertur Jldonis. Old Janivere, 



" Atqiie aliquis inter juvcnes iniratus est, et verbum dixit. 
Noil ego in coelo cupereni Deus esse, 
Nostrani uxorem liabens doini Hero." 



Venus forsook heaven for Adonis' sake,- 



in Chaucer, thought when he had his fair May he should never go to heaven, he 
should live so merrily here on earth ; had I such a mistress, he protests. 



'CoBlum diis ego non suum invirierem, 
Sed sortem mihi dii nieam inviderent." 



" I would not envy their prosperity, 
The gods should envy my felicity." 



Another as earnestly desires to behold his sweetheart he will adventure and Icav* 
all this, and more than this to see her alone. 



''■i " Omnia qua; patior mala si pensare velit fors, 
Una aliqua nobis pro^peritate, dii 
Hoc prf i^or, ut faciaiit, faciant me cernere coram. 
Cor mihi captivum quffi tenet hocce, deam. " 



' If all my mischiefs were recompensed 
And God would give we what I requested, 
I would iny niistnss' pr^sence only seek. 
Which doth inin.i heart in prison captive keep.' 



But who can reckon upon the dotage, madness, servitude and blindness, the foolish 
phantasms and vanities of lovers, their torments, wishes, idle attempts ^ 

Yet for all this, amongst so many irksome, absurd, troublesome symptoms, incon- 
veniences, phantastical fits and passions which are usually incident to such persons 
there be some good and graceful qualities in lovers, which this affection causeth 
" As it makes wise men fools, so many times it makes fools become wise ; " it makes 
base fellows become generous, cowards courageous," as Cardan notes out of Plu- 
tarch ; " covetous, liberal and magnificent ; clowns, civil ; cruel, gentle ; wicked, 
profane persons, to become religious; slovens, neat ; churls, merciful; and dumb 
dogs, eloquent ; your lazy drones, quick and nimble." Fcras mcnles domat cupido, 
that fierce, cruel and rude Cyclops Polyphemus sighed, and shed many a salt tear 
for Galatea's sake. No passion causeth greater alterations, or more vehement of joy 
or discontent. Plutarch. Sympos. lib. 5. qucsst. I, ''''saitli, "that the soul of a man 
in love is full of perfumes and sweet odours, and all manner of pleasing tones and 
tunes, insomuch that it is hard to say (as he adds) whether love do mortal men more 
harm than good." It adds spirits and makes them, otherwise soft and silly, generous 
and courageous, ''^Jludacem faciehat amor. Ariatlne's love made Theseus so ad- 
venturous, and Medea's beauty Jason so victorious ; expe.ctorat amor Vnnorem. ™ Plato 
is of opinion that the love of Venus made Mars so valorous. " A young man will 
be much abashed to commit any foul offence that shall come to the hearing or sight 
of his mistress." As "he that desired of his enemy now dying, to lay him with 
his face upward, ne amasius videret eum d iergo vulneraium^ lest his sweetheart 
should say he was a coward. "And if it were "possible to have an army consist 
of lovers, such as love, or are beloved, they would be extraordinary valiant and wise 
in their government, modesty would detain them from doing amiss, emulation incite 
them to do that which is good and honest, and a few of them would overcome a 
great company of others." There is no man so pusillanimous, so very a dastard, 
whom love would not incense, make of a divine temper, and an heroical spirit. As 



69 Hi.r Ode 9. lib. 3. '» Ov. Met. 10. " Buchanan. 
Hendecasyl. '2 petrarch. "Cardan, lib. 2. de sap. 
ex vilibus generosos efficere solct, ex timidis audaces, 
ex avaris splendidos, ex agrestihus civiles, ex cnideli- 
^us mansiietos, ex iinpiis religiosns, ex sordidis nitidos 
^tquocultos.ex riuris misericordes. ex mutis eloqueiilns. 

Aniina homi'iis anion; capti tola referta suflitibus 



et odoribus : Paeanes resonat, &c. '^ Ovid. '6 in 

convivio, amor Veneris Marlem detinet, et fortem facit ; 
adolescentem maxime erubescere cernimusquum ama- 
trix eum turpe quid comniittentem ostendit. " Pit! 

tarch. Amator. dial. 'sgi quo p;icto fieri civitas aiit 

exercitus posset partim ex his qui amant, partim of 
his, &.C. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms of Love 



51? 



lie said in like case, ''^ Toia rual cccli moles, nan terreor, Sfc. Nothing can terrify, 
nothing can dismay them. But as Sir Blandimor and Paridel, those two brave fairy 
knights, fought for the love of fair Florimel in presence — 



W" And drawing both their swords with rage anew, 
JLike two mad iiiastives each other slew. 
And shields did share, and males did rash, and helms 
So furiously each other did assail, [did hew ; 

As if their souls at once they would have rent. 
Out of their breasts, that streams of blood did trail 



Adown ^s if their springs of life were spent, 
That all the ground with purple blood was sprent. 
And all their armour stain'd with bloody gore. 
Yet scarcely once to breath wuuld they relent. 
So mortal was their malice and so sore, 
That both res(dved (than yield) to die before." 



Every base swain in love will dare to do as much for his dear mistress' sake. lie 
will fight and fetch. ^' Argivum Clypeum, that famous buckler of Argos, to do her 
service, adventure at all, undertake any enterprise. And as Serranus the Spaniard, 
then Governor of Sluys, made answer to Marquess Spinola, if the enemy brought 
^50,000 devils against him he would keep it. The nine worthies, Oliver and Row- 
land, and forty dozen of peers are all in him, he is all mettle, armour of proof, more 
than a man, and in this case improved beyond himself For as ^^ Agatho contends, 
a true lover is wise, just, temperate, and valiant. ^" I doubt not, therefore, but if a 
man had such an army of lovers (as Castillo supposeth) he might soon conquer all 
the world, except by chance he met with such another army of inamoratos to oppose 
it." *''' For so perhaps they might fight as that fatal dog and fatal hare in the heavens, 
course one another round, and never make an end. Castillo thinks Ferdinand King 
of Spain would never have conquered Granada, had not Queen Isabel and her ladies 
b'den present at the siege : ^ " It cannot be expressed what courage the Spanish 
knights took, when the ladies were present, a few Spaniards overcame a multitude 
of Moors." They will undergo any danger whatsoever, as Sir Walter Manny in 
Edward the Third's time, stuck full of ladies' favours, fought like a dragon. For 
soli amantes, as ^ Plato holds, pro amicis mori appetunf, only lovers will die for their 
friends, and in their mistress' quarrel. And for that cause he would have women 
follow the camp, to be spectators and encouragers of noble actions ; upon such an 
occasion, the *' Squire of Dames himself. Sir Lancelot or Sir Tristram, Caesar, or 
Alexander, shall not be more resolute or go beyond them. 

Not courage only doth love add, but as I said, subtlety, wit, and many pretty 
devices, ^^JYamque doles inspired amor, fraiidesque ministrat, ^'Jupiter in love with 
Leda, and not knowing how to compass his desire, turned himself into a swan, and 
got Venus to pursue him in the likeness of an eagle ; which she doing, for shelter, 
he fled to Leda's lap, et in ejus gremio se collocavit, Leda embraced him, and so fell 
fast asleep, sed dormicntem Jupiter compressit, by which means Jupiter had his will. 
Infinite such tricks love can devise, such fine feats in abundance, with wisdom and 
wariness, ^° quis fallere possit amantcm. All manner of civility, decency, compliment 
and good behaviour, plus solis et leporis, polite graces and merry conceits. Boccac- 
cio hath a pleasant tale to this purpose, which he borrowed from the Greeks, and 
which Beroaldus hath turned into Latin, Bebelius in verse, of Cymon and Iphigenia. 
This Cymon was a fool, a proper man of person, and the governor of Cyprus' son. 
but a very ass, insomuch that his father being ashamed of him, sent him to a farm- 
house he had in the country, to be brought up. Where by chance, as his manner 
was, walking alone, he espied a gallant young gentlewoman, named Iphigenia, a bur- 
gomaster's daughter of Cyprus, with her maid, by a brook side in a little thicket, 
fast asleep in her smock, where she had newly bathed herself: "When ^' Cymon 
saw her, he stood leaning on his staff, gaping on her immoveable, and in amaze ;" at 
last he fell so far in love with the glorious object, that he began to rouse himself up, 
to bethink what he was, would needs follow her to the city, and for her sake began 
to be civil, to learn to sing and dance, to play on instruments, and got all those gen 
tlemanlike qualities and compliments in a short space, which his friends were most 
glad of. In brief, he became, from an idiot and a clown, to be one of the most 



"Angerianus. m Faerie Q,u. lib. 4. cant. 2. 

«i Zened. preverb. cont. 6. e^ piat, coiiviv. fa Lib. a 
de Aulico. Non dubito quin is qui talem exercitum 
taaberet, totius orbis statim victor esset, nisi forte cum 
aliquo exercitu onfligcndum esset in quo omnes ama- 
tores essenl. "■i Higinus de cane et lepore coelesti, 

et decimator. f^Vix dici potest quantam inde auda- 
ciam assuuierent Hispani, inde pauci infinitas Man- 



rorum copias superarunt. ^Lib. 5. de logibua, 

8' Spenser's Faerie dueene, 3. book. cant. 8. 88 Hy. 

ginus, I. 2. " For love both inspires us with stratagem*, 
and suggests to us frauds." ^ Aratus in phKnoiB 

30 Virg. "Who can deceive t lover." *' Hanc u(r 

conspicatus est Cynion, b< :ulo innixus, imiaobiln 
stetit, et mirabundus, ice. 



2T 



SIS 



Lov e-Mc lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



complete gentlemen in Cyprus, did many valorous exploits, and all for the ». .c of 
mistress Iphigenia. In a word, I may say thus much of them all, let them be never 
so clownish, rude and horrid, Grobians and sluts, if once they be in love they will 
be most neat and spruce ; for, ^^ Omnibus rebus, et nitidis nitoribus antevenit. amor^ 
they will follow the fashion, begin to trick up, and to have a good opinion of them 
seives^vcnustatem enim jnatcr Venus ; a ship is not so long a rigging as a young gentle 
woman a trimming up iierself against her sweetheart comes. A painter's shop, a 
flowery meadow, no so gracious aspect in nature's storehouse as a young maid, nubilis 
jmella, a Novitsa or Venetian bride, that looks for a husband, or a young man that is 
her suitor; composed looks, composed gait, clothes, gestures, actions, all composed; 
all the graces, elegances in the world are in her face. Their best robes, ribands, 
chains, jewels, lawns, linens, laces, spangles, must come on, ^^prcetcr quam res pah- 
iur student. eleganticB, they are beyond all measure coy, nice, and too curious on a 
sudden ; 'tis all tlieir study, all their business, how to wear their clothes neat, to be 
polite and terse, and to set out themselves. No sooner doth a young man see his 
sweetheart coming, but he smugs up himself, pulls up his cloak now fallen about 
his shoulders, ties his garters, points, sets his band, cuffs, slicks his hair, twires his 
beard, Sic. When Mercury was to come before his mistress, 



' "Chlamydemque ut pendeat apt6 

Collucat, ut liinbiis Intumquu appareal aurum." 



" He put his nioak in order, that the lace. 
And hem, and gold-work, all might have his grace." 



Salmacis would not be seen of Hermaphroditus, till she had spruced up her- 
self first, 



■ Nee tainen ante adiit, etsi properabat adire, 
Q.uani se compnsuit, quam circumspexit amictus, 
El finxit vultum, et meruit formosa videri." 



' Nor did she come, although 'twas her desire. 
Till she compos'd herself, and trimm'd her tire, 
And set her looks to make him to admire." 



Venus had so ordered the matter, that when her son ^^neas was to appear before 
Queen Dido, he was 

'* Os humerosque dec similis (namque ipsa decorara 
Ca!sariem nato genetrix, lumenque juveiitse 
Purpureum et la;tos ocuiis afflarat honores.") 

like a god, for she was the tire-woman herself, to set him out with all natural and 
artificial impostures. As mother Mammea did her son Heliogabalus, new chosen 
emperor, when he was to be seen of the people first. When the hirsute cyclopical 
Polyphemus courted Galatea; 



'n " Jumque tibi formiP, jamque est tibi cura placendi, 
Jam rigidos pedis rastris Polypheme capillos. 
Jam libet hirsulain tibi falce recidere barbam, 
Et spectare feros in aqua et componere vultus." 



' And then he did begin to prank himself, 
To plait and comb bis head, and beard to shave. 
And look his fare i' Ih' water as a glass, 
And to compose himself for to be brave." 



He was upon a sudden now spruce and keen, as a new ground hatchet. He now 
began to have a good opinion of his own features and good parts, now to be a 
gallant. 

' Come now, my Galatea, scorn me not. 
Nor my poor presents; for but yesterday 
I saw myself r th' water, and methought 



" Jam Galatea veni, nee inunera despice nostra, 
Certe ego me novi, liquidaque in imagine vidi 
Nuper aquae, placuitqne mihi mea forma videnti." 



Full fair I was, then scorn me not I say.' 



S8 " Non sum adeo informis, nnoer me in littore vidi. 
Cum placidum vciitis staret mare" 

'Tis the common humour of all suitors to trick up themselves, to be prodigal in 
apparel, pure lotus, neat, combed, and curled, with powdered hair, co?nptus et calimis- 
tratus, with a long love-lock, a flower in his ear, perfumed gloves, rings, scarfs, 
feathers, points, &c. as if he were a prince's Ganymede, with everyday new suits, as 
the fashion varies ; going as if he trod upon eggs, as Heinsius writ to Primierus, 
•®"if once he be besotten on a wench, he must like awake at nights, renounce his 
book, sigh and lament, now and then weep for his hard hap, and mark above all 
things what hats, bands, doublets, breeches, are in fashion, how to cut his beard, and 
wear his locks, to turn up his mustachios, and curl his head, prune his pickitivant, 



sapiautiis Casina, act. 0. sc. 4. m piautus. 8< Ovid. 
Met. i. 36 Ovid. Met. 4. 96 Virg. I. iEn. "He 

resembled a god as to his head and shoulders, for his 
mother had made his hair seem beautiful, bestowed 
upon him the lovely bloom of youth, and given the 
happiest lustre to his eyes." '' Ovid. Met. 13. 

•sVirg E. I. 'Z "t am not so deformed, I lately saw 
otysclf n th<i tranquil glassy sea, as I stood upon the 



shore." m Epist. An uxor literato sit djcenda 

Noctes insomnes traducenris. Uteris renunciandum, 
SEEpe gemendum, nonnunquam el illacrymandum sorti 
et cnn<litioni luiE. Videndum qja; vestes. quis. culiu« 
te deceat, quis in usu sit, utrum lalus barlip, fcu. Cuio 
cura loquenduni, incedendum, bibendum t cum cura 
insaniendum. 



Mem. 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Love. 519 

or if he wear it abroad, that the east side be correspondent to the west :' he may be 
scoffed at otherwise, as Julian that apostate emperor was for wearing a long hirsute 
foatish beard, fit to make ropes with, as in his Mysopogone, ot that apologetical ora- 
tion he made at Antioch to excuse himself, he doth ironically confess, it hindered 
iiis kissing, nam non Ucidt inde pura purls, eoque suavioribus labra labris adjimgere, 
but he did not much esteem it, as it seems by the sequel, de accipiendis dandisvt 
osculis non laboro, yet (to follow mine author) it may much concern a young lover, 
he must be more resp^ictful in this behalf, " he must be in league with an excellent 
tailor, barber," 

•"""Tonsorem piierutn sed arte talem, 
Q,ualis nee Thalainis fuil Neronis;" 

•^ have neat shoe-ties, points, garters, speak in print, walk in print, eat and drink in 
print, and that which is all in all, he must be mad in print." 

Amongst other good qualities an amofous fellow is endowed with, he must learn 
to sing and dance, play upon some instrument or other, as without all doubt he will, 
if he be- truly touched with this loadstone of love. For as ' Erasmus hath it, Musi- 
cam docet amor et Poesin^ love will make them musicians, and to compose ditties, 
madrigals, elegies, love sonnets, and sing them to several pretty tunes, to get all good 
qualities may be had. ^Jupiter perceived Mercury to be in love with Philologia, 
liecause he learned languages, polite speech, (for Suadela herself was Venus' daughter, 
as some write) arts and. sciences, quo virgini placeret, all to ingratiate himself, and 
please his mistress. 'Tis their chiefest study to sing, dance ; and without question, 
so many gentlemen and gentlewomen would not be so well qualified in this kind, if 
love did not incite them. ^"Who," saiih Castillo, "-would learn to play, or give his 
mind to music, learn to dance, or make so many rhymes, love-songs, as most do, 
but for women's sake, because they hope by that means to purchase their good wills, 
and win their favour .^" We see this daily verified in our young women and wives, 
they that being maids took so much pains to sing, play, and dance, with such coat 
and charge to their parents, to get those graceful qualities, now being married will 
scarce touch an instrument, they care not for it. Constantine agricult. lib. 11. 
cap. 18, makes Cupid himself to be a great dancer; by the same token as he was 
capering amongst the gods, ''" he flung down a bowl of nectar, which distilling upon 
the white rose, ever since made it red :" ^nd Caiistratus, by the help of Daedalus, 
abo^^t Cupid's statue *made a many of young wenches still a dancing, to signify, 
belike that Cupid was much affected with it, as without all doubt he was. For at 
his and Psyche's wedding, the gods being present to grace the feast, Ganymede 
filled nectar in abundance (as ^Apuleius describes it), Vulcan was the cook, the 
Hours made all fine with roses and flowers, Apollo played on the harp, the Muses 
sang to it, sed suavi Musiccs super ingressa Venus saUavit., but his mother Venus 
danced to his and their sweet content. Witty Tjucian in that pathelical love passage, 
or pleasant description of Jupiter's stealing of Europa, and swimming from Phoenicia 
to Crete, makes the sea calm, the winds hush, Neptune and Amphitrite riding in their 
chariot to break the waves before them, the tritons dancing round about, with every 
one a torch, the sea-nymphs half naked, keeping time on dolphins' backs, and sing- 
ing Hymeneus, Cupid nimbly tripping on the top of the waters, and Venus herself 
(oming after in a shell, strewing roses and flowers on their heads. Praxiteles, in al 
his pictures of love, feigns Cupid ever smiling, and looking upon dancers; and in 
St. Mark's in Rome (whose work I know not), one of the most delicious pieces, is 
a many of * satyrs dancing about a wench asleep. So that dancing Still is as it were 
a necessary appendix to love matters. Young lasses are never better pleased than 
when as upon a holiday, after evensong, they may meet their sweethearts, and dance 
about a maypole, or in a town-green under a shady elm. Nothing so familiar in 
* France, as for citizens' wives and maids to dance a round in the streets, and often 



loo Mart. Epig. 5. > Chil. 4. cent. 5. pro. 16. « Mar- 
tianiis. Capellu lib. 1. de niipt. philnl. Jam. Uliun seiitio 
umore .eiieri, ejiisqiie studio plures habere cnrnparatas 
in faiiiiiltin distiplinas, &c. ^ Lib. 3. de aiilico. Q,iii3 

r.horeis insudaret, nisi foeininarum causa? (iuis niiisi- 
ex tantam navaret nperairi nisi quod illius dulcedine 
pcrmulcere sperel? Uuis tot carniina componeret. nisi 
>•< iride affectUS suog in nitAicres explicaret? <Cra- 



terein nectaris evertit saltans apud Doos, qui in terrain 
cadens, rosani prius albain ruhore infecit. * Puellaa 

choreantes circa juveiiil>'in Oupidinis statuain fecit. 
I'hilostral. Imag. lib. 3. de statuis. E-vercitiuin amori 
aptissiinum. « Lib. (i. Met. iToin. 4. 'KorB- 
nian deciir. mort. part. 5. cap. 2H. Sat. puells dorraienti 
insultantiuni, ic •ViewofFr. 



«i20 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3 Sec. 2 

lOO, for want of better instruments, to make good music of their own voices, and 
dance after it. Yea many times this love will make old men and women that have 

more loes than teeth, dance, "John, come kiss me now," mask and mum; for 

Comus and Hymen love masks, and all such niferriments above measure, will allow 
men to put on women's apparel in some cases, and promiscuously to dance, young 
and old, rich and poor, generous and base, of all sorts. Paulus .lovius taxeth Augus- 
tine Niphus the philosopher, '""for that being an old ni&n, and a public professor, a 
father of many children, he was so mad for the love of a young maid (that which 
many of his friends were ashamed to see), an old gouty fellow, yet would dance 
after fiddlers." Many laughed him to scorn for it, but this omnipotent love w^ould 
have it so. 

" " Pr,l"','^i'!l''r?l'.'^« ,^»ai. I •' Love hasty with liis purple staffdid mukc 

rrouerans amor, tiie aneeit . | «« ^ n j .u j . j . i .. 

Viole.iler ad sequendum " |, ^^ '^"""^ =*'"* '*"= '^'""■'^ '" ""derlake. 

And 'tis no news this, no indecorum; for why? a good reason may be given of it. 
Cupid and death met both in an inn ; and being merrily disposed, they did exchange 
some arrows from either quiver; ever since young men die, and oftentimes old men 
dote '^" Sic moritur Juvenis, sic moribundus amat. And who can then with- 
stand it.' if once we be in love, young or old, though our teeth shake in our heads, 
like virginal jacks, or stand parallel asunder like the arches of a bridge, there is nc 
remedy, we must dance trenchmore for a need, over tables, chairs, and stools, &.c. 
And princum prancum is a fine dtnce. Plutarch, Sympos. I. qucEst. 5. doth in some 
sort excuse it, and telleth us moreover in what sense, Musicam docct amor., licet prius 
fuerit rudis., how love makes thenj that had no skill before learn to sing and dance; 
he concludes, 'tis only that power and prerogative love hath over us. " " Love (as 
he holds) will make a silent man speak, a modest man most officious ; dull, quick ; 
slow, nimble ; and that which is most to be admired, a hard, base, untractable churl, 
as fire doth iron in a smith's forge, free, facile, gentle, and easy to be entreated." 
Nay, 'twill make him prodigal in the other extreme, and give a '■* hundred sesterces 
for a night's lodging, as they did of old to Lais of Corinth, or '^dncenta drachmarum 
millia pro unica nocte, as Mundus to Paulina, spend all his fortunes (as too many do 
in like case) to obtain his suit. For which cause many compare love to wine, which 
makes men jovial and merry, frolic and sad, wliine, sing, dance, and what not. 

But above all the other symptoms of lovers, this is not liglitly to be overpassed, 
1 that likely of what condition soever, if once they be in love, they turn to their 
ability, rhymers, ballad makers, and poets. For as Plutarch saith, "'"They will be 
witnesses and trumpeters of their paramours' good parts, bedecking them with verses 
and commendatory songs, as we do statues with gold, that they may be remembered 
and admired of all." Ancient men will dote in this kind sometimes as well as the 
rest; the heat of love will thaw their frozen affections, dissolve the ice of age, and 
so far enable them, though they be sixty years of age above the girdle, to be scarce 
thirty beneath. Jovianus Pontanus makes an old fool rhyme, and turn Poetaster to 
please his mistress. • 

n " Ne ringas Mariana, iiicos me displce ranos, I " Swpcl Marian do not mine age disdain, 

De sene nam juvenein dia referre potes," &.c. | For tliou canst make an old man young Kgain." 

They will be still singing amorous songs and ditties (if young especially), and can- 
not abstain though it be when they go to, or sliould be at church. We have a pretty 
story to this purpose in '^Westmonasteriensis, an old writer of ours (if you will 
believe it; An. Dom. 1012. at Colewiz in Saxony, on Christmas eve a company of 
young men and maids, whilst the priest was at mass in the church, were singing 
catches and love songs in the churchyard, he sent to them to make less noise, but 
they sung on still : and if you will, you shall have the very song itself 

" Equitabal homo per sylvam frondosam, I " A fellow rid l»y the greenwood side, 

Ducebatque setum Meswinden (ormosam. And fair Meswinde was his bride, 

Q.uid slanius, r.ur noii imus?" ! Why stand we so, and do not go?" 



">Vita ejus Puelisp, aniore septuagenarius senex 
usque ad insaniani correptus, multis liheris susceptis : 
inulli lion sine pudore ronspexerunt seneni et pliilo- 
Miphuni podagriciini, iion sine risu saltaiilem ad tibiae 
modos. " Aiiacreon. Carni. 7. " Joach. Bellius 

Epig "Thus youth dies, thuf 'n death lie loves." 
'» D: «acitiiriio loqiiaeeiii facit, et de verecuiido officio- 
luiE rv!il<lit, de negligeiite industriuin, de sacorde iin- 



pjgrum. I'tJosephus antiq. Jud. lib. 18. cap. 4. 

"i Gellius, 1. 1. cap. 8. Pretium noctis centum sestertia. 
>^ Ipsi eiiim voliint suariiin amasiarum ^mlrhritiidinid 
prsecoiies ac testes esse, eas laudibus, et caiitiienis et 
veisihiis exonare, ut auro ^tatiias. ut meniorentur, ol 
ah omnibus adiiiireiiliir. '^ Tom. ? Ant. I ialofta 

"8 Flores hist. fol. 298. 



fUent. 3. Subs, 1.] 



Symptoms of Liove. 



521 



This they sung, he chafi, till at length, impatient as he was, he pn yed to St. Magnus, 
patron of the church, they might all three sing and dance «11 that time twelvemonth, 
and so "* they did without meat and drink, wearisomeness or giving over, till at year'sj 
end they ceased singing, and were absolved by Herebertus archl ishop of Cologne. 
They wdl in all places be doing thus, young folks especially, reading love stories, 
talking of this or that young man, such a fair maid, singing, telling or hearing lascivi- 
ous tales, scurrilous tunes, such objects are their sole delight, their continual medi- 
tation, and as Guastavinius adds, Co7n. in 4. Sect. 27. Prnv. Jirist. oh seminis abun- 
dant lam crebrcB cogltationes, veneris frequens recordatio et pruriens voluptas, ^c. an 
earnest longing comes hence, pruriens corpus^ pruriens ani7na, amorous conceits, 
tickling thoughts, sweet and pleasant hopes ; hence it is, they can think, discourse 
willing'iy, or speak almost of no other subject. 'Tis their only desire, if it may be 
done by art, to see their husband's picture in a glass, they'll give anything to know 
when they shall be married, how many husbands tiiey shall have, by cromnyomanlia, 
a kind of divination with "^^ onions laid on the altar on Ciiristmas eve, or by fasting 
on St. Anne's eve or night, to know who shall be their first husband, or by amphi- 
tomantia, by beans in a cake, Slc, to burn the same. This love is the cause of all 
good conceits, ^' neatness, exornations, plays, elegancies, delights, pleasant expres- 
sions, sweet motions, and gestures, joys, comforts, exultancies, and all the sweetness 
of our life, ^-qualis jam vitaforel., aut quid jucundi sine aurea Veneref ^ Emoriar 
cutn istd non ainpUus mild cura fuerit, let me live no longer than I may love, saith 
a mad merry fellow in Mimnermus. This love is that salt tliat seasoneth our harsh 
and dull labours, and gives a pleasant relish to our other unsavory proceedings, 
^Absil amor^ surgunt tenebrce, torpedo., veternum., pestis., ^t. All our feasts almost, 
masques, mummings, banquets, merry meetings, wedcUngs, pleasing songs, tine tunes, 
poems, love stories, plays, comedies, atlelans, jigs, fescenines, elegies, odes, &c. pro- 
ceed hence. ^^Danaus, the son of Belus, at his daughter's wedding at Argos, insti- 
tuted the first plays (some say) that ever were heard of symbols, emblems, impresses, 
devices, if we shall believe Jovius, Contiles, Paradine, Camillus de Camillis, may be 
ascribed to it. Most of our arts and sciences, painting amongst the rest, was first 
invented, saith ^'' Patritius ex amoris bcnejicio, for love's sake. For when the daugh- 
ter of ^ Deburiades the Sycionian, was to take leave of her sweetheart now going to 
wars, ut desiderio ejus minus tabesceret, to comfort herself in his absence, she took 
his picture with coal upon a wall, as the candle gave the shadow, which her father^ 
admiring, perfected afterwards, and it was the first picture by report that ever was 
made. And long after, Sycion for painting, carving, statuary, music, and philosophy, 
was preferred before all the cities in Greece. ^^ Apollo was the first inventor of 
physic, divination, oracles ; Minerva found out weaving, Vulcan curious ironwork. 
Mercury letters, but who prompted all this into their heads .'' Love, J^unquam ialia 
invenissent, nisi talia adamassent., they loved such things, or some party, for whose 
sake they were undertaken at first. 'Tis true, Vulcan made a most admirable brooch 
or necklace, which long after Axion and Temenus, Phegius' sons, for the singular 
worth of it, consecrated to Apollo at Delphos, but Pharyllus the tyrant stole it away, 
and presented it to Ariston's wife, on whom he miserably doted (Parthenius tells the 
story out of Phylarchus) ; but why did Vulcan make this excellent Ouch .'' to give 
Hermione Cadmus' wife, whom he dearly loved. All our tilts and tournaments, 
orders of the garter, golden fleece, Slc. — JVobilitas sub amore jacet — owe their begin- 
nings to love, and many of our histories. By this means, saith Jovius, they would 
express their loving minds to their mistress, and to the beholders. 'Tis the sole 
subject almost of poetry, all our invention tends to it, all our songs, whatever those 
old Anacreons : (and therefore Hesiod makes the Muses and Graces still follow 
Cupid, and as Plutarch holds, Menander and the rest of the poets were love's 
priests,) all our Greek and Latin epigrammatists, love writers. Antony Diogens the 
most ancient, whose epitome we find in Phocius Bibliotheca, Longus Sophista, Eus. 



w Per totum annum cantarunt, pluvia super illos non 
cecidil; non frigus, non calor, non sitis, nee lassitiidn 
illos aflecit, &c. 20 Hjg eoruin noniina iiiscribuntnr 

de quibus qiisrunt. ^ Huic miinditias, ornaluin. 

le|toren), delicias, liidos, elegantiain, (iinnein deniqiie 
fine suavitaleni dobeinus. ^Uygiiius cap. 27-J. 



23EGra;co. a* Angerianus. i^ Lib. 4. tit. 1). de 

piin. instit. ^6 pij,,. |,b, :?5. rap. 12. « Gerbelius, 

I. 0. riescript. Gr. •* Fransus, 1. 3. de synibuiis qt( 

primus symhnlum exrozitavit volmt niniiruiii bar ra- 
lionp iMiplicatnni ahiniiiin erolvere.euinque veldoniina 
vel aliis intuentibus oslendere. 



6G 



2x2 



522 



Lov e-Me lancho ly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



tathius, \chilles, Tdtius, ArisUenetus, Heliodorus, Plato, Plutarch, Lucian, Partlie- 
iiius, Tfieodorus, Prodromus, Ovid, Catullus, Tibullus, &c. Our new Ariostoes, 
Boyards^ Authors of Arcadia, Urania, Faerie Queen, &c. Marullus, Leotichius, An- 
gerianus, Stroza, Secundus, Capellanus, &.c. with the rest of those facete modern 
poets, have written in this kind, are but as so many symptoms of love. Tlieir whole 
books are a synopsis or breviary of love, the portuous of love, legends of lovers' 
lives and deaths, and of their memorable adventures, nay more, quod legunlur^ quod 
laudantur amori debcnf^ as ^^Nevisanus the lawyer holds, " there never was anj' ex- 
cellent poet that invented "good fables, or made laudable verses, which was not in 
love himself;" had he not taken a quill from Cupid's waigs, he could never have 
written so amorously as he did. 



■"'Cynthia te vatem fecit lascive Properti, 
ln<;eiiiiiiii (Jalli pui< dra Ij.vcoris liahet. 

FarriM est arguti Nemesis fortnosa Tibulli, 
Leslda (lictavit docte Catiille tibi. 

Non me 1'elif.Mius, nee spernet Mantua vatem, 
Si qua Coriiina inihi, si quis Alexis erit." 



'Wanton Propertius and witty Galiua, 
Suhtile Tibullus. and learned Catullui 
It was Cyntliia, Lesbia, Lythofis, 
That made you poets all ; and if Alexis, 
Or Oiriima chance my paramour to be, 
Virgil and Ovid shall not despise me." 



3'" Non me carminibus vincet nee Thraceus Orpheus, 
Nee Linus." 

Petrarch's Laura made him so famous, Astrophel's Stella, and Jovianus Pontanus' 
mistress was the cause of his roses, violets, lilies, nequitiae, blanditias, joci, decor, 
nardus, ver, corolla, thus. Mars, Pallas, Venus, Charis, crocum, Laurus, unguentem, 
costum, lachrymas, myrrha, musae, &c. and the rest of his poems ; w^hy are Italians 
at this day generally so good poets and painters } Because every man of any fashion 
amongst them hath his mistress. The very rustics and hog-rubbers, Menalcas and 
Cory don, qui feet ant de stercore equino, those fulsome knaves, if once they taste of 
this love-liquor, are inspired in an instant. Instead of those accurate emblems, 
curious impresses, gaudy masques, tills, tournaments, &c., they have their wakes, 
Whitsun-ales, shepherd's feasts, meetings on holidays, country dances, roundelays, 
writing their names on '^^ trees, true lover's knots, pretty gifts. 

" With tokens, hearts divided, and half rings. 
Shepherds in their loves are as coy as kings." 

Choosing lords, ladies, kings, queens, and valentines, Stc, they go by couples, 

" Corydon's Phillis, Nysa and Mopsus, 
Witli dainty Dousibel and Sir Tophus." 

Instead of odes, epigrams and elegies, &c., they have their ballads, country tunes, 
" O the broom, the bonny, bonny broom," ditties and songs, " Bess a belle, she doth 
excel," — they must write likewise and indite all in rhyme. 



'"Thou honeysuckle of the hawthorn hedge. 
Vouchsafe in Cupid's cup my heart to pledge; 
My heart's dear blood, sweet Cis is thy carouse 
Worth all the ale in Gammer Guhbin's house." 
I say no more, affairs tall nie away, 
My father's horse for provender doth stay. 



Be thou the Lady Cressetlight to me. 
Sir Trolly Lolly will I prove to thee. 
Written in haste, farewell my cowslip sweet, 
Pray let's a Sunday at the alehouse meet." 



Your most grim stoics and severe philosophers will melt away with this passion, and 
if ^■* Alheneus belie them not, Arislippus, ApoUidotus, Antiphanes, &c., have made 
love-songs and commentaries of their mistress' praises, ^^ orators write epistles, princes 
give titles, honours, what not ? ^^ Xerxes gave to Themistocles Lampsacus to find 
him wine. Magnesia for bread, and Myunte for the rest of his diet. The '^' Persian 
kings allotted whole cities to like use, hcec civiLas mulieri redimiculum prcebeat,, hcec 
m collum^ hcec in crines, one whole city served to dress her hair, another her neck, 
a third her hood. Ahasuerus would '^ have given Esther half his empire, and ^^ Herod 
bid llerodias "ask what she would, she should have it." Caligula gave 100,000 
sesterces to his courtesan at first word, to buy her pins, and yet when he was soli- 
cited by the senate to bestow something to repair the decayed walls of Rome for the 
commonwealth's good, he would give but 6000 sesterces at most. '"'Dionysius, thai 



*Lib. 4. num. 102. sylviE nuptialis poetee non inve- 
niunt faliulas, aut versus laudalos faciunt, nisi qui ab 
amore fuerint e.\citati. so Martial, ep. 73. lib. 9. 

" Virg. Eclog. 4. "None shall excel me in poetry, 
neither the Thracian Orpheus, nor Apollo." s* Te- 

neris arboribus amicarnm noniina inscribentes ut simiil 
irescanl. Used. « S. R. ItiOU. »< Lib. 13. cap. 



Dipnosophist. ^s gge putean. epist. 33. de sua Mar- 

gareta Beroaldus, &c. -'^ Hen. Steph. apol. pro tierod. 
3' Tully orat. 5. ver. s" Estli. v. ss Mat. I. 47 

'«' Gravissimis regni negotiis nihil siiieamasice siiiecon. 
seiisu fecit, omnesque actiones suas scortillo coininiini- 
cavit, &c. Nich. Bellus. discour^s. 26. d-^. ami*t. 



Mem. 4 



Prognostics of Love-Melancholy. 



5^3 



Sicilian tyrant, rejected all his privy councillors, and was so besotled on Minlia hia 
favourite and mistress, that he would bestow no office, or in ihe most weightiest 
business of the kingdom do aught without her especial advice, prefer, depose, send 
entertain no man, though worthy and well deserving, but by her consent; and he 
figain whom she commended, howsoever untit, unworthy, was as highly approved. 
Kings and emperors, instead of poems, build cities; Adrian built Antinoa in Egypt, 
besides constellations, temples, altars, statues, images, &.c., in the honour of his 
Antinoiis. Alexander bestowed infinite sums to set out his Hephestion to all eternity. 
^-Socrates professeth himself love's servant, ignorant in all arts and sciences, a doc- 
tor alone in love matters, el quum aUenurum rerum omnium scientiam dijileretur, 
saith ''^ Maximus Tyrius, 7tts secialor^ hujus negotii professor^ «^c., and this he spake 
openly, at home and abroad, at public feasts, in the academy, in Pyrceo, Lycceo, sub 
Platano, Sfc, the very blood-hound of beauty, as he is styled by others. But I con- 
clude there is no end of love's symptoms, 'tis a bottomless pit. Love is subject to 
no dimensions ; not to be surveyed by any art or engine : and besides, I am of 
**H2edus' mind, "no man can discourse of love matters, or judge of them aright, 
that hath not made trial in his own person," or as iEneas Sylvius ■'^ adds, " hath not 
a little doted, been mad or love-sick himself. I confess I am but a novice, a con- 

templator only, JYescio quid sit amor nee amo*^ 1 have a tincture ; for why should 

1 lie, dissemble or excuse it, yet homo sum^ «S)'c., not altogether inexpert in this sub- 
ject, non sum prcBceptor a??umcZi, and what I say, is merely reading, ex allorum forsan 
ineptiis, by mine own observation, and others' relation. 



MEMB. IV. 



^ 



Prognostics of Love-Melancholy. 

What fires, torments, cares, jealousies, suspicions, fears, griefs, anxieties, accom- 
pany such as are in love, I have sufficiently said : the next question is, what will be 
the event of such miseries, what they foretel. Some are of opinion that this love 
cannot be cured, JVullis amor est medicabilis herbis, it accompanies them to the 
*^ last, Idem amor exilio est pecori pecorisque viagistro. " The same passion con- 
sume both the sheep and the shepherd," and is so continuate, that by no persuasion 
almost it may be relieved. ■" "• Bid me not love," said Euryalus, " bid the mountaina 
come down into the plains, bid t+ie rivers run back to their fountains ; I car> hs soon 
leave to love, as the sun leave his course ;" 



<8" Et prills aeqiioribus pisces, et inontibus unibrce, 
Et volucres rieerunt sylvis, et inurmiira venlis, 
Q,uaiii niihi discedeiit forinosie Ainaryllidis ignes." 



' First seas shall want their fish, the mountai.is shade 
Woods singing birds, the wind's murinurshall fade, 
'J'lian my fair Amaryllis' love allay'd." 



Bid me not love, bid a deaf man hear, a blind man see, a dumb speak, lame run, 
counsel can do no good, a sick man cannot relish, no physic can ease me. Ao» 
prosunt domino quce prosunt omnibus artes. As Apollo confessed, and Jupiter him- 
self could not be cured. 



' Oiniies hunianos curat niedicina dolores. 
Solus amor morbi non habet artiflcem." 



" Physic can soon cure every disease. 

60 Excepting love tlial can it not appease." 



But whether love may be cured or no, and by what means, shall be jxplained in hn 
place ; in the meantime, if it take his course, and be not otherwise eased or amended, 
it breaks out into outrageous often and prodigious events. Amor et Liber violenti 
dii sunt^ as ^' Tatius observes, et eousque animum incendunt, ut pudans oblivisct 
cogant^ love and Bacchus are so violent gods, so furiously rage in our minds, that 
they make us forget all honesty, shame, and common civility. For such men ordi- 



" Amoris famulus oninem scientiam diffitetur, aman- 
di laineii se scientissiinuin doctoreni agnosciL ^sgerin. 
8 *3Q,|ijs horuni scribere niulestias potest, nisi qui 
et ;s ali(iuantum iiisanit ? ** Lib. 1. de non tenin«?n- 
Uis amoribus; opinor hac de re nemineiii ant desceptare 
recte posse aut judicare qui non in ea versatur, aut 
uiagnum fecerit pericukiin. ■" '• I am not in love, nor 
do 1 kuow what love may be." <« Semper moritur. 



nunquam morluiis est qui aniat. Mn. Sylv. " Eurial. 
ep. ad Lucretiain, apud Mi\eam Sylvium; Rogas ut 
amare deficiani? roga niontes ut in plaiuini deveniant 
ut tontes fliiiniiia repetant; tarn possum te non amare 
ac suuiii Phoebus rcliiii|uere cursuni. '"^ Buchanan 

Syl. ■'9 Propert. lib. 2. eleg. 1. « Est orciis ilia 

vis, est immedicabilis, est rabies insana. " Lib. 2 



&24 



Love-Melancfioly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



iiarily, as are thoroughly possessed with this humour, become insensali et insani, for 
it is ^^amor insanus, as the poet calls it, beside themselves, and as I have proved, no 
better than beasts, irrational, stupid, head-strong, void of fear of God or men, they 
frequently forswear themselves, spend, steal, commit incests, rapes, adulteries, mur- 
ders, depopulate towns, cities, countries, to satisfy their lust. 

63" A devil 'tis, ami mischief such doth work, 
As never yet did Payaii, Jew, or 'I'urlt." 

The wars of Troy may be a sufficient witness ; and as Appian, lib. 5. hist, saith of 
Antony and Cleopatra, *''" Their love brought themselves and all Egypt into extreme 
and miserable calamities," " the end of her is as bitter as worm-wood, and as sharp as a 
two-edged sword," Prov. v. 4, 5. " Her feet go down to death, her steps lead on to hell. 
She is more bitter than death, (Eccles. vii. 28.) and the sinner shall be taken by her." 
^ Qui in amore prcBcipitavit^ pejus peril, quum qui saxo salit. ^®'* He that runs head- 
long from the top of a rock is not in so bad a case as he that falls into this gulf of 
love." '• For hence," saith ^' Platina, " comes repentance, dotage, they lose them- 
selves, their wits, and make shipwreck of their fortunes altogether :" madness, to 
make away themselves and others, violent death. Prognosticatio est talis, saith Gor- 
donius, ^^si non succurratur its, mil in maniam cadunt, aiit moriunlur ; the prognos- 
tication is, they will either run mad, or die. " For if this passion continue," saith 
■"^iElian Montaltus, "it makes the blood hot, thick, and black; and if the inflamma- 
tion get into the biain, with continual meditation and waking, it so dries it up, that 
madness follows, or else they make away themselves," ^° Corydon, Corydon, quce 
te dementia cepit? Now, as Arnoldus adds, it will speedily work these effects, if it 
be not presently helped ; *' ^ They will pine away, run mad, and die upon a sud- 
den ;" Facile incidunl in maniam, saith Valescus, quickly mad, nisi succurratur, if 
good order be not taken, 

^"Eheu triste jugiini qiiisqiiis arnoris hahet, 
Is prius ac norit se periisse peril." 

So she confessed of herself in the poet, 

63 " insaniam priusquain quis senliat, 

Vix pili intervallo a furore absuiii." 

As mad as Orlando for his Angelica, or Hercules for his Hylas, 



" Oh lipavy yoke of love, which whoso bears, 
Is quite undone, and tliat at unawares." 



" I shall be mad before it be perceived, 
A hair-breadth off scarce am I, now distracted." 



' At ille ruebat quo pedes ducebant, furihundus, 
Nam illi ssevus Deus intus jecur laniabat." 



' He went he car'd not whither, mad he was, 
The cruel God so tortured him, alas!" 



At the sight of Hero I cannot tell how many ran mad. 



**" Alius vulnus celans insanit pulchritudine puellae." 



' A ti(> whilst he doth conceal his grief. 
Madness conies on him like a thief." 



Go to Bedlam for examples. It is so well known in every village, how many have 
either died for love, or voluntary made away themselves, that I need not much labour 
to prove it: ^^JVec modus aut requies nisi mors reperitur amoris : death is the com- 
mon catastrophe to such persons. 



Mori mihi contingat. non enim alia 
Liberatio ab wruniiiis fuerit ullo pacto istis." 



' Would I were dead, for nought, God knows. 
But death can rid me of these woes." 



AS soon as Euryalus departed from Senes, Lucretia, his paramour, " never looked 
jp, no jests could exhilarate her sad mind, no joys comfort her wounded and dis- 
tressed soul, but a little after she fell sick and died." But this is a gentle end, a 
natural death, such persons commonly make away themselves. 



"proprioque in sanguine liPtus, 

Indignanleni animam vacuas etfudit in auras;" 



eo did Dido; Sed moriamur ait, sic sic juvat ire per umbras;^'' Pyramus and Thisbe, 



"" Virg. Eel. 3. '3 R. T. " Ciui quidem amor 

ktrosque et totam Egyptum extremis calamitalibus 
involvit. "° Plautus. ^6 (Jt corpus pondere, sic 

animus amore prsecipitatur. Austin. 1.2. deciv. dei. c. 28. 
!■'' Dial liinc oritur pujnitentia desperatio, et non vident 
•ngenium se cum re simul amisisse. ^ Idem Sava- 

narola, et plures alii, &,c. Kabidam facturus Orexiii. 
Juven. 69Cap. de Hfroico Amore. H<ec passio durans 
•anguinem torridum et atrabiliarum reddit ; hie vero 
4ji cerebrum delatus, insaniai.i parat, vigilia et crebro 
leaiderio exsiccans. "OVirg Egl. 2. "OhCorydoii, 



Corydon ! what madness possesses you V " Insani 

fiuiit aut sibi ipsis desperantes mortem afferunt. Lan- 
gueiites cito mortem aut maniam paliuntur. ''Cal- 
cagiiinus. m Lucian Imag. So for Lucian's mistresa, 
all that saw her, and could not enjoy her, ran mad, or 
hanged themselves. 64 1v]usjeus. 6s Ovid. Met. 10. 

^neas Sylviu.s. Ad ejus decessum nunquam visa Lu- 
cretia ridere, nullis facetiis, jocis, iiullo gaudio potuit 
ad laetitiam renovari, mox in aBgritiidinem iiicidit, et sit 
brevi conlabuit. 66 Anacreoii. •'^ " But let me die, sit* 
says, thus ; thus it is better to descend to the shades," 



Mem. 5. Subs. 1.] 



Cure of Love-Melancholy. 



525 



Medea, ^Coresus and Callirhoe, 
besides, and so will ever do, 



'Tlieagines the philosopher, and many n\yriad» 



'"> "el milii fortis 

Est manus, est et ainiir, dabit hie in viilnera vires." 



"Whoever heard a story of more woe, 
'I'iiaii that of Juliet and her Romeo?" 



Head Parthenium in Eroticis^ and Plutarch's amatorias nari'ationes, or love stories, 
all tending almost to this purpose. Valeriola, lib. 2. ohserv. 7, hath a lamentable 
narration of a merchant, iiis patient, '' " that raving through impatience of love, had 
he not been watched, would every while have offered violence to himself." Amatus 
Lucitanus, cent. 3. car. 56, hath such '^another story, and Felix Plater, ined. observ. 
lib. 1. a third of a young '^gentleman that studied physic, and for the love of a doc- 
tor's daughter, having no hope to compass his desire, poisoned himself, '''anno 1615. 
A barber in Frankfort, because his wench was betrothed to another, cut his own 
throat. '^At Neoburg, the same year, a young man, because he could not get her 
parents' consent, killed his sweetheart, and afterward himself, desiring this of the 
magistrate, as he gave up the ghost, that they might be buried in one grave, Quod- 
que rogis superest una, requiescat in urnA., which ""^ Gismunda besought of Tancredus, 
her father, that she might be in like sort buried with Guiscardus, her lover, that so 
their bodies might lie together in the grave, as their souls wander about " Campos 

lugentes in the Elysian fields, quos durus amor crudeli tabe peredit,''^ in a 

myrtle grove 

'9 " et myrtea circum 

Sylva tegit : curce non ipsa in morte relinquunt." 

You have not yet heard the worst, they do not offer violence to themselves in this 
rage of lust, but unto others, their nearest and dearest friends. ** Catiline killed his 
only son, misilque ad orci pallida., lelhi obnubila, obsita tenebris loca^ for the love 
of Aurelia Oristella, quod ejus nuptias vivo Jilio recusaret. *" Laodice, the sister of 
Mithridates, poisoned her husband, to give content to a base fellow whom she 
loved. "^ Alexander, to please Thais, a concubine of his, set Persepolis on fire. 
•^Nereus' wife, a widow, and lady of Athens, for the love of a Venetian gentleman, 
betrayed the city; and he for her sake murdered his wife, the daughter of a noble- 
man in Venice. ^'^ Constantine Despota made away Catherine, his wife, turned his 
son Michael and his other children out of doors, for the love of a base scrivener's 
daughter in Thessalonica, with whose beauty he was enamoured. ^^Leucophria 
betrayed the city where she dwelt, for her sweetheart's sake, that was in the enemies' 
camp. ^ Pithidice, the governor's daughter of Methinia, for the love of Achilles, 
betrayed the whole island to him, her father's enemy. *' Diognetus did as much in 
the city where he dwelt, for the love of Policrita, Medea for the love of Jason, she 
taught him how to tame the fire-breathing brass-feeted bulls, and kill the mighty 
dragon that kept the golden fleece, and tore her little brother Absyrtus in pieces, that 
lier father jEthes might have something to detain him, while she ran away with her 
beloved Jason, &c. Such acts and scenes hath this tragi-comedy of love. 



MEMB. V. 

SuBSECT. I. — Cure of Love-Melancholy, by Labour, Diet, Physic, Fasting, Sfc. 

Although it be controverted by some, whether love-melancholy may be cured, 
because it is so irresistible and violent a passion ; for as you know, 



*'* " facilis descensus Averni ; 

Sed revocare gradnin, superasque evadere ad auras; 
Hie labor, hoc opus est." 



'It Is an easy passage down to hell. 
But to come back, once there, you cannot well." 



S8 Pausanias Achaicis, I. 7. *' Megarensis amore 

flagrans Lucian. Tom. 4. '"' Ovid. 3. met. " Furi- 
bumlus piitavit se videre imaginem puelloe, et coram 
logui blandiens illi, &c. "Juven. Hebrsus. 

".luvenis Medicinse operam dans dnctoris filiam depe- 
ribat, &.c. "<Gotardus Arthiis Gallobelgicus, nund. 

vernal. 1C15. rollum novacula aperuit: et inde expi- 
ravit. '6 Cum renuente parente iitroque et ipsa 

virgine frui non posset, ipsum et ipsam interfecit, lioc 
i. magistratu pelens, ul in eodem sppulchro sepeliri 
piixsent. '"' Boccaccio. " Series eoruni qui pro 

imoris impilienlia pereunt, Virg 6. .^.nid. '« " Whom 



cruel love with its wasting power destroyed." ""Anii 
a myrtle grove overshadow thee; nor do cares reliii 
quish lliee even in death itself" "OSal. Val, 

eiSabel. lib. 3. En. (). s^Curlius, lib. 5. i^aChal- 

cocondilas de reb. Tuscicis, lib. 9. Nerei uxor Athena- 
rum doniina, &c. 84 ivicpphorus Greg, hist lib.?, 
Uxorem occidit liberos et Michaelem filium videre 
abhorruit. Thessalonicae amore caplus pronotarii, 
filije, &c. f-ii Parthenius Ernt. lib. cap. .5. « d^m 
ca. 21. Gubernatoris alia Achillis amore capta civi- 
latem prodidit. « Idem. cap. 9. 6s Virg jEn. 6 



526 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



Yet 'without question, if it be taken in time, it may be helped, and by many goot'. 
remedies amended. Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen. cap. 23. et 2t. sets down seven compen- 
dious ways liow this malady may be eased, altered, and expelled. Savanarola 9 
prinenpal observations, Jason Pratensis prescribes eight rules besides physic, how 
this passion may be tamed, Laurentius 2. main precepts, Arnoldus, Valleriola, Mon- 
taltus, Hildesheim, Langius, and others inform us otherwise, and yet all tending to 
the same purpose. The sum of which I will briefly epitomise, (for I light my candle 
from their torches) and enlarge again upon occasion, as shall seem best to me, and that 
after mine own method. The first rule to be observed in this stubborn and unbridled 
passion, is exercise and diet. It is an old and well-known sentence, Sine Cerere et 
Baccho friget Venus (love grows cool without bread and wine). As an ^^idle seden- 
tary life, liberal feeding, are great causes of it, so the opposite, labour, slender and 
sparing diet, with continual business, are the best and most ordinary means to 
prevent it. 



' Otio si tollas, periere Cupidtnis artea, 
Conleniplaeqiie jacent, et sine luce faces." 



" Take idleness away, and put to flight 
Are Cupid's arts, his torches give no light." 



Minerva, Diana, Vesta, and the nine Muses were not enamoured at all, because they 
never were idle. 



"<• " Frustra blanditis appulistis ad has, 
Frustra nequitis veiiistis ad has, 
Frustra deiiti.'e obsidebiti? has, 
Frustra has illecebra-, et procacitates, 
Et suspi/ia, et osciila, et susurri, 
Et quisquis male saiia corda amantum 
Blandis ebria fascinat venenis." 



" In vain are all your flatteries, 
In vain are all your knaveries, 
Delights, deceits, procacities. 
Sighs, kisses, and conspiracies. 
And whate'er is done by art. 
To bewitch a lover's heart." 



'Tis in vain to set upon those that are busy. 'Tis Savanarola's third rule, Occupdrt 
in mull is et magnis negotiis., and Avicenna's precept, cap. 24. ^' Cedit amor relms; 
res, age tutus eris. To be busy still, and as ''■'Guianerius enjoins, about matters of 
great moment, if it may be. ^* Magninus adds, " Never to be idle but at the hours 
of sleep." 



Poscas ante diem librum ciim lumine, si non 
Intendas anitnum studiis, et rebus honestis, 
Invidia vel amore miser torquebere." 



"For if thou dost not ply thy book. 
By candle-liclit to study bent, 
Eniploy'd about some honest tiling. 
Envy or love shall thee torment." 



No better physic than to be always occupied, seriously intent. 



" " Cur in penates rarius tenues subit, 
Hffic delicatas eligens pestis domus, 
Mediuinque sanos vulgus afl'ectus tenet?" &c. 



' Why dost thou ask, poor folks are often free. 
And dainty places still molested be?" 



Because poor people fare coarsely, work hard, go wolward and bare. ^JS'on hahet 
unde suum paupertas pascal amorem. ^' Guianerius therefore prescribes his patient 
" to go with hair-cloth next his skin, to go bare-footed, and bare-legged in cold 
weather, to whip himself now and then, as monks do, but above all to fast. Not 
with sweet wine, mutton and pottage, as many of those tender-bellies do, howsoever 
;they put on Lenten faces, and whatsoever they pretend, but from all manner of meat. 
Fasting i^ an all-sufficient remedy of itself ; for, as Jason Pratensis holds, the bodies 
of such persons that feed liberally, and live at ease, ®*"are full of bad spirits and 
devils, devilish thoughts ; no better physic for such parties, than to fast." Hildes- 
heim, spicel. 2. to this of hunger, adds, ^^" often baths, much exercise and sweat," 
but hunger and fasting he prescribes before the rest. And 'tis indeed our Saviour's 
oracle, "This kind of devil is not cast out but by fasting and prayer," which makes the 
fathers so immoderate in commendation of fasting. As "hunger," saith "* Ambrose, 
" is a friend of virginity, so is it an enemy to lasciviousness, but fulness overthrows 
chastity, and fostereth all manner of provocations." If thine horse be too lusty, 
Hierome adviseth thee to take away some of his provender; by this means those 



89 0tium naufragium castitatis. Austin. mBu- 

chanan. Hendeca syl. "' Ovid lib. 1. remed. "Love 
yields to business; be employed, and you 'II be safe" 
"('ap. 16. circares arduas e.xerceri. "3 part 2. c. 23. 

reg. San. His, prster horam somni, nulla per otiuni 
transeat. m Hor. lib. I. epist. 2. ssgeneca. 

•6' Poverty has not the means of feeding her passion." 
"Tract, 16. cap. 18. smpe nuda carne ciiicium portent 
temporp frigido sine caligis, et iiudis pedibus incedant, 
in pane et aqua jejuiienl, siepius se verberibus rsdanl. 



&c. w'Dxmonibus referta sunt corpora nostra, illo 

rum priPcipuequi delicatis vescuntur eduliis, advolitant, 
et corporibus inherent; lianc ob rem jejunium im- 
pendio prnbaturad pudicitiaiii. m Victussit altenua- 
tus, balnei frequens usus et sudationes, cold baths, not 
hot, saith Magninus, part 3. ca. 23. to dive over he'id 
and ears in a cold river, (Slc. '""Ser. de gula; fames 

amica virgitiitati est, iiiirnica lascivi:E: satiiritas v«rn 
caslitatem perdit, et iiutrit illecebras. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 1.] 



Cure of Love- Melancholy. 



527 



Pauls, Hilaries, Anthonies, and famous anchorites, subdued the lusts of the flesh ; by 
this means Hilarion " made his ass, as he callod his own body, leave kicking, (so 
' Hierome relates of him in his life) when the devil tempted him to any such foul 
offence." By this means those ^Indian Brahmins kept themselves continent: they 
lay upon the ground covered with skins, as the red-shanks do on heather, and dieted 
themselves sparingly on one dish, which Guianerius would have all young men put 
m practice, and if that will not serve, '^ Gordonius " would have them soundly 
wliipped, or, to cool their courage, kept in. prison," and there fed with bread and 
water till they acknowledge tlieir error, and become of another mind. If imprison- 
ment and hunger will not take them down, according to the directions of that 

* Theban Crates, " time must wear it out ; if time will not, the last refuge is a 
halter." But this, you will say, is comically spoken. Howsoever, fasting, by all 
means, must be still used ; and as they must refrain from such meats formerly men- 
tioned, which cause venery, or provoke lust, so they must use an opposite diet. 

* Wine must be altogether avoided of the younger sort. So ^ Plato prescribes, and 
would have the magistrates themselves abstain from it, for example's sake, highly 
commending the Carthaginians for their temperance in this kind. And 'twas a good 
edict, a commendable thing, so that it were not done for some sinister respect, as 
those old Egyptians abstained from wine, because some fabulous poets had given 
out, wine sprang first from the blood of the giants, or out of superstition, as our 
modern Turks, but for temperance, it being anima; virus et vitiorum fomes^ a plague 
itself, if immoderately taken. Women of old for that cause, 'in hot countries, were 
forbid the use of it ; as severely punished for drinking of wine as for adultery ; and 
young folks, as Leonicus hath recorded, Var. hist. 1. 3. cap. 87, 88. out of Alhenaeus 
and others, and is still practised in Italy, and some other countries of Europe and 
Asia, as Claudius Minoes hath well illustrated in his Comment on the 23. Emblem 
of Alciat. So choice is to be made of other diet. 



' Nee minus erucas aptum est vitare salaces, 
Et quicquid veneri corpora nostra parat." 



" Eriiigos are not good for to be taken, 
And all lascivious meats must he forsaken." 



Those opposite meats which ought to be used are cucumbers, melons, purslain, 
water-lilies, rue, woodbine, ammi, lettuce, which Lemnius so much commends, lib. 
2, cap. 42. and Mizaldus hort. med. to this purpose ; vitex, or agnus castus before 
the rest, which, saith * Magninus, hath a wonderful virtue iii it. Those Athenian 
women, in their solemn feasts called Thesmopheries, were to abstain nine days from 
the company of men, during which time, saith JEUan, they laid a certain herb, named 
hanea, in their beds, which assuaged those ardent flames of love, and freed them 
from the torments of that violent passion. See more in Porta, Matthiolus, Crescen- 
tius lib. 5. &c., and what every herbalist almost and physician hath written, cap. de 
Satyriasi et Priapismo ; Rhasis amongst the rest. In some cases again, if they be 
much dejected, and brought low in body, and now ready to despair through anguish, 
grief, and too sensible a feeling of their misery, a cup of wine and full diet is not 
amiss, and as Valescus adviseth, cum alid honestd venerem scepe exercendo., which 
Langius epist. med. lib. 1. epist. 24. approves out of Rhasis (ad assid7talionem coitus 
invitat) and Guianerius seconds it, cap. 16. tract. 16. as a ^very profitable remedy. 

10 " tument tibi quum inguina, cum si 

Ancilla, aut verna prfesto est, teritigiiie ruinpi 
Malls? non ego nainque," &c. 

" Jason Pratensis subscribes to this counsel of the poet, Excretio enim aut toilet 
prorsus aut lenit cegritiidinem. As it did the raging lust of Ahasuerus, '^ qui ad im- 
patieniiam amoris leniendam., per singulas fere uoctes novas puellas devirginavit. 
And to be drunk too by fits ; but this is mad physic, if it be at all to be permitted. 
If not, yet some pleasure is to be allowed, as that which Vives speaks of, lib. 3. de 
anima.,'"'" A lover that hath as it were lost himself through impbtency, impatience, 



'Vita Hilarionis, lib. 3. epist. cum tentasset eum 
dsenion lilillatione inter csetera, E^o inquit, aselle, ad 
corpus suuni, faciam, 4.C. » Stralio. I. 15. Geog. sub 

pellibus, cuhanl, &c. » Cup '2. part. 2. Si sit juve- 

ois, el nnn vult obedire, flagelletur frequenter et forti- 
ter, dum incipiat ftetere. «Laertius, lib. 6. cap. 5. 

amori niedetur fames; sin aliter, tempus; sin non hoc, 
laqiieus. 8 Vina parant aniiiioK Veneri, tc. *3 

de f.egibus. ' Non minus si vinuni tiiliissent ac si 

aduttei'iuin adinisisNetit. Gelliu& lib. JO. c. 'i.'). (Rer. 



Sam. part. 3. cap. 23. Mirahilem vim habet. »Cum 
muliere aliqua gratinsa ssepe coire erit utilissimum. 
Idem Laurentius, cap. 11. "> Hor. '-Cap. 29. de 

morb. cereh. i' Bcroaldus oral, de amore. '3 Ama- 
tori, cujus est pro iinpotenlia mens amota, opus nst ut 
paulatiin animus vilut a peregrinafione domum revoce. 
tur per musicani, cunvivja. &.r.. Per aucupium. fab<i. 
laa, et Ketivas narraliones, laborem ufiquc: ad audorem 



ii28 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



must be called home as a traveller, by music, feasting, good wine, i» nood be to 
drunkenness itself, wliich many so much commend for the easing of tlio mind, all 
kinds of sports and merriments, to see fair pictures, hangings, buildings, pleasant 
fields, orchards, gardens, groves, ponds, pools, rivers, fishing, fowling, hawking, 
hunting, to hear merry tales, and pleasant discourse, reading, to use exercise till he' 
sweat, that new spirits may succeed, or by some vehement affection or contrary pas- 
sion to be diverted till he be fully weaned from anger, suspicion, cares, fears, &lc., 
and habituated into another course." Semper tecum sil^ (as ''' Sempronius adviseth 
Calisto his love-sick master) qui sermnnes joculares moveat^ condones ridiculas^ d'lc- 
teria falsa, suaves hislorias, fahilas venuslas recenseat, coram ludat, Sfc. still have 
a pleasant companion to sing and tell merry tales, songs and facete histories, sweet 
discourse, &c. And as the melody of music, merriment, singing, dancing, doth aug 
ment the passion of some lovers, as '^Avicenna notes, so it expelleth it in others, 
and doth very much good. These things must be warily applied, as the parties' 
symptoms vary, and as they shall stand variously affected. 

If there be any need of physic, that the humours be altered, or any new matter 
Aggregated, they must be cured as melancholy men. Carolus a Lorme, amongst 
other questions discussed for his degree at Montpelier in France, hath this, ^n 
amantes et amantes risdem remediis curentur? Whether lovers and madmen be 
cured by the same remedies } he affirms it ; for love extended is mere madness. 
Such physic then as is prescribed, is either inward or outward, as hath been formerly 
handled in the precedent partition in the cure of melancholy. Consult with Valle- 
riola observat. lib. 2. observ. 7. Lod. Mercatus lib. 2. cap. 4. de mulicr. ujfecf. Daniel 
Sennertus lih. 1. part. 2. cap. 10. '^Jacobus Ferrandus the Frenchman, in his Tract 
■Le amore Erotique, Forestus lib. 10. observ. 29 and 30, Jason Pratensis and others 

or peculiar receipts. '^Amatus Lucitanus cured a young Jew, that was almost mad 
for love, with the syrup of hellebore, and such other evacuations and purges which 
are usually prescribed to black choler : '^Avicenna confirms as much if need require, 
and '^^ blood-letting above the rest," which makes amantes ne jint amentes., lovers to 
come to themselves, and keep in their right minds. 'Tis the same which Schola 
Salernitana, Jason Pratensis, Hildesheim, &.c., prescribe blood-letting to be used as 
principal remedy. Those old Scythians had a trick to cure all appetite of burning 

ust,"*by ^° letting themselves blood under the ears, and to make both men and women 
barren, as Sabellicus in his /Eneades relates of them. Which Salmuth. Tit. 10. de 
Herol. comment, in Pancirol. de nov. report. Mercurialis, var. lee. lib. 3. cap. 7. out 
of Hippocrates and Benzo say still is in use amongst the Indians, a reason of which 
Langius gives lib. 1. epist. 10. 

Hue faciunt medicamenta venerem sopientia, ut camphora pudendis alligata, et in 
brachd gestata [quidam ait) membrum Jlaccidum reddit. Laboravit hoc morbo virgo 
nobilis, cui inter ccrtera prascripsit medicus, ut laminam plumbeam multis foramini- 
bus pertusam ad dies viginti portaret in dorso ; ad exiccandum vera sperma jussit 
earn quam parcissime cibari, et manducare frequentur coriandrum prceparatum., et 
semen lactucce et acctosa,, et sic earn a morbo liberavit. Porro imped iunt et remittunt 
coitum folia salicis trita et epota, et si frequentius usurpentur ipsa in lotum auferunt. 
Idem prasstat Topatius annulo gestatus, dexterum lupi testiculum attritum, et oleo 
vel aqua rosata exhibitum veneris taedium inducere scribit Alexander Benedictus : lac 
butyri commestum et semen canabis, et camphora exhibita idem praestant. Verbena 
herba gestata libidinem extinguit, pulvisquas ranae decoUatae et exiccatse. Ad extin- 
guendum coitum, ungantur membra genitalia, et renes et pecten aqua in qua opium 
Thebaicum sit dissolutum ; libidini maxime contraria camphora est, et coriandrum 
siccum frangit coitum, et erectionem virgag impedit; idem efficit synapium ebibitum. 

Da verb^nam in potu et non erigetur virga sex diebus; utcre mcnthd sicca cum aceto^ 
genitalia illinita succo hyoscyami aut cicutcs., coitus appetitum sedant.^ Sfc. R. seminis 
'■actuc. portulac. coriandri an. 3j. menthce. siccce 3(5- sacchari albiss. 3iiij. pulveriscen- 
lur omnia subtiliter, et post ea simul misce aqua neunpharis, f. confec. solida in mor- 



"Cffilestinw, Act. 2. Bartliio interpret. J6Cap.de 
illishi. Miiltiis hoc affVctu sanat cantilena, Istitia, 
•nusica, et quiiiam sunt quos n»c angpnt. '"Thig 

aiitlior ranie tn my hands since the third edition of this 
oook "Cent. 3. curat. .TO. .Syrupo hellehorato et 



aliis qtiiE ad atram bileni pertinent. i^ Pureetur si 

ejus dispositio veiierit ad adust, liiimnris, et phleliolo- 
niizetnr. i» Amantium innrl)iis ut pruritus sulvitur 

venip sectione et cucuriiitiilis. * Cura a venie sec 

tione per aures, unde semner steriles. 



Mc'in. 5. Subs. 2.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 529 

sulis. Ex his sumat mane unum quum surgat. Innumera fere his similia petas ab 
Ilildishemo loco praedicto, Mizaldo, Porta, caeterisque. 

Si'BSECT. II. — Withstand the beginnings, avoid occasions, change his place : fair and 
foul means, contrary passions, with witty inventions : to bring in another, and di» 
commend the former. 

Other good rules and precepts are enjoined by our physicians, which, if n( 
alone, yet certainly conjoined, may do much ; the first of which is obstare princi- 
pits, to withstand the beginning, ^' Quisquis in 2}rinio obstitit, Pepulitque amorem 
tutus ac victor fait, he that will but resist at first, may easily be a conqueror at the 
last. Baltazar Castilio, /. 4. urgeth this prescript above the rest, ^^" wlien he shall 
chance (saith he) to light upon a woman that hath good behaviour joined with hei 
excellent person, and shall perceive his eyes with a kind of greediness to pull unto 
them this image of beauty, and carry it to the heart : shall observe himself to be 
somewhat incensed with this influence, which moveth within : when he shall dis- 
cern those subtle spirits sparkling in her eyes, to administer more fuel to the fire, he 
must wisely withstand the beginnings, rouse up reason, stupified almost, fortify his 
heart by all means, and shut up all those passages, by which it may have entrance." 
'Tis a precept which all concur upon, 

* " Oppiime diim nova sunt subiti mala semina morbi, I " Thy quick disease, whilst it is fresh to-day, 
Dum licft, in prinio lumine siste pedein." | By all means crush, thy feet at first step stay." 

Which cannot speedier be done, than if he confess his grief and passion to some 
judicious friend^^ [qui tacitus ardet magis uritur, the more he conceals, the greater 
is his pain) that by his good advice may iiappily ease him on a sudden ; and withal 
to avoid occasions, or any circumstance that may aggravate his disease, to remove 
the object by all means ; for who can stand by a fire and not burn ? 

ss " Sussilite obsecroet mittite istanc foras, 

CiuJB misero niihi ainanti ebibit sanguinein."' 

Tis good therefore to keep quite out of her company, which Hierom so much 
labours to Paula, to Nepotian ; Chrysost. so much inculcates in ser. in contubern. 
Cyprian, and many other fathers of the church, Siracides in his ninth chapter, Jason 
Pratensis, Savanarola, Arnoldus, Valleriola, &.C., and every physician that treats of 
this subject. Not only to avoid, as ^^ Gregory Tholosanus exhorts, "kissing, dal- 
liance, all speeches, tokens, love-letters, and the like," or as Castilio, lib. 4. to con- 
verse witli them, hear them speak, or sing, (tolerabilius est audire basiliscum sibi- 
lantern, thou hadst better hear, saith ^^ Cyprian, a serpent hiss) ^^" those amiable 
smiles, admirable graces, and sweet gestures," which their presence affords. 

* " Neil capita liment solitis niorsinnculis, 
Et his papiilarum oppressiuiiculis 
Abstineant :" 

but all talk, name, mention, or cogitation of them, and of any other women, persons, 
circumstance, amorous book or tale that may administer any occasion of remem- 
brance. ^ Prosper adviseth young men not to read the Canticles, and some parts of 
Genesis at other times ; but for such as are enamoured they forbid, as before, the 
name mentioned, &.c., especially all sight, they must not so much as come near, or 
look upon them. 

31 " Et fngitare decet simulacra et pabula amoris, 
Abstinere sibi atque alio convertere menlem." 

" Gaze not on a maid," saith Syracides, " turn away thine eyes from a beautiful 
woman, c. 9. v. 5. 7, 8. averte oculos, saith David, or if thou dost see them, as Fici- 
nus adviseth, let not thine eye be intentus ad libidinem, do not intend her more than 
he rest : for as ^'^ Propertius holds. Ipse alimenta sibi maxima prcebet amor, love as 



2' Seneca. ^'Cum in mulierem inciderit, quae cum 
forma nionim suavitatem conjunctam habet, et jam 
oculns persenserit formae ad se imaginem cum aviditate 
quadam rapere cum eadem, See. ^ Ovid, de rem. lib. 
1. ^' jEneas Silvius. 26 piautus gurcn. "Remove 
and throw her quite out of doors, she who has drank 
sny lovesick blood." !»Tom. 2. lib. 4. cap. 10. 

Syitag. med. arc. Mira. vitentur oscuta. tsctus sermo, 



67 2U 



el scripta impudica, liierae. Sec. ^ Lib. de singul 

Cler. 28'fam admirabilem splendorem declinet, 

gratiam, scintillas, amabiles risus, gcstus suavissiraoa; 
&c. *Lipsius, hort. leg. lib. 3. antiq. lee. so i^n^^ 

3. de vit. coBlitus compar. cap. 6. ^i Lucretius. " It 

is best to shun the semblance and the food of love, t* 
abstain from it, and totally avert the mind from ttw 
object." MLib. 3. eleg. 10. 



530 



Love-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



a snow bal] ttnlargeth itself by sight : but as Hierome to Nepoti^n, aut cequlUer am(u 
aut ceqnaatBr ignora, either see all alike, or let all alone ; make a league with thine 
eyes, as '' Job did, and that is the safest course, let all alone, see none of ihem. 
Nothing sooner revives, ^^ or waxeth sore again," as Petrarch holds, "than love 
doth by sight." " As pomp renews ambition ; the sight of gold, covetousness ; a 
beauteous object sets on fire this burning lust." Et multimi saliens incital unda 
sitim. The sight of drink makes one dry, and the sight of meat increaselh appetite. 
'Tis dangerous therefore to see. A ^^ young gentleman in merriment would needs 
put on his mistress's clothes, and walk abroad alone, which some of her suitors es- 
pying, stole him away for her that he represented. So much can sight enforce. 
Especially if he have been formerly enamoured, the sight- of his mistress strikes him 
into a new fit, and makes him rave many days after. 



S6 " Infirniis oatisa pusilla nocet, 

Ut pene e.xiinctuni ciiicreni si sulphure tangas, 

Vivet, et ex miniino maxinuis ignis erit : 
Sic nisi vitabis quirquiil renovabit aiiioreni, 

Flamma recrudescet, quae iiiodo nulla fuit." 



" A sickly man a little thing offends. 

As brimstone doth a fire decayed renew. 
And makes it hum afresh, doth love's dead flamsa, 
If that the former object it review." 



Or, as the poet compares it to embers in ashes, which the wind blows, ^^ut solet a 
ventis^ Sfc.^ a scald head (as the saying is) is soon broken, dry wood quickly kindles, 
and when they have been formerly wounded with sight, how can they by seeing but 
be inflamed .'' Ismenias acknowledgeth as much of himself, when he had been long 
absent, and almost forgotten his mistress, ''^ "■ at the first sight of her, as straw in a 
fire, I burned afresh, and more than ever I did before." ^^"Chariclia was as much 
moved at the sight of her dear Theagines, after he had been a great stranger." 
^Mertila, in Aristaenetus, swore she would never love Pamphilus again, and did / 
moderate her passion, so long as he was absent ; but the next time he came in pre- ^ 
sence, she could not contain, effuse aniplcxa attrectari se sinit, <Sfc., she broke her 
vow, and did profusely embrace him. Hermotinus, a young man (in the said ""author) 
is all out as unstaid, he had forgot his mistress quite, and by his friends was well 
weaned from her love; but seeing her by chance, agnotntveteris vestigia JlainrrKe, 
he raved amain. Ilia tamen emergens veliiti lucida slella cepit elucere, S^'c., she did 
appear as a blazing star, or an angel to his sight. And it is the common passion of 
all lovers to be overcome in this sort. For that cause belike Alexander discerning 
this inconvenience and danger tliat comes by seeing, ''^"when he heard Darius's V 
wife so much commended for her beauty, would scarce admit her to come in his ' 
bight," foreknowing belike that o{ VXniaxch, formosam videre periculosissimum, how 
full of danger it is to see a proper woman, and though he was intemperate in other 
things, yet in this superbe se gessit, he carried himself bravely. And so when as 
Araspus, in Xenophon, had so much magnified thai divine face of Panthea to Cyrus, , 
*^"by how much she was fairer than ordinary, by so n)uch he was the more unwill- > 
ing to see her." Scipio, a young man of twenty-three years of age, and the most 
l)eautiful of the Romans, eaual in person to tbat Grecian Charinus, or Homer's 
Nireus, at the siege of a city in Spain, when as a noble and most fair young gentle- 
woman was brought unto him, '''' " and he had heard she was betrothed to a lordy-\ 
rewarded her, and sent her back to her sweetheart." St. Austin, as '*^ Gregory reports 
of him, ne cum sorore quidem sua ptitcwii habilandum, would not live in the house 
with his own sister. Xenecrates lay with Lais of Corinth all night, and would not 
touch her. Socrates, though all the city of Athens supposed him to dote upon fair 
Alcibiades, yet when he had an opportunity, '^^soliis cum solo to lie in the chamber 
with, and was wooed by him besides, as the said Alcibiades publicly ''^coniessed, 
formam sprevit et superbe contempsif, he scornfully rejected him. Petrarch, that had 
so magnified his Laura in several poems, when by the pope's means she was oflbred 



s^Jobxxxi. Pepigi fiedus cum oculis meis ne cogi- I dorus, I. 4. inflammat mentem noviis aspectus, perindt, 
tarem de virgine. ^* Dial. 3. dp contemptu mundi ; ' ac ignis materia; admotus, Chariclia, &c. *" Epist. 15. 

nihil facilius recrudescit quam amor; nt pompa visa; 1.2. <' Epist. 4. 1.2. <2 Curtius, lib. 3. cum uxorein 



renovat ambitionem, auri species avaritiam, spectata 
corporis forma inceiidit luxuriam. 3= Seneca cont. 

lib. 2. ront. 9. 3« Ovid. s^ Met. 7. ut solet a ventis 
alimenta resumere, quaque Pavia sub inducia latuit 
»cinlilla favilla. Crescere et in veleres agitata resur- 
fere flammas. ^ pu^tathi. i. 3. aspectus amorem 

incendit, ut marrescen em in palea ignem vcntus; 
Ardebam interea majore concepto iiiccndio. s' Fleiio- 



Darii laudatam audivisset, lantum cupiditati suee fne- 
num injecit, ut illam vix vellel intueri. <3 Cyro- 

paedia. cum Panthefe forman evexisset Araspus, tanto 
magis, inqiiit Cyrus ahstinere oportet, quanto pulchrior 
est. ** Livius. cum eam regulo cuidam dosponsaram 
audivisset muueribus cuimilstam remisit •«• Ep. 39. 

III). 7. *^ Et <'a loqui posset qus" suli aniaturris l<<(ui 

Solent. ■" Platoiiis Coiivivio. 



iVIem. 5. Subs. 2.J 



Cure of Love-Melancholy. 



531 



unto him, would not accept of her. ''^"It is a good happiness to be i'ree from this 
passion of love, and great discretion it argues in such a man that he can so contain 
himself; but when thou art once in love, to moderate thyself las he saith) is a sin- 
gular point of wisdom." 



**" Nam vitare plagas in amoris ne jaciamur 

Non itd (litficile est, qiiam capturn retibus ipsis 
Exile, et validos VeiieDS perrunipere nodos." 



' To avoid such nets is no such mastery. 
But ta'en escape is all the victory." 



But, forasmuch as few men are free, so discreet lovers, or that can contain them- 
selves, and moderate their passions, to curb their senses, as not to see them, not to 
look lasciviously, not to confer with them, such is the fury of this head-strong pas- 
sion of raging lust, and their weakness, ferox ille ardor d natura insitus, ^ as he 
terms it " such a furious desire nature hath inscribed, such unspeakable delight." 

"Sic Diva? Veneris furor, 
Irisanis adeo iiieiitibus incubat," 

which neither reason, counsel, poverty, pain, misery, drudgery, partus dolor.^ (Sfc, can 
deter them from ; we must use some speedy means to correct and prevent that, and 
all other inconveniences, which come by conference and the like. The best, readiest, 
surest way, and which all approve, is Loci mutatio^ to send them several ways, that 
they may neither hear of, see, nor have an opportunity to send to one another again, 
or live together, soli cum sola., as so many Gilbertines. Elongatio a pairid^ 'tis Sava- 
narola's fourth rule, and Gordonius' precept, distrahaiur ad longinquas regiones., send 
him to travel. 'Tis that which most run upon, as so many hounds, with full cry, 
poets, divines, philosophers, physicians, all, mutet patriam : Valesius : ^' as a sick 
man he must be cured with change of air. Tally 4 Tuscul. The best remedy is to 
get thee gone, Jason Pratensis : change air and soil, Laurentius. 

62"Fugp llttus amatuin. 
Vitg. Utile fiiiitimis abstiiiuisse locis." 

Travelling is an antidote of love, 



M" Ovid. I procul, et longas carpere pergje viaa. 
sed luge tutus eris." 



w " Magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas, 
Ut me ionga gravi solvat aniore via." 

For this purpose, saith '^Propertius, my parents sent me to Athens; time and patience 
wear away pain and grief, as fire goes out for want of fuel. Quanturn oculis, animo 
tarn, procul ibit amor. But so as they tarry out long enough : a whole year ^"^Xeno- 
phon prescribes CritobuluSfVix enim intra hoc iempus ab amore sanari poteris : some 
will hardly be weaned under. All this " Heinsius merrily inculcates in an epistle to 
his friend Primierus ; first fast, then tarry, thirdly, change thy place, fourthly, think 
of a halter. If change of place, continuance of time, absence, will not wear it out 
with those precedent remedies, it will hardly be removed : but these commonly are 
of force. Felix Plater, observ. lib. 1. had a baker to his patient, almost mad for the 
love of his maid, and desperate ; by removing her from him, he was in a short space 
cured./; Isaeus, a pliilosopher of Assyria, was a most dissolute liver in his youth, 
palam lasciviens, in love with all he met; but after he betook himself, by his friends' 
advice, to his study, and left women's company, he was so changed that he cared no 
more for plays, nor feasts, nor masks, nor songs, nor verses, fine clothes, nor no 
such love toys : he became a new man upon a sudden, tanquam si prinres oculos 
amisisset, (saith mine ^* author) as if he had lost his former eyes. Peter Godefridus, 
in the last chapter of his third book, hath a story out of St. Ambrose, of a young 
man that meeting his old love after long absence, on whom he had extremely doated, 
would scarce take notice of her ; she wondered at it, that he should so lightly 
esteem her, called him again, lenibat dictis animum., and told him who she was. Ego 
sum, inquit : At ego non sum ego ; but he replied, " he was not the same man :" 
proripuit sese tandem, as ^^^Eneas fled from Dido, not vouchsafing her any farther 
parley, loathing his folly, and ashamed of that which formerly he had done. ^"JYoii 



<8 Heliodorus, lib. 4. expertem esse ainoris beatitude 
est, at quuni captus sis, ad moderationem revocare 
animum prudentia singularis. *3 Lucretius, 1. 4. 

K> Heedus, lib. 1. de amor, coiitem. °' Loci muta- 

tiune tanquam non convalesceis curandus est. cap. 11. 
W"Fly the cherished shore. It is advisable to with- 
draw from the places near it." "'^ \mor'jm, I. 2. 
'Depart and lake a long journey — safety is in flight 
•nly." M Uuisquis amat, loca nuia nocenv ; dies 



iegritudinem adimit, absentia delet. [re licet procul 
hiiic patriieque relinquere fines. Ovid. »si.ib. 3. 

eleg. 20. 66LJI,. j. Socrat. memor. Tibi O Orito- 

bule consulo ut integrum annum absis, &,c. 57prr>xi., 
mum est ut esurias 2. ut mnram temporis opponas. " 
3. et .locum mutes. 4. ut de laqueo cogites. *> phi 

lostratus de vita iVtphistraiuiij. ** Virg. tj. M» 

"> Buchanan. 



S32 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 2. 



sum stullus ut ante jam Keara. " O Neaera, put your tricks, and practise hereafter 
upon somebody else, you shall befool me no longer." Petrarch hath such another 
tale of a young gallant, that loved a wench with one eye, and for that cause by his 
parents was sent to travel into far countries, " after some years he returned, and 
meeting the maid for whose sake he was sent abroad, asked her how, and by what 
chance she lost her eye? no, said she, I have lost none, but you have found yours:" 
signifying thereby, that all lovers were blind, as Fabius saith, Amanies de forma 
Judicare non possunt^ lovers cannot judge of beauty, nor scarce of anything else, as 
they will easily confess after they return unto themselves, by some discontinuance 
or better advice, wonder at their own folly, madness, stupidity, blindnessj be much 
abashed, " and laugh at love, and call it an idle thing, condemn themselves that ever 
they should be so besotted or misled : and be heartily glad they have so happily 
escaped." 

If so be (which is seldom) that change of place will not effect this alteration, then 
other remedies are to be annexed, fair and foul means, as to persuade, promise, 
threaten, terrify, or to divert by some contrary passion, rumour, tales, news, or some 
witty invention to alter his affection, ^' " by some greater sorrow to drive out the less," 
saith Gordonius, as that his house is on fire, his best friends dead, his money stolen. 
®'^"That he is made some great governor, or hath some honour, office, some inherit- 
ance is befallen him." He shall be a knight, a baron ; or by some false accusation, 
as they do to such as have the hiccup, to make them forget it. St. Hierome, lib. 2. 
epist. 16. to Rusticus the monk, hath an instance of a young man of Greece, that 
lived in a monastery in Egypt, ®^'''that by no labour, no continence, no persuasion, 
could be diverted, but at last by this trick he was delivered. The abbot sets one of 
his convent to quarrel with him, and with some scandalous reproach or other to 
defame him before company, and then to come and complain first, the witnesses 
were likewise suborned for the plaintiff The young man wept, and when all were 
against him, the abbot cunningly took his part, lest he should be overcome with 
immoderate grief: but what need many words } by this invention he was cured, and 
alienated from his pristine love-thoughts" hijuries, slanders, contempts, dis- 
graces sprefceque injuria forma., ''•the insult of, her slighted beauty," are very 

forcible means to withdraw men's affections, contumelid affecii amatores amare desi- 
nuntf as ^^ Lucian saith, lovers reviled or neglected, contemned or misused, turn love 
to hate ; ^^ redeam ? J\on si me obsecret, " I '11 never love thee more." Egone illam^ 
qucR ilium., qua: me, quce nonf So Zephyrus hated Hyacinthus because he scorned 
him, and preferred his co-rival Apollo (^PaJephcpJus fab. JVar.), he will not come 
again though he be invited. Tell him but how he was scoffed at behind his back, 
('tis the counsel of Avicenna), that his love is false, and entertains another, rejects 
him, cares not for him, or that she is a fool; a nasty quean, a slut, a vixen, a scold, a 
devil, or, which Italians commonly do, that he or she hath some loathsome filthy dis- 
ease, gout, stone, stranguary, falling sickness, and that they are hereditary, not to be 
avoided, he is subject to a consumption, hath the pox, that he hath three or four in- 
curable tetters, issues; that she is bald, her breath stinks, she is mad by inheritance, / 
and so are all the kindred, a hair-brain, with many other secret infirmities, which~S 
I will not so much as name, belonging to women. That he is a hermaphrodite, 
an eunuch, imperfect, impotent, a spendthrift, a gamester, a fool, a gull, a beggar, 
a whoremaster, far in debt, and not able to maintain her, a common drunkard, his 
mother was a witch, his father hanged, that he hath a wolf in his bosom, a sore 
leg, he is a leper, hath some incurable disease, that he will surely beat her, he can- 
not hold his water, that he cries out or walks in the night, will stab his bed-fellow, 
tell all his secrets in his sleep, and that nobody dare lie with him, his house is 
haunted with spirits, with such fearful and tragical things, able to avert and terrify 
any man or woman living, Gordonius, cap. 20. part. 2. hunc in modo consulit; 
Paretur aliqua vetula turpissima aspectu, cum turpi et vili habitu : et porlet subtus 
gremium pannum menslrualem., et dicat quod amica sua sit ebriosa, et quod mingat in 



81 Annuncientur valde tristia, ut major tristitia posBit 
minorein obfuscare. *2 Aut quod sit factus senes- 

callufe, aiit habeat honorem magnum. ^^ Adolescens 
Grfficiis erat in Egypti ccEnobio qui nulla operis magni- 
ludine, nulla uersiias'ione flaminam poterat sedare : 



monasterii pater hac arte servavit. Imperat cuidam i 
sociis, &c. Flebat ille, omiies adversabantur ; solus 
pater calidS opponere, ne abundantia tristitite absoru-;- 
relur, quid mulla ? hoc invento curatus est,et J cogii* 
tionibus pristiniis avocatus. w Tom 4 »Tei 



iHein. 5, Subs. 2,] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 53j> 

lecto. et quod est epileptica et impudicia; et quod in corpore suo sunt eccc^'scentict 
enorjnes., cum fcetore anhclitus.i et alice enormitates, quibus vetulce sunt edoctce : si nolU 
his persuaderi., siibitd extrahat ^^pannuiii menstrualem, coram facie portando., excla 
mando, talis est arnica tua ; et si ex his non demiserit., non est homo, sed diabolus in- 
carnatus. Idem fere, Jlvicenna, cap. 24, de cura Elishi, lib. 3, Fen. 1. Tract. 4. JYar- 
rent res immundas vetulce, ex quibus abominationem incurrat, et res ^'^ sordidas et hoc 
assiduent. Idem Arculanus cap. IG. in 9. Rhasis, Sfc. 

Withal as they do discommend the old, for the better effecting a more speedy 
alteration, they must commend another paramour, alteram inducere, set him or hei 
to be wooed, or woo some other that shall be fairer, of better note, better fortune 
birth, parentage, much to be preferred, ^^'•'- Invenies alium si te hie fastidit Mexis,''' 
by this means, which Jason Pratensis wisheth, to turn the stream of affection another 
way, '■'■ Successore novo truditur omnis amor;'''' or, as Valesius adviseth, by ^^sub- 
dividing to diminish it, as a great river cut into many channels runs low at last. 
'0 u fjorior et ut pariter Unas habcatis amicus,'''' 8fc. If you suspect to be taken, be 
sure, saith the poet, to have two mistresses at once, or go from one to another: as 
he that goes from a good fire in cold weather is loth to depart from it, though in the 
next room there be a better which will refresh him as much; there's as much dif- 
ference of hcBC as hac ignis ; or bring him to some public shows, plays, meetings, 
where he may see variety, and he shall likely loathe his first choice : carry him but 
to the next town, yea peradventure to the next house, and as Paris lost (Enone's 
love by seeing Helen, and Cressida forsook Troilus by conversing with Diomede, 
he will dislike his former mistress, and leave her quite behind him, as '' Theseus left 
Ariadne fast asleep in the island of Dia, to seek her fortune, that was erst his loving 
mistress. ^'^JYunc primum Dorida vetus amator contempsi, as he said, Doris is but a 
dowdy to this. As he that looks himself in a glass forgets his physiognomy forth- 
with, this flattering glass of love will be diminished by remove ; after a little absence 
it will be remitted, the next fair object will likely alter it. A young man in "Lucian 
was pitifully in love, he came to the theatre by chance, and by seeing other fair 
objects there, mentis sanitateni recepit, was fully recovered, '"""and went merrily 
home, as if he had taken a dram of oblivion." '*A mouse (saith an Apologer) was 
brought up in a chesti, there fed with fragments of bread and cheese, though there 
could be no better meat, till coming forth at last, and feeding liberally of other 
variety of viands, loathed his former life: moralise this fable by thyself. Plato, in 
his seventh book De Legibus, hath a pretty fiction of a city under ground, '** to 
which by little holes some small store of light came ; the inhabitants thought there 
could not be a better place, and at their first coming abroad they might not endure 
the light, cegerrime solem inlueri; but after they were accustomed a little to it, 
""they deplored their fellows' misery that lived under ground." A silly lover is in 
like stale, none so fair as his mistress at first, he cares for none but her ; yet after a 
while, when he hath compared her with others, he abhors her name, sight, and 
memory. 'Tis generally true ; for as he observes, '''^ Priorem flammam novus ignis 
extrudit; et ea multorum natura, ut prcBsentes maxime ament, one fire drives out an- 
other; and such is women's weakness, that they love commonly him that is present. 
And so do many men; as he confessed, he loved Amye, till he saw Floriat, and 
when he saw Cynthia, forgat them both : but fair Phillis was incomparably beyond 
them all, Cloris surpassed her, and yet when he espied Amaryllis, she was his sole 
mistress; O divine Amaryllis : quam procera, cupressi ad instar, quam elegans, qudm 
decens, S^c. How lovely, how tall, how comely she was (saith Polemius) till he saw 
another, and then she was the sole subject of his thoughts. In conclusion, her he 
loves best he saw last. ™ Triton, the sea-god, first loved Leucothoe, till he came in 
presence of Milaene, she was the commandress of his heart, till he saw Galate^: but 
(as ^ she complains) he loved another eftsoons, another, and another. 'Tis a thing 



WHypatia Alexandrina quendam se adamantem pro- 
'atis muliebribus pannis, et in eum conjectis ab amoris 
«nsaiiia laboravit. Suidas et Eunapius. «'Savana- 

'ola, ret;- 5. 8* Vir?. Eel. 3. " Yoii will easily find 

another if this Alexis disdains you." ^^ Distribiitio 

amoris fiat in plures, ail plures arnicas animum applicet. 
•oOvid. "i recommend you lo have two mistresses." 
" iiiginus, sab. 43. '^ Petr Miius. <> Lib. de salt, j arnserit, 

2u2 



'< E theatre egressus hilaris, ao si pharmacum obli 
vionis bibisset. '5 Mus in cista natus, &c. "> In 

quern e specu subterraneo modicum lucis illabitur. 
" Deplorabant eorum miseriam qui subterraneis illia 
locis vilam ilegunt. '« Talius lib. 6. '^Aris- 

tsnelus, epist. 4. ^"Calcaifnin. Dial. Galat, Mo* 

aliain prstulit, aliani pr<elaturus quam primum occasio 



534 Love-Melancholy. Tart. 3. Sec. 2. 

which, by Hieron.'s report, hath been usually practised. "' ' Heathen philosophers 
drive out one love with another, as they do a peg, or pin with a pin. Which those 
seven Persian princes did to Ahasuerus, that they might requite the desire of Queen 
Vashti with the love of others." Pausanias in Eliacis saith, that therefore one Cupid 
was painted to contend with another, and to take the garland from him, because one 
love drives out another, ^^ '■'■ AUerius vires subfrahit alter amnr ;''"' and Tully, 3. JVaL 
Dear, disputing with C. Cotta, makes mention of three several Cupids, all differing 
in office. Felix Plater, in the first book of his observations, boasts how he cured a 
widower in Basill, a patient of his, by this stratagem alone, that doted upon a poor ser- 
vant his maid, when friends, children, no persuasion could serve to alienate his mind ' 
they motioned him to another honest man's daughter in the town, whom he loved, 
and lived with long after, abhorring the very name and sight of the first. After tho 
death of Lucretia, ^^Euryalus would admit of no comfort, till the Emperor Sigismond 
married him to a noble lady of his court, and so in short space he was freed. 

SuBSECT. III. — By counsel and persuasion, foulness of the fact, men's, women's 
faults, miseries of marriage, events of lust, S^c. 

As there be divers causes of this burning lust, or heroical love, so there be many 
good remedies to ease and help; amongst which, good counsel and persuasion, which 
I should have handled in the first place, are of great moment, and not to be omitted. 
Many are of opinion, that in this blind headstrong passion counsel can do no good. 

" " Uiise enini res in se iieqiie consilium neque modum 1 " Which thing hath neither judgment, or an end, 
Habet, ullo earn consilio regere non potes." | How should advice or counsel it amend ?" 

'" Quis enim modus adsit amoriP'' But, without question, good counsel and 



advice must needs be of great force, especially if it shall proceed from a wise, 
fatherly, reverent, discreet person, a man of authority, whom ihe parties do respect, 
stand in awe of, or from a judicious friend, of itself alone it is able to divert and 
suffice. Gordonius, the physician, attributes so much to it, that he would have it 
Dy all means used in the first place. Jlmoveatur ab ilia, consilio viri quern timet, 
ostendendo pericula soeculi, judicium inferni, gaudia Paradisi. He would have some 
discreet men to dissuade them, after the fury of passion is aiittle spent, or by ab- 
sence allayed ; for it is as intempestive at first, to give counsel, as to comfort parents 
when their children are in that instant departed ; to no purpose to prescrilje nar- 
cotics, cordials, nectarines, potions. Homer's nepenthes, or Helen's bowl, &c. JS'on 
cessabit pectus tundere, she will lament and howl for a season : let passion have his 
course awhile, and then he may proceed, by foreshowing the miserable events and 
dangers which will surely happen, the pains of hell, joys of Paradise, and the like, 
which by their preposterous courses they shall forfeit or incur; and 'tis a fit method, 
a very good means ; for what ^^ Seneca said of vice, I say of love. Sine magistro dis- 
citur, vix sine magistro deseritur, 'tis learned of itself, but *' hardly left without a 
tutor. 'Tis not amiss therefore to have some such overseer, to expostulate and show 
them such absurdities, inconveniences, imperfections, discontents, as usually follow; 
which their blindness, fury, madness, cannot apply unto themselves, or will not 
apprehend through weakness; and good for them to disclose themselves, to give ear 
to friendly admonitions. " Tell me, sweetheart (saith Tryphena to a love-sick Char- 
mides in ^^Lucian), what is it that troubles thee .^ peradventure I can ease thy mind, 
and further thee in thy suit;" and so, without question, she might, and so mayest 
thou, if the patient be capable of good counsel, and will hear at least what may 
be said. 

If he love at all, she is either an honest woman or a whore. If dishonest let him 
read or inculcate to him that 5. of Solomon's Proverbs, Ecclus. 26. Ambros. lib. 1. 
cap. 4. in his book of Abel and Cain, Philo Judaeus de mercede mer. Platinas, dial 
in Jiinorcs, Espencaeus, and those three books of Pet. Hoedus de contem. amoribus^ 



*i Epist. lib. 2 16. Philosophi saeculi veterem amorem 
novo, quasi cLivum clavo repellere, quod et Assuero 
regi septem principes Persarum ferere, ut VastsE reginae 
d«sij<3riutn amore compensarent. "' Ovid. "One 



conjunxit. jEnea.s Sylvius hist, de Euryalo et Lucretia. 
«" Ter. 85 Virg. Eel. 2. " For what limit has love 7" 

^ Lib. de beat. vit. cap. 14. ^ Longo iisu dicimus, 

longa desuetudine dediscenduni est. Petrarch. er»'"'. 



ly<f extracts the influence of another." « Luguhri lib. 5. 8 ^e Tom. 4. di^i. meret. Fortusso eliam pM 

veste indutus, consolationes non admisit, donee Caesar ad amorem istum connitil cor.tulero. 
ex durali sanguine, forniosam virgiiiera matnmonio [ 



Mem. 5. Subs. 3.i 



Cure of Love-Melancholy. 



535 



iEneas Sylvius' tart Epistle, which he wrote to his friend Nicholas of Warthurg^e, 
which he calls medelam iJliciii amoris, SfcJ^ ^^"For what's a whore," as he saith, 
"• but a poler of youth, a * ruin of men, a destruction, a devourer of patrimonies, a 
downfall of honour, fodder for the devil, the gate of death, and supplement of hell ?" 
" Talis amor est. laqueus a7iimcB, 4'C., a bitter honey, sweet poison, delicate destruc- 
tion, a voluntary mischief, commixtum ccemim., sterquilin'ium. And as '^^Pet. Aretine's 
Lucretia, a notable quean, confesseth : " Gluttony, anger, envy, pride, sacrilege, theft, 
slaughter, were all born that day that a whore began her profession ; for," as she 
follows it, " her pride is greater than a rich churl's, she is more envious than the 
pox, as malicious as melancholy, as covetoiJs as hell. If from the beginning of the 
world any were mala, pejor, pessima^ bad in the superlative degree, 'tis a whore; 
how many have I undone, caused to be wounded, slain ! O Antonia, thou seest 
®*what I am without, but within, God knows, a puddle of iniquity, a sink of sin, a 
pocky quean." Let him now that so dotes meditate on this ; let him see the event 
and success of others, Samson, Hercules, Holofernes, &.c. Those infinite mischief? 
attend it : if she be another man's wife he loves, 'tis abominable in the sight of God 
and men; adultery is expressly forbidden in God's commandment, a mortal sin, able 
to endanger his soul: if he be such a one that fears God, or have any religion, he 
will eschew it, and abhor the loathsomeness of his own fact. If he love an honest 
maid, 'tis to abuse or marry her; if to abuse, 'tis fornication, a foul fact (though 
some make light of it), and almost equal to adultery itself. If to marry, let him 
seriously consider what he takes in hand, look before ye leap, as the proverb is, or 
settle his affections, and examine first the party, and condition of his estate and hers, 
whether it be a fit match, for fortunes, years, parentage, and such other circum- 
stances, an sit sua Veneris. Whether it be likely to proceed : if not, let him wisely 
stave himself oft at the first, curb in his inordinate passion, and moderate his desire, 
by thinking of some other subject, divert his cogitations. Or if it be not for his 
good, as iEneas, forewarned by Mercury in a dream, left Dido's love, and in all 
haste got him to sea, 

94" Mnestea, Surgestumque vocat fortemque Cloanthem, 
Classeni aptent taciti jubet" 

and although she did oppose with vows, tears, prayers, and imprecation, 

35 " nullis ille movetur 

Fletibus, aut illas voces tractabilis audit;" 

Let thy Mercury-reason rule thee against all allurements, seeming delights, pleasing 
inward or outward provocations. Thou mayest do this if thou will, pater non de- 
peril JiUam, nee f rater sororem, a father dotes not on his own daughter, a brother 
on a sister; and why.? because it is unnatural, unlawful, unfit. If he be sickly, 
soft, deformed, let him think of his deformities, vices, infirmities ; if in debt, let him 
ruminate how to pay his debts : if he be in any danger, let him seek to avoid it : if 
he have any law-suit, or other business, he may do well to let his love-matters alone 
and follow it, labour in his vocation whatever it is. But if he cannot so ease him- 
self, yet let him wisely premeditate of both their estates ; if they be unequal in 
years, she young and he old, what an unfit match must it needs be, an uneven yoke, 
now absurd and indecent a thing is it ! as Lycinus in ^ Lucian told Timolaus, for an 
old bald crook-nosed knave to marry a young wench ; how odious a thing it is to 
see an old leecher ! What should a bald fellow do with a comb, a dumb doter with 
a pipe, a blind man with a looking-glass, and thou with such a wife .'' How absurd 
it is for a young man to marry an old wife for a piece of good. But put case she 
be equal in years, birth, fortunes, and other qualities correspondent, he doth desire 
to be coupled in marriage, which is an honourable estate, but for what respects ? 
Her beauty belike, and comeliness of person, that is commonly the main object, she 



e»Q.uid enim meretrix nisi juventutis expilatrix, 
yirorum rapina seu mors; patrimonii devoratrix, ho- 
noris pernicies, pabulum diaboli, janua mortis, iriferni 
Bupplemeiitum ? sxiSanguinem hnminum sorbent. 

•iContemplatione Idiotfe, c. 34. discrimen vita, mors 
xianda, mel selleum, dulce veneiium, pernicies delicata, 
malum sponlaneum, &c. s- Pornodidasc. dial. Ital. 

gula, ira, invidia, superbia, sacrilegia, latrocinia, ciedes, 
eo die nata sunt, quo primuir. meretrix professionem 



fecit. Superbia major quam opulenti rustici, invidia 
quam luis venerEB inimicitia nocentior melancholia, 
avaritia in iminensuni profunda. ssQualjs extra 

sum vides, qiialis intra novit Deus. ^* Virj;. " He 

calls Mnestheus, Siirgestus, and the brave Cloanthus 
and orders them silently to prepare the fleol." »*" He 
is moved by no tears, he cannot be ' duced to hear her 
words." 3« Tom. 2. in votis. Calvus cum sis, ndvuui 
habeas simum, &c. 



5Ht> 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



.■o a most absolute form, m his eye at least, Cui formam Paphia, el Charlies trihij^^e 
decorum : but do other men affirm as much ? or is it an error in his judgment. 

>" " Fallunt nos oculi vagique eensus, 
Oppressa raiione mciithintar," 

" our eyes and other senses will commonly deceive us ;" it may be, to thee thyselt 
upon a more serious examination, or after a little absence, she is not so fair as she 
seems. Qucp,dain videntur et non stmt ; compare her to another standing by, 'tis a 
touchstone to try, confer hand to hand, body to body, face to face, eye to eye, nose 
to nose, neck, to neck, Stc, examine every part by itself, then altogether, in all pos- 
tures, several sites, and tell me how thoii likest her. It may be not she, that is so 
fair, but her coats, or put anotlier in her clothes, and she will seem all out as fair 5 
as the ®^ poet then prescribes, separate her from her clothes : suppose thou saw her 
in a base beggar's weed, or else dressed in some old hirsute attires out of fashion, 
foul linen, coarse raiment, besmeared with soot, colly, perfumed with opoponax, 
sagapenum, assafoetida, or some such filtliy gums, dirty, about some indecent action 
or other ; or in such a case as ®^ Brassivola, the physician, found Malatasta, his pa- 
tient, after a potion of hellebore, which he had prescribed : Manibus in terram depo- 
silis^ et ano versus ccelmn elevato (^ac si videretur Socraticus ille Aristophanes^ qui 
Geometricas fguras in terrain scribens, tubera colligere videbatur) atram bilem in 
album parietem injiciebat^ adeoque totam camerain, et se deturpabat, ut^ ^-c, all to 
bewrayed, or worse; if thou saw'st her (I say) would thou affect her as thou dost? 
/ Suppose thou beheldest her in a '" frosty morning, in cold weather, in some passion 

I or perturbation of mind, weeping, chafing, Slc, riveled and ill-favoured to behold. 

' She many times that in a composed look seems so amiable and delicious, tarn sciiula 
formci^ if she do but laugh or smile, makes an ugly sparrow-mouthed face, and 
shows a pair of uneven, loathsome, rotten, foul teeth : she hath a black skin, gouty 
legs, a deformed crooked carcass under a fine coat. It may be for all her costly 
tires she is bald, and though she seem so fair by dark, by candle-light, or afar off at 
such a distance, as Callicratides observed in ' Lucian, " If thou should see her near, 
or in a morning, she would appear more ugly than a beast ;" ^ si diligenter conside- 
res, quid per os et nares et cceteros corporis meatus egreditur, vilius sterquilinium 
nunquam vidisti. Follow my counsel, see her undressed, see her, if it be possible, 
out of her attires, y«/ri<j; is nudutam coloribus^ it may be she is like .^sop's jay, or 
^ Pliny's cantharides, she will be loathsome, ridiculous, thou wilt not endure her 
sight : or suppose thou saw'st her, pale, in a consumption, on her death-bed, skin 
and bones, or now dead, Cujus erul gratissimus amplexus (whose embrace was so 
agreeable) as Barnard saith, erit horribilis aspectus ; JY071 redolet., sed olet., quce, re- 
dolere solet, " As a posy she smells sweet, is most fresh and fair one day, but dried 
up, withered, and stinks another." Beautiful Nireus, by that Homer so much ad- 
mired, once dead, is more deformed than Thersites, and Solomon deceased as ugly 
as Marcolphus : thy lovely mistress that was erst ■• Charts charior ocellis, " dearer 
to thee than thine eyes," once sick or departed, is Vili vilior cestimata cceno, " worse 
than any dirt or dunghill." Her embraces were not so acceptable, as now her loo^s 
be terrible : thou hadst better behold a Gorgon's head, than Helen's carcass.' "■''''^ 

Some are of opinion, that to see a woman naked is able of itself to alter his 
afiection ; and it is worthy of consideration, saith * Montaigne the Frenchman in his 
Essays, that the skilfulest masters of amorous dalliance, appoint for a remedy of 
venerous passions, a full survey of the body ; which the poet insinuates. 



• " nie quod obscsenas in apertn corpore partes 
Viderat, in cursu qui fuit, hssit amor." 



"The love stood still, that run in full carefir, , ' 
When once it saw those parts should not appear." 



It is reported of Seleucus, king of Syria, that seeing his wife Stratonice's bald pato, 
as she was undressing her by chance, he could never affect her after. Remundus 
Lullius, the physician, spying an ulcer or cancer in his mistress' breast, whom he so 
dearly loved, from that day following abhorred the looks of her. Philip the French 



i"Petronius. s^Ovid. no In Calarticis, lib. 2. 

Mc Si ferveat deforniis. ecce forniosa est ; si friyeal fur- 
mosa, jam sis intorniis. 'I'h. lYlnrup Epi};ram. ' Anio 
rum dial. toni. 4. sj qiiis ad au-orain contempletur niul- 
tae niulieres a nocte lecto surfjenle.*, turpiores putabit 
esse bestiis. 2 Hugo de claustro Aniuix, lib. 1. c. 1. 



'• If you quietly reflect upon what passes through her 
mouth, nostrils, and other conduits of her body, you 
never saw vili r stutf." > Hist. nat. 11. cap. 35. A fly 
thiit hath -.'Olden wings but a poisoned body. • Ku 
chanan, Hendecasyl. » Apol. pro Rem. Seb. •«.»vni. 
2. rem. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 3.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 537 

king, as Neubrigensis, llh. 4. cap. 24. relates it, married tlie king of Denmark's 
daughter, ''"and after he had used her as a wife one niglit, because her breath stunk, 
they say, or for some other secret fault, sent her back again to lier father." Peter 
Mattheus, in the life of Lewis the Eleventh, finds fault with our English * chronicles, 
for writing how Margaret the king of Scots' daughter, and wife to Louis the Eleventh, 
French king, was ob graveolentiam oris, rejected by her husband. Many such 
riiatches are made for by-respects, or some seemly comeliness, which after honey 
moon's past, turn to bitterness : for burning lust is but a flash, a gunpowder passion; 
and hatred oft follows in the highest degree, dislike and contempt. 

9 " Cum se cutis arida laxat, 

Fiunt obscuri dentes" 

when they wax old, and ill-favoured, they may commonly no longer abide them, 

Jam gravis es nobis, Be gone, they grow stale, fulsome, loathsome, odious, thou 

art a beastly filthy quean, ^°faciem P/icebe cacantis habes, thou art Saturni jwdex, 

withered and dry, insipida et vet.ida, " Te quia rugce turpant, et capitis nives, (1 

say) begone, ^^portce patent, projiciscere. 

Yea, but you will infer, your mistress is complete, of a most absolute form in all 
men's opinions, no exceptions can be taken at her, nothing may be added to her 
person, nothing detracted, she is the mirror of women for her beauty, comeliness 
and pleasant grace, inimitable, merce delicice, meri lepores, she is Myrothetium Ve- 
neris, Gratiarum pixis, a mere magazine of natural perfections, she hath all the 

Veneres and Graces, mille faces et mille fguras, in each part absolute and 

complete, ^^ Lceta genas, Iceta as roseum, vaga lumina Iceia : to be admired for her 
person, a most incomparable, unmatchable piece, anrea proles, ad simulachruni ali- 
cujus numinis composita, a Phoenix, vernantis cetalulcp, Vevxrilla, a nymph, a fairy, 
"like Venus herself when she was a maid, nulli secunda, a mere quintessence, ^ore* 
spirans et ainaracum, fcemince prodigium : put case she be, liow long will she con- 
tinue ? '^ Florem decoris singuli carpunt dies : "• Every day detracts from her per- 
son," and this beauty is bonum fragile, a mere flash, a Venice glass, quickly broken, 

>6'' Anceps forma bonum inortalilms, 

exigui doiium breve teinporis," 

it will not last. As that fair f^^ower '''Adonis, vvhich we call an anemone, flourisheth 
but one month, this gracious all-commanding beauty fades in an instant. It is a 
jewel soon lost, the painter's goddess, fiilsa Veritas, a mere picture. " Favour is 
deceitful, and beauty is vanity," Prov. xxxi. 30. 

'8" Vitrea gemmula, fliixaqiie bullula, Candida forma I " A brittle gem, bubble, is beauty pale. 

Nix, rnsa, fumus, ventus et aura, nihil." [est, | i A rose, dew, snow, smoke, wind, air, nought at all.'' 

If she be fair, as the saying is, she is commonly a fool : if proud, scornful, sequi- 
turque superbia formam, or dishonest, rara est concordia formm atqiie pudicitice, 
" can she be fair and honest too .'"' '^ Aristo, the son of Agasicles, married a Spar- 
tan lass, the fairest lady in all Greece next to Helen, but for her conditions the most 
abominable and beastly creature of the world. So that I would wish thee to respect, 
with ^"Seneca, not her person but qualities. "Will you say that's a j. :)od blatle 
which hath a gilded scabbard, embroidered with gold and jewels .'' No, but that 
which hath a good edge and point, well tempered metal, able to resist." This 
beauty is of the body alone, and what is that, but as ^' Gregory Nazianzan telleth 
us, " a mock of time and sickness ?" or as Boethius, ''^" as mutable as a flower, and 
'tis not nature so makes us, but most part the infirmity of the beholder." For ask 
another, he sees no such matter : Die mihi per gratias qualis tibi videtur, " I pray 
thee tell me how thou lik\j«t my sweetheart," as she asked her sister in Aristenaetus, 



'Post unam noctem incertum unde offensam cepil 
propter foetentem ejus spirituni alii dicunt, ve! laten- 
leni foeditatem repudiavit. rem faeiens plane illicitam, 
et regiae peri'onae mullum indecorain. » Hall and 

Grafton belike. s Juvenal. " When the wrinkled 

tkin becomes flabby, and the teeth black." i" Mart. 



"Camerarius. emb. 68. cent. I. flos omnium pulcherri- 
mus statim languescit, form'* typus. '« Bernar 

Bauhusius Ep. 1. 4. '^ Pausanias Lacon. lib. 3. uxo- 

rem duxit Spartse mulierum omnium post Helenair 
formosissimam. at ob mores omnium turpissiuiam, 
Epist. 7(j. gladium bonum dices, non cui deauratusest 



■'Tully in Cat. "Because wrinkles and hoary locks balllieus, nee cui vagina gemmis dislinguitur. sed cui 
lisfigure you." '» Hor. ode. 13. lib. 4. 'S Locheus. ' ad setandum subtilis acies et mucro munimentuni 

•Beautiful cheeks, rosy lips, and languishing eyes." | omne rupturus. s' Pulchritudo corporis, .-^inporis et 
* Qualis fuit Venus cum fuit virgo, balsamum spirans, j morlii ludihrium. oral. 2. " Florum mutabilitate 

tc. '^Seneca. 's Seneca Hyp. "Beauty is a gift I fugacior, iiec sua natura formosas facit sed gpecian- 
)l Jubious worth to mortals, and of brief durulion." ! tium infirmitas. 

^.8 



538 



Lav e-Me lancholy. 



[Par "]. Sec. 2. 



'^^ waciti I so much admire, methinks he is the sweetest gentleman, thi ^-ropeiesl 
man th it ever I saw : but I am in love, I confess (nee pudetfateri) and cat ^ot there- 
fore well judge." But be she fair indeed, golden-haired, as Anacreon his B^ithillus, 
(to examine particulars) she have ^* Flammeolos oculos^ collaque lacteola, & pure san- 
guine complexion, little moutli, coral lips, white teeth, soft and plump neck, body, 
hands, feet, all fair and lovely to behold, composed of all graces, elegances, an ab- 
solute piece, 

M " Luinina sint Melitie Juiionia, dextra Minervte, 
MainillEB Veneris, sura maris domiiisB," Sec. 

Let ^^ her head be from Prague, paps out of Austria, belly from France, back from 
Brabant, hands out of England, feet from Rhine, buttocks from Switzerland, let her 
nave the Spanish gait, the Venetian tire, Italian compliment and endowments . 



'Candida sideriis ardescant lumina flanimip, 
Sudent colla rosas, et cedat ciinibus aurum, 
Mellea purpurem depronianl ora ruboreni ; 



Fiilgeat, ac Venerem coelesti corpore vlno«t, 
Forma dearum omnis," &;c. 



Let her be such a one throughout, as Lucian deciphers in his Imagines, as Euphanor 
of old painted Venus, Aristaenetus describes Lais, another Helena, Chariclea^ Leu- 
cippe, Lucretia, Pandora; let her have a box of beauty to repair herself stdl, such a 
one as Venus gave Phaon, when he carried her over the ford ; let her use all helps 
art and nature can yield ; be liJ-e her, and her, and whom thou wilt, or all thef^ in 
one; a little sickness, a fever si>.."^ll-pox, wound, scar, loss of an eye, or limb, a 
violent passion, a distemperature of heat or cold, mars all in an instant, disfigures 
all ; child-bearing, old age, that tyrant time will turn Venus to Erinnys ; raging t^me, 
care, rivels her upon a sudden ; after she hath been married a small while, and the 
black ox hath trodden on her toe, she will be so much altered, and wax out of 
favour, thou wilt not know her. One grows to fat, another too lean, &c., modest 
Matilda, pretty pleasing Peg, sweet-singing Susan, mincing merry Moll, dainty danc- 
ing Doll, neat Nancy, jolly Joan, nimble Nell, kissing Kate, bouncing Bess' with 
black eyes, fair Phyllis, with fine white hands, fiddling Frank, tall Tib, slender Sib, 
&c., will quickly lose their grace, grow fulsome, stale, sad, heavy, dull, sour, and all 
at last out of fashion. Ubi jam vultus argutia^ suavis suavitatio, blandus^ rlsus^c. 
Those fair sparkling eyes will look dull, her soft coral lips will be pale, dry, cold, 
rough, and blue, her skin rugged, that soft and tender superficies will be hard and 
harsh, her whole complexion change in a moment, and as ^' Matilda writ to King 
John. 

" I am not now as when thou saw'st me last, 
Tliat favour soon is vanished and past ; 
That rosy blush lapt in a lily vale. 
Now is with morphew overgrown and pale." 

'Tis so in the rest, their beauty fades as a tree in winter, which Dejanira hath ele- 
gantly expressed in the poet, 

' And as a tree that in the green wood grows, 
With fruit and leases, and in the summer blowi. 
In winter like a stock deformed shows: .y^ 

Our beauty takes his race and journey goes. 
And doth decrease, and lose, and come to puughi, 
Admir'd of old, to this by child-birth broug.n • 
And mother hath berett me of my grace, 
And crooked old age coining on apace." 

To conclude with Chrysostom, ™" When thou seest a fair and beautiful person,^ 
biave Bonaroba, a bella donna, qucB salivam moveat, levidarn putlimn et quam tu 
facile ames, a comely woman, having bright eyes, a merry countenance, a shining 
lustre in her look, a pleasant grace, wringing thy soul, and increasing thy concu- 
piscence ; bethink with thyself that it is but earth thou lovest, a mere excrement, 
^viiich so vexeth thee, which thou so admirest, and thy raging soul will be at rest. 



'Deforme solis aspicis truncis nemns? 
Sic nostra longum forma percurrens iter, 
Deperdit aliquid semper, et fulget minus, 
Malisque minuses! quic(|uid in nobis fuit, 
Ohm petituni cecidit, et partu labat, 
Mater<|ue multum rapnit e.\ ilia mihi, 
jEtas citato senior eripuit gradu." 



33 Epist. II. Cluem ego depereo juvenis mihi pulche- 
rimus videtur; sed forsan amore percita de amore non 
rectejudico. a* Luc. Brugensis. " Bright eyes and 

snow-white neck." ^^ Idem. " Let my Melita's eyes 
he like Juno's, )ier hand Minerva's, her breasts Venus', 
her leg Amphitiles'." ^ Bebelius adagiis Ger. 

*> Petron. Cat. " Let her eyes be as bright as the stars, 
her neck smell like the rose, her hair shine more than 
gold, her honied lips be ruby coloured ; let her beauty 
be resplendent, and superior to Venus, let her be in all 



respects a deity," &c. w M. Drayton. !">Senec 

act. 2. Here. Oeteus. so Vides venustam mulierem, 

fulgidum habentem oculum, vultu hilari coruscantena, 
eximiuin quendam aspectum et decorem pr<ese feren- 
tem, urentem menteui tuam, et concuplscontiam agen- 
tem ; cogita terrain esse id quod amas, et quod admira 
ris stercus, et quod te urit, &c., cogita illam jam senes- 
cere jam rugosam cavis gems, segrotam ; tantis sordibui 
intus plena est, pituita, stercore ; reputa quid intra 
nares, oculos, cerebrum gestat, gu^e sorties, &c. 



iVfem. 5. Subs. 3.] Cure oj Love-Melancholy 539 

■ Take her skin from her face, and thou slialt see all loathsomeness under it, that 
beauty is a superficial skin and bones, nerves, sinews: suppose her sick, now riveled, 
hoary-headed, hollow-cheeked, old ; within siie is full of filthy phlegm, stinking, 
putrid, excremental stuff: snot and snivel in her nostrils, spittle in her mouth, water 

. in her eyes, what filth in her brains," &.c. Or take her at best, and look narrowly 
upon her in the light, stand near her, nearer yet, thou shalt perceive almost as much, 
and love less, as ^'Cardan well writes, minus amant qui acufdvident, though Scaliger 
deride him for it: if he see her near, or look exactly at such a posture, whosoever 
he is, according to the true rules of symmetry and proportion, those I mean of 
Albertus Durer, Lomatius and Tasnier, examine him of her. If he be elegans for- 
viarum spectator^ he shall find many faults in physiognomy, and ill colour : if form, 
one side of the face likely bigger than the other, or crooked nose, bad eyes, promi- 
nent veins, concavities about the eyes, wrinkles, pimples, red streaks, freckles, hairs, 
warts, neves, inequalities, roughness, scabredity, paleness, yellowness, and as many 
colours as are in a turkey cock's neck, many indecorums in their other parts; est 
quod desideres, est quod ampules, one leers, another frowns, a third gapes, squints, &c. 
And 'tis true tliat he saith, ^^Diligentcr consideranii raro fades absoluta^ et quce 
vitio caret, seldom shall you find an absolute face without fault, as I have often ob- 
served ; not in the face alone is this defect or disproportion to be found ; but in all 
the other parts, of body and mind; she is fair, indeed, but foolish; pretty, comely, 
and decent, of a majestical presence, but peradventure, imperious, dishonest, acerba^ 
iniqua, self-willed: she is rich, but deformed; hath a sweet face, but bad carriage, 
no bringing up, a rude and wanton flirt; a neat body she hath, but it is a nasty 
quean otherwise, a very slut, of a bad kind. As flowers in a garden have colour 
some, but no smell, others have a fragrant smell, but are unseemly to the eye; one 
is unsavoury to the taste as rue, as bitter as wormwood, and yet a most medicinal 
cordiaJ flower, most acceptable to the stomach; so are men and women; one is well 
qualified, but of ill proportion, poor and base: a good eye she hath, but a bad hand 
and toot,fceda pedes etfceda manus^ a fine leg, bad teeth, a vast body, &c. Examine 
all parts of body and mind, I advise thee to inquire of all. See her angry, merry, 
laugh, weep, hot, cold, sick, sullen, dressed, undressed, in all attires, sites, gestures, 
passions, eat her meals, Slc, and in some of these you will surely dislike. Yea, not 
her only let him observe, but her parents how they carry themselves : for what 
deformities, defects, incumbrances of body or mind be in them at such an age, they 
will likely be subject to, be molested in like manner, they will patrizare or ma- 
trizare. And withal let him take notice of her companions, in conviclu (as Quiverra 
prescribes), et quibuscum conversetur, whom she converseth with. JYoscitur ex 
comite, qui non cognoscitur ex se.^ According to Thucydides, she is commonly the 
best, de quo minimus for as habetur sermo, that is least talked of abroad. For if she 
be a noted reveller, a gadder, a singer, a pranker or dancer, than take heed of her. 
For what saith Theocritus? 

31" At vos festiva ne ne saltate puellie, 

Ell mains hircus adest in vos saltare paratus." 

Young men will do it when they come to it, fauns and satyrs will certainly play 
wrecks, when they come in such wanton Baccho's Elenora's presence. Now when 
they shall perceive any such obliquity, indecency, disproportion, deformity, bad 
conditions, &c., let them still ruminate on that, and as ^* Hoedus adviseth out of Ovid, 
earum mendas notent, note their faults, vices, errors, and think of their imperfections; 
'tis tlie next way to divert and mitigate love's furious headstrong passions ; as a 
peacock's feet, and filthy comb, they say, make him forget his fine feathers, and pride 
of his tail ; she is lovely, fair, well-favoured, well qualified, courteous and kind, 
" but if she be not so to me, what care I how kind she be ?" 1 say with ^^Philos- 
tratus, ybrmosa aliis, mihi superba, she is a tyrant to me, and so let her go. Besides 
these outward neves or open faults, errors, there be many inward infirmities, secret, 
jsome private (which 1 will omit), and some more common to the sex, sullen fits, 
?vil qualities, filthy diseases, in this case fit to be considered ; consideratio fasditatis 

"Subtil. 13. S3 Cardan, subtil, lib. 13. '^ "Show I de centum amoribus, earum mendas volvant ammo 
DM your company and I'll tell you who you are." | siepe ante oculos constituant, sa;pe damnent. "^In 

•*•' Hiirk. vfi'.i merry maids, do not dance so, for see the | deliciis. 
he-goat is at nu>.J, ready to pounce upon you." 3& x^jb. I 



540 



Lov e-Me lancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



mulieniin, inenstruae imprimis, quam immundaj sunt, quam Savanarola proponit regula 
septima penitus observaiulaiu ; and Platina dial, amoris fuse pcrslringit. Lodoviciis 
Bonacsialus, muUcb. lib. 2. cap. 2. Pet. Haedus. Albertus, et iri/mUifere medicL ^'' A 
lover, in Calcagninus's Apologies, wished with all his heart he were his mistress's 
ring, to hear, embrace, see, and do I know not what : O thou fool, quoth the ring, 
il" tiiou wer'st in my room, thou shouldst hear, observe, and see pudenda et poeni- 
knda, that which would make thee loathe and hate her, yea, peradventure, all women 
for her sake. 

I will say nothing of the vices of their minds, their pride, envy, inconstancy, 
weakness, malice, selfwill, lightness, insatiable lust, jealousy; Ecclus. v. 14. "No 
malice to a woman's, no bitterness like to hers, Eccles. vii. 21. and as the same 
author urgeth, Prov. xxxi. 10. "Who shall find a virtuous woman ?" He makes a 
question of it. JVeque jus neque honum., neque cBquum sciunt, melius pejus, prosit, 
obsit, nihil vident, nisi quod libido suggerit. " They know neither good nor bad, be 
it better or worse (as the comical poet hath it), beneficial or hurtful, they will do 
what they list. 

'^"Insidiie huinani generis, qiierimonia vitJB, 
Exuvia; noctis, durissinia cura diei, 
Poena viruiu, nex et juvenum," &c. 

And to that purpose were they first made, as Jupiter insinuates in the "^poet; 

"The fire that bold Prometheus stole from me, 
With plajjues cali'd women shall revenged be. 
On whose alluring and enticing face, 
Poor mortals doting shall their death embrace." 

In fine, as Diogenes concludes in Nevisanus, JYuUa estfoemina quce. nan habeat quid 
they have all their faults. 

*" Every each of them hath some vices, 
If one be full ofvillany, 
.Another halh a liquorish eye, 
If one be full of wantonness, 
Another is a cliideress. 

Whea Leander was drowned, the inhabitants of Sestos consecrated Hero's lantern to 
Anteros, Anteroti sacrum, ^'and he that had good success in his love should light 
the candle : but never any man was found to light it ; which I can refer to nought, 
but the inconstancy and lightness of women. 



'■/For in a thousand, good there is not one ; 
All be so proud, unthankful, and unkind, 
With flinty hearts, careless of other's moan. 



In their own lusts carried most headlong blind, 
But more herein to speak I am forbidden : 
Sometimes for speaking truth one may be chidden. 



I am not willing, you see, to prosecute the cause against them, and therefore take 
heed you mistake me not, ^ matronam nullum ego tango, I honour the sex, with al 
good men, and as 1 ought to do, rather than displease them, I will voluntarily take 
the oath which Mercurius Britannicus took, Viragin. descript. tib. 2.fol. 95. Me 
nihil unquam mali nobiUssimo sexui, vel verbo, vel facto machinaturum, Sfc, let Si- 
monides, Mantuan, Platina, Pet. Aretine, and such women-haters bare the blame, if 
aught be said amiss ; I have not writ a tenth of that which might be urged out of 
them and others; **non possunt invective omnes, et satircB in foeminas scriptce, uno 
volumine comprehendi. And that which I have said (to speak truth) no more con- 
cerns them than men, though women be more frequently named in this tract ; (to 
apologise once for all) I am neither partial against them, or therefore bitter ; what is 
said of the one, mutato nomine, may most part be understood of the other. My 
words are like Passus' picture in ''^ Lucian, of whom, when a good fellow had be- 
spoke a horse to be painted with his heels upwards, tumbling on his back, he made 
him passant : now when the fellow came for his piece, he was very angry, and said, 
it was quite opposite to his mind ; but Passus instantly turned the picture upside 
down, showed hhn the horse at that site which he requested, and so gave him satis- 
faction. If any man take exception at my words, let him alter the name, read him 
for her, and 'tis all one in effect. 



"(luum amator annulum se amicae optaret, ut ejus 
■mplexu frui posset, &;c. O te miserum ait annulus, si 
ineas vices obires, .ideres, audi es, &c. nihil non odio 
dignuin observares. *<La'(lieus. •' Snares of the 

human species, torments of lite, spoils of the night, 
bitterest cares of day, the torture of husbands, the ruin 



of youths." MSee our English Tatius, lib. 1. 

*" Chaucer, in Romauntof the itose. *'Clui se 

fanileni in aniore probarit, banc succendiio. At qui 
succendat, ad hunc diem repertus nemo. Calcagniiius 
" Ariosto. « Hor. <'i Christopli. Fonseca 

^Encom. Demostheo. 



Mem. 6. Subs. 3.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 541 

But to ray purpose : If women ia general be so bad (and men w orse than they) 
what a hazard is it to marry ? where shall a man find a good wife, or a woman a 
good husband ? A woman a man may eschew, but not a wife : wedding is undoing 
(some say) marrying marring, wooing woeing : ''^"a wife is a fever hectic," as Sea 
iiger calls her, " and not be cured but by death," as out of Menander, Athenaeus 
adds, 



' In pelagus te jacis negotiorum, 

Noil Libyum, non ^Egeum, ubi ex triginta non pereunt 
Tria navigia: iluceiis uxoiem servatur prorsus nemo." 



'Thou wadest into a sea itself of woes; 
111 Lybyc and ^Egeaii each man knows 
Of thirty not three ships are cast away. 
But on this rock not one escapes, I say." 



The worldly cares, miseries, discontents, that accompany marriage, I pray you learn 
of them that have experience, for I have none ; " rtotSaj £yw Xoyov; sysvrjadfiriv, libn 
mentis liberi. For my part I'll dissemble with him, 

^'"' Este procul nyinphae, fallax genus este puellse. 
Vita jugata nieo non facit ingeiiio: me juvat,"&c. 

many married men exclaim at the miseries of it, and rail at wives downright ; I never 
tried, but as I hear some of them say, '^^Mare haud mare, tws mare acerrimum, an 
Irish Sea is not so turbulent and raging as a litigious wife. 

50" Scylla et Charybdis Sicula contorquens freta, I " Scylla and Charybdis are less dangerous. 

Minus est tinienda, nulla non nielior fera est." | There is no beast that is so noxious." 

Which made the devil belike, as most interpreters hold, when he had taken away 
Job's goods, corporis et fortune bona, health, children, friends, to persecute him the 
more, leave his wicked wife, as Pineda proves out of Tertuliian, Cyprian, Austin, 
Chrysostom, Prosper, Gaudentius, &c. ut novum calamitatis inde genus viro exlste- 
ret, to vex and gall him worse quam totus infernus, than all the fiends in hell, as 
knowing the conditions of a bad woman. Jupiter non tribuit homlni pestilentius 
malum, saith Simonides : " better dwell with a dragon or a lion, than keep house 
with a wicked wife," Ecclus. xxv. 18. "better dwell in a wilderness," Prov. xxi. 19. 
" no wickedness like to her," Ecclus. xxv. 22. " She makes a sorry heart, an heavy 
countenance, a wounded mind, weak hands, and feeble knees," vers. 25. " A woman 
and deatli are two the bitterest things in the world :" uxor mlhi ducenda est hodie, id 
viihi visus est dicere, abi domum et suspende te. Ter Jln^d. 1. 5. And yet for all this 
we bachelors desire to be married ; with that vestal virgin, we long for it, ^' Felices 
nuptce ! moriar, nisi nubere dulce est. 'Tis the sweetest thing in the world, I would 
I had a wife saith he, 

" For fain would 1 ieave a single life, 
If 1 could get nie a good wife." 

9[eigh~ho for a husband, cries she, a bad husband, nay, the worst that ever was ia 
oetter than none : O blissful marriage, O most welcome marriage, and happy are they 
that are so coupled : we do earnestly seek it, and are never well till we have effected 
it. But with what fate } like those birds in the " Emblem, that fed about a cage, so 
long as they could fly away at their pleasure liked well of it; but when they were 
taken and might not get loose, though they had the same meat, pined away for sul- 
lenness, and would not eat. So we commend marriage, 

"donee niiselli liberi 

Aspicinuis ddmiiiani; sed postquam heu janua clausa est, 
Fel iiitus est quod inel fuil :" 

,* So long as we are wooers, may kiss and coll at our pleasure, nothing is so sweet, 
we are in heaven as we think ; but when we are once tied, and have lost our liberty, 
marriage is an hell," "• give me my yellow hose again :" a mouse in a trap lives as 
merrily, we are in a purgatory some of us, if not hell itself. Dulce bellum inex- 
pertis, as the proverb is, 'tis fine talking of war, and marriage sweet in contempla- 
tion, till it be tried : and then as wars are most dangerous, irksome, every minute at 
death's door, st) is. Sec. When those wild Irish peers, saith ^^ Stanihurst, were feasted 
by king Henry the Second, (at what time he kept his Christmas at Dublin) and had 
tasted of his/prince-like cheer, generous wines, dainty fare, had seen h's *' massy 



«i Febris hectica uxor, et non nisi morte avellenda. 
f Synesius, libros ego liberos genui Lipsius antiq. l-ect. 
lib. »8 " Avaunt, ye nymphs, inaiilens, ye are a 

deceitful race, no married life for me," &c. *^ Plau- 

CU8 Asin. act, 1. sogenec. in Hercul. si Seneca. 

Aiiiator. Emblem. 's De rebus Hibernicis \. :i. 

2V 



"Gemmea pocula, argentea vasa, cselata candelabia, 
aurea. &c. Coiichileata auljea, buccinarum clangorem 
libiiirum cantuni, et symphoniae suavitatem, niajeeta- 
temque principis coronuti cum vidissent sella diaurata 
&c. 



5i2 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2. 



plat ; oC silver, gold, enamelled, beset with jewels, golden candlesticks, goodly rich 
hanging.^, brave furniture, heard his trumpets sound, fifes, drums, and his exquisite 
music in all kinds : when they had observed his majestical presence as he sat in pur- 
ple robes, crowned, with his sceptre, &c., in his royal seat, the poor men were so 
amazed, enamoured, and taken with the object, that they were pertcesi domestici ei 
pristini tyrotarchi., as weary and ashamed of their own sordidity and manner of life. 
They would all be English forthwith; who but English! but when they had now 
submitted themselves, and lost their former liberty, they began to rebel some of them, 
others repent of what they had done, when it was too late. 'Tis so with us bache- 
lors, when we see and behold those sweet faces, those gaudy shows that women 
make, observe their pleasant gestures and graces, give ear to their syren tunes, see 
them dance, &c., we think their conditions are as fine as their faces, we are taken 
with dumb signs, ?n amplexum ruimus^ we rave, we burn, and would fain be mar- 
ried. But when we feel the miseries, cares, woes, that accompany it, we make our 
moan many of us, cry out at length and cannot be released. If this be true now, 
as some out of experience will inform us, farewell wiving for my part, and as the 
comical poet merrily saith. 



66" Perdatur ille pessiine qui foeminam 

Duxit secuiidus, nam nihil prinio imprecorl 
Ignnrus ut puto niali primus I'uit." 



66 " Foul fall him that drought the second match to pass 
The first I wish no harm, poor man alas! 
He knew not what he did, nor what it was." 



What shall I say to him that marries again and again, ^^ Stulta maritali qui porrigit 
ora ccipistro, I pity him not, for the first time he must do as he may, bear it out 
sometimes by the head and shoulders, and let his next neighbour ride, or else run 
away, or as that Syracusian in a tempest, when all ponderous things were to be ex- 
onerated out of the ship, quia maximum pondus erat, fling his wife into the sea. But 
this I confess is comically spoken, ^*and so 1 pray you take it. ^In sober sadness, 
^^ marriage is a bondage, a thraldom, a yoke, a hindrance to all good enterprises 
(" he hath married a wife and cannot co^ne") a stop to all preferments, a rock on 
which many are saved, many impinge and are cast away : not that the thing is evil 
in itself or troublesome, but full of all contentment and happiness, one of the three 
things which please God, ''*'" when a man and his wife agree together," an honour- 
able and happy estate, who knows it not.'' If they be sober, wise, honest, as the 
poet infers, 



'Si commodos nanciscantur aniores, 
Nullum iis abest voluplatis genus." 



' If fitly match'd be man and wife, 
No pleasure's wanting to their life.' 



But to undiscreet sensual persons, that as brutes are wholly led by sense, it is a 
feral plague, many times a hell itself, and can give little or no content, being that 
they are often so irregular and prodigious in their lusts, so diverse in their affections. 
Uxor nomen dignitatis, non voluptatis, as ^^ he said, a wife is a name of honour, not 
of pleasure : she is fit to bear the office, govern a family, to bring up children, sit at 
a board's end and carve, as some carnal men think and say ; they had father go to 
the stews, or have now and then a snatch as they can come by it, borrow of their 
neighbours, than have wives of their own ; except they may, as some princes and 
groat men do, keep as many courtesans as they will themselves, fly out impune, 
*'^ Pcrmolere uxores alicnas, that polygamy of Turks, Lex Julia, with Caesar once 
enforced in Rome, (though Levinus Torrentius and others suspect it) uti uxores quoi 
et quas vellent liceret, that every great man might marry, and keep as many wives as 
he would, or Irish divorcement were in use : but as it is, 'tis hard and gives not tliat 
satisfaction to these cmnal men, beastly men as too many are : " What still the same, 
to be tied ^* to one, be she never so fair, never so virtuous, is a thing they may not 
endure, to love one long. Say thy pleasure, and counterfeit as thou wilt, as *'' Par- 
meno told Thais, JYeque tu una eris t,ntenta, " one man will never please thee ;" nor 
one woman many men. But as *' Pan replied to his fatlier Mercury, when he asked 



•'Eubulns in Crisil. Athenaeus dynosophist, 1. 13. c. I "> Ecclus. xxviii. 1. " Euripides Andromach. 

3. '"' Translated by my brother, Ralph Burton. '' Ju- ^^ ^Eiius Verus imperator. Spar. vit. ejus. ^^ fjor. 

venal. "Who thiusts his foolish neck a second time m Quod licet, ingratum est. ^s Por better for worse, 



into the halter." ^8 Hsec in speciem dicta cave ut 

eredas. 69 Uachelors always are the bravest men. 

Bacon. Seek eternity in memory, not in pl)^tenty, like 
Epaminondas that instead of children, left two great 
victories behind him, which he called his two daughters. 



for richer for poorer, in sickness and in hfal'h, &.C. "tii 
durus sermo to a sensual man. *Tei act. 1. Sc 

3. Eunuch. c' Ltician. torn. 4. neque cum unfi aliiiui 
rem habere conlentus foreui. 



Mem. 5 Subs. S.j Cure of Love-Melancholy. 543 

whether he was married, JVeqiiaquam pater, amator enim sum, S^c. " No, father, no. 
I am a lover still, and cannot be contented with one woman," Pythias, Echo, Me- 
nades, and I know not how many besides, were his mistresses, he might not abide 
marriage. Varietas delectat, 'tis loathsome and tedious, what one still ? which the 
satirist said of Iberina, is verified in most, 

M" Unus IberiiK-e vir sufiicit ? ocyus illud I '"Tis not one man will serve hef by her will, 

Extorqiiebis lit haec oculo contenta sit uno." ( As^oon she'll have one eye as one man still." 

.As capable of any impression as materia prima itself, that still desires new forms, 
like the sea their affections ebb ajid flow. Husband is a cloak for some to hide their 
villany ; once married she mayfly out at her pleasure, the name of husband is a 
sanctuary to make all good. Ed ventum (saith Seneca) ut nulla virum habeat, nisi 
ut irritet adulterum. They are right and straight, as true Trojans as mine host's 
daughter, that Spanish wench in ^^ Ariosto, as good wives as Messalina. Many men 
are as constant in their choice, and as good husbands as Nero himself, they must 
have their pleasure of all they see, and are in a word far more fickle than any woman. 

For either they be full of jealousy, 
Or maslerfull, or loven iiovcUy. 

Good men have often ill wives, as bad as Xantippe was to Socrates, Elevora to St. 
Lewis, Isabella to our Edward the Second; and good wives are as often matched to 
ill husbands, as Mariamne to Herod, Serena to Diocletian, Theodora to Theophilus, 
and Thyra to Gurmunde. But I will say nothing of dissolute and bad husbands, of 
bachelors and their vices ; their good qualities are a fitter subject for a just volume, 
too well known already in every village, town and city, they need no blazon ; and 
lest I should mar any matches, or dishearten loving maids, for this present I will let 
them pass. 

/ Being that men and women are so irreligious, depraved by nature, so wandering 
^tn their afiections, so brutish, so subject to disagreement, so unobservant of marriage 
rites, what shall 1 say } If thou beest such a one, or thou light on such a wife, 
what concord can there be, what hope of agreement } 'tis not conjugium but conjur- 
gium, as the Reed and Fern in the ™ Emblem, averse and opposite in nature : 'tis 
twenty to one thou wilt not marry to thy contentment : but as in a lottery forty 
blanks were drawn commonly for one prize, out of a multitude you shall hardlj 
choose a good one : a small ease hence then, little comfort, 

'» " Nee integrum unquam transiges Iffitus diem." I " If he or she be such a one, 

I Thou hadst much better be alone." 

If she be barren, she is not &c. If she have '^children, and thy state be noi 

good, though thou be wary and circumspect, thy charge will undo thee, -fcecundd 

domum tibi prole gravabit,''^ thou wilt not be able to bring them up, " " and what 
greater misery can there be than to beget children, to whom thou canst leave no 
other inheritance but hunger and thirst?" ''^ cum fames dominatur, strident vodes 
rogantium panem, penetrantes patris cor: what so grievous as to tu'.n them up to 
the wide world, to shift for themselves } No plague like to want : and when thou 
hast good means, and art very careful of their education, they will not be ruled. 
Think but of that old proverb, jyptowi/ rsxm rt/j/uara, heroumfdii nox(e, great men's sons 
seldom do well ; utinam aut cozlehs mansissem, aut prole carerem ! " would that 
I had either remained single, or not had children," "^Augustus exclaims in Suetonius. 
Jacob had his Reuben, Simeon and Levi; David an Amnon, an Absalom, Adoniah ; 
wise men's sons are commonly fools, insomuch that Spartian concludes, JYeminem 
prope magnorum virorum optimum et utilem reliquisse Jilium : "they had been much 
better to have been childless. 'Tis too common in the middle sort ; thy son's a 
drunkard, a gamester, a spendthrift ; thy daughter a fool, a whore ; thy servants 
lazy drones and thieves ; thy neighbours devils, they will make thee weary of thy 
life, '*'•'■ If thy wife be froward, when she may not have her will, thou hadst bettei 
be buried alive ;• she will be so impatient, raving still, and roaring like Juno in th«i 

M Juvenal. Ml.ib. 28. '"Camerar. 82. cent. 3. i famem et sitim. 'sChrvs. Fonseca. '« Libpri sibi 



'tSinionides. '^ (j|,j„„^,-, nake misfortunes more 

bitter. Bacon. '^ •> ^lie yv,i|l siulj your whole e.stab- 

Jishment by her fecundity. ' '< llmnsius. E[)i?t. 

Primiiro. Nihil nusernis qiiani prucreare liberos ad 



qnof vihil ei hiKreaitate tua pervenire videas preeler numer. 101. tiil. nup. 



carciiiomata. " Melius fut-ral eus sine liberis disces. 
sisse. '"' Leinnius, cap 6 lib. 1. Si inorosa, si iion in 
omnibus oliseqiiaris, omnia inipacata in a<dilnis, omnia 
lursum inisceri videas, iiiults teinpestates, &c. l,ib. ^ 



544 



Lovf -Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



tragedy, there's nothing but tempests, all is in an uproar." If she be soft and foo]- 
ish, thou werl better have a block, she will shame thee and reveal thy secrets ; if 
wise and learned, welj qualified, there is as much danger on the other side, midierem 
doctam diicere periculosissimritJi, saith Nevisanus, she will be too insolent and pee- 
vish, ''^Malo Venusinam quiim te Cornelia mater. Take heed ; if she be a slut, thou 
wilt loathe her; if proud, she'll , beggar thee, ^"she'll spend thy patrimony in 
baubles, all Arabia will not serve to perfume her hair," saith Lucian ; if fair and 
wanton, she '11 make thee a cornuto ; if deformed, she will paint. ^' " If her face be 
filthy by nature, she will mend it by art," alienis et adscititiis imposturls, " which 
who can endure ?" If she do not paint, she will look so filthy, thou canst not love 
her, and that peradventure will make thee dishonest. Cromerus lib. 12. hist, relates 
of Casimirus, ^^ that he was unchaste, because his wife Aleida, the daughter of Henry, 
Landgrave of Hesse, was so deformed. If she be poor, she brings beggary with her 
(saith Nevisanus), misery and discontent. If you marry a maid, it is uncertain how 
she proves, Hce.c forsan veniet non satis apta tibi.^ If young, she is likely wanton 
and untaught ; if lusty, too lascivious ; and if she be not satisfied, you know where 
and when, nil nisi jurgia^ all is in an uproar, and there is little quietness to be had \ 
if an old maid, 'tis a hazard she dies in childbed; if a ^'' rich widow, induces te in 
laquenm, thou dost halter thyself, she will make all away beforehand, to her other 

children, &c. ^^ dominant quis possit ferre tonantem ? she will hit thee still in 

the teeth with her first husband ; if a young widow, she is often insatiable and im- 
modest. If she be rich, well descended, bring a great dowry, or be nobly allied, thy 
wife's friends will eat thee out of house and home, dives ruinam cedibus inducit., she 

will be so proud, so high-minded, so imperious. For nihil est magis intolera- 

bile dite, " there's nothing so intolerable," thou shalt be as the tassel of a gos-hawk, 
"^ " she will ride upon thee, domineer as she list," wear the breeches in her oligar- 
chical government, and beggar thee besides. Uxores divites servitutem exigunt (as 
Seneca hits them, declam. lib. 2. declam. 6.) Dotem accepi imperium perdidi. They 
will have sovereignty, pro conjuge dominam arcessis, they will have attendance, they 
will do what they list. ^' In taking a dowry thou losest thy liberty, dos irifrat, 
libertas exit., hazardest thine estate. 

" Hre sunt atque aliffi multae in magnis dotihus 
Incommoditates, sumptusque intoleraljiles," &c. 

" with many such inconveniences :" say the best, she is a commanding servant ; thou 
hadst better have taken a good housewife maid in her smock. Since then there is 
such hazard, if thou be wise keep thyself as thou art, 'tis good to match, much 
better to be iVee. 

68 «' procreare liberos lepidissimum, 

Hercle vero liberum esse, id niulto est lepidius." 

* " Art thou young ? then match not yet ; if old, match not at all." 

"Visjuvenis nubere? nondiim venit tempus. 
Ingravesceiite state jam tempus iiraeteriit." 

And therefore, with that philosopher, still make answer to thy friends that impor 
tune thee to marry, adhuc intempestivmn., 'tis yet unseasonable, and ever will be. 
('Consider withal how free, how happy, how secure, how heavenly, in respect, a 
single man is, ^° as he said in the comedy, Et isti quod fortunatum esse autumant^ 
uxorem nunquam habui, and that which all my neighbours admire and applaud me 
for, account so great a happiness, I never had a wife : consider how contentedly, 
quietly, neatly, plentifully, sweetly, and how merrily he lives! he hath no man to 
care for but himself, none to please, no charge, none to control him, is tied to no 
residence, no cure to serve, may go and come, when, whither, live where he will, 
his own master, and do what he list himself , Consider the excellency of virgins, 

a wife?" 86 Si dotata erit, imperiosa, continuoque 

viro inequitare conabitur. Pi'trarch. 8? |f a woman 
nourish her husband, she is angry and impudent, and 
full of reproach. Ecclus. xxv. 2-2. Scilicet uxori nubere 
nolo mete. t« Plautus Mil. Glor. act. 3. sc. 1 "To 

be a father is very pleasant, but to be a freeman still 
moreso." eogiobaeus, frr. 66. Alex, ab Aleiand. lib. 
4. cap. 8. "o They shall attend the lamb in heaven, 

because they were no' defiled with women, Apor '4 



■« Juvenal. "I would rather have a Venusinian 
wench than thee, Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi," 
fcc. ""Tom. 4. Amores, omnem mariti opulentiam 
profuiidet, totani Arabian! capillis reddens. >*' Idem, 
»it qui« sanx mentis sustinere queat, &c. 82Subegit 
nix-illas quod uxor ejus deformior esset. ^3 " Perhaps 
Bbe will not suit you." ** Sil. nup. 1. 2. num. 25. 

Dives inducit teiiipestatem, pauper curam ; ducens yi- 
duam sf inducit in laqueum. ** Sic quisque dicit, 

ftlteram diicit tamen " Who can endure a virago for 



Mem. 5. Subs. 3.] 



Cure of Love-Melancholy. 



545 



Sic Virgo dum intacta manet, dum chara suis, s«d 
Cum Castum auiisit," <fcc. 



" Virgo casluni meruit, marriage replenisheth the earth, but virginity Paradise ; Elias, 
Clispiis, John Baptist, were bachelors : virginity is a precious jewel, a fair garland, a 
flpx'er-iaciing llov^er; ^^for why was Daphne turned to a green bay-tree, but to show 
that virginity is immortal ? 

•" " Ut flos in septis secretus nascitiir hortis, 
ignotus pecori, nullo contiisus aratro, 
Qiiani mulcent aurs, tirmaC sol, educat imber, Sec. 

Virginity is a fine picture, as ^'* Bonaventure calls it, a blessed thing in itself, and if 
you will believe a Papist, meritorious. And although there be some inconveniences, 
jrksomeness, solitariness, &c., incident to such persons, want of those comforts, 
ifucB (Bgro assideat et curet cegrotum, f omentum paret, roget medicum, (Sfc, embracing, 
dalliance, kissing, colling, &c., those furious motives and wanton pleasures a new- 
married wife most part enjoys ; yet they are but toys in respect, easily to be en- 
dured, if conferred to those frequent incumbrances of marriage. Solitariness may 
be otherwise avoided with mirth, music, good company, business, employment ; in 
a word, ^ Gaudebit minus, et minus dolebit ; for their good nights, he shall have 
good days. And methinks some time or other, amongst so many rich bachelors, h 
benefactor should be found to build a monastical college for old, decayed, deformed, 
or discontented maids to live together in, that have lost their first loves, or other- 
wise miscarried, or else are willing howsoever to lead a single life. . The rest I say 
are toys in respect, and sufficiently recompensed by those innumerable contents and 
incomparable privileges of virginity. Think of these things, confer both lives, and 
consider last of all these commodious prerogatives a bachelor hath, how well he i.« 
esteemed, how heartily welcome to all his friends, quam mentitis obsequiis, as Ter- 
tullian observes, with what counterfeit courtesies they will adore him, follow hinir 
present him with gifts, humatis donis ; " it cannot be believed (saith * Ammianus' 
with what humble service he shall be worshipped," how loved and respected : " If 
he want children, (and have means) he shall be often invited, attended on by princes 
and have advocates to plead his cause for nothing," as ^ Plutarch adds. Wilt thou 
then be reverenced, and had in estimation .'' 

"• "doininus tainen et domini rex 

Si 1u vis fieri, nulliis tibi parvuhis aula 

Luserit .(Enpas, nee filia duicior ilia? 

Jncuiidum et charum stcrilis facit uxor amicum." 

Live a single man, marry not, and thou shall soon perceive how those Hseredipetoe 
(for so they were called of old) will seek after thee, bribe and flatter thee for thy 
favour, to be thine heir or executor : Aruntius and Aterius, those famous parasites in 
this kind, as Tacitus and ®^ Seneca have recorded, shall not go beyond them. Peri- 
plectomines, that good personate old man, deUcium senis, well understood this in 
Plautus : for when Pleusides exhorted him to marry that he might have children of 
his own, he readily replied in this sort, 

" <iiiando habeo miiltos cognalos, quid opus tnjhi sit 

liberis? 
Nunc bene vivo et fortunate, atque aniino ut lubet. 
Mea bona mea morte cognatis dicam interpartiant, 
nii apud me edunt, me curant, visunt quid agam, 

ecquid velim, 
Q.ui mihi mittunt munera, ad prandium, ad coenam 

vocant." 

This respect thou shalt have in like manner, living as he did, a single man. But ii 
thou marry once, "" co^iteto in omni vita te serviimfore, bethink thyself what a 
slavery it is, what a heavy burden thou shalt undertake, how hard a task thou art 
tied to, (for as Hierome hath it, qui uxorem habet, debitor est, et uxoris servus alli- 
gatus,) and how continuate, what squalor attends rt, what irksomeness, what charges, 
for wife and children are a perpetual bill of charges ; besides a myriad of cares, 



'Whilst I have kin, what need I brats to have^ 
Now I live well, and as I will, most brave 
And when I die. my goods I'll give away 
To them that do invite me every day. 
That visit me, and send me pretty toys. 
And strive who shall do me most courtesies. 



9' Nupti!B replent terram, virginitas Paradisum. Hier. 
"Daphne in laurum semper virentem, immortalem 
docet gloriam paratam virginibus pudicitiam servanti- 
t)us. s^Oatul. car. nuptiali. "As the flower that 

grows in the secret inclosure of the garden, unknown 
"o the flocks, uiipressed by the ploughshare, which also 
the breezes refresh, the heat strengthens, the rain 
•.lakes grow: so is a virgin whilst untouched, whilst 
dear to her relatives, but when once she forfeits her 
•Jiastity ' &c. a* Diet, salut. c. 22. pulcherrimum 

"'9 2\r2 



sertum inflniti precii, gemma, et pictura speciosa. 
95 Mart. ^ Lib. 24. qua obsequiorum diversitate 

colantur homines sine liberis. 9' Hunc alii ad cosnam 
invitant, princeps huic famulatur, oralores gratis pa- 
trocinantur. Lib. de amore Prolis. ^8 Anna!. II 

" If you wish to be master of your house, let no littU 
ones play in your halls, nor any little daughter yet morr 
dear, a barren wife makes a pleasant and aflfpctionat* 
companion." " 60 de beneflc. 38. "* E Grawo 



546 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

miseries', and 'oubles ; for as that comical Plautus merrily and truly said, he that 
wants vrouble, must get to be master of a ship, or marry a wife; and as another 
seconds him, wife and children have undone me ; so many and such infinite incum- 
brances accompany this kind of life. Furthermore, uxor intumuit, &c., or as he 
said in the comedy, ' Duxi uxorem., quant ibi miseriam vidl., natifilii, alia cura. All 
gifts and invitations cease, no friend will esteem thee, and thou shalt be compelled 
to lament thy misery, and make thy moan with '^Bartholomasus Schenieus, that 
famous poet laureate, and professor of Hebrew in Wittenberg : I had finished this 
work long since, but that inter alia dura et tristia qu(P misero mihi pene tcrgum fre- 
gerunf,, (1 use his own words) amongst many miseries which almost broke my back, 
ov^vyta ob Xaniipismu7n, a shrew to my wife tormented my mind above measiire, and 
beyond the rest. So shall thou be compelled to complain, and to cry out at last, 
with ''Phoroneus the lawyer, '•' How happy had 1 been, if I had wanted a wife!" It 
this which 1 have said will not suffice, see more in Lemnius lib. 4. cap. 13. de occult. 
nat. niir. Espensaeus dc cnntincntia, lib. G. cap. 8. Kornman de virginitale, Platina 
in Amor. dial. Practica artis amandi., Barbarus de re uxoria^ Arnisaeus in polit. cap. 

3. and him that is instar omnium., Nevisanus the lawyer, Sylva nuptial, almost in 
every page. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Philters, Magical and Poetical Cures. 

Where persuasions and other remedies will not take place, many fly to unlawful 
means, philters, amulets, magic spells, ligatures, characters, charms, which as i. 
wound with the spear of Achilles, if so made and caused, must so be cured. If 
forced by spells and philters, saith Paracelsus, it must be eased by characters, Mag 
lib. 2. cap 28. and by incantations. Fernelius Path. lib. 6. cap. l.S. '' Skenkius lib. 

4. observ. med. hath some examples of such as have been so magically caused, and 
magically cured, and by witchcraft : so saith Baptista Codronchus, lib. 3. cap. 9. de 
mor. ven. Malleus malef. cap. 6. 'Tis not permitted to be done, I confess ; yet often 
attempted: see more in Wierus lib. 3. cap. 18. de prcestig. de rcmediis per phi lira 
Delrio torn. 2. lib. 2. qucest. 3. sect. 3. disquisit. magic. Cardan lib. 16. cap. 9o. 
reckons up many magnetical medicines, as to piss through a ring, 8tc. JMizaldus 
cent. 3. 30, Baptista Porta, Jason Pratea-.s, Lobelius pag. 87, Matthiolus, &.C., pre- 
scribe many absurd remedies. Radix nu.ndragora ebibilcB, Annuli ex ungulis Asini., 
Stercus amatce sub cervical positum, ilrc fiesciente, S^c, quum odoreni Ju'ditatis sentit, 
amor solvitur. JYocIuce ocum abstemios facit comestum., ex consilio Jarthce Indorum 
gymnosophistcE apud Philostratum lib. 3. Sanguis amasia: ebibitus omnem amoris sen- 
sum toUit : Faustinam Marci Aurelii uxorem, gladiatoris aniore captam, ita penitus 
consilio Chaldoiormn libcratam., refert Julius Capilolinus. Some of our astrologers 
will eflect as much by characteristical images, ex sigillis Hermetis.i Salomonis, 
Chaelis.) 4"C. mulieris imago habeniis crines sparsos., Sfc. Our old poets and fantas- 
tical writers have many fabulous remedies for such as are love-sick, as that of Pro- 
lesilaus' tomb in Philostratus, in his dialogue betueen Phoenix and Vinitor: Vinitor, 
upon occasion discoursing of the rare virtues of that shrine, telleth him that Prote- 
silaus' altar and tomb ^ "• cures almost all manner of diseases, consumptions, drop- 
sies, quartan-agues, sore eyes : and amongst the rest, such as are love-sick shall 
there be helped." But the most famous is ""Leucata Petra, that renowned rock in 
Greece, of which Strabo writes, Geog. lib. 10. not far from St. Maures, saith Sands 
lib. 1. from which rock if any lover flung himself down headlong, he was instantly 
cured. Venus after the death of Adonis, " when she could take no rest for love," 
''Cum vesana suas torreret Jlamma medullas, came to the temple of Apollo to know 
what she should do to be eased of her pain : Apollo sent her to Leucata Petra, where 
she precipitated herself, and was forthwith freed ; and when she would needs know 
of him a reason of it, he told her again, that he had often observed "Jupiter, when 

' Ter. Adelph. " I have married a wife; what misery . veneficiis amore privati sunt, ut ex miiltis -ilstorii* 
it has emailed upon me! Sdiis were born, and other patet. » Curat omnes inorhos, phthises, hydn.pps et 

cares followed." »Uiiieraria in psalmo instriictioiie ociilorum niorl)os,el febre quHrtana laborantesel Hir.nri 
aU lectoreiii. • Unison, lib. 7. i!2. cap. Si uxor captos, miris artihns eos demulcet. « " The mora, 

ileesset, nihil mihi ad siimmain felicilatem defiiisset. is, vehement f<'ar expels love." iCatullus. •Quiini 
• Exliiiguitur virilitas ex inrantarneritoruin nialeficiis; Junoneni deperiret Jupiter impotenter, ibi sol>tu« 
Degue eaim fabula est, noiinulli reperti sunt, qui ex ' lavare. &(* 



Mem. 5. bubs. 5,J 



Cure of Lone-Melancholy. 



547 



he was enamoured on Juno, thither go to ease and wash himself, and after him divers 
others. Cephalus for the love of Protela, Degonetus' daughter, leaped down here, 
that Lesbian Sappho for Phaon, on whom she miserably doted. * Cupidinis (P.stro 
vercita e summo prceceps ruit, hoping thus to ease herself, and to be freed of her 
love pangs. 



'<>" Hic se Deucalion Pyrrhre suocensus amore 
Mersit, et illjeso corpore pressit aquas. 
Nee mora, fugil ainor,"&c. 



' Hither Deucalion came, when Pyrrha's love 
Tormented him, and leapt down to the sea. 
And had no harm at all, hut by and by 
His love was gone and chased quite away." 



This medicine Jos. Scaliger speaks of, Jlusoniarum lectionu/n lib. 18. Salmutz in 
Pancirol. de 7. mundi mirac. and other writers. Pliny reports, that amongst the 
Cyzeni, there is a well consecrated to Cupid, of which if any lover taste, his pas- 
sion is mitigated : and Anthony Verdurius Iniag. deorum de Cupid, saitli, that amongst 
the ancients there was ^^Jlmor Lethes^ " he took burning torches, and extinguished 
them in the river ; his statute was to be seen in the temple of Venus Eleusina," of 
wmcn Ovid makes mention, and saith " that all lovers of old went thither on pil 
grmjage, that would be rid of their love-pangs." Pausanias, in '^Phocicis, writes 
of a leniple dedicated Veneri in speluncd, to Venus in the vault, at Naupactus in 
Achaia (now Lepanto) in which your widows that would have second husbands, 
made ineir supplications to the goddess ; all manner of suits concerning lovers were 
commenced, and their grievances helped. The same author, in Achaicis, tells as 
much oi the river " Senelus in Greece; if any lover washed himself in it, by a 
secret vn>.ue of that water, (by reason of the extreme coldness belike) he was healed 
of love's torments, '■* A7noris vulnus idem qui sanai facit ; which if it be so, that 
water, as ne holds, is onmi aura pretiosior^ better tiian any gold. Where none of 
all these remedies will take place, I know no other but that all lovers must make a 
head and rebel, as they did in '^Ausonius, and crucify Cupid till he grant their re- 
quest, or sait'sfy their desires. 

Sub SECT. V —The last and best Cure of Love-Melancholy, is to let them have their 

Desire. 

The last -efuge and surest remedy, to be put in practice in the utmost place, when 
no other mc-tns will take effect, is to let them go together, and enjoy one another : 
potissima cvra est ut heros amasia sua potiatur., saith Guianerius, cap. 15. tract. 15. 
iEsculapius nimself, to this malady, cannot invent a better remedy, qudm ut amanf.i 
cedat atuatuti,''' (Jason Pratensis) than that a lover have his desire. 



" Et par|l^l■ torulo bini jungantur in uno, 
Et pulcu/o detur ^nece Lavinia conjux." 



" And let them both be joined in a bed, 
And let ^neas fair Luvinia wed;" 



'Tis the special cure, to let them bleed in vena Hymena;a, for love is a pleurisy, and 

if it be possible, so let it be, optataque gaudia carpant. " Arculanus holds it 

the speedieft and the best cure, 'tis Savanarola's '^ last precept, a principal infallible 
remedy, the last, sole, and safest refuge. 



' Julia sola potes nostras extinguere flammas, 
Non nivfc, nun glacie, sed potes igne pari." 



" Julia alone can quench my desire. 
With neither ice nor snow, but with like fire." 



When you have all done, sailh '^"" Avicenna, there is no speedier or safer course, 
ihan to join the parties together according to their desires and wishes, the custom 
and form of law ; and so we liave seen him quickly restored to his former health, 
that was languished away to skin and bones ; after his desire was satisfied, his dis- 
content ceased, and we thought it strange ; our opinion is therefore that in such 
cases nature is to be obeyed." Areteus, an old author, lib. 3. cap. 3. hath an in- 
stance of a young man, ^' when no other means could prevail, was so speedily re- 
lieved, What remains then but to join them in marriage } 



* Menander. " Stricken by the gadfly of love, rushed 
headlong from the summit." i" Ovid. ep. 21. " Apud 
aniiquos amor Lethes olini fuit, is ardentes fasces in 
profluentum inclinabat; hujus statua Veneris Eleusina; 
teniplo visebatur, quo ainantes confluebant, qui amiCEB 
menioriam deponere volebant. " ljI). jq. Vota ei 

nunciipant amatores. multis de causis, sed imprimis 
vidiiae mulieres, ut sibi alteras a dea nuptias exposcant. 
'sRodiginus, ant. lect. lib. Iti. cap. 25. calls it Seleiiiis. 
Omni aniore liberal. "Seneca. "The rise and 

remedy of love tlie same." '^Cupido crucifixus: 



Lepidum poema. '6 Cap. 19. de morb. cerebri 

1' Patiens potiatur re amata, si fieri possit, optima cura, 
cap. 11). in 9 Rhasis. i* Si nihil aliud, nuptiae et co- 

pulatio cum ea. '9 Petronius Catal. 2" Cap. dp 

llishi. Nun invenitur cura, nisi regimen connexioiiis 
inter eos. secundum modum promissioiiiB, et legis, et sic 
vidimus ad carnem restitutiini, qui jam venerat ad arc- 
factioneiii ; evaniiit cura postquani seiisil &c. '^i Faina 
est melancholicuin queiidam ex amore iiisai tihiliter st 
liabentein, ubi puellx se conjunxisset, restit turn, &c. 



648 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

''"Tiincet basia morsiunciilasqiie 
Siirreptim dare, mutuos fovere 
Afiiplexus licet, et licet jocari ;" 

" they may then kiss and coll, lie and look babies in one another's eyes," as heir 
sires before them did, they may then satiate themselves with love's pleasures, which 
they have so long wished and expected ; 

" Atque uno simul in toro quiescant, 
Cmijiincto siiniil ore siiavientur, 
Et soinnos agitent quiete in una." 

Tea, but hie labor, hoc opus, this cannot conveniently be done, by reason of man? 
and several impediments. Sometimes both parties themselves are not agreed : parents 
tutors, masters, guardians, will not give consent ; laws, customs, statutes hinder : 
poverty, superstition, fear and suspicion : many men dote on one woman, semcl el 
simul: she dotes as much on him, or them, and in modesty must not, cannot woo, 
as unwilling to confess as willing to love: she dare not make it known, show her 
affection, or speak her mind. " And hard is the choice (as it is in Euphues) when 
one is compelled either by silence to die with grief, or by speaking to live with 
shame." In this case almost was the fair lady Elizabeth, Edward the Fourth his 
daughter, when she was enamoured on Henry the Seventh, that noble young prince, 
and new saluted king, when she broke forth into that passionate speech, ^^'•^O that 
1 were worthy of that comely prince ! but my father being dead, I want friends to 
motion such a matter ! What shall I say .'' I am all alone, and dare not open my 
mind to any. What if I acquaint my mother with it? bashfulness forbids. What 
if some of the lords } audacity wants. O that I might but confer with him, perhaps 
in discourse I might let slip such a word that might discover mine intention !" How 
many modest maids may this concern, J am a poor servant, what shall i do .'' i am 
a fatherless child, and want means, I am blithe and buxom, young and lusty, but 1 
have never a suitor, Exjiectant stolidi ut ego illos rogatum veniani, as ^'* slie said, A 
company of silly fellows look belike that I should woo them and speak first : fain 
they would and cannot woo, ^^qu(B primian exordia sumam? being merely pas- 
sive they may not make suit, with many such lets and inconveniences, v.hich J know 
not; what shall we do in such a case .? sing " Fortune my foe ?" 

Some are so curious in this behalf, as those old Romans, our modern Venetians, 
Dutch and French, that if two parties dearly love, the one noble, the other ignoble, 
they may not by their laws match, though equal otherwise in years, fortunes, edu- 
cation, and all good aflection. In Germany, except they can prove their gentility by 
three descents, tliey scorn to match with them. A nobleman must marry a noble- 
woman : a baron, a baron's daughter; a knight, a knight's; a gentleman, a gentle- 
man's : as slaters sort their slates, do they degrees and families. If she be never so 
rich, fair, well qualified otherwise, they will make him forsake her. The Spaniards 
abhor all widows ; the Turks repute them old women, if past five-and-twenty. But 
these are too severe laws, and strict customs, dandurn aliquid amori, we are all the 
sons of Adam, 'tis opposite to nature, it ought iiot to be so. Again : he loves her 
most impotenily, she loves not him, and so e contra. "^^"Pan loved Echo, Echo 
Satyrus, Satyrus Lyda.. 

"Quantum ipsorum aliquis amaiitem oderat, 
Tantum ipsius anians odiosus erat." 

''They love and loathe of all sorts, he loves her, she hates him; and is loathed ot 
him, on whom she dotes." Cupid hath two darts, one to force love, all of gold, 

and that sharp, ^^ Quod facit. auratum est; another blunt, of lead, and that to 

hinder; fugat hoc, facit ilJud amorem, " this dispels, that creates love." This 

we see too often verified in our common experience. ^^ Choresus dearly loved that 
virgin Callyrrhoe but the more he loved her, the more she hated him. ffinone 
loved Paris, but he rejected her : they are stiff of all sides, as if beauty were there- 
fore created to undo, or be undone. I give her all attendance, all observance, I pray 
and intreat, ^^Mma precor miserere mei, fair mistress pity me, I spend myself, my 



'"Jovian. Pontanus, Basi. lib. 1. 23 gpeede's hist. 

e M. S. Ber. Andres. "i Lucretia in Coelestina, act. 

W. Barthio interpret. 25 Virg. 4 JEn. " How shall 
; begin ?" as E Graecho Moschi. ^ Ovid. Met. 1. 

The efficacious one is goldeu." '»> Tausanias i 



Achaicis, lib. 7. Perdite amabat Callyrhoen v*rginem, 
et quanto erat Choresi amor vehementior era ', tanttt 
erat puellse animus ab ejus ainore alienior. •* Vin 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] 



Cure, of Love-M lancholy. 



54a 



time, friends and fortunes, to win her favour, y&s he complains in the ""Eclogue,) J 

lament, sigh, weep, and make my moan to her, " but she is hard as flint," cau- 

tibus Ismarlis imnwtlor as fair and hard as a diamond, she will not respect, 

Despecms tibi sum^ or hear me. 



What shall I do ? 



" fugit ilia vocantem 

Nil lachrymas miserata meas, nil flexa querelis.' 



' I wooed her as a young man should do, 
But sir, she said, I love not you." 



" Rock, marble, heart of oak with iron liarr'd. 
Frost, flint or adamsnts, are not so hard." 

^Rusti.cus est Condon^ Jiec 



32" D'irior at scopulis mea Coelia, marmore, ferro, 
Robore, rupe, antro, cornu, adamante, gelu." 

I give, I bribe, I send presents, but they are refused. 
munera curat Alexis. I protest, I swear, I weep, 

'* "odioque rependit amores, 

Irrisu laclirymas" 

"• She neglects me for all this, she derides me," contemns me, she hates me, " Phillida 
flouts me:" Caute,fe7is, quercu durior Eurydice., stiff*, churlish, rocky still. 

And 'tis most true, many gentlewomen are so nice, they scorn all suitors, crucify 
their poor paramours, and think nobody good enough for them, as dainty to please 
as Daphne herself. 

* " Multi illam petlere, ilia aspernate petentes, I " Many did woo her, but she soorn'd them still, 

Nee quid Hymen, quid amor, quid sint connubia curat." | And said she would not marry by her will." 

One while they will not marry, as they say at least, (when as they intend nothing 
less) another while not yet, when 'tis their only desire, they rave upon it. She will 
marry at last, but not him : he is a proper man indeed, and well qualified, but he 
wants means : another of her suitors hath good means, but he wants wit ; one is 
too old, another-too young, too deformed, she likes not his carriage : a third too 
loosely given, he is rich, but base born : she will be a gentlewoman, a lady, as her 
sister is, as her mother is : she is all out as fair, as well brought up, hath as good a 
portion, and she looks for as good a match, as Matilda or Dorinda : if not, she is 
resolved as yet to tarry, so apt are young maids to boggle at every object, so soon 
won or lost with every toy, so quickly diverted, so hard to be pleased. In the 
meantime, qu^t torsit amant.es? one suitor pines away, languisheth in love, mori quol 
denique cogit ! another sighs and grieves, she cares not : and which "^ Stroza ob- 
jected to Ariadne, 



"Nee niagis Euryali gemitu, lacrymisque moveris, 
(iuam prece turbati flectitur ora sali. 
Tu juvenem, quo non fonnosior alter in urbe, 
Spernis, «t insano cogis aniore mori." 



" Is no more mov'd with those sad sighs and tears, 
Of her sweetheart, than raging sea with prayers: 
Thou .scorn'st the fairest youth in all our city. 
And mak'sl him almost mad for love to die:" 



They take a pride to prank up themselves, to make young men enamoured, 

*' capture viros et spernere captos, to dote on them, and to run mad for their sakes, 



' " sed nullis ilia movetur 

Fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis ai|dit." 



'"Whilst niggardly their favours they discover. 
They love to be belov'd, yet scorn the lover." 



All suit and service is too little for them, presents too base : Tormentis gaudet aman- 

tis et spol'ds. As Atalanta they must be overrun, or not won. Many young 

men are as obstinate, and as curious in their choice, as tyrannically proud, insulting, 
deceitful, false-hearted, as irrefragable and peevish on the other side; Narcissus-like, 



39" Multi ilium juvenes, multa; petiere puellae, 
Sed fuit in tenera tarn dira superbia forma, 
Nulli ilium juvenes, nullae petiere puella;." 



' Young men and maids did to him sue. 
But in his youth, so proud, so coy was he, 
Young men and maids bade him adieu." 



Echo wept and wooed him by all means above the rest, Love me for pity, or pity 
me for love, but he was obstinate, Jlnte ait emoriar quam sit tibi copia nostri, " he 
would rather die than give consent." Psyche ran whining after Cupid, 



«>"Kormosum tua te Psyche formosa requirit, 
Et poscit te dia deum, puerunique puella ;" 



'Fair Cupid, thy fair Psyche to thee suea 
A lovely lass a fine young gallant woos , 



but he rejected her nevertheless. Thus many lover.s do hold out so long, doting on 



30 Erasmus Egl. Galatea. 3i •• Having no compas- 
sion for my tears, she avoids my prayers, and is in- 
flexible to my plaints." 32 Angerianus Erotopffignion. 
« Virg. 3« Lschcus. 3i ovid. Met. 1. 36 Erot. 



lib. 2. 3Tr. H. "To captivate the men, but despise 

them when ciiptive." 3« Virg. 4 .lEn. 33Metamor 
3. *" Fracastorius Dial, de anim. 



ft 50 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

ihemselves, stand in their own light, till in the end they come to be scorned and re- 
jected, as Stroza's Gargiliana was, 

" Te juveiies, te odere senes, desertaque Ungues, I " Both young and old do hate thee scorned now, 
Quae fueras procerum publica oura prius." | That once was all their joy and comfort too." 

As Narcissus was himself, 

," Wiio despising many. 

Died ere he coLid enjoy the love of any. ' 

They begin to be contemned themselves of others, as he was of his shadow, and 
take up with a poor curate, or an old serving-man at last, that might have had their 
choice of right good matches in their youth ; like that generous mare, in ^' Plutarch, 
which would admit of none but great horses, but when her tail was cut off" and 
mane shorn close, and she now saw herself so deformed in the water, when she 
came to drink, ab asino conscendi se passa, she was contented at last to be covered 
by an ass. Yet this is a common humour, will not be left, and cannot be helped. 

I " I love a maid, she loves me not : fdll fain 
"" Hanc volo quae nnn vult, lllam qure vult ego nolo: | She would have me, but I not her again ; 

Vincere vult animos, non satiare Venus." I So love to crucify men's souls is bent : 

I But seldom doth it please or give consent." 

" Their love danceth in a ring, and Cupid hunts them round about ; he dotes, is 
doted on again." Dumque petit petitur^ pariterque accedi.t et ardet., their affection 
cannot be reconciled. Oftentimes they may and will not, 'tis their own foolish pro- 
ceedings that mars all, they are too distrustful of themselves, too soon dejected : 
say she be rich, thou poor : she young, thou old ; she lovely and fair, thou most 
ill-favoured and deformed ; she noble, thou base : she spruce and fine, but thou an 
ugly clown : nil desperandiun^ there's hope enough yet : Mopso JVisa datur, quid non 
speremus amantes'? Put thyself forward once' more, as unlikely matches have been 
and are daily made, see what will be the event. Many leave roses and gather thistles^ 
loathe honey and love verjuice : our likings are as various as our palates. But com- 
monly they omit opportunities, oscula qui sumpsit, ^c, they neglect the usual means 
and times. 

" He that will not when he may. 
When he will he shall have nay." 

They look to be wooed, sought after, and sued to. Most part they will and cannot, 
either for the above-named reasons, or for that there is a multitude of suitors equally 
enamoured, doting all alike ; and where one alone must speed, what shall become 
of the rest? Hero was beloved of many, but one did enjoy her; Penelope had a 
company of suitors, yet all missed of their aim. In such cases he or they must 
wisely and warily unwind themselves, unsettle his affections by those rules above 

prescribed, "'qiiin stulfos excutii. ignes, divert his cogitations, or else bravely 

bear it out, as Turnus did, Tua sit Lavinia conjux, when he could not get her, with 
a kind of heroical scorn he bid ^neas take her, or M^ith a milder farewell, let her 
go. Et Phillida solus habtto^ "• Take her to you, God give you joy, sir." The fox/' 
in the emblem would eat no grapes, but why? because he could not get them; careTy 
not then for that which may not be had. 

Many such inconveniences, lets, and hindrances there are, which cross their pro- 
jects and crucify poor lovers, which sometimes may, sometimes again cannot be so 
easily removed. But put case they be reconciled all, agreed hitherto, suppose this 
loAc or good liking be between two alone, both parties well pleased, there is mutuus 
amor, mutual love and great affection ; yet their parents, guardians, tutors, cannot 
agree, thence all is dashed, the match is unequal : one rich, another poor : durus 
pater, a hard-hearted, unnatural, a covetous father will not marry his son, except he 
have so much money, ita in aurum omnes insaninnf, as "'' Chrysostom notes, nor join 
his daughter in marriage, to save her dowry, or for that he cannot spare her for the 
service she doth him, and is resolved to part with nothing whilst he lives, not a 
penny, though he may peradventure well give it, he will not till he dies, and then as 
a pot of money broke, it is divided amongst them that gaped after it so e\rnes ily. 
Or else he wants means to set her out, he hath no money, and though it be to the 
manifest prejudice of her body and soul's health, he cares not, he will take no notice 

« Dial. Am. « Ausonius. « Ovid. Met. « Horn. 5. in 1. epist. Theus. <:ap. 4, ver. J 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 551 

of it, she must and shall tarry. Many slack and careless parents, iniqui patres^ 
measure their ciiildren's affections by their own, they are now cold and decrepit 
themselve?, past all such youthful conceits, and they will therefore starve their 
children's genus, have them a pueris *'illico nascl se?ies, they must not marry, nee 
tarum affmcsesse rerum quas secuinfert adolescentia : ex sua libidine moderatur quce 
est nunc^ non quce. olimfuit: as he said in the comedy : they will stifle nature, their 
young bloods must not participate of youthfu. pleasures, but be as they are them- 
selves old on a sudden. And 'lis a general iault amongst most parents in bestowing 
of their children, the father wholly respects wealth, when through his folly, riot, in- 
discretion, he hath embezzled his estate, to recover himself, he confines and prosti- 
tutes his eldest son's love and affection to some fool, or ancient, or deformed piece 
for money. 

*5 " Plianaretee ducet filiam, rufani, illam virginein, 
Caesiam, sparse ore, adunco naso" 

and though his son utterly dislike, with Clitipho in the comedy, JYon possum pater . 
If she be ricii, Eia (he replies) ut. elegans est, credas animum ibi. esse? he must and 
shall have her, she is fair enough, young enough, if he look or hope to inherit his 
lands, he sliall marry, not when or whom he loves, Jlrconidis hujusjiliarn, but whom 
Ills father commands, when and where he likes, his affection must dance attendance 
upon him. His daughter is in the same predicament forsooth, as an empty boat, she 
must carry what, where, when, and whom her father will. So that iu these busi- 
nesses the father is still for the best advantage; now the mother respects good kin- 
dred, must part the son a proper woman. All whicli '*'' Livy exempliffes, dec. 1. lib. 4. 
a gentleman and a yeoman wooed a wench in Rome (contrary to that statute that the 
gentry and commonalty must not match together) ; the matter was controverted : the 
gentleman was preferred by the mother's voice, quce quam splendissimis nuptiis jungi 
puellam volebat : the overseers stood for him that was most worth, &.c. But parents 
ought not to be so strict in this behalf, beauty is a dowry of itself all sufficient, 
*^ Virgo for inosa., etsi oppidd pauper, abunde dotata est, ''"Rachel was so married to 
Jacob, and Bonaventure, ""/n 4. sent, "-denies that he so much as venially sins, that 
marries a maid for comeliness of person." The Jews, Deut. xxi. 11, if they saw 
amongst the captives a beautiful woman, some small circumstances observed, might 
take her to wife. They should not be too severe in that kind, especially if there be 
no such urgent occasion, or grievous impediment. 'Tis good for a commonwealth. 
^' Plato holds, that in their contracts "young men should never avoid tlie affinity of 
poor folks, or seek after rich." Poverty and base parentage may be sufficiently 
recompensed by many other good qualities, mo'desty, virtue, religion, and choice 
bringing up, ^^ " I am poor, I confess, but am 1 therefore contemptible, and an abject r 
Love itself is naked, the graces •, the stars, and Hercules clad in a lion's skin." Give 
something to virtue, love, wisdom, favour, beauty, person; be not all for money 
Besides, you must consider that Jlmor cogi non potest, love cannot be compelled 
they must affect as they may : ^Fatum est in partibus illis quas sinus abscondit, as 
the saying is, marriage and hanging goes by destiny, matches are made in heaven 

" It lies not in our power to love or hate, 
For will in us is overrul'd by fate." 

A servant maid in ^^Aristaenetus loved her mistress's minion, which when her dame 
perceived, yi<rio.sd cemulatione, in a jealous humour she dragged her about the house 
by the hair of the head, and vexed her sore. The wench cried out, ^^"0 mistress, 
fortune hath made my body your servant, but not my soul!" Affections are free, not 
to be commanded. Moreover it may be to restrain their ambition, pride, and covet- 
ousness, to correct those hereditary diseases of a family, God in his just judgment 
assigns and permits such matches to be made. For i am of Plato and ^"^Bodine's 
mmd, that families have their bounds and periods as well as kingdoms, beyond which 



46 Ter. « Ter. Heaut. Seen. ult. " He will marry 

the daughter of rich parents, a red-haired, blear-eyed, 
|>ig-m'"'"!i'3d, crooked-nosed wench." ^' Pleliiius et 

nob>.._ tiiribiebant puellam, pucllx certainen in partes 



neque divifum sectentur. ''^Philost. ep. duoniuin 

pauper sum, idcirco conteniptior et abjeclior tibi 
videar • \xaot ipse iiundus est, gratis et astrii ; H« - 
cules pelle leoiiina indutus. 63 Juvenal. ^ Lib. 2. 



venil, &.C. •'8 Apuleius apol. ■•'-iGen. xxvi. ep. 7. "* Ejulans inquit, non meiiteni une addixil 

*• Non peccat venialiter qui mulierem rtucit ob pulchri- niih! fortuna servitute. '■^Bs repub. c. de perio<L 

Itidineni. °i Lib. 6. de leg. Kx usu roipub. est ut in rerunipub. 

uuftiis jiivenes neque pauo^runi atfinit^tem fugiaut, I 



552 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 2 



lor talent or continuance they shall not exceed, six or seven hundied years, as they 
mere illustrate by a multitude of examples, and which Peucer and *' Melancthon 
approve, but in a perpetual tenor (as we see by many pedigrees of knights, gentle- 
men, yeomen) continue as they began, for many descents with liitle alteration. How- 
soever let them, 1 say, give something to youth, to love; they must not think they 
can fancy whom they appoint; °^Amor enim non imperaiur^ affcctus liber si quis 
alius et vices exigens^ this is a free passion, as Pliny said in a panegyric of his, and 
may not be forced: Love craves liking, as the saying is, it requires mutual aftections. 
a correspondency : invito non datur nee aufertur^i it may not be learned, Ovid him- 
self cannot teach us how to love,^olomon describe, Apelles paint, or Helen express 
it. They must not therefore compel or intrude; ^"^ quis enim (as Fabius urgeth) 
amare alieno anitno potest? but consider withal the miseries of enforced marriages; 
take pity upon youth: and such above the rest as have daughters to bestow, should 
be very careful and provident to marry them in due time. Syracides cap. 7. vers. 25. 
calls it ''a weighty matter to perform, so to marry a daughter lo a man of under- 
standing in due time :" Virgines enim tempestive locandce., as ^Lemnius admonisheth, 
•" 1. cap. 6. Virgins must be provided for in season, to prevent many diseases, of 
tvhich ®' Rodericus a Castro de morbis mulierum, lib. 2. cap. 3. and Lod. Mercatus 
lib. 2. de mulier. affect, cap. 4, de melanch. virginum et viduarum., have both largely 
discoursed. And therefore as well to avoid ^these feral maladies, 'tis good to get them 
husbands betimes, as to prevent some other gross inconveniences, and for a thing 
that ] know besides; ubi nuptiarum tempus et alas advenerit., as Chrysostom ad- 
viseth, let them not defer it; they perchance will marry themselves else, or do worse. 
If Nevisanus the lawyer do not impose, they may do it by right : for as he proves 
out of Curtius, and some other civilians, Sylvae, nup. lib. 2. numer. 30. ®^" A maid 
past twenty-five years of age, against her parents' consent may marry such a one as 
is unworthy of, and inferior to her, and her father by law must be compelled to give 
her a competent dowry." Mistake me not in the mean time, or think that 1 do apo- 
logise here for any headstrong, unruly, wanton flirts. I do approve that of St. Am- 
brose (Comment in Genesis xxiv. 51), which he hath written touching Rebecca's 
spousals, " A woman should give unto her parents the choice of her husband, ^^ lest 
she be reputed to be malpert and wanton, if she take upon her to make her own 
choice; "for she should rather seem to be desired by a man, than to desire a man 
herself" To those hard parents alone I retort that of Curtius, (in the behalf of 
modester maids), that are too remiss and careless of their due time and riper years. 
For if they tarry longer, to say tuuth, they are past date, and nobody will respect 
them. A woman with us ia Italy (saith ''* Areti:.e's Lucretia) twenty-four years of 
age, " is old already, past the best, of no account." An old fellow, as Lycistrata 
confesseth in ''^Aristophanes, eisi sit canus^ cilb puellam virginem ducat uxorem., and 
'tis no news for an old fellow to marry a young wench : but as he follows it, mulieris 
brevis occasio est, etsi hoc non apprchcnderit., nemo vult diicere uxorern, expectans 
verb sedet ; who cares for an old maid .'' she may set, &c. A virgin, as the poet holds, 
lasciva et petulans puella virgo, is like a flower, a rose withered on a sudden. 



•'"Q.uam inodo nascentem rulilus conspexit Eous, 
Hanc rediens sero vespere vidit ainiin." 



" She that was erst a maid as fresh as May, 
Is now an old crone, time so steals away." 



Let them take time then while they may, make advantage of yi th, and as he 
prescribes. 



■^''Collige virgo rosas dum flos novus et nova pubes, 
Et inemor esto iEvuni sic properare tuum." 



" Fair maids, go gather roses in the primt, 
And think that as a flower so goes on time." 



Let's all love, du7n vires annique sinunl, while we are in the flower of years, fit for 
•ove matters, and while time serves : for 



'"■•Soles occidere et redire possunt. 
Nobis cum semel occidi'. l}revis lux, 
Nox est perpetuo una dormienda." 



"> " Suns that set may rise again. 
But if once we lose this light, 
'Tis with us perpetual night." 



V'olat irrevocabile tempus, time past cannot be recalled. But we need no siich 



"Com. in car. Chron. m pijn. in pan. ^9 Declam. 
306. 6" Puellis imprimis nulla dnnda occasio lapsus. 

Lemn. lib. 1. 54. de vit instil. oi g^e more part I. s. 

mem. ?. subs. 4. '''^ Filia excedens annum -iS potest 

inscio patre nubere, licet imlignus sit manlus, et eum 
togere ad cong'' e dotaiidum. '^ Ne appetentiie 



procacinris rej)utetur auctor. ^ Expetitia enim 

niaj;is debet videri a viro quam ipsa virum expetisse 
I'' Mulier apud nos 24. aniiorum vetiila est et ^rojec 
titia. fis (joniued. Lycistrat. And. Divo Iriterpr 

6' Ausoiiius edy. 14. <« Idem. sgcatulliu 

'loi'ranslated by M. B. Johnson. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 553 

exhortation, we are all commonly too forward : yet if there be any escape, and all be 
not as it should, as Diogenes struck, the father when the son swore, because he taugh 
nim no better, if a maid or young man miscarry, I think their parents oftentimes, 
juardians, overseers, governors, ncque vos (saith "Chrysostom) a supplicio imnmnes 
cvadetis, si non stalim ad nupiias, Sfc. are in as much fault, and as severely to be 
punished as their children, in providing for them no sooner. 

Now for such as have free liberty to bestow themselves, I could wish that fr^id 
counsel of the comical old man were put in practice, 

'2" 0|)ulentiores pauperiorum ul filias I " That rich men would marry poor maidens some, 

Indotas (hicaiit iixores donuim : | And that without dowry, and so bring tliem home, 

Et multo tiet civitas concordior, I So woulinuicli concord be in our city, 

Et invidia nos minore utemur, qiidm utimur." | Less envy should we have, much more pity." 

Jf they would care less for wealth, we should have much more content and quiet- 
ness in a commonwealth. Beauty, good bringing up, methinks, is a sufficient portion 
of itself, ''^ Dos est sua forma puellis, "her beauty is a maiden's dower," and he 
doth well that will accept of such a wife. Eubulides, in ''''Aristaenetus, married a 
poor man's child, facie non illcetahili, of a merry countenance, and heavenly visage, 
in pity of her estate, and that quickly. Acontius coming to Delos, to sacrifice to 
Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a noble lass, and wanting means to get her love, 
flung a golden apple into her lap, with this inscription upon it, 

" Juro tibi sane per mystica sacra Dianae, I " I swear by all the rites of Diana, 

Me tibi venturum coniitem, sponsumque futurum." | I'll come and be thy husband if I may." 

She considered of it, and upon some small inquiry of his person and estate, wa 
married unto him. 

" Blessed is the wooinst, 
'I'hat IS not long a doing." 

As the saying is; when .the parties are sufliciently known to each other, what needs 
such scrupulosity, so many circumstances ? dost thou know her conditions, her 
bringing-up, like her person } let her means be what they will, take her without any 
more ado. '^ Dido and ^neas were accidentally driven by a storm both into one 
cave, they made a match upon it; Massinissa was married to that fair captive Sopho- 
nisba. King Syphax' wife, the same day that he saw her first, to prevent Scipio 
Laelius, lest they should determine otherwise of her. If thou lovest the party, do 
as much : good education and beauty is a competent dowry, stand not upon money. 
Erant olim aurei homines (saith Theocritus) et adamantes redamabant, in the golden 
world men did so, (in the reign of ™Ogyges belike, before staggering Ninus began 
to domineer) if all be true that is reported : and -some few now-a-days will do as 
much, here and there one; 'tis well done methinks, and all happiness befal them for 
so doing. "Leontius, a philosopher of Athens, had a fair daughter called Athenais. 
multo corporis lepbre ac Venere, (saith mine author) of a comely carriage, he gave 
her no portion but her bringing up, occuUo formce prcBsagio, out of some secret fore- 
knowledge of her fortune, bestowing that little which he had amongst his other 
children. But she, thus qualified, was preferred by some friends to Constantinople, 
to serve Pidcheria, the emperor's sister, of whom she was baptised and called Eudt»- 
cia. Theodosius, the emperor, in short space took notice of her excellent beauty 
and good parts, and a little after, upon his sister's sole commendation, made her his 
wife : 'twas nobly done of Theodosius. '* Rudophe was the fairest lady in her days 
in all Egypt; she went to wash her, and by chance, (her maids meanwhile looking 
but carelessly to her clothes) an eagle stole away one of her shoes, and laid it in 
Psammeticus the King of Egypt's lap at Memphis : he wondered at the excellency 
of the shoe and pretty foot, but more Jlquilce, factum, at the manner of the bringing 
of it: and caused forthwith proclamation to be made, that she that owned that shoe 
should come presently to his court ; the virgin came, and was forthwith married to 
the king. 1 say this was heroically done, and like a prince : I commend him for it, 
and all such as have means, that will either do (as he did) themselves, or so foi 
love, &c., marry their children. If he be rich, let him take such a one as wants, if 



" Horn. 5. in I. Thes. cap. 4. 1. " Plautus. "Ovid. 
'< Epist. 12. 1.2. Eligit coiijiigem pauperem, indotatam 
tt subito deamavit, et comniiseratione ejus inopiw. 
"Virg /En. '« Fabius pictor : amor ipse conjuiixit 

populos &r. " Lipsius polit. Sebast. Mayer. Select. 



70 2 W 



Sect. 1. cap. 13. "^ Mayerus select, sect. 1. c. 14. el 

(Elian. 1. 13. c. 3.3. cum famul* lavantis vestes incu- 
rinsns cusiodirent,&c. mandavil per universam ^gyr 
tum lit foemina qua^reretur, cujus is calc.eus esse 
>ainque sic inventain in tnatrimoniuiu accepit. 



554 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. 

she be virtuously given; for as Syracides, liap. 1. ver. 19. advisetl "Forego not a 
wife and good woman ; for her grace is above gold." If she have fortunes of her 
own, let her make a man. Banaus of Lacedaenion had a many daughters to bestow, 
and means enough for them all, he never stood inquiring after great matches, as 
others used to do, but '^ sent for a company of brave young gallants to his house, ' 
and bid his daughters choose every one one, whom she liked best, and tiike him for 
her husband, without any more ado. This act of his was much approved in those 
times. But in this iron age of ours, we respect riches alone, (for a maid must buy 
her husband now with a great dowry, if she will have him) covetousness and filthy 
lucre mars all good matches, or sqjne such by-respects. Crales, a Servian prince (as 
Nicephorus Gregoras Ro7n. hist. lib. 6. relates it,) was an earnest suitor to Eudocia, 
the emperor-s sister; though her brother much desired it, yet she could not ''"abide 
him, for he had tiiree former wives, all basely abused ; but the emperor still, Oralis 
amiciliam magni faciens,, because he was a great prince, and a troublesome neigh- 
hour, much desired his affinity, "and to that end betrothed his own daughter Simonida''''^ 
to him, a little girl five years of age (he being forty-five,) and five ^' years older than 
ihe emperor himself: such disproportionable and unlikely matches can wealth and a 
fair fortune make. And yet not that alone, it is not only money, but sometimes vain- 
glory, pride, ambition, do as much harm as wretched covetousness itself in anothei 
extreme. If a yeoman hare one sole daughter, he must overmatch her, above hei 
birth and calling, to a gentleman forsooth, because of her great portion, too good foi 
one of her own rank, as he supposeth : a gentleman's daughter and heir must be 
married to a knight baronet's eldest son at least ; and a knight's only daughter to a 
baron himself, or an earl, and so upwards, her great dower deserves it. ;And thus 
striving for more honour to their wealth, they undo their children, many discontents 
follow, and oftentimes they ruinate their families. ^■^Paulus Jovius gives instance in 
Galeatius the Second, that heroical Duke of Milan, externas ajinitates, decoras qui- 
dem rcgio fastu^i sed sihi et posteris damnnsas et fere exitiales qucEsivit; he married 
his eldest son John Galeatius to Isabella the King of France his sister, but she was 
socero tarn gravis., ut. duccniis milhbus aureorum const iter it., her entertainment at 
Mitan was so costly that it almost undid him. His daughter Violanta was married 
to Lionel Duke of Clarence, the youngest son to Edward the Third, King of Eng- 
land, but, ad ejus adventum tantce opes tarn admirabili liberalitate profusce sunt., ul 
opulentissimorum rcgum splendorem superasse videretur, he was welcomed with such 
incredible magnificence, that a king's purse was scarce able to bear it; for besides 
many rich presents of horses, arms, plate, money, jewels, &,c., he made one dinne 
for him and his company, in which were thirty-two messes and as much provision 
left, ut relates a mensa dapes decern millibus hominum siifflcerent, as would serve ten 
thousand men : but a little after Lionel died, nov(2 nuptce. et vnt'>mpestivis conviviis 
operant dans, <^c., and to the duke's great loss, the solemnity was ended. So can 
titles, honours, ambition, make many brave, but unfortunate matches of all sides for 
by-respects, (tliough both crazed in body and mind, most unwilling, averse, and often 
unfit,) so love is banished, and we feel the smart of it in the end. But I am too 
lavish peradventure in this subject. 

Another let or hindrance is strict and severe discipline, laws and rigorous customs, 
that forbid men to marry at set times, and in some places ; as apprentices, servants, 
coUegiates, states of lives in copyholds, or in some base inferior offices, ^^ Velle licet. 
in such cases, potiri non licet, as he said. They see but as prisoners through a grate, 
they covet and catch, but Tantalus a labris, Sfc. Tiieir love is lost, and vain it is / 
in such an estate to attempt. ^Gravissimum est adamare nee potiri, 'tis a grievous'i 
thing to love and not enjoy. They may, indeed, I deny not, marry if they will, and 
have free choice, some of them ; but in the meantime their case is desperate, Lupum 
auribus tenent, they hold a wolf by the ears, tliey must either burn or starve. 'Tis 
cornutum sophisma, hard to resolve, if they r.iarry they forfeit their estates, they are 
undone, and starve themselves through beggary and want : if they do not marr) , in 

'» Pausanias lib. 3. de Laconicis. Dimisit qui nuncii I qiiinque circiter aniios natu minor. " Vit.' GaleU 

runt, &c. optioneni piiellis dedit, u'. earum quaelibet euin | serundi. *" Apuleius in Catel. nobis cuj ido velle Q*» 



ruill, C£.U. 0|IIIU11CI1I piirilis utruil, II- c«n uili v)Uti;iiucL cuiii ) s.;* uiiui. — r 

•Ihi viruni delijferet, ciijus inaxnnp essut forma com- posse abnegat. 
placila. w llliusconjugium abuiiii.ialitur. "' Socero | 



"' Anacreon. dC. 



Mem 5. Subs. 5. 



Cure of Love-Melancholy. 



555 



this heroical passion they furiously rage, are tormented, and torn in pieces by their 
predominate affections. Every man hath not tlie gift of continence, let him ^'pray 
for it then, as Beza adviseth in his Tract de Divorliis, because God hath so called 
him to a single life, in taking away the means of marriage. ^^ Paul would have gone 
from Mysia to Bilhynia, but the spirit suffered him not, and thou wouldst peradven- 
ture be a married man with all thy will, but that protecting angel holds it not fit. 
The devil too sometimes may divert by his ill suggestions, and mar many good 
matches, as the same " Paul was willing to see the Romans, but hindered of Satan 
he could not. There be those that think they are necessitated by fate, their stars 
have so decreed, aud therefore they grumble at their hard "brtune, they are well in- 
clined to marry, but one rub or other is ever in the way; I know what astrologers 
say in this behalf, what Ptolemy quadripartit. Tract. 4. cap. 4 Skoner lib. 1. cap. 12 
what Leovitius genifur. exempl. 1. which Sextus ab Heminga takes to be the horo- 
scope of Hieronymus Wolfius, what Pezelius, Origanaus and Leovitius his illustrator 
Garceus, cap. 12. what .Tunctine, Protanus, Campanella, what the rest, (to omit those 
Arabian conjectures a parte conjugii^ d parte lascivicp,., triplicitates veneris^ Sfc.^ and 
those resolutions upon a question, an arnica, potiatur, Sfc.) determine in this behalf, 
viz. an sit natus conjugem habiturus, facile an difficulter sit sponsain impetraturus, 
qvot conjuges, quo tempore^ quales decernantur nato uxores^ de mutuo amore conju- 
gem^ both in men's and women's genitures, by the examination of the seventh house 
the almutens, lords and planets there, a <I '^ ci O * ^c, by particular aphorisms, Si 
dominus 7'"* in 7'"^ vel secunda nobilem decernit uxorem^ servam aut ignobilem si 
duodecimo,. Si Venus in 12"!", <Src., with many such, too tedious to relate. Yet let 
no man be troubled, or find himself grieved with such predictions, as Hier. Wolfius 
well saith in his astrological ^^ dialogue, non sunt prcetoriana decreta, they be but 
f*onjectures, the stars incline, but not enforce, 

*'" Sidera cnrporihiis prssunt coelestia nostris, 
Sunt ea de vili condita nainque lulo: 
Cogere sed neqiieunt aiiimum ralione frupntem, 
Quippe sub iniperio solius ipse dei est." 

wisdom, diligence, discretion, may mitigate if not quite alter such decrees, Foituna 
sua il cujusque fingitur moribus^ ^°Qui cauti., prudentes, voti compotes^ Sfc.^ let no man 
then be terrified or molested with such astrological aphorisms, or be much moved, 
either to vain hope or fear, from such predictions, but let every man follow his own 
free will in this case, and do as he sees cause. Better it is indeed to marry than 
burn, for their soul's health, but for their present fortunes, by some other means to 
pacify themselves, and divert the stream of this fiery torrent, to continue as they are, 
"rest satisfied, lugentes virginitatis Jlorem sic aruisse., deploring their misery with 
that eunuch in Libanius, since there is no help or remedy, and with Jephtha's 
daughter to bewail their virginities. 

Of like nature is superstition, those rash vows of monks and friars, and such as 
live in religious orders, but far more tyrannical and much worse. Nature, youth, 
and his furious passion forcibly inclines, and rageth on the one side; but their order 
and vow checks them on the other. ^Vofoque suo sua forma repugnat. What merits 
and indulgences they heap unto themselves by it, what commodities, 1 know not, 
but I am sure, from such rash vows, and inhuman manner of life, proceed many 
inconveniences, many diseases, many vices, masturpation, satyriasis, ^^ priapismus, 
melancholy, madness, fornication, adultery, buggery, sodomy, theft, murder, and all 
manner of mischiefs : read but Bale's Catalogue of Sodomites, at the visitation of 
abbeys here in England, Henry Stephan. his Apol. for Herodotus, that which Ulricus 
writes in one of his epistles, ^^ " that Pope Gregory when he saw 600 skulls and ^ 
Dones of iniants taken out of a fishpond near a nunnery, thereupon retracted that 
decree of priests' marriages, which was the cause of such a slaughter, was much 
tjrieved at it, and purged himself by repentance." Read many such, and then ask 



85C()ntin;ntiEE dnuum ex fide postulet quia cerium sit 
e.ini vocari ad coelibatum cui deniis, &c. "* Act. xvi. 7. 
SI Rom. i. 13 ""Pra'fix. f;pii. l-eovitii. so "The 

stars iti the sKies preside over our persons, for they are 
made of humble matter. They cannot bind a rational 
mind, for that is under the control of God only." 
•" Idem Wolfius dial. 9i " That is, make the best of 

.t. and take his lot as it falls." ^Ovid. 1. Met 



"Their beauty is inconsistent with their vows." 
83 Mercurialis de Priapismo. w^emorabile quod 

Ulricus epistola refert Gregorium quuin ex piscina 
quailam allala plus quam sex mille infantum cap;ta 
vidisset, ingemuisse et decretum de coelihatu tantain 
c.Tdis causam coiifessiis condigno illud posnitettii* 
fructii purgasse. Kemnisius ex concil. Trident, part. ; 
de ccelibatu sacerdotuin. 



556 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 2 



what is to be done, is this vow to be broke or not? No, saith Bellarmine, cap. 38, 
lib. de Monach. metlus est scortari et. tiri quam de voio cxlibatus ad nuptias transire^ 
better burn or fly out, than to break thy vow. And Coster in his Enchirid. de coeli- 
hat. sacerdolum., saith it is absolutely gravius peccatum^ ^^" a greater sin for a priest 
to marry, than to keep a concubine at home." Gregory de Valence, cap. 6. de caeli- 
bat. maintains the same, as those of Essei and Montanists of old. Insomuch that 
many votaries, out of a false persuasion of merit and holiness in this kind, will 
sooner die than marry, though it be to the saving of their lives. ^' ^Vnno 1419. Pius 2, 
Pope, James Rossa, nephew to the King of Portugal, and then elect Archbishop of 
Lisbon, being very sick at Florence, ^' " when his physicians * j'd him, that his dis- 
ease was such, he must either lie with a wench, marry, or die, cheerfully chose to 
die." Now they commended him for it; but St. Paul teacheth otherwise, "Better 
marry than burn," and as St. Hierome gravely delivers it, Mies sunt leges Ccesarum,.! alice 
Christi, aliud Papinianus^ alhid Paulus noster prcecipit^ there's a difference betwixt 
God's ordinances and men's laws : and therefore Cyprian Epist. 8. boldly denounceth, 
impium est., adulterum est., sacrilegum est, quodcunque humano furore statuitur, ut dis- 
positio divina violetur, it is abominable, impious, adulterous, and sacrilegious, what 
men make and ordain after their own furies to cross God's laws. ^^ Georgius Wice- 
lius, one of their own arch divines (Inspect, eccles. pag. 18) exclaims against it, and all 
such rash monastical vows, and would have such persons seriously to consider what 
they do, whom they admit, ne in posterum querantur de inanibus stupris., lest they 
repent it at last. For either, as he follows it, ^^you must allow them concubines, or 
suffer them to marry, for scarce shall you find three priests of three thousand, qui 
per chtatem non anient., that are not troubled with burning lust. Wherefore I con- 
clude it is an unnatural and impious thing to bar men of this Christian liberty, too 
severe and inhuman ao edict. 



w The silly wren, the titmouse also, 

The little redbreast have their election, 
Tliey fly I saw and together gone. 
Whereas hem list, about environ 
.^s they of kinde hare inclination, 
^nd as nature impress and guide, 
Of everything list to provide. 



But man alone, alas the hard stond. 
Full cruelly by kinds ordinance 
Constrained is, and by statutes bound, 
.Slid debarred from all such pleasance : 
What meanelh this, what is this pretence 
Of laws. I wis. against all right of kinde 
Without a cause, so narrow men to binde? 



Many laymen repine still at priests' marriages above the rest, and not at clergymen 
only, but of all the meaner sort and condition, they would have none marry but such 
as are rich and able to maintain wives, because their parish belike shall be pestered 
with orphans, and the world full of beggars : but ' these are hard-hearted, unnatural, 
monsters of men, shallow politicians, they do not ^ consider that a great part of the 
world is not yet inhabited as it ought, how many colonies into America, Terra Aus- 
tralis incognita, Africa, may be sent ? Let them consult with Sir William Alexander's 
Book of Colonies, Orpheus Junior's Golden Fleece, Captain Whitburne, Mr. Hag- 
thorpe, &c. and they shall surely be otherwise informed. Those politic Romans 
were of another mind, they thought their city and country could never be too popu- 
lous. " Adrian the emperor said he had rather have men than money, malle se homi- 
num adjectione ampUare impcrium., quam pecunid. Augustus Ccesar made an oration 
in Rome ad ccelibus, to persuade them to marry ; some countries compelled them to 
marry of old, as * Jews, Turks, Indians, Chinese, amongst the rest in these days, who 
much wonder at our discipline to sutler so many idle persons to live in monasteries, 
and often marvel how they can live honest. * In the isfe of Maragnan, the governor 
and petty king there did wonder at the Frenchmen, and admire how so many friars, 
and the rest of their company could live without wives, they thought it a thing im- 
possible, and would not believe it. If these men should but survey our multitudes 
of religious houses, observe our numbers of monasteries all over Europe, 18 nun- 
neries in Padua, in Venice 34 cloisters of monks, 28 of nuns, &.c. ex iingue leonem, 
'tis to this proportion, in all other provinces and cities, what would they think, do 
they live honest ? Let them dissemble as they will, I am of TertuUian's mind, that 



"^Si nuhat, quam si domi conciihinam alat. s^ yVI- 
plionsus Oicaonius lib. de gesl. poiitificuiii. 97 Cum 

medici suadereut ut aut nuheret aut cnitu uteretur, sic 
mortem vitari posse morteni potius intrepidus expecta- 
Vil, &.C. 9« Epist. 30. *■* Vide vitam ejus edit, lb'23. 
by I». T. James. ">»Lidgate, in Chaucer's Flower of 



Curtesie. ' 'Tis not multitu.de but idleness whicb 

causeth beggary. «Or to set tliem awork, and bring 

them up in some honest trades. sDion. Cas.sius. lib. 
50. *Sardus Buxtorpliius. . 'Claude Albaville ir 
his hist, of the Frenchmen to the Isle of Maragnav 
An. 1()14. 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 557 

few can continue but by compulsion. ^"O chastity (saith he) thou an a rare god- 
dess in the world, not so easily got, seldom continuate : thou mayest now and then 
be compelled, either for defect of nature, or if discipline persuade, decrees enforce:" 
or for some such by-respects, sullenness, discontent, they have lost their first loves, 
may not have whom they will themselves, want of means, rash vows, &.c. But can 
he willingly contain .'' I think not. Therefore, either out of commiseration of 
human imbecility, in policy, or to prevent a far worse inconvenience, for they hold 
some of them as necessary as meat and drink, and because vigour of youth, the state 
and temper of most men's bodies do so furiously desire it, they have heretofore in 
some nations liberally admitted polygamy and stews, a hundred thousand courtesans 
in Grand Cairo in iEgypt, as 'Radzivilus observes, are tolerated, besides boys : how 
many at Fez, Rome, Naples, Florence, Venice, &c., and still in many other pro- 
vinces and cities of Europe they do as much, because they think young men, church- 
men, and servants amongst the rest, can hardly live honest. The consideration of 
this belike made Vibius, the Spaniard, when his friend ^Crassus, that rich Roman 
gallant, lay hid in the cave, ut voluptatis quam cetas ilia desiderat copiamfaceret, to 
gratify him tlie more, send two ® lusty lasses to accompany him all that while he 
was there imprisoned. And Surenus, the Parthian general, when he warred against 
the Romans, to carry about with him 200 concubines, as the Swiss soldiers do now 
commonly their wives. But, because this course is not generally approved, but 
rather contradicted as unlawful and abhorred, '"in most countries they do much en- 
courage them to marriage, give great rewards to such as have many children, and 
mulct those that will not marry. Jus trium Uberorum^ and in Agellius, lib. 2. cap. 15. 
Elian, lib. 6. cap. 5. Valerius, lib. 1. cap. 9. "We read that three children freed 
the father from painful offices, and five from all contribution. " A woman shall be 
saved by bearing children." Epictetus would have all marry, and as '" Plato will, 6 
de legibus., he that marrieth not before 35 years of his age, must be compelled and 
punished, and the money consecrated to '^Juno's temple, or applied to public uses. 
They account him, in some countries, unfortunate that dies without a wife, a most 
unhappy man, as '^Boetius infers, and if at all happy, yet ijifortunio felix, unhappy 
in his supposed happiness. They commonly deplore his estate, and much lament 
him for it : O, my sweet son, &c. See Lucian, de Luctu, Sands fol. 83, &.c. 

Yet, notwithstanding, many with us are of the opposite part, they are married 
themselves, and for others, let them burn, fire and flame, they care not, so they be 
not troubled with them. Some are too curious, and some too covetous, they may 
marry when they will both for ability and means, but so nice, that except as The- 
ophilus the emperor was presented, by his mother Euprosune, with all the rarest 
beauties of the empire in the great chamber of his palace at once, and bid to give a 
golden apple to her he liked best. If they might so take and choose whom ihey 
list out of all the fair maids their nation affords, they could happily condescend to 
marry: otherwise, &.C., why should a man marry, saith another epicurean rout, what's 
matrimony but a matter of money } why should free nature be entrenched on, con- 
fined or obliged, to this or that man or woman, with these manacles of body and 
goods .'' &.C. There are those too that dearly love, admire and follow women all 
their lives long, sponsi Penelopes., never well but in their company, wistly gazing on 
their beauties, observing close, hanging after them, dallying still with them, and yet 
dare not, will not marry. Many poor people, and of the meaner sort, are too dis- 
trustful of God's providence, " they will not, dare not for such worldly respects," 
fear of want, woes, miseries, or that they shall light, as '^ "■ Lemnius saith, on a scold, 
a slut, or a bad wife." And therefore, '® Tristem Juvenfam venere deserid colunt, 
they are resolved to live single, as " Epaminondas did, '^ " JVil aii esse prius, melius 



• Rara quidein dea tu es Ochastitas in his terris, nee. 
facile perfecta, rarius perpetua, cogi noniitiiiqii.iin po- 
te?l, ol) nalurje defectum, vel si dipcipliiia pervaseril, 
censura coinpresseril. ■> Peregrin. Hierosol. » Plu- 
tarch, vita ejus, adolescentia; medio constitutus. » An- 
cilia's duas egrcgia forma et fetalis flora. 'O Alex. ab. 
Alex. I. 4. c. 8. " Tres filii patrem ahexeuhiis, 

"juinque ab omtiibus officiis liberahanto. n Praiceplo 
primn cogacur nubere aut mulctetiir el pecunia tcmpio 



2w2 



Junonis dedicelur et publica fiat. " Consol. 3. pros. 

7. 1'' Nic. Hill. Epic, philos. '* Q,ui .«e capistro 

matrimonii alligari noii patiuntur, Lemn. lib. 4. 13. d« 
occult, nat. Abhorrent multi a matrimonio, ne moro- 
sam, querulam, acerbani, amaram nxorem perferre co- 
gatitur. '^Senec. Hippol. "Cielebs enini vixerat 

nee ad uxorem ducendam unquam induci potuit. 
issenec. Hip. "There is nothing better, nothing pre- 
ferable to a single life '' 



658 Love-Melancholy. [fart. 3. Sec. 2 

nil Loellbe vita,'''' and ready with Hippolitus to abjure all women, ^^Detestor omnes, 
horrzo^fngio, execror, Sfc. But, 

" Hippolite nescis quod fugis viliE bonum, 
Hippolite nescis" 

" alas, poor Hippolitus, thou knowest not what thou sayest, 'tis otherwise, Hippo- 
litus." ^°Sonie make a doubt, an uxor Uterato sit ducenda, whether a scholar should - 
marry, if she be fair she will bring him back from his grammar to his horn book, or J 
else with kissing and dalliance she will hinder his study ; if foul with scolding, he 
cannot well intend to do both, as Philippus Beroald us, that great Bononian doctor, once 
writ, impediri enim studia literarum, Sfc, but he recanted at last, and in a solemn 
sort with true conceived words he did ask the world and all women forgiveness. 
But you shall have the story as he relates himself, in his Commentaries on the sixth 
of Apuleius. For a long time 1 lived a single life, et ah uxore ducenda semper ah- 
horruj., nee quicquam libera lecto censui jucundius. I could not abide marriage, but 
as a rambler, erraticus ac volaticus amator (to use his own words) per muUiplicet 
amores discurrebam, I took a snatch where I could get it ; nay more, I railed at mar- 
riage downright, and in a public auditory, when I did interpret that sixth Satire of 
Juvenal, out of Plutarch and Seneca, I did heap up all the dicteries I could against 
women ; but now recant with Stesichorus, palinodiam cano, nee poenitet censeri in 
ordine maritoriwi, I approve of marriage, 1 am glad I am a ^' married man, I am 
heartily glad I have a wife, so sweet a wife, so noble a wife, so young, so chaste a 
wile, so loving a wife, and I do wish and desire all other men to marry ; and espe- 
cially scholars, that as of old Martia did by Hortensius, Terentia by TuUius, Cal- 
phurnia to Plinius, Pudenlilla to Apuleius, ^" hold the candle whilst their husbands , 
did meditate and write, so theirs may do them, and as my dear Camilla doth to me* -~^ 
Let other men be averse, rail then and scoff at women, and say what they can to the 
contrary, vir sine uxore malorum expers est, Sfc, a single man is a happy man, &c., but 
this is a toy. ^^JVec dulces amores sperne puer, neque tu choreas ; these men are too 
distrustful and much to blame, to use such speeches, ^^ Par cite paucorum diffundere 
crimen in omnes. "■ They must not condemn all for some." As there be many bad, 
there be some good wives ; as some be vicious, some be virtuous. Read what Solo- 
mon hath said in their praises, Prov. xiii. and Syracides, cap. 26 et 30, " Blessed is 
the man that hath a virtuous wife, for the number of his days shall be double. A 
virtuous woman rejoiceth her husband, and she shall fulfil the years of his life in 
peace. A good wife is a good portion (and xxxvi. 24), an help, a pillar of rest," 
columina quietis, ^^ Qui capit uxorem, fratrem capit at que sororem. And 30, " He 
that hath no wife wandereth to and fro mourning." Minuuntur atrce conjuge cures, 
women are the sole, only joy, and comfort of a man's life, born ad usum et lusum 
hominum.,Jirmamenta families, 

W'Delitis humani generis, solatia vitae, 
Blandiliae noctis, placidissirna cura diei, 
Vota viriini, juveiium spes," Sck. 

"" A wife is a young man's mistress, a middle age's companion, an old man's nurser?* 
Particeps Itetorum et tristium, a prop, a help, &.c. 

W" Optima viri possessio est uxor benevola, I " JMan's best possession is a loving wife, 

Mitigans irain et avertens aniiiiaui ejus a Iristitia." | She tempers anger and diverts all strife." 

There is no joy, no comfort, no sweetness, no pleasure in the world like to that of 
a good wife, 

M " Q.iiam ciim chara domi conjm, fidusque maritus 
Unanimes degunt" 

saith our Latin Homer, she is still the same in sickness and in health, his eye, his 
hand, his bosom friend, his partner at all times, his other self, not to be separated by 
any calamity, but ready to share all sorrow, discontent, and as the Indian women do, 
live and die with him, nay more, to die presently for him. Admetus, king of Thes- 
saly, when he lay upon his death-bed, was told by Apollo's Oracle, that if he could 



>• Hor. M _^neas Sylvius de dictis Sigismundi. Hen- 1 who chooses a wife, takes a brother and a sister." 
Bius. Primiero. ai Habeo uxorem ex animi sententia | !" Lorheus. "The delight of mankind, the sol.ice ol 
Camillani Palentti Jurisconsuiti tiliam. -2 Leienli- life, lhi> blandishment.* <if night, delicious cares of day, 

bus et nieditantibus candelas et canilelahruni teniie- | the wishes of older men, the hopes of young." " Ba- 
runt. '^ llor. ' Veithnr despise airreeable love, nor con's Essays. ^c Enrjpjrtes -' " How harmoniouslj 
mirthful pleasure.' ^^ Ovid. °^ Aphraiiiiis. " He | do a Inving wift and constant husband lead their livna.' 



Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Cure of Love-Melancholy. 559 

get anybody to die for him, he should live longer yet, but when all refused, his 
parents, etsi decrepiii^ friends and followers forsook him, Alcestus, his wife, though 
young, most willingly undertook it ; what more can be desired or expected "i And 
although on the other side there be an infinite number of bad husbands (I should 
rail downright against some of them), able to discourage any women ; yet there be 
some good ones again, and those most observant of marriage rites. An honest 
country fellow (as Fulgosus relates it) in the kingdom of Naples, ""at plough by the 
sea-side, saw his wife carried away by Mauritanian pirates, he ran after in all haste, 
up to the chin first, and when he could wade no longer, swam, calling to the governor 
of the ship to deliver his wife, or if he must not have her restored, to let him follow 
as a prisoner, for he was resolved to be a galley-slave, his drudge, willing to endure 
any misery, so that he might but enjoy his dear wife. The Moors seeing the man's 
constancy, and relating the whole matter to their governors at Tunis, set them both 
free, and gave them an honest pension to maintain themselves during their lives. I 
could tell many stories to this effect; but put case it often prove otherwise, because 
marriage is troublesome, wholly therefore to avoid it, is no argument ; "' " He thai 
will avoid trouble must avoid the world." (Eusebius prcp.par. Evangel. 5. cap. 50.) 
Some trouble there is in marriage I deny not, Etsi grave sit matrimonium, saith 
Erasmus, edulcafur famen multis, Sfc, yet there be many things to ''^sweeten it, a 
pleasant wife, placens uxor, pretty children, dulces nati, delicice filiorum honmium, 
the chief delight of the sons of men ; Eccles. ii. 8. &c. And howsoever though it 
were all troubles, ^ utiUtatis puhliccR causa devorandum., grave quid libenter subeun- 
dum, it must willingly be undergone for public good's sake, 

'< " Aiidite (populiis) ha.'c, inqiiit Susarion, I .. .i .-> . .... c - 

Malffi sunt miiheres, veruntamen O populares. "?" '"«• ^ ""y countrymen saithSiisarion. 

Hoc sine nialu domum inhab.tare nmi l.cet." | Women are naught, yet no life without one." 

'^ Malum est mulier, sed necessarium malum. They are necessary evils, and for our 
own ends we must make use of them to have issue, ^ Supplet Venus ac restituit hu- 
manum genus, and to propagate the church. For to what end is a man born } whv 
lives he, but to increase the world .'' and how shall he do that well, if he do noi 
marry .-^ Matrimonium humano generi immortalitatem tribuit, saith Nevisanus, ma- 
trimony makes us immortal, and according to ^' Tacitus, ^tis Jirmissimu?n imperii mu- 
nimenfum, the sole and chief prop of an empire. ^ Indigne vivit per quern non vivit 
et alter, ^^ which Pelopidas objected to Epaminondas, he was an unworthy member 
of a commonwealth, that left not a child after him to defend it, and as '"' Trismegis- 
tus to his son Tatius, " have no commerce with a single man :" Holding belike that 
a bachelor could not live honestly as he should, and with Georgius Wicelius, a 
great divine and holy man, who of late by twenty-six arguments commends mar- 
riage as a thing most necessary for all kind of persons, most laudable and fit to be em- 
braced : and is persuaded withal, that no man can live and die religiously, and as he 
ought, without a wife, persuasus neminem posse neque pie vivere, neque bene mori 
citra uxorem, he is false, an enemy to the commonwealth, injurious to himself, 
destructive to the world, an apostate to nature, a rebel against heaven and earth. Let 
our wilful, obstinate, and stale bachelors ruminate of this, "■ If we could live with- 
out wives," as Marcellus Numidicus said in '"Agellius, "we would all want them; 
but because we cannot, let all marry, and consult rather to the public good, than 
their own private pleasure or estate." It were an happy thing, as wise ''^Euripides 
halh it, if we could buy children with gold and silver, and be so provided, sine 
mulierum congressu, without women's company; but that may not be: 

o " Orhis jacehit squallido tiirpis situ, 1 .. tt. .u • i i <•. u 

Vanum sine ull.s class.bus stabit mare, ^Z ' "h T\/'! m h""? ""'"'''^'='""': o nought. 

Alesqueccelodeeritetsylv.sfera." ' The world .tself should be to ruin brought." 

Necessity therefore compels us to marry. 

*Cum juxta mare agnim coleret : Omnis eniin i s' Hist. lib. 4. ss palingenius. " He lives contempti 
miseriie imniemdrem, ciipijuaalis amor eum fecerat. I biy by whom no other lives." sj firusoii. lib. ' 

Non sine ingenti admiratioiic, tnnta hominis chantate ! cap. 23. ■•" Noli societatcm habere, &c. <' Lib I 

motus r<-.x liberos esse ju^sit, &c. »' Qui viilt vitare i cap. 6. Si, inquil, duiriles, sine uxore e.^se possemus 

molfStia.s vitet munHum. ^^ Ti(5£ /Ji'os tiQz rcpi:vov onines careremus ; Sed quoniam sic est, saluti potiut 

uTcp ^pvarif aipoohiriK Quid vita est quicso qindve est ] puhlicae quam voluplati consulendum. « BeatUHk 

Bine (,'ypride du'lo- ? iMimner. '3 Krasmus. 3« k fnrel si liberos auro et argeiito mercari, &c. "Senecs 

s!«ot>eo •J' Meander s« Seneca Hyp. lib. 3. nuri» i ' Hvn. 



560 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 

But what do I trouble myself, to find arguments to persuade to, or commend mar- 
riage } behold a brief abstract of all that which I have said, and much more, suc- 
cinctly, pithily, pathetically, perspicuously, and elegantly delivered in twelve motions 
to mitigate the miseries of marriage, by ''^Jacobus de Voragine, 

1. Res est? habes qucB tueatur et augeat. — ^2. Nan est? habes qucB qucBrat. — 

3. SecundcB res sunt ? felicitas dtiplicatur. — 4. Adversce sunt ? Consolatur, adsidet. 
Onus participat ut tolcrabile ^at.-—5. Domies? solitvdinis t tedium pellit. — 6. Foras? 
Discendentcm visu prosequitur, absentem desiderat, redeuntem Iceta excipit. — 7. Nihil 
jucundum absque societate? Nulla societas matrimonio suavior. — 8. Vinculum con- 
jugalis charitatis adtimcntinum. — 9. Accrescit dulcis affinium turba, duplicatur 
numerus parcntum, fratum, sororum, nepotum. — 10. Pulchra sis prole parens. — 

11. Lex Mosis sterilitatem matrimonii execratur, quanto amplius coslibatum? — 

12. Si natura pacnam non effugit, nc voluntas quidem effugiet. 

1. Hast thou means.'' thou hast none to keep and increase it. — 2. Hast none? 
thou hast one to help to get it. — 3. Art in prosperity.? thine happiness is doubled. — 

4. Art in adversity.? she'll comfort, assist, bear a part of thy burden to make it more 
tolerable.-^-5. Art at home.? she'll drive away melancholy. — 6. Art abroad.? she 
looks after thee going from home, wishes for thee in thine absence, and joyfully 
welcomes thy return. — 7. There's nothing delightsome without society, no society 
so sweet as matrimony. — 8. The band of conjugal love is adamantine. — 9. The 
sweet company of kinsmen increaseth, the number of parents is doubled, of brothers, 
si.sters, nephews. — 10. Thou art made a father by a fair and happy issue. — 1 1 . Moses 
curseth the barrenness of matrimony, how much more a single life ? — 12. If nature 
escape Mot punishment, surely thy will shall not avoid it. 

All this is true, say you, and who knows it not.? but how easy a matter is it to 
answer these motives, and to make an Jlntiparodia quite opposite unto it.? To 
exercise myself ] will essay : 

1. Hast thou means.? thou hast one to spend it. — 2. Hast none? thy beggary is 
increased. — 3. Art in prosperity? thy happiness is ended. — 4. Art in adversity? like 
Job's wife she'll aggravate thy misery, vex thy soul, make thy burden intolerable.— - 

5. Art at home? she'll scold thee out of doors. — 6. Art abroad? If thou be wise 
keep thee so, she'll perhaps graft hornir in thine absence, scowl on tliee coming 
home. — 7. Nothing gives more content than solitariness, no solitariness like this of 
a single life — 8. The band of marriage is adamantine, no hope of losing it, thou art 
undone. — 9. I'hy number increaseth, thou shalt be devoured by thy wife's friends. — 
10. Thou art made a cornuto by an unchaste wife, and shalt bring up other folks' 
children instead of thine own. — 11. Paul commends marriage, yet he prefers a single 
life. — 12. Is marriage honourable ? What an immortal crown belongs to virginity? 

So Siracides himself speaks as much as may be for and against women, so doth 
almost every philosopher plead pro and con^ every poet thus argues the case (though 
what cares vulgus nominum what they say ?) : so can I conceive peradventure, and 
so canst thou: when all is said, yet since some be good, some bad, let's put it to 
the venture. I conclude therefore with Seneca, 

■ " cur Torn viduo jacos ? 



Tristem juventam solve: nunc luxus rape, 
Effunde liaheiias. nptinios vits dies 
Effliiere prohibe." 



" Why dost thou lie alone, let thy youth and best day? to pass away ?" Marry 
whilst thou mayest, donee viventi canities ahest morosa, whilst thou art yet able, ye* 
lusty, ^'"Elige cui dlcas, tu mihi sola places, make thy choice, and that freely forth- 
with, make no delay, but take thy fortune as it falls. 'Tis true, 

^o " calamitosus est qui inciderit. 

In inalam uxorein, felix qui in bonam," 

'Tis s hazard both ways I confess, to live single or to marry, ^''JYam et. uxorem ducere. 
et non ducere jnalum est, it may be bad, it may be good, as it is a cross and calamity 
on the one side, so 'tis a sweet delight, an incomparable happiness, a blessed estate 
a most unspeakable benefit, a sole content, on the other ; 'tis all in the proof. Be 

«Gen. ii. Adjutorium sini'le, &c. <s Ovid. " Find I met a bsd wife, happy who found a good one.' 

her to whom you niiiy say, 'thou art my only plea- *' E Gra>co Valerius, lib. 7. cap. 7. " To marry, and no* 
ture ■ *" EuriDides. " Unhappy the man who h;iti | to marvH, are eivually base " 



ft! en.. 5. Subs. 5.] 



Cure of Love-Melancholy. 



561 



not then so wayAvard. so covetous, so distrustful, so curious and nice, but let's all 
marry, mutuos fovenles amplexus ; "Take nie to thee, and thee to me," to-morrovr 
is St. Valentine's day, let's keep it holiday for Cupid's sake, for that great god Love's 
sake, for Hymen's sake, and celebrate ""* Venus' vigil with our ancestors for company 
together, singing as they did, 



'Crasani et qui nuiiquam amavit, quique amavit, eras 
amet, 
Ver novum, ver jam canorum, ver natus orbis est, 
Vere concordant aniores, vere nubunt alites, 

Et nenius coma resolvit, Sec. 

Cras aniet, &c. 



' Let those love now who never loved before, 
And those who always loved now love the more; 
Sweet loves are born with every opening spring; 
Birds from the jnder boughs their pledges sing," &c. 



Let him that is averse from marriage read more in Barbarus de re uxor. lib. I. cap. 1. 
Lemnius de institul. cap. 4. P. Godefndus de Jlmor. lib. 3. cap. \. ""^ Nevisanus, lih. 3. 
.Alox. ab Alexandro, lib. 4. cap. 8. Tunstall, Erasmus' tracts in laudem matrimonii^ 
Sfc, and I doubt not but in the end he will rest satisfied, recant with Beroaldus, do 
penance for his former folly, singing some penitential ditties, desire to be reconciled 
to the deity of this great god Love, go a pilgrimage to his shrine, offer to his image, 
sacrifice tjpon his altar, and be as willing at last to embrace marriage as the rest 
There will not be found, I hope, ^°"No, not in that severe family of Stoics,, who 
shall refuse to submit his grave beard, and superciUious looks to the clipping of a 
wife," or disagree from his fellows in this point. "• For what more willingly (as 
^'Varro holds) can a proper man see than a fair wife, a sweet wife, a loving wife?' 
can the world afford a better sight, sweeter content, a fairer object, a more gracious 
aspect } 

Since then this of marriage is the last and best refuge, and cure of heroical love, 
all doubts are cleared, and impediments removed ; I say again, what remains, but 
that according to both their desires, they be happily joined, since it cannot other- 
wise be helped .'' God send us all good wives, every man his wish in this kind, and 
me mine! 

^'^And Ood that all this world hath ywrought 
Send him his Love that hath it so deere bought. 

If all parties be pleased, ask their banns, 'tis a match. ^'^ Fruitur Rhodanthe sponsa^ 
sponso Dosicle, Rhodanthe and Dosicles shall go together, Cliliphon and Leucippe, 
Theagines and Chariclea, Poliarchus hath his Argenis. Lysander Calista, to make 
up the mask) ^^ Potiturque sua puer Iphis lanlhi. 

j?nd Troilus in lust and in quiet 
Is ui\th Creseid, his own heart sweet. 

And although they have hardly passed the pikes, through many difficulties and de- 
lays brought the match about, yet let them take this of ^^Aristaenetus (that so marry) 
for their comfort: ^^" after many troubles and cares, the marriages of lovers are 
more sweet and pleasant." As we commonly conclude a comedy with a " wedding, 
and shaking of hands, let's shut up our discourse, and end all with an ^^ Epithala- 
miitm. 

Felicifer nuptis., God give them joy together. ^^ Hymen O Hy7nen£ee, Hymen ades 
O Hymejicee ! Bonum factum., 'tis well done. Hand equidem sine mente reor, sine 
numine Divum, 'tis a happy conjunction, a fortunate match, an even couple, 

" Ambo aniniis, ambo prsestantes viribus, ambo 
Florentes aniiis," 

" they both excel in gifts of body and mind, are both equal in years," youth, vigour, 
alacrity, she is fair and lovely as Lais or Helen, he as another Charinus or Alcibiades, 

ludite ut lubet et brevi I 



Liberos date.' 



' Then modestly go sport and toy, 
And let 's have every year a boy.' 



*' " Go give a sweet smell as incense, and bring forth flowers as the lily :" that we 
may say hereafter, Scitus Mecastor natus est Pamphilo puer. In the meantime I say, 



<" Pervigilium Veneris 6 vetere poeta. I'Drimus 

non potest consistere sine uxore. Nevisanus lib. 2. 
num. i8. '-^ Nemo in severissima Stoicorum familia 

qui non harbam quoque et supercilium amplexibus 
iixores subniiserit, ant in ista parte a reliquis dissen- 
lerit. Hensius Primiero. si Quid lihenlius homo 

uiasculus videre debet qiiam bellam uxorem ? ^^Qdau. 
»r "3 Conclusio Theod. Podro. mi. 9. 1 Amor. 

7» 



"Ovid. 65 Epist. 4. 1. 2. Jucundiores multo et 

suaviores longe post molestas turbasamanliiim nuptiffi. 
'6 Olim meminisse juvabit. " Cluid expeclatis, intus 
fiunt nuplia;, the music guests, and all the good chee* 
is within. ^8 The conclusion of Cliaucer's poem ot 

Troilus and Creseid. =» Catullus. «o Catullus. J 

Secundus Sylvar. lib. Jam virgo thalamum subibit und* 
ne virgo redeat, marite cura. «' Ecclus. xxxix. 1« 



502 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. :^ 



lie, a§i\rf, O juvenes, <" non murmura vestra columbie, 
Bracliia, noii hetlercc, neque vuicant oscula coiicliie." 



' Gentle youths, go sport yourselves betimes. 
Let not the doves outpass your niurinurings, 
Or ivy-clasping arms, or oyster-kissiiigs." 



And in the morn betime, as those ^* Lacetlaemonian lasses saluted Helena and Mene 
laus, singing at their windows, and wishing good success, do we at yours : 



' Salve O sponsa, salve felix, det vobis Latona 
Felicem soboleui, Venus dea det a?qnalcai amorem 
Inter vos mutuo ; Saturnus durabiles divjtias, 
Durinite in pectora mutuo aniorein inspirantes, 
Et desideriuni !" 



Even all your lives long. 



'Contingat vobis turturum concordia, 
Cornicula; vivacilas" 



Good morrow, master bridegroom, and mistrew 
Many fair lovely bernes to you betide • "^brif** 

Let Venus to you mutual love procure, 
Let Saturn give you riches to endure. 
Long may you sleep in one another's arms, 
Inspiring sweet desire, and free from harms." 



'* The love of turtles hap to you. 
And ravens' years still to renew." 



Let the Muses sing, (as he said ;) the Graces dance, not at their weddings only but 
all their days long; "•so couple their hearts, that no irksomeness or anger ever befal 
them : let him never call her other name than my joy, my light, or she call him 
otherwise than sweetheart. To this happiness of theirs, let not old age any whit 
detract, but as their years, so let their mutual love and comfort increase." And 
when they depart this life. 



"Concordes quoniam vixere tot annos, 

Auferat hnra duos eadem, iiec conjugis usquam 
Busta sua; videat, nee sit tumulandus ab il)a." 



" Because they have so sweetly liv'd together, 
Let not one die a day before the other, 
He bury her, she him, with even fate, 
One hour their souls iet jointly separate." 



66 " Fortunati ambo si quid mea carmina possunt. 
Nulla dies unquam inemori vos eximet ffivo.' 



Atque hasc de amore dixisse sufRciat, sub correclione., ®' quod ait ille, cujusque me- 
lius sentientis. Plura qui volet de remediis amoris, legat Jasonem Pratensem., Ar- 
no'idum^ Montaltutn, Savanarolum, Langium, Valescum, Crimisonum^ Mexandrum 
Benedicfum., Laurentium, Valleriolam, e Poetis JVasonem, e nostratibus Chaucerum 
Sfc, with whom I conclude. 



w For my words here and every part, 
I speak hem all under correction. 
Of you that feeling have in love's art. 
And put it all in your discretion, 
To intreat or make diminution, 
Of viy language, that I you beseech : 
But now to purpose of my rather speech. 



SECT. III. MEMB. I. 



SuBSECT. I. — Jealousy, its Equivocations, Name, Definition, Extent, several kinds; 
of Princes, Parents, Friends. In Beasts, Men: before marriage, as Co-rivals; 
or after, as in this place. 

Valescus de Taranta cap. de Melanchol. jElian Montaltus, Felix Plaierus, 
Guianerius, put jealousy for a cause of melancholy, others for a symptom; because 
melancholy persons amongst these passions and perturbations of the mind, are most 
obnoxious to it. But methinks for the latitude it hath, and that prerogative above 
other ordinary symptoms, it ought to be treated of as a species apart, being of so 
great and eminent note, so furious a passion, and almost of as great extent as love 
itself, as ^^ Benedetto Varchi holds, "no love without a mixture of jealousy," ^m* 
non zel'at., nan amal. For these causes I will dilate, and treat of it by itself, as a 
bastard-branch or kind of love-melancholy, which, as heroical love goeth commonly 
before marriage, doth usually follow, torture, and crucify in like sort, deserves there- 
fore to be rectified alike, requires as much care and industry, in setting out the 
several causes of it, prognostics and cures. Which I have more willingly done, that 



wGaleni Epithal. 



«3 noctem.quater et quater I trahat, imo potius aliquid adaugeat. 



beatam. «' Theocritus idyl 18. 6* Erastn. Epithal 
p. iEgidij. Nee salteiit nioilo sed duo c.harissirna pec 
tora indissoluhill niuture henevnlentice nodo corpulent, 
ut nihil unijuain eos iiicedere possit irje vel itrdii. Ilia 
perpt^tuo nihil aiidiat nisi, mea lux : ille vicisr^ini iiiliil 
Bisi amine mi; atque huic jucunditati ne seiiecius de 



66 "Happy 



both, if my verses have any charms, nor shall rime fvel 
di'tract from the iiieinorable example ot your lives.' 
61 Koriimaniius de liiiea amoris. 6a Finis 3 booh 

ofTioilusaiid »>.'Si-id. 6»ii, (,ig Orati'in of Jealousy 
put out by Fr. Sansavin. 



>Jem. 1. Subs. 1.] Jealousy of Princes 3G3 

he that is or hath been jealous, may see his error as m a glass ; he that is not, may 
learn to detest, avoid it himself, and dispossess others that are anywise alTocled 
with it. 

Jealousy is described and defined to be '""a certain suspicion which the lover 
hath of the party he chiefly loveth, lest he or she should be enamoured of another:" 
or any eager desire to enjoy some beauty alone, to have it proper to himself only : 
a fear or doubt, lest any foreigner should participate or share with him ir. his lov<;. 
Or (as "' Scaliger adds) "• a fear of losing her favour whom he so earnestly affects." 
Cardan calls it "a "^zeal for love, and a kind of envy lest any man should beguile 
us.'' "Ludovicus Vives defines it in the very same words, or little differing in sense. 

There be many other jealousies, but improperly so called all; as that of parents, 
tutors, guardians over their children, friends whom they love, or sucb as are left to 
their wardship or protection. 

'< ■' Storax noil rediil hac iiocte a coBna ^schinus, 

Neqiic servuloruin quispiam qui adversum ierant?" 

As the old man in the comedy cried out in a passion, and from a solicitous fear 
and care he had of his adopted son ; ''" not of beauty, but lest they should miscarry, 
do amiss, or any way discredit, disgrace (as Vives notes) or endanger themselves 
and us." '^^Egeus M'as so solicitous for his son Theseus, (when he went to fight 
with the Minotaur) of his success, lest he should be foiled, '''' Prona est timori semper 
in pejus Jides. We are still apt to suspect the worst in such doubtful cases, as many 
wives in their husband's absence, fond mothers in their children's, lest if absent they 
should be misled or sick, and are continually expecting news from them, how they 
do fare, and what is become of them, they cannot endure to have them long out of 
their sight : oil my sweet son, O my dear child, &c. Paul was jealous over the 
Church of Corinth, as he confesseth, 2 Cor. xi. 12. "With a godly jealousy, to 
present them a pure virgin to Christ ;" and he was afraid still, lest as the serpent 
beguiled Eve, through his subtilty, so their minds should be corrupt from the sim- 
plicity that is in Christ. God himself, in some sense, is said to be jealous, '*" I am 
a jealous God, and will visit :" sd Psalm Ixxix. 5. " Shall thy jealousy burn like 
fire for ever .?" But these are improperly called jealousies, and by a metaphor, to 
show the care and solicitude they have of them. Although some jealousies express 
all the symptoms of this which we treat of, fear, sorrow, anguish, anxiety, suspicion, 
hatred, &.c., the object only varied. That of some fathers is very eminent, to their 
sons and heirs ; for though they love them dearly being children, yet now commg 
towards man's estate they may not well abide them, the son and heir is commonly 
sick of the father, and the father again may not well brook his eldest son, mae 
simultates^ plerumque confentiones et inimicitice ; but that of princes is most noto- 
rious, as when they fear co-rivals (if I may so call them) successors, emulators, 
subjects, or such as they have offended. " Oinnisque potestas impatiens consortis 
erit : "• they are still suspicious, lest their authority should be diminished,'"''' as one 
observes; and as Comineus hath it, '*'"it cannot be expressed what slender causes 
they have of their grief and suspicion, a secret disease, that commonly lurks and 
breeds in princes' families." Sometimes it is for their honour only, as that of Adrian 
the emperor, *'^"'that killed all his emulators." Saul envied David; Domitian Agri- 
cola, because he did excel him, obscure his honour, as he thought, eclipse his fame. 
Juno turned Praetus' daughters into kine, for that they contended with her for beauty; 
** Cyparissas, king Eteocles' children, were envied of the goddesses for their excel- 
lent good parts, and dancing amongst the rest, saith ^ Constantine, '' and for that 
cause fiung headlong fVom heaven, and buried in a pit, but the earth to'ok pity of 
them, and brought out cypress trees to preserve their memories." '^^Niobe, Arachne, 
and Marsyas, can testify as much. But it is most grievous when it is for a kingdom 



'o Benedetto Varchi. " Exercitat. 317. Cum nietui- 
mus lie aniats rei exturbimur possessione. '^Zelus 

de forma est invidentice species ne quis furma quain 
amanuis fruatur. '^Sde Aniina. '■> " Has not 

every one oC the slaves thai went to meet him returned 
this night f»jm the supper?" '' R. de Anima. Tan- 

gimur zelolypia de piipillis, liheris charisqiie cur* nos- 



M Danseus Aphoris. polit. semper nietuuiit ne eoruni 
auctoritas nnnuatur. <" Belli Neapoi. lib. 5. "^Dici 
non potest quam tenues et inlirmas causas habuiil 
mreroris et suspicionis, et hie est morbus occultus, qui 
in familiis principum regnat. ^Oinnes a?7Jijlog in- 

terfecit. Lampiid. " Constant, agricull. lio. 10. c 

5. Cyparissa; Eteoclis filiw, saltantes ad emulationeu, 



trae concreditis, non de forma, sed ne male sit iis, aut dearuni in puteuin demoliliE sunt, sed terra miseiala 
ne nobis sibiqiie parent ignominiam. " Plutarch. . cuj'ressos inde produxit. ^6 Ovid. Mel. 

''Scnec. in Hnrr. fur. '^ Exod. xx. '^Lucan. . 



564 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 3. 

litself, or matters of commodity, it produceth lamentable effects, especially amongst 
tyrants, in despotico Imperio, and such as are more feared than beloved of their sub- 
jects, that get and keep their sovereignty by force and fear. ^^ Quod civibus tenere 
te invitis scios, «Src'., as Phalaris. Dionysius, Periander held theirs. For though fear, 
cowardice, ard jealousy, in Plutarch's opinion, be the common causes of tyranny, 
as in Nero, Caligula, Tiberius, yet most take them to be symptoms. For *'^"' what 
slave, what hangman (as Bodine well expresseth this passion, /. 2. c. 5. de rep.) can 
so cruelly torture a condemned person, as this fear and suspicion ? Fear of death, 
infamy, torments, are those furies and vultures that vex and disquiet tyrants, and 
torture them day and night, with perpetual terrors and affrights, envy, suspicion, fear, 
desire of revenge, and a thousand such disagreeing perturbations, turn and affright 
the soul out of the hinges of health, and more grievously wound and pierce, than 
those cruel masters can exasperate and vex their apprentices or servants, with clubs, 
whips, chains^ and tortures." Many terrible examples we have in this kind, amongst 
tlie Turks especially, many jealous outrages ; *^ Selimus killed Kornutus his youngest • 
brother, live of his nephews, Mustapha Bassa, and divers others. ^"Bajazet the 
second Turk, jealous of the valour and greatness of Achmet Bassa, caused him to 
be slain. ^^ Solyman tlie Magnificent murdered his own son Mustapha ; and 'tis an 
ordinary thing amongst them, to make away their brothers, or any competitors, at 
the first coming to the crown ; 'tis all the solemnity they use at their fathers' fune- 
rals. What mad pranks in his jealous fury did Herod of old commit in Jewry, when 
he massacred all the children of a year old ? ^' Valens the emperor in Constanti- 
nople, when as he left no man alive of quality in his kingdom that had his name 
begun with Theo ; Theodoti, Theognosti, Theodosii, Theoduli, &c. They went 
all to their long home, because a wizard told him that name should succeed in his 
empire. And what furious designs hath ^^ Jo. Basilius, that Muscovian tyrant, prac- 
tised of late .'' It is a wonder to read that strange suspicion, which Suetomus reports 
of Claudius CiEsar, and of Domitian, they were afraid of every man they saw : and 
which Herodian of Antoninus and Geta, those two jealous brothers, the one could 
not endure so much as the other's servants, but made away him, his chiefest fol- 
lowers, and all that belonged to him, or were his well-wishers. ^^ Maximinus " per- 
ceiving himself to be odious to most men, because he was come to that height of 
honour out of base beginnings, and suspecting his mean parentage would be ob 
jected to him, caused all the senators that were nobly descended, to be slain in a 
jealous humour, turned all the servants of Alexander his predecessor out of doors, 
and slew many of them, because they lamented their master's death, suspecting them 
to be traitors, for the love they bare to him." When Alexander in his fury had 
made Clitus his dear friend to be put to death, and saw now (saith ^'' Curtius) anNi 
alienation in his subjects' hearts, none durst talk with him, he began to be jealous ^ 
of himself, lest they should attempt as much on him, " and said they lived like so 
many wild beasts in a wilderness, one afraid of another." Our modern stories afford 
us many notable examples. *^ Henry the Third of France, jealous of Henry of 
Lorraine, Duke of Guise, anno 1588, caused him to be murdered in his own cham- 
ber. '*'' Louis the Eleventh was so suspicious, he durst not trust his children, every 
man about him he suspected for a traitor ; many strange tricks Comineus telleth of 
him. How jealous was our Henry the ®' Fourth of King Richard the Second, so 
long as he lived, after he was deposed? and of his own son Henry in his latter days? 
which the prince well perceiving, came to visit his father in his sickness, in a watchet 
velvet gown, full of eyelet holes, and with needles sticking in them (as an emblem 
of jealousy), and so pacified his suspicious father, after some speeches and protesta- 
tions, which he had used to that purpose. Perpetual imprisonment, as that of Robert 



* Seneca. "'duis aiitem carnifex addictiirn sup- 

plicio criidelius afficiat, qiiaiii iiietus? Metus itiquaiii 
niortis, iiifainia; cruciatiis, sunt illo ullrices furias quffi 
tyrannos exagitani, &.c. Multo acerbiiis sauciarit et 
punguiit, quani criideles domiiii servos vinctos fiistibiis 
■n tormeiitis exulcerare possunt. ee Loniceriis, To. 

1. Turc. hist. c. 24. 69 jovius vita ejus. »i> Knowles. 
Busbeqiiius. Sand. fol. 52. si jvjcephorus, lit . 1). c. 
45. Socrates, lih. 7. cap. 35. Neque Valens alicui pe- 
percit qui Theo co(;nomine vocarelur. ^2 Aletaiid. 

Gaguin. Muscov. hist, descrip. c. 5. '' D Flevther. 



timet oinnes ne insidiifi essent, Herodot. I. 7. Maximi- 
nus invisum se sentiens, quod ex infimo loco in tatitam 
fnrtunaiu venisset moribus ac genere barbarus, metuens 
ne nataliuni obscuritas objiceretur, omnes Alexandri 
prsedecessoris ministros ex aula ejecit, pluribus inter- 
("ectis quod niOBsti essent ad mortem Alexandri, itisidias 
inde meluetis. s* Lib. 8. taiiquani ferae solitudin« 

vivebant, terrentes alios, timentes. ^■' Serres, fol. 50. 
'5 Neap, belli, lib. 5. nulli prorsus homini fidebnt, omnes 
insidiari sibi putahat. "'Camden's K«;-iaiiiB 



51 em. 1. Subs. 1.] 



Jealousy of Beasts 



565 



"'Duke of Normandy, in the days of Henry the First, forbiddmg of marriage to 
some persons, with such hke edicts and prohibitions, are ordinary in all states. In 
H word (^'as he said) three things cause jealousy, a mighty state, a rich treasure, a 
feir wife ; or where there is a cracked title, much tyranny, and exactions, hi our 
state, as being freed from ciU these fears and miseries, we may be most secure ant' 
happy under tlie reign of our fortunate prince : 



' His fortune hatli indehted him to none 
But to all his people universally; 
And not to them hut for their love alone, 
Which they account as placed worthily. 



He is so set, he hath no cause to be 
Jealous, or dreadful of disloyalty ; 
The pedestal whereon his greatness stands. 
Is held of all our hearts, and all our hands." 



But I rove, I confess. These equivocations, jealousies, and many such, which cru- 
cify the souls of men, are not here properly meant, or in this distinction of ours in- 
cluded, but that alone which is for beauty, tending to love, and wherein they can brook 
no co-rival, or endure any participation: and this jealousy belongs as well to brute 
beasts, as men. Some creatures, saith 'Vives, swans, doves, cocks, bulls, &,c., are 
jealous as well as men, and as much moved, for fear of communion. 



2"Grege pro tnto bella juvenci. 
Si con jugio tiniuere suo, 
Poscunt tiniidi proelia cervi, 
£t niugitus dant concept! signa furoris 



In Venus' cause what mighty battles make 
Your raving bulls, and stirs for their herd's sake: 
And harts and bucks that are so timorous. 
Will fight and roar, if once they be but jealous." 



In bulls, horses, goats, this is most apparently discerned. Bulls especially, alium. 
in pascuis non admittit, he will not admit another bull to feed in the same pasture, 
saith "Oppin: which Stephanus Bathorius, late king of Poland, used as an impress, 
with that motto, Hegnum non caplt duos. R. T. in his Blason of Jealousy, telleth 
a story of a swan about Windsor, that finding a strange cock with his mate, did 
swim I know not how many miles after to kill him, and when he had so done, came 
back and killed his hen ; a certain truth, he saith, done upon Thames, as many 
watermen, and neighbour gentlemen, can tell. Fidem suam llberet; for my part, I 
do believe it may be true; for swans have ever been branded with that epithet of 
jealousy. 

* The jealous swanne against his death that singeth, 
.Snd eke the owle that of death bode bringeth. 

^Some say as much of elephants, that they are more jealous than any other creatures 
whatsoever ; and those old Egyptians, as ^ Pierius informeth us, express in their 
hieroglyphics, the passion of jealousy by a camel; 'because that fearing the worst 
still about matters of venery, he loves solitudes, that he may enjoy his pleasure 
alone, et in quoscunque obvios insurgit^ Zelotypice stimulis agitatus^ he will quarrel 
and fight with whatsoever comes next, man or beast, in his jealous fits. I have read 
us much of ^crocodiles; and if Peter Martyr's authority be authentic, legat. Baby- 
lonicce, lib. S. you shall have a strange tale to that purpose confidently related. An- 
other story of the jealousy of dogs, see in Hieron. Fabricius, Tract. 3. cap. 5. de 
toqueld animalium. 

But this furious passion is most eminent in men, and is as well amongst bachelors 
as married men. If it appear amongst bachelors, M'e commonly call them rivals or 
co-rivals, a metaphor derived from a river, rivales., a ^rivo ; for as a river, saith Acron 
in Hor. Art. Poet, and Donat. in Ter. Eunuch, divides a common ground between 
two men, and both participate of it, so is a woman indifferent between two suitors, 
both likely to enjoy her; and thence comes this emulation, which breaks out many 
times into tempestuous storms, and produceth lamentable eflfects, murder itself, with 
much cruelty, many single combats. They cannot endure the least injury done 
unto them before their mistress, and in her defence will bite off* one another's noses; 
they are most impatient of any flout, disgrace, lest emulation or participation in that 
kind, '""iaceroi lacerium Largi mordax Memnius. Memnius the Roman (as Tully 
tells the story, de oraiore, lib. 2.), being co-rival with Largus Terracina, bit him by 
the arm, which fact of his was so famous, that it afterwards grew to a proverb in 
those parts. " Ph2edria could not abide his co-rival Thraso ; for when Parmeno de- 



•^Ma "aris. 89 r_ "p.notis in blason jealnusie. 

'•oo Daniel in his Panegyric to the king. "S. de aninia, 
cap. de zel. Animalia quaedem zelotypia tangunlur, ut 
olores, columbae, galli, tauri, &c. ob metuni conimu- 
nionis. »Seneca. ^Lib. 11. Cynoget. «Chaucer, 
in his Assembly of Fowls. > Alderovand. « Lib. 12. 
<Sibi Uiiiens circa res venereas, solitudiiies aniat quo 



solus sola foemina fruatur. sCrncodili zelotypj et 

uxorum aniantissiini, &c. !>Q,ui dividit agrum 

comniunem ; inde deducitur ad amantes. i" Erasmus 
chil. I. cent. 9. adag. 99. "Ter. Eun. Act. 1. sc. 1 

Munus nostrum ornate verbis, et istum Eemulum, quoai* 
poteris, ab ea peMito. 



2X 



11 "Tu iiiihi vel ferro pectus, vel perde veneno, 
A ilomina laiituin te iiiodo tolle mea: 

Te sociuiii vitae te corporis esse licebit, 
Te (loiiiinuin adinitto rebus amice meis. 

Lecto te solum, ierto te deprecor uno, 
Kivalem possum iioii ego ferre Jovem." 



366 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 3 

niaiided numquid aliud imjperas? whether he would command him any more ser 
vice : " No more (saith he) but to speak in his behalf, and to drive away his co-rival 
if he could." Conslantine, in the eleventh book of his husbandry, cap. 11, hath a 
pleasant tale of the pine-tree ; '^she was once a fair maid, whom Pineus and Boreas, 
two co-rivals, dearly sought; but jealous Boreas broke her neck, Stc. And in his 
eighteenth chapter he telleth another tale of '^Mars, that in his jealousy slew Adonis. 
Pelronius calleth this passion amantium furiosum (B7}iulatione.m,a furious emulation; 
ani- their symptoms are well expressed by Sir Geoffrey Chaucer in his first Canter- 
bury Tale. It will make the nearest and dearest friends fall out ; they will endure 
all other things to be common, goods, lands, moneys, participate of each pleasure, 
and take in good part any disgraces, injuries in another kind; but as Propertius well 
describes it in an elegy of his, in this they will suffer nothing, have no co-rivals. 

"Stab me with sword, or poison strong 

Give me to work my bane: 
So thou court not my lass, so thou 

From mistress mine refrain. 
Command myself, my body, purae, 

As thine own goods take all. 
And as my ever dearest friend, 

I ever use thee shall. 
O spare my love, to have alone 

Her to myself I crave. 
Nay, Jove himself I 'II not oiidure 

My rival for to have." 

This jealousy, which I am to treat of, is that which belongs to married men, in 
respect of their own wives ; to whose estate, as no sweetness, pleasure, happiness 
can be compared in the world, if they live quietly and lovingly together ; so if they 
disagree or be jealous, those bitter pills of sorrow and grief, disastrous mischiefs, 
mischances, tortures, gripings, discontents, are not to be separated from them. A 
most violent passion it is where it taketh place, an unspeakable torment, a hellish 
torture, an infernal plague, as Ariosto calls it, " a fury, a continual fever, full of sus- 
picion, fear, and sorrow, a martyrdom, a mirth-marring monster. The sorrow and 
grief of heart of one woman jealous of another, is heavier than death, Ecclus. xxviii. 6. 
as '^ Peninnah did Hannah, vex her and upbraid her sore." 'Tis a main vexation, a 
most intolerable burden, a corrosive to all content, a frenzy, a madness itself; as 
'^ Beneditto Varchi proves out of that select sonnet of Giovanni de la Casa, that 
reverend lord, as he styles him. 

SuBSECT. II. — Causes of Jealousy. Who are most apt. Idleness, melancholy, im- 
poiency, long absence, beauty, wantonness, naught themselves. Allurements, from 
time, place, persons, bad usage, causes. 

Astrologers make the stars a cause or sign of this bitter passion, and out of 
every man's horoscope will give a probable conjecture whether he will be jealous or 
no, and at what time, by direction of the significators to their several promissors : 
their aphorisms are to be read in Albubator, Pontanus, Schoner, .Junctine, &c. Bodine, 
cap. 5. meih. hist, ascribes a great cause to the country or clime, and discourseth 
largely there of this subject, saying, that southern men are more hot, lascivious, and 
jealous, than such as live in the north; they can hardly contain themselves in those 
hotter climes, but are most subject to prodigious lust. Leo Afer telleth incredible 
things almost, of the lust and jealousy of his countrymen of Africa, and especially 
such as live about Carthage, and so doth every geographer of them in '''Asia, Tur- 
key, Spaniards, Italians. Germany hath not so many drunkards, England tobacco- 
nists, France dancers, Holland mariners, as Italy alone hath jealous husbands. And 
in '* Italy some account ihem of Piacenza more jealous than the rest. In '^Germany, 
France, Britain, Scandia, Poland, Muscovy, they are not so troubled with this feral 
malady, although Damianus a Goes, which I do much wonder at, in his topography 
of Lapland, and Herbastein of Russia, against the stream of all other geographers, 
would fasten it upon those northern inhabitants. Altomarius Poggius, and Munster 
in his description of Baden, reports that men and women of all sorts go commonly 



w PinuB puella quondam fuit, &;c. i^ Mars zelo- 

•ypus Adonidem interfecit. " R. T. '^ ] Sam. i. 6. 

Blazon of Jealousy. " Mulieriim ronditio niisera : 



nullam honestam credunt nisi domo con''lusa rivat 
'6 Fines Morison. '>* >fomen zelotypicB il> td iMM 

locum nou habet, lib. 3. c. o. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Jealousy. 5fi7 

lutu the baths together, without all suspicion, '" the name of jealousy (^saith Manbter 
js not so much as once heard of among tliem." In Friesland the women kiss hiro 
they druik to, and are kissed again of those they pledge. The virgins in Holland 
go hand in hand with young men iVom home, glide on tht ice, such is their harmless 
liberty, and lodge together abroad without suspicion, which rash Sansovinus an 
Italian makes a great sign of unchastity. In France, upon small acquaintance, it is 
usual to court otlier men's wives, to come to their houses, and accompany them arm 
in arm in the streets, without imputation. In the most northern countries young 
men and maids familiarly dance together, men and their wives, ^" which, Siena only 
excepted, Italians may not abide. The ^' Greeks, on the other side, have their private 
baths for men and women, where they must not come near, nor so much as see one 
another : and as ^^ Bodine observes lib. 5. de repuh. " the Italians could never endure 
this," or a Spaniard, the very conceit of it would make him mad : and for that cause 
they lock up their women, and will not sufler them to be near men, so much as in 
the ^^ church, but with a partition between. He telleth, moreover, how that " when 
he was ambassador in England, he heard Mendoza the Spanish legate finding fault 
with it, as a filthy custom for men and women to sit promiscuously in churches 
together ; /but Dr. Dale the master of the requests told him again, that it was indeed a 
filthy custom in Spain, where they could not contain themselves from lascivious 
thoughts in their holy places, but not with us." Baronius in his Annals, out of 
Eusebius, taxeth Licinius the emperor for a decree of his made to this effect, Jubens 
ne vlri simul cum muUeribus in ecclesid inleressent : for being prodigiously naught 
himself, aliorum naturam ex sua vitiosa mente speciavit, he so esteemed others. But 
we are far from any such strange conceits, and will permit our wives and daughters 
to go to the tavern with a friend, as Aubanus saith, 7iwdo absit lascivia, and suspect 
nothing, to kiss coming and going, which, as Erasmus writes in one of his epistles, 
they cannot endure. England is a paradise for women, and hell for horses : Italy a 
paradise for horses, hell for women, as the diverb goes. Some make a question 
whether this headstrong passion rage more in women than men, as Montaigne 1. 3. 
But sure it is more outrageous in women, as all other melancholy is, by reason of 
the weakness of their sex. Scaliger Poet. lib. cap. 13. concludes against women: 
'^ '"'• Besides their inconstancy, treachery, suspicion, dissimulation, superstition, pride, 
(for all women are by nature proud) desire of sovereignty, if they be great women, 
(he gives instance in Juno) bitterness and jealousy are the most remarkable affections. 

" Std neque fulvus aper media lain fulvus in ira est, I " Tiger, boar, bear, viper, lioness, 

Fulniiiieo rapidos Uum rotal ore caiies. J^l woman's fury cannot express." 

Nee leo," &c. | 

^ Some say red-headed women, pale-coloured, black-eyed, and of a shrill voice, 
are most subject to jealousy. 

28" High colour in a woman choler shows, 

Naught are they, peevish, proud, malicious ; 
But worst of all, red, shrill, and jealous." 

Comparisons are odious, I neither parallel them with others, nor debase them any 
more : men and women are both bad, and too subject to this pernicious infirmity. 
It is most part a symptom and cause of melancholy, as Plater and Valescus teach 
us : melancholy men are apt to be jealous, and jealous apt to be melancholy. 



(7 Of 



ale jealousy, child of insatiate love, I With heedless youth and error vainly led. 

Of heartsick thoughts whi:h melancholy bred, | A mortal plague, a virtuedrowiiiiig flood, 

A liell-toruienting fear, no failli can move, I A hellish tire not quenched but with blood.' 

By discomenl with deadly poison fed; I 



If idhness concur with melancholy, such persons are most apt to be jealous; hiss 
" Nevisanus' note, ''an idle woman is presumed to be lascivious, and often jealous." 
Mulier cum sola cogital, male cogitat : and 'tis not unlikely, for they have no other 
business to trouble their heads with. 

More particular causes be these which follow. Impotency first, when a man is 

* Fines Moris, part. 3. cap. f. 2' Busbequius. terquain quod sunt infida;, suspicaces, inconstantes, 11 

Siiids. ^a Prae amore et zelotvpia saepius insaniunt. | sidioste, simulatrices, superstiliosa;, et si polentes, in 

*' Australes ne sacra quidem publica tieri patiuntur, ' tolerabiles, amore iselotypa; supia modum. Ovid.Sde 
nisi uterque sexus pariete medi'^ dividatur: et quum in ' art. 25 Bartello. 26 k. T. 27 Lib. 2. num. a 

Angliam inquit, legatioi.is cau.-,a piofeoius essein, au- iiiulier otiosa facile prsesumitur luxuriosa, et 8«pe M 
div! .Mendozain legatum Hispa.-.aruni diceniem turpe lotypa. 
ffise viroa e< faiminas in, &c. >'> Idea: iiiulieres piae- I 



D68 



Lov e-Me Luncholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 3. 



act able (jf liimselt' to perform those dues which he ought unto his wife : for though 
Me be an honest liver, hurt no man, yet Trebius the lawyer may make a question, 
an suum cuique Iribuat, whether he give every one their own ; and therefore when 
he takes notice of his wants, and perceives her to be more craving, clamorous, in- 
(.atiable and prone to lust than is fit, he begins presently to suspect, that wherein he 
IS defective, she will satisfy herself, sbe will be pleased by some other means. Cor- 
nelius Gallus hath elegantly expressed this humour in an epigram to his Lychoris. 

2*" Jamqiie alios jiiveiies aliosque requirit aiiiorf.s, 
iVle vucat iiiibelleiii Uecrepitiiinque seneiii," &.c. 

For this cause is most evident in old men, that are cold and dry by nature, and mar- 
ried sued, plenis, to young wanton wives ; with old doting Janivere in Chaucer, they 
begin to mistrust all is not well, 

She was young' and he was old,y^ 

And therefore he feared to he a cuckold.' 

And how should it otherwise be .'' old age is a disease of itself, loathsome, full of sus- 
picion and fear; when it is at best, unable, unlit for such matters. ^^Tam aplanuptiis 
quilm bruma 7nessibus^ as welcome to a young woman as snow in harvest, saith Ne- 
visai^us.: Eft si capis juvenculum, fuciet tibi cornua : marry a lusty maid and she 
will surely graft horns on thy head. ^""All women are slippery, often unfaithful to 
their husbands (as iEneas Sylvius episl. 38. seconds him), but to old men most 
treacherous : they had rather mortem amplexarier^ lie with a corse than such a one: 
*' Oderunt ilium pueri^ contemnunt muiiercs. On the other side many men, saith 
Hieronymus, are suspicious of their wives, ''^if they be lightly given, but old folks 
above the rest. Insomuch that she did not complain without a cause in ^^Apuleius, 
of an old bald bedridden knave she had to her good man : ''Poor woman as I am, 
what shall I do .? 1 have an old grim sire to my husband, as bald as a coot, as little 
and as unable as a child," a bedful of bones, "• he keeps all the doors barred and 
l<K-ked upon me, w oe is me, what shall I do ?" He was jealous, and she made him 
a cuckold for keeping her up : suspicion without a cause, hard usage is able of itself 
to make a woman liy out, that was otherwise honest, 

3< '• plera.sque bonas traciatio pravas 

Esse facii," 

'' bad usage aggravates the matter." JVam quando mulieres cognoscunt tnarnum hoc 
advertere^ licentiiis peccant, '■^'- as Nevisanus holds, when a woman thinks her hus^-Y 
band watcheth her, she will sooner oflend ; ^"Librriiis peccant, et pudor oinnis abest, 
rough handling makes them worse : as the goodwife of Bath in Chaucer brags, 

1)1 his oirn grease I made him frie 
for anger and for every jcalousie. 

Of two extremes, this of hard usage is the worst. 'Tis a great fault (for some men 
are uxorii) to be too fond of their wives, to dote on them as '''Senior Deliro on his 
Fallace, to be too efleminate, or as some do, to be sick for their wives, breed ciiil- 
dren for them, and like the ^^Tiberini lie in for them, as some birds hatch eggs by turns, 
they do all women's offices : Calius Rhodiginus ant. lect. lib. 6. cap. 24. makes men- 
tion of a fellow out of Seneca, ^^ that was so besotted on his wife, he could not en- 
dure a moment out of her company, he wore her scarf when he went abroad next 
his heart, and would never drink but in that cup she began first. (We have many 
such fondlings that are their wives' pack-horses and slaves, {nam grave malum uxor 
superans virum suum, as the comical poet hath it, there's no greater misery to a man 
than to let his wife domineer) to carry her mufti dog, and fan, let her wear th(? 
breeches, lay out, spend, and do what she will, go and come whither, when she will, 
they give consent. 



' Here, take my nuitt", and, do you hear, good man ; 
Now give me pearl, and carry you my fan,"&.c. 



»9"And now she requires other youths and other 
loves, calls me an imbecile and decrepit old man." 
w Lib. 'i. num. 4. s^Ciuum omnibus infideles 

foeminae, senibus infidelissim;e. 3; Mimuernus. 

»2Vi.\ aliqua noii inipudica, et quam non suspeclani 
merito qiiis haheat. sa j^ib. 5. de aur. asiiio At 

ego misera patre meo seniorcm niaritum nacta sum, 
deoj cucurbita calviorem et quovis pueio pumiliorem. 



■"> " poscit pallam, redimicula, inaures ; 

Curre, quid hie cessas ? vulgo vult ilia vidcri, 
Tu pete leclicas" 



cunctam domum seris et catenis obditam custodientem. 
sJCIialoner. 35L„b. 4. ii. I^O. se Ovid •_>. de art. 

amandi. 3' Kvery Man out of his Humour. sscal- 
CHgiiiiius Apol. 'J'iberini ab u.xorum partu earuni viuoa 
subeurit, ut aves per vices incuhant, &c. ^^Exituiu* 
t'H>cia uxuris pectus allig.ihat, nee momento prx.senlia 
ejus carere poterat, poiuniuu'j non hauriebat nisi pi«. 
gustatum labrisejus. •<« Chaloner. 



Mem. 1 Subs 2.] Causes of Jealousy. 5G9 

many brave and worthy men have trespassed in this kind, multos foras claros do- 
mestica hcfx destruxit infcuuia, and many noble senators and soldiers (as ■" Pliny 
notes) have lost their honour, in being uxoril., so sottishly overruled by their wives 
and therefore Cato in Plutarch made a bitter jest on his fellow-citizens, the Romans 
''• we govern all the world abroad, and our wives at home rule us." These oliend 
in one extreme ; but too hard and too severe, are far more offensive on the other. 
As just a cause may be long absence of either party, when they must of necessity 
be much from home, as lawyers, physicians, mariners, by their professions ; or 
otherwise make i'rivolous, impertinent journeys, tarry long abroad to no purpose, lie 
out, and are gadding still, upon small occasions, it must needs yield matter of sus- 
picion, when they use their wives unkindly in the meantmie, and never tarry at home, 
it cannot use but engender some such conceit. 

<*" Uxor si cessas ainare le cogitat | " If tliou be ahserjt long, iliy wife then thinks, 

Aut tele aiiiari, aut polare, aut animo obsequi, | Th' ail drunk, at ease, or with some pretty minx. 
Ex tibi bene esse soli, quuiii sibi sit male." "J'is well with llieu, or else beloved of some, 

I Whilst she poor soul doth fare full ill at home." 

Hippocrates, the physician, had a smack of tliis disease ; for when he was to go 
home'as far as Abdera, and some other remote cities of Greece, he writ to his friend 
Dionysius (if at least those ''^Epistles be his) '*'*"• to oversee his wife in his absence, 
(as Apollo set a raven to watch his Coronis) although she lived in his house with 
her father and mother, who he knew would have a care of her; yet that would not 
satisfy his jealousy, he would have his special friend Dionysius to dwell in his 
house with her all the time of his peregrination, and to observe her behaviour, how 
she carried herself in her husband's absence, and that she did not lust after other 
men. ^ For a woman had need to have an overseer to keep her honest ; they are 
bad by nature, and lightly given all, and if they be not curbed m time, as an unpruned 
tree, they will be full of wild branches, and degenerate of a sudden." Especially 
in their husband's absence : though one Lucielia were trusty, and one Penelope, yet 
Clytemnestra made Agamemnon cuckold ; and no question there be too many of her 
conditions. U their husbands tarry too long abroad upon unnecessary business, well 
they may suspect: or if they run one way, their wives at home will lly out another, 
Quid pro quo. Or if present, and give them not that content whicli they ought, 
^Primum ingratce.^ mox invisce nodes qucz per sonmimi trunsigimlur, they cannot 
endure to lie alone, or to fast long. '"Peter Godefndus, in his second book of Love, 
and sixth chapter, hath a story out of St. Anthony's life, of a gentleman, who, by 
that good man's advice, would not meddle with his wife in the passion week, but 
for his pains she set a pair of horns on his head. Such another lie hath out of 
Absiemius, one persuaded a new married man, ''^''' to forbear the three fiist nights, 
and he should all his lifetime after be fortunate in cattle," but his impatient wife 
would not tarry so long : well he might speed in cattle, but not in children. Such 
a tale hath Hemsius of an impotent and slack scholar, a mere student, and a friend 
of his, that seeing by chance a fine damsel sing and dance, would needs marry her, 
the match was soon made, for he was young and rich, genis grains, corpore glabel- 
lus, arte multiscius, et fortuna opulentus, like that Apollo in ^'^Apuleius. The first 
night, having liberally taken his liquor (as in that country they do) my fine scholar 
was so fuzzled, that he no sooner was laid in bed, but he fell fast asleep, never waked 
till morning, and then much abashed, purpureisf ormosa rosis cum Aurora ruber et, 
when the fair morn with purple hue 'gan shine, he made an excuse, J know not what, 
out of Hippocrates Cous, &j.c., and for that time it went current: but when as after- 
waid he did not play the man as he should do, she fell in .oague with a good fellow, 
and whilst he sat up late at his study about those criticisms, mending some hard 

" Panegyr. Trajano. ^^fer. Adelph. act 1. see. 1. adiit. <" Nelribus prioribus noctibus rem haberet 

M Fab. Calvo. Ravennate interprete. « Dum cum ea, ut asset in pecoriliiis fortuiialus, ab uxore mor» 

rediero domurn meam habitabis, et licet cum parentibus impatiente, &.C. ^^ 'J'otain noctem bene et pudice ne- 
.■labitet hac mea peregrinatione ; eam tamen et ejus mini molestus dormiendo transegit ; mane autem quuin 
mores observabis uti absentia viri sui probe degat, nee nullius conscius facinoris sibi esset, et inertis puderet, 
alios viros cogitet aut quferal. ■•» FtBmina semper ! audisse se ilicehat eum dolore calculi solere earn con- 

rustode eget qui se pudicam contineat; suapte enim flictari. Duo priecepta juris una node expressit. ne- 
natura nequitias insitas habet, quas nisi indies cum- miiiein Iseserat ei honeste vixerat, sed an suum ournue 
primal, ut arbores slolones emittunt, &c. «> Hein- 1 reddiilifsel, qiia!ri pnteral. iMutius opiiior et Trebatius 

•ius. *'' Uxor cujiisdam nnhilis qiinm debitum niati- , hoc iiegassenl. lib. J. 

lale sacro passioms hebdomada iion obtiiierel, alterujii 

72 2x2 



570 Lave-Melanc, ^ly [Part, 3. Sec. 3. 

places ill Festus or Pollux, came cold to bed, and would tell her still what he had 
done, she did not much regard what he said, Stc. ^°"She would have another mat- 
ter mended much rather, which he did not conceive was con-'ipt :" thus he continued 
at his study late, she at her sport, ctUbi enim fesHvas nodes agitabal^ hating all 
scholars for his sake, till at length he began lo »ospect, and turned a little yellow, as 
well he might; for it was his own fault; and if men be jealous in such cases (^' ad 
oft it falls out) the mends is in their own hands, they must thank themselves. Who 
will pity them, saith Neander, or be much oflended with such wives, si decepta 
■prius viros decipiani, et corvutos reddant,, if they deceive those that cozened them 
first. A lawyer's wife in ^^Aristaenetus, because her husband was negligent in his 
business, quando lecto danda oj9cr«, threatened to cornute him: and did not stick to 
tell Philinna, one of her gossips, as much, and that aloud for him to hear : " If he 
follow other men's matters and leave his own, I'll have an orator shall plead my 
cause," I care not if he know it. 

A fourth eminent cause of jealousy may be this, when he that is deformed, and 
as Pindarus of Vulcan, sine grdtiis natus, hirsute, ragged, yet virtuously given, will 
marry some fair nice piece, or light housewife, begins to misdoubt (as well he may) 
she doth not affect him. ^^Lis est cum forma magna pudicitia:^ beauty and honesty 
have ever been at odds. Abraham was jealous of his wife because she was fair : so 
was Vulcan of his Venus, when he made her creaking shoes, saith ^^ Philostratus, 
ne moecharctur^ sandalio scilicet deferente, that he might hear by them when she 
stirred, which Mars indigne ferre, " was not well pleased with. Good cause had 
Vulcan to do as he did, for she was no honester than she should be. Your fine 
faces have commonly this fault; and it is hard to find, saith Francis Philelphus in 
an epistle to Saxola his friend, a rich man honest, a proper woman not proud or un- 
chaste. " Can she be fair and honest too .?" 

56 " S;Epe eteniiii oculuit picta sese hydra sub herba, 
Sub specie foriiia;, iiicaiito se sa;pe niarito 
Ncquam aiiiiiiiis veiiilit," 

He that marries a wife that is snowy fair alone, let him look, saith ^' Barbarus, for 
no better success than Vulcan had with Venus, or Claudius with Messalina. And 
'tis impossible almost in such cases the wife should contain, or the good man not 
be jealous: for when he is so defective, weak, ill-proportioned, unpleasing in those 
parts which women most aflect, and she most absolutely fair and able on the other 
side, if she be not very virtuously given, how can she love him .'' and althougli she 
be not fair, yet if he admire her and think her so, in his conceit she is absolute, he 
holds it impossible for any man living not to dote as he doth, to look on her and 
not lust, not to covet, and if he be in company wiih her, not to lay siege to her 
honesty : or else out of a deep apprehension of his infirmities, deformities, and other 
men's good parts, out of his own little worth and desert, he distrusts himself, (for 
what is jealousy but distrust.'') he suspects she cannot afiect him, or be not so kind 
and loving as she should, she certainly loves some other man better than himself. 

^•^Nevisanus, lib. 4. num. 72, will have barrenness to be a main cause of jealousy 
If her husband cannot play the man, some other shall, they will leave no remedies 
unessayed, and thereupon the good man grows jealous ; I could give an instance, 
but te it as it is. 

I find this reason given by some men, because they have been formerly naught 
themselves, they think they may be so served by others, they turned up trump be- 
fore the cards were shuffled ; they shall have therefore legem, talionis. like for like. 

'' " Ipse miser docui, quo posset ludere pacto I " Wretch as I was, I taiifiht her bad to be, 

Cuslodes, eheu nunc premor arte uica." | And now mine own sly tricks are put upon ine." 

Mala mens, malus animus, as the saying is, ill dispositions cause ill suspicions. 

•O" There is none jealous, I durst pawn my life, 
Bui he that hath detiled another's wife. 
And for that he himself haili jtoiie astray, 
He straightway thinks liis wife will tread iiat way." 



MAIterius loci eniendationem serio ;tabat, quem I m Hor. epist. 15. "Often has tlie serpent lain hid oe- 
oorruptuin esse ille non iiiveiiit. <>' Such another nraili the coloured grass, under a beautiful aspect, and 

liile is in Neander de Jocoseriis, his first tale. 6j Lj , often has the evil inclination atlecled a sale without 
2. Ep. 3. Si petiiit alienis neiintiis operam dare ="• ! 'b<- liirshand'a iirivitv " ■'" Of re 'nrvij, .1 ■ ,«(> i. 
Begligei.?, erit alius mihi orator qui rem meam agat. i "< uni steriles sum, ex iiiiifiMoiie viri se puianl (01- 
' . 'Vid fara est loiicirdi.i forma' alqiie piidiciiite cipere 'i" Tibiilliis. elee- P «« W'itof r's ."-"-it 

'^£wiet. ^ Q,uoil slrulerel e'us calci 'Jiieatum. I 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] 



Causes of Jealousy. 



571 



To these two above-named causes, or incendiaries of tnis rage, I may very well 
annex those circumstances of time, place, persons, by which it ebbs and flows, the 
fuel of this fury, as *'' Vives truly observes ; and such like accidents or occasions^ 
proceeding from the parties themselves, or others, which much aggravate and intend 
this suspicious humour. For manv men are so lasciviously given, either out of a 
depraved nature, or too much liberty, which they do assume unto themselves, by 
reason of their greatness, in that they are noble men, (for licentia peccandi^ et muU 
titudo peccuntium are great motives) though their own wives be never so fair, noble, 
virtuous, honest, wise, able, and well given, they must have change. 

"■^ " Qui cum iHgitiiiii junguiitur fojdere lecti, 
Virlute egregiis', facieque doiiKiqiie puellis, 
Scoria taiiien, foedasqiie lupas iu rdrnice quxrunt, 
Kt per ailullf-riuui nova tarpere gaudia tentaiit." | 

Quod licet ingratum est, that which is ordinary, is unpleasant. Nero (saith Tacitus) 
abhorred Octavia his own wife, a noble virtuous lady, and loved Acte, a base quean 
in respect. '^'^ Cerinthus rejected Sulpitia, a nobleman's daughter, and courted a poor 

servant maid. tanta est aliena in messe voluntas, for that ^ '' stolen waters be 

more pleasant :" or as Vitellius the emperor was wont to say, Jucundiores amoresy 
qui cum periculo habentur, like stolen venison, still the sweetest is that love which 
is most difficultly attained : they like better to hunt by stealth in another man's 
walk, than to have the fairest course that may be at game of their own. 



' Who being niatch'd to wives most virtuous, 
Noble, and fair, fly out lascivious." 



6a"Aspice ul in codIo niodo sol, niocloluna niinistret, 
i:sic etiani n<>l>is una peli.i paiuai est." 



"As sun and moon in heaven change their course, 
So tliey cliange loves, though often to the worse." 



Or that some fair object so forcibly moves them, they cannot contain themselves, 
be it heard or seen they will be at it. "Nessus, the centaur, was by agreement to 
carry Hercules and his wife over the river Evenus ; no sooner had he set Dejanira 
on the other side, but he would have ofli^red violence uiHo her, leaving Hercules to 
swim over as he could : and though her husband was a spectator, yet would he not 
desist till Hercules, with a poisoned arrow, shot him to death. "^^ Neptune saw by 
chance that Thessalian Tyro, Eunippius' wife, he forthwith, in the fury of his lust, 
counterfeited her husband's habit, and made him cuckold. Tarquin heard CoUaline 
commend his wife, and was so far enraged, that in the midst of the night to her he 
went. ^** Theseus stole Ariadne, vi rapuit that Trazenian Anaxa, Antiope, and now 
being old, Helen, a girl not yet ready lor a husband. Great men are most part thus 
aflected all, '-'■ as a horse they neigh," saith ^^ Jeremiah, after their neighbours' wives, 

ut visa jmllus adhinnit equd : and if they be in company with other women, 

though in their own wives' presence, they must be courting and dallying with them. 
Juno in Lucian complains of Jupiter that he was still kissmg Ganymede before her 
face, which did not a little otlijnd her : and besides he was a counterfeit Amphitryo, 
a bull, a swan, a golden shower, and played many such bad pranks, too long, too 
shameful to relate. 

Or that they care little for their own ladies, and fear no laws, they dare freely 
keep whores at their wives' noses. 'Tis too frequent with noblemen to be dis- 
honest; Fietas, probiias, Jides, privata bona sunt, as '"he said long since, piety, 
chastity, and such like virtues are for private men : not to be much looked after in 
great courts : and which Suetonius of the good princes of his time, they might be 
all engraven in one ring, we may truly hold of chaste potentates of our age. For 
great personages will familiarly run out in this kind, and yield occasion of offence. 
'' Montaigne, m his Essays, gives instance in Caesar, Mahomet the Turk, that sacked 
Constantmople, and Ladislans, king of Naples, that besieged Florence : great men, 
and great soldiers, are commonly great, &c., probatum est, they are good doers. 
Mars and Venus are equally balanced in their actions, 



'^"Militis in galea niduni fecere r.olumbE, 
Apparet Marti nuam sit ainica Venus." 



"A dove within a head-piece made her nest, 
'Twixt Mars and Venus see an interest." 



Especially if they be bald, for bald men have ever been suspicious (read more in 
Aristotle, Sect. 4. prob. 19.) asGalba, Otho, Domitian, and remarkable Caesar amongst 



"13 de Anima. Crescit ac decrescit zelotypia cuin 
pi'rsonis, locis, ten poribus, negotiis. *■'- Marullus. 

« TibuJf s Epig. M Prov. x. 17 «' Propert. eleg. 

a ecuvid. lib. 9. Met Pausa'iiai Sirab» . quuni 



crevit imbribus hyemalibus. Deianiram suscipit, Her- 
culfcin nando sequi jubet. s' Lucian, torn. 4 

60 Plutarch. ^jcap. v. 8. '"Seneca. 'iLib 

2. cap. 23. " Fetroniua Catal. 



572 



Love-Melancholy. 



i^Part 3. Sec. 3. 



the rest. ''^Urbanl servate uxores, vimclmm calvum adducimus ; besides, this bald 
Caesar, saith Curio in Sueton, was omnium mulierum vir ; l.c made love to Eunoe, 
vjueen of Mauritania ; to Cleopatra ; to Posthumia, wife to Sergius Sulpitius } to Lollia, 
wife to Gabinius ; to Tertulla, of Crassus ; to Mutia, Pompey's wife, and 1 know 
not how many besides : and well he might, for, if all be true that I have read, he 
had a license to lie with whom he list. Inter alios honores Ccesari decrctos (as Sue- 
ton, cap. 52. de Julio, and Dion, lib. 44. relate) jus illi datum, cum quibuscunque 
fceminis se jungendi. Every private history will yield such variety of instances . 
otiiervvise good, wise, discreet men, virtuous and valiant, but too faulty in this. 
Prianius had fifty sons, but seventeen alone lawfully begotten. '■* Philippus Bonus 
left fourteen bastards. Lorenzo de Medici, a good prince and a wise, but, saith 
Machiavel, ''^ prodigiously lascivious. None so valiant as Castruccius Castrucanus, 
but, as the said author hath it, '**none so incontinent as he was. And 'tis not only 
predominant in grandees this fault : but if you will take a great man's testimony, 
'tis familiar with every base soldier in France, (and elsewhere, I think). " This vice 
(" saith mine author) is so common with us in France, that he is of no account, 
a mere coward, not worthy the name of a soldier, that is not a notorious whore- 
master." In Italy he is not a gentleman, that besides his wife hath not a courtezan 
and a mistress. 'Tis no marvel, then, if poor women in such cases be jealous, when 
they shall see themselves manifestly neglected, contemned, loathed, unkindly used : their 
disloyal husbands to entertain others in their rooms, and many times to court ladies 
to their faces : other men's wives to, wear their jewels : how shall a poor woman 
in such a case moderate her passion .-' \ '^Qwis tibi nunc Dido cernenti talia sensusf 
How, on the other side, shall a poor man contain himself from this feral malady, 
when he shall see so manifest signs of his wife's inconstancy } when, as Milo's 

wife, she dotes upon every young man she sees, or, as ™ Martial's Sota, deserto 

sequitur Clitum marito, "• deserts her husband and follows Clitus," Though her 
husband be proper and tall, fair and lovely to behold, able to give contentment to 
any one woman, yet she will taste of the forbidden fruit : Juvenal's Iberina to a 
hair, she is as well pleased with one eye as one man. If a young gallant come by 
chance into her presence, a fastidious brisk, that can wear his clothes well in fashion, 
with a lock, jingling spur, a feather, that can cringe, and withal compliment, court a 
gentlewoman, she raves upon him, '^ O what a lovely proper man he was," another 
Hector, an Alexander, a goodly man, a demi-god, how sweetly he carried himself, 
with how comely a grace, sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora J'erebat, how neatly he 
did wear his clothes! ^Quam sese ore ferens, quam forti pectore et armis, how 
bravely did he discourse, ride, sing, and dance, Slc, and then she begins to loathe 
her husband, repugnans osculalur, to hate him and his filthy beard, his goatish com- 
plexion, as Doris said of Polyphemus, ^^ tot us qui saniem, totus ut hircus olet, he is 
a rammy fulsome fellow, a goblin-faced fellow, he smells, he stinks, Et ccepas simul 

alliumque ructat^^ si quando ad Ihalamum, &;c., how like a dizzard, a fool, an 

ass, he looks, how like a clown he behaves himself! '^she will not come near him 
by her own good Avill, but wholly rejects him, as Venus did her fuliginous Vulcan, 
at last, JS'ec Deus hunc mensd, Dea ncc dignala cubili est."^ So did Lucretia, a lady 
of Senae, after she had but seen Euryalus, in Eurialutii tota ferebatur, domum reversa^ 

^c, she would not hold her eyes oil' him in his presence, ^^ tantum egregio 

decus enitet ore, and in his absence could think of none but him, odit virui/i^ she 
loathed her husband forthwith, might not abide him : 



's " Et coiijugalis negligens tori, viro 
I'raisciite, acerlio iiauseat fasiidio ;" 



"All against the laws of matriinoiiy. 
She did abhor her husband's phis'noiny 



and sought all opportunity to see her sweetheart again. Now when the good man 
shall observe his wife so lightly given, " to be so free and I'amiliar with every gallant, 
her immodesty and wantonness," (as ^' Camerarius notes) it must needs yield matter 



"3 Sueton. '* Poiitus Heuler, vita ejus. '^ Lib. 

8. Flor. hist. Dii.x omnium optiinus et sapientissimus. 
Bed in re venerea prodigiosus. '^ Vita Castruccii. 

Idem uxores mantis abalir-navit. "Seselius, lib. 

2. de Repub. Gallorum. Ita nunc apud iiifiiiios oiktinuit 
hoc viijiim, ut riullius fere prelil sit, et ignavus miles 
qiinonin scortatioiie iiiaxime e.xcellat, et adulterio. 
'*Virg. .^n. 4. "What now must have been Diiiu's 
■enEations when she witnessed these doings?" '"Epig. 



9. lib. 4. 6" Virg. 4. JEit. "Secundus syl. 

^2"Aiid belches out Ihe smell of onions and garlic." 
^iEiieas Sylvius. »•' " Neither a god honoured him 

with his table, nor a goddess with her bed." "» Virg. 
4. JEii. " Sucii beauty shines in his graceful features." 
66 S. Grajco Simonides. I'Cont. 2. ca. 38. Oper. 

subcis. mulieris liberius et fainiliarius communicantit 
cum omnibus licentia et imiiiodestia, sinistri dcruionit 
et suspicionis niateriam viru pra?bet. 



•Mem. I. feiibs. 2.] 



Causes of Jealousy. 



573 



of suspicion to him, when she still pranks up herself beyond her means a':d for- 
tuiit-s, makes impertinent Journeys, unnecessary visitations, stays out so long, with 
sucii and such companions, so frequently goes to plays, masks, feasts, and all public 
meetings, shall use such immodest *'^ gestures, free speeches, and withal show some 
distaste of her own husband ; how can he choose, " though he were another Socra- 
tes, but be suspicious, and instantly jealous ?" ^^'•'■Socraticas tandem faciei trans- 
cendere metas ;" more especially when he shall take notice of their more secret and 
sly tricks, which to cornute their husbands they commonly use (^diim Judis, Judos 
hcEC te faclt), they pretend love, honour, chastity, and seem to respect them before 
all men living, saints in show, so cunningly can they dissemble, they will not so 
much as look upon another man in his presence, ^° so chaste, so religious, and so 
devout, they cannot endure the name or sight of a quean, a harlot, out upon her ! 
and in their outward carriage are most loving and officious, will kiss their husband, 
and hang about his neck (dear husband, sweet husband), and with a composed coun- 
tenance salute him, especially when he comes home ; or if he go from home, weep, 
sigh, lament, and take upon them to be sick and swoon (like Jocundo's wife in 
" Ariosto, when her husband was to depart), and yet arrant, &c. they care not for 
him. 



" Aye me, the thought (quoth she) makes me so 'fraid, 
That scarce the hreath abideth in my breast; 
Peai^e, my sweet h)ve and wife, Jocundo said, 
Ami weeps as fast, and comforts her his best, Sec. 
All this might not assuage the woman's pain, 
Needs must I die before you come again. 
Nor bow to keep my life 1 can devise, 



The doleful days and nights I shall sustain, 

From meat my mouth, from sleep will keep mine 

eyes, &c. 
That very night that went before the morrow. 
That he had pointed surely to depart, 
Jocundo's wife was sick, and swoon'd for sorrow 
Amid his arms, so heavy was her heart." 



And yet for all these counterfeit tears and protestations, Jocundo coming back in all 
haste for a jewel he had forgot, 



' His chaste and yoke-fellow he found 
Ynkd with a knave, all honesty neglected. 
The adulterer sleeping very sound, 



Yet by his face was easily detected: 

A beggar's brat bred by him from his cradle. 

And now was riding on his master's saddle." 



Thus can they cunningly counterfeit, as ^^ Platina describes their customs, ••' kiss their 
husbands, whom they had rather see hanging on a gallows, and swear they love 
him dearer than their own lives, whose soul they would not ransom for their little 
dog's-r\ 

* "similis si permutatio detnr, 

Morte viri cupiuut aniuiam servare catellae." 

Many of them seem to be precise and holy forsooth, and will go to such a "^ church, 
to hear such a good man by all means, an excellent man, when 'tis for no other in- 
tent (as he follows it) tlian '■'■ to see and to be seen, to observe what fashions are in 
use, to meet some pander, bawd, monk, friar, or to entice some good fellow." For 
thf;y persuade themselves, as '"'Nevisanus shows, '•'•That it is neither sin nor shame 
to lie with a lord or parish priest, if he be a proper man ; ^'' and though she kneel 
often, and pray devoutly, 'tis (saith Platina) not for her husband's welfare, or chil- 
dren's good, or any friend, but for her sweetheart's return, her pander's health." If 
her husband would have her go, she feigns herself sick, ^'^Et simulat subito condo- 
luisse caput : her head aches, and she cannot stir : but if her paramour ask as much, 
slie is for him in all seasons, at all hours of the night. ^^ In the kingdom of Mala- 
bar, and about Goa in the East Indies, the women are so subtile that, with a certain 
drink they give them to drive away cares as they say, ^^" they \vill make them sleep 
/or twenty-four hours, or so intoxicate them that they can remember nought of that 
they saw done, or heard, and, by washing of their feet, restore them again, and so 
make their husbands cuckolds to their faces." Some are ill-disposed at all times, to 
allpc'sons they like, others more wary to some few, at such and such seasons, as 
Augusta, Livia, non nisi plena navi vectorem tollehat. But as he said, 



"^ Voces liberie, oculorum collnquia.contracliones pa- 
rum verecunilte, motus immodici. &c. Heinsius. "SCha- 
loner. >*" What is here said, is not prejudicial lo 

honest women. »i Lib. 28. sc. 13. m ojal. amor. 

Pendet fallax et blanda circa oscula niariti, quem in 
cruc.e, si fieri pnssct, deosculari velit: illius vitam cha- 
riorem esse sua jurejurando affirmat: quem certe non 
redinieret anima catelli si posset. ^^ Adeunt tem- 

•luin ut rem divinam audiant, nt ips<e simulant, sed vel 
lit monachum fratrem, vel adulteruni lingua, oculis, ad 
Ubidinein provocent. ''' Lib. 4. num. HI. Ipse sibi 



persuadent,quod adulterium cum principe vel cum pra;- 
sule, non est puilor, nee petcaiuin. '••= Ueum rogat, 

non pro salute inariti, filii.cognati vota susci pit, sed pro 
reditu moeclii si abest. pio valetudine lenonis si aigrotet. 
s^Tibullus. 9'Gortardus Arthiis descrip. Indie 

Orient. Linchnflen. i<»Garcias ah Horto, hist. lib. 

2. cap. 24 Daturam herbam vocat et describit, tarn pro. 
dives sunt ad venereni mulieres ut viros inebrient per 
24 horas, liquore quodam, ut nihil videant, recordentur, 
at doriniant, el post lotionem pedum, ad se restituunt 
&c. 



574 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3 Sect. 3. 

•9" No pen cnuld write, no tonpue attain to tell, 
By force of eloquence, or lielp of art. 
Of women's treaclieries the liundredth part." 

Both, ty say truth, are often faulty; men and women give just occasions m this 
humoui of discontent, aggravate and vield matter of suspicion: but most part of the 
chief causes proceed from other adventitious accidents and circumstances, thougii 
the parties be free, and both well given themselves. The indiscreet carriage of some 
lascivious gallant (e/ e contra of some light woman) by his often frequenting of a 
house, bold unseemly gestures, may make a breach, and by his over-familiarity, if 
he be inclined to yellowness, colour him quite out. If he' be poor, basely born, 
saith Benedilto Varchi, and otherwise unhandsome, he suspects him the less ; but 
if a proper man, such as was Alcibiades in Greece, and Castruccius Castrucanus in 
Italy, well descended, commendable for his good parts, he taketh on the more, and 
■watcheth his doings. ""' Theodosius the emperor gave his wife Eudoxia a golden 
apple when he was a suitor to her, which she long after bestowed upon a young 
gallant in the court, of her especial acquaintance. The emperor, espying this apple 
in his hand, suspected forthwith, more than was, his wife's dishonesty, banished him 
the court, and from that day following forbare to accompany her any more. 'A rich 
merchant had a fair wife; according to his custom he went to travel ; in his absence 
a good fellow tempted his wife; she denied him; yet he, dying a little after, gave 
her a legacy for the love he bore her. At his return, her jealous husband, because 
she had got more by land than he had done at sea, turned her away upon suspicion. 
Now when those other circumstafnces of time and place, opportunity and impor- 
tunity shall concur, what will they not effect ^ 

" Fair opportunity can win the coyest she that is, . 
So wisely he takes time, as he 11 he sure he will not miss: 
Then he that loves her gamesome vein, and tempers toys with art, 
Brings love that swiinmeth in lier eyes to dive into her heart." 

As at plays, masks, great feasts and banquets, one singles out his wife to dance 
another courts her in his presence, a third tempts her, a fourth insinuates with a 
pleasing compliment, a sweet smile, ingratiates himself with an amphibological speech, 
as that merry companion in the ^Satirist did to his Glycerium, ^adsidens et interio- 
rem palmam amabiliter concutiens, 

" Q.uod mens hortus hahet sumat impune licebit, 
Si dederis nobis quod tuus hortus habet ;" 

With many such, &c., and then as he saith, 

* She may no while in chastity abide. 
That is assaid on every side. 

For after a great feast, — ^Vino smpe suum nescit a7nica virwn. Noah (saith ^ Hierome) 
" showed his nakedness in his drunkenness, which for six hundred years he had 
covered in soberness." Lot lay with his daughters in his drink, as Cyneras with 

Myrrha, ''quid enlm Venus ebria curat? The most continent may be overcome, 

or if otherwise they keep bad company, they that are modest of themselves, and 
dare not offend, '' confirmed by * others, grow impudent, and confident, and get an 
ill habit." 

»" Alia qiiffistns gratia matrimonium corrunipit, 
Alia peccans multas vult niorbi habere socias." 

Or if they dwell in suspected places, as in an infamous inn, near some stews, near 
monks, friars, Nevisanus adds, where be many tempters and solicitors, idle persons 
that frequent their companies, it may give just cause of suspicion. Martial of old 
inveighed against them that counterfeited a disease to go to the bath ; for so, many 
times, 

" relicto 

Conjuge Penelope venit, abil Helene." 

,5ilneas Sylvius puts in a caveat against princes' coutts, because there be tot formes 
juvenes qui promittunt. so many brave suitors to tempt, &c. '" If you leave her in 



w Ariosto, lib. 28. St. 75. w Lipsins polit. ' Se- 

neca, lib. 2. controv. 8. « Bodicher. Sat. '"Sit- 

ting close to her, and shaking her hand lovingly." 
••Tihnllus. ' "."Vftcr ui.ic llie mistress is often 

inable to distinguish her own lover " « Epist. 85. 

ad Gct-anuLi. Ad uniiis hor* ehrietaletn nudat femora, 



Sat. 13. • Nihil audent priino, post ah aliis con- 

firmat£e, audaces et coiifidentes sunt. Ubi semel vere- 
cundix liniites transierinl. » Euripides, I. 63. "Love 
of gain induces one to break her marria^'e vow, a wist 
to have associates lo keep her in countenance actuater 
others." '" De miser. t;urialiuin. Ant aliuni cum e» 



]us per EexcentoB annus sobrietatt conie.'serat. •> Juv. j invenies, aut isse alium reperies. 



Mem 3. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Jealousy. 575 

such a place, you shall likely find her in company you like not, either they come to 
her, or she is gone to them." " Kornniannus makes a doubting jest in his lascivious 
country, Virginis illihaki censeatur ne casiitas ad quarn frequentur accedant schu- 
lares? And Baldus the lawyer scoffs on^ quum scholaris, mquit, loquitur emu pu- 
elld, non prcesumitur ei dicere, Pater nosier., when a scholar talks with a maid, or 
another man's wife in private, it is presumed he saith not a pater noster. Or if 1 
shall see a monk or a friar climb up a ladder at midnight into a virgin's or widow's 
chamber window, I shall hardly think he then goes to administer the sacraments, or 
to take her confession. These are the ordinary causes of jealousy, which are in- 
tended or remitted as the circumstances vary. 



MEMB. II. 

Sub SECT. I. — Symptoms of Jealousy, Fear, Sorrmo, Suspicion, strange Actions, 
Gestures, Outrages, Locking up. Oaths, Trials, Laws, Sfc. 

Of all passions, as I have already proved, love is most violent, and of those bitter 
potions which this love-melancholy affords, this bastard jealousy is the greatest, as 
appears by those prodigious symptoms which it hath, and that it produceth. For 
besides fear and sorrow, which is common to all melancholy, anxi&ty of mind, sus- 
picion, aggravation, restless thoughts, paleness, meagreness, neglect of business, and 
the like, these men are farther yet misaffected, and in a higher strain. 'Tis a more 
vehement passion, a more furious perturbation, a bitter pain, a fire, a pernicious curi- 
osity, a gall corrupting the honey of our life, madness, vertigo, plague, hell, the) are 
more than ordinarily disquieted, they lose honum pads, as '^ Chrysostom observes ; 
and though they be rich, keep sumptuous tables, be nobly allied, yet miserrimi om- 
nium sunt, they are most miserable, they are more than ordinarily discontent, moie 
sad, nihil tristius, more than ordinarily suspicious. Jealousy, saith '^Vives, " begets 
unquietness in the mind, night and day : he hunts after every word he hears, every 
whisper, and amplifies it to himself (as all melancholy men do in , other matters) 
with a most unjust calumny of others, he misinterprets everything is said or done, 
most apt to mistake or misconstrue," he pries into every corner, follows close, ob- 
serves to a hair. 'Tis proper to jealousy so to do, 

"Pale hag, inTernal fury, pleasure's smart, 
Envy's observer, prying in every part." 

Besides those strange gestures of staring, frowning, grinning, rolling of eyes, me- 
nacing, ghastly looks, broken pace, interrupt, precipitate, half-turns. He will some- 
times sigh, weep, sob for anger. JS'empe suos imbres etiam ista tonitrua fundunt,^'^ — 
swear and belie, slander any man, curse, threaten, brawl, scold, fight; and sometimes 
again. flatter and speak fair, ask forgiveness, kiss and coll, condemn his rashness and 
folly, vow, protest, and swear he will never do so again ; and then eftsoons, im- 
patient as he is, rave, roar, and lay about him like a madman, thump her sides, drag 
her about perchance, drive her out of doors, send her home, he will be divorced 
forthwith, she is a whore, &c., and by-and-by with all submission compliment, en- 
treat her fair, and bring her in again, he loves her dearly, she is his sweet, most kind 
and loving wife, he will not change, nor leave her for a kingdom ; so he continues 
off and on, as the toy takes him, the object moves .':im, but most part brawling, fret- 
ting, unquiet he is, accusing and suspecting not strangers only, but brothers and sis- 
ters, father and mother, nearest and dearest friends. He thinks with those Italians, 

"Chi non tocca parentado, 
'I'occa mai e rado." 

And through fear conceives unto himself things almost incredible and impossible to 
be effected. As a heron when she fishes, still prying on all sides ; or as a cat doth 

"Cap. 18. de Virg. 12 Horn. 38. in c. 17. Gen. I himnia. Maximg suspiciosi, Pt ad ppjora credendum 

Etfii masiiisalfliintit divitiis, &c. '33de Aninia. | proclives. '''" These thunders pour down their 

Onines voces, auras, onines susurros capiat zelotypus, peculiar showers " 
et ainpliticat apud se cum iiiiquissima de singulis ca- j 



57 o Love-Melanclioly. [Part. 3. Sec. 3. 

a mouse, his eye is never off her's ; he gloats on him, on her, accurately observing 
on wliom she looks, who looks at her, what she saith, doth, at dinner, at supper, 
sitting, walking, at home, abroad, he is the same, still inquiring, mandring, gazirig, 
listening, affrighted with every small object; why did she ^lile, why did she pity 
him, commend him ? why did she drink twice to such a man } why did she offer to 
kiss, to dance .? &.C., a whore, a whore, an arrant whore. All this he confesseth in 
the poet, 

15 "Omnia me terrent, timidus sum, ignosce tiniori. I " Each thing affrights me, I do fear, 

Et miser in tunica puspicnr esse virum. | Ah pardon me my fear. 

Me laedit si multa tibi dabiloscula mater, I doubt a man is hid within 

Me soror, et cum qua durmit aniica simul." | The clothes that thou dost wear.'" 

Is it not a man in woman's apparel .'' is not somebody in that great chest, or behind 
the door, or hangings, or in some of those barrels } may not a man steal in at the 
window with a ladder of ropes, or come down the chimney, have a false key, or get 
in when he is asleep ^ If a mouse do but stir, or the wind blow, a casement clatter, 
that 's the villain, there he is : by his good-will no man shall see her, salute her, 
speak with her, she shall not go forth of his sight, so much as to do her needs. 
"'JVon ita bovem arguSj Sfc. Argus did not so keep his cow, that watchful dragon 
the golden fleece, or Cerberus the coming in of hell, as he keeps his wife. If a dear 
friend or near kinsman come as guest to his house, to visit him, he will never let 
him be out of his own sight and company, lest, peradventure, &c. If the necessity 
of his business be such that he must go from home, he doth either lock her up, or 
commit her with a deal of injunctions and protestations to some trusty friends, him 
and her he sets and bribes to oversee : one servant is set in his absence to watch 
another, and all to observe his wife, and yet all this will not serve, though his busi- 
ness be very urgent, he will when he is halfway come back in all post haste, rise 
from supper, or at midnight, and be gone, and sometimes .leave his business undone, 
and as a stranger court his own wife in some disguised habit. Though there be no 
danger at all, no cause of suspicion, she live in such a place, where Messalina her- 
self could not be dishonest if she would, yet he suspects her as much as if she were 
in a bawdy-house, some prince's court, or in a common inn, where all comers might 
have free access. He calls her on a sudden all to nought, she is a strumpet, a light 
housewife^ a bitch, an arrant whore. No persuasion, no protestation can divert this 
passion, nothing can ease him, secure or give him satisfaction. It is most strange to 
report what outrageous acts by men and women have been committed in this kind, 
by women especially, that will run after their husbands into all places and compa- 
nies, "as Jovianus Pontanus's wife did by him, follow him whithersoever he went, 
it matters not, or upon what business, raving like Juno in the tragedy, miscalling, 
cursing, swearing, and mistrusting every one she sees. Gomesius in his third book 
of the Life and Deeds of Francis Ximenius, sometime archbishop of Toledo, hath a 
strange story of that incredible jealousy of Joan queen of Spain, wife to King Philip, 
mother of Ferdinand and Charles the Fifth, emperors ; when her husband Philip, 
either for that he was tired with his wife's jealousy, or had some great business, 
went into the Low Countries : she was so impatient and melancholy upon his de- 
parture, that she would scarce eat her meat, or converse with any man ; and thougl 
she were with child, the season of the year very bad, the wind against her, in al 
haste she would to sea after him. Neither Isabella her queen mother, the arch- 
bishop, or any other friend could persuade her to the contrary, but slie would after 
him. When she was now come into the Low Countries, and kindly entertained by 
her husband, she could not contain herself, '^ " but in a rage ran upon a yellow- 
haired wench," with whom she suspected her husband to be naught, '•' cut off her 
hair, did beat her black and blue, and so dragged her about." It is an ordinary thinjf 
for women in such cases to scratch the faces, slit the noses of such as they sus 
pect; as Henry the Second's importune Juno did by Rosamond at Woodstock; foi 
she complains in a '^modern poet, she scarce spake, 

■' But flies with eager fury to my face, I So fell she on me in outrageous wise, 

Otfering me most unwomanly disgrace. As could disdain and jealousy devise." 

Look how a tigress, &c. | 

"Proiiertius. "i iEneas Silv. " Ant. Dial. I hiliter insultans faciem vibicibus fxdavit. >*DaniM 

• Kabie conncpta. cxsariem abrasit, puellseaue mira- I 



Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] 



Symptoms of Jealousy. 



57 7 



Or if it be so they dare not or cannot execute any such tyrannical injustice, they 
will miscall, rail and revile, bear them deadly hate and malice, as ^"Tacitus observes- 
The hatred oi' a jealous woman is inseparable against such as she suspects." 



"" Nulla via flaiiiina> tutiiidique venti 
'i'ciiiia, iiec teli iiietuiiiula torti. 
Quanta cum conjux viduata IxiMs 
Ardt't et otlit." 



" Winds, weapons, flames make not such liurly burly ^^ 
As raving women turn all topsy-turvy." 



So did Agrippina by LolHa, and Calphurnia in the days of Claudius. But women 
are sufficiently curbed in such cases, the rage of men is more eminent, and frequently 
put in practice. See but with what rigour those jealous husbands tyrannise over 
their poor wives. In Greece, Spain, Italy, Turkey, Africa, Asia, and generally over 
all those hot countries, '^^Mulieres vestrce terra vestra, arate sicut vultis^i Mahomet in 
his Alcoran gives this power to men, your wives are .as your land, till them, use 
them, entreat them fair or foul, as you will yourselves. '^^Mecastor lege dura vivunt 
viulieres, they lock them still in their houses, which are so many prisons to tliem, 

will suHer nobody to come at them, or their wives to be seen abroad, nee cam- 

pos liceat luslrare patentes. They must not so much as look out. And if they be 
great persons, they have eunuchs to keep them, as the Grand Seignior among the 
Turks, the Sophies of Persia, those Tartarian Mogors, and Kings of China. Infantes 
masculos castrant innumeros ut regi. serviant, saith '^''Riccius, "they geld innumera- 
ble infants" to this purpose; the King of ^' China " maintains 1(J,000 eunuchs in 
his family to keep his wives." The Xerifies of Barbary keep their courtezans in 
such a strict manner, that if any man come but in sight of them he dies for it ; and 
if they chance to see a man, and do not instantly cry out, thougli from their win- 
dows, they must be put to death. The Tuiks have 1 know not how many black, 
deformed eunuchs (for the white serve for other ministeries) to this purpose sent 
commonly from Egypt, deprived in their childhood of all their privities, and brought 
up in the seraglio at Constantinople to keep their wives ; which are so penned up 
they may not confer with any living man, or converse with younger women, have 
a cucumber or carrot sent into them for their diet, but sliced, for fear. Sec. and so 
live and are left alone to their unchaste thoughts all the days of their lives. The 
vulgar sort of women, if at any time they come abroad, which is very seldom, to 
visit one another, or to go to their baths, are so covered, that no man can see them, 
as the matrons were in old Rome, lecticd aut sella tectd vecta, so '^^ Dion and Seneca 
record, Velatce totce incedunt, which ^' Alexander ab Alexandro relates of the Par- 
thians, Uh. 5. vap. 24. which, with Andreas Tiraquellus his commentator, I rather 
think should be understood of Persians. 1 have not yet said all, they do not only 
lock them up, sed et pudendis seras adhibent : hear what Bembus relates lib. 6. of 
his Venetian history, of those inhabitants tliat dwell about Quiloa in Africa. Lusi- 
tani, inquit., quoru7idum civUates adierunt^qui natis slatim fceminis nahiram consuunt., 
quoad urina. exUus ne imjjedialur, easque quum adoleverint sic consutas in matrimo- 
nium collocant., ul sponsi prima cura sU conglulinatas puellcB oras ferro interscindere. 
In some parts of Greece at this day, like those old Jews, they will not believe their 
wives are honest, n/st ^;annMm menstruatum prima node videant : our countryman 
"^ Sands, in his peregrination, saith it is severely observed in Zanzynthus, or Zante ; 
and Leo Afer in his time at Fez, in Africa, non credunt virginem esse nisi videant san- 
guineam mappam ; si non., ad parentes pudore rejicitur. Those sheets are publicly 
shown by their parents, and kept as a sign of incorrupt virginity. Tiie Jews of old 
examined their maids ex tenui membrana., called Hymen, which Laurentius in his 
anatomy, Columbus tib. 12. cap. IG. Capivaccius lib. 4. cap. 11. de uteri affectihus, 
Vincent, Alsarus Genuensis qucesit. med. cent. 4. Hieronymus Mercurialis consult. 
Ambros. Parens, Julius Caesar Claudinus Respons. 4. as that also de '^^ruptura vena- 
rum ut sanguis fuat, copiously confute; 'tis no sufficient trial they contend. And 
yet others again defend it, Gaspar Barthohnus Inslitut. ^nat. lib. l! cap. 31. Pinaeus 
of Paris, Albertus Magnus de secret, mulier. cap. 9 &, 10. &c. and think they speak 

■■» Annal. lib. 12. Principis mujieris zelotypsE est in I eunnchorum millia numerantur in regia familia qui 
alias mulieres quas susptctas habet, odium insepara- | servant uxores ejus. '^^ Lib. 57. ep. 81. =" Semotif" 
bile. 31 St.,ieca ill Medea. ^^ Alcoran cap. 1 a viris servant in iiiterioribus, ah eoruir conspectu iK 

Bovis, interprete Kicardo pra;d. c. 8. Confutalionis. niunes. •* Lib. I. fol. 7. 29 Diruptiones liymenM 

» nautu« 21 Expedit. in Sinas. I. 3. c.9. 25 Decem | .«!Hpe fiunt a propriis digitis vel ab aliis instrumentis 
73 2Y 



578 Love-Melancholy. [Part 3. Sect. 3 

too much n favour of women. '" Ludovicas Uoncialus iih. 4. cap. 2. miilhhr. nO' 
luralcm illavi uteri tubiorum const rtctionem, in qua virginitatem consist.ere volunt, 
aslringentibus nwdicinis fieri posse vendicat, et si dejloratcp, sint^ astutce. ^' mulieres 
{inquit) nos fallunt in his. Idem Jllsarius Crucius Genuensis iisdem fere verbis. 
Idem Avicemia lib. 3. Fen. 20. Trad. 1, cap. 47. ^^ Rhasis Continent, lib. 24. Ro- 
dericus a Castro de nat. vnd. lib. 1. cap. 3. An old bawdy nurse in ^ Aristzenetus, 
(like that Spanish Ctelestina. ^'' ^//« quinque mille virgines fecit mulieres, totidemqur 
mulieres arte sua virgines) when a fair maid of her acquaintance wept and made her 
moan to her, how she had been deflowered, and now ready to be married, was afraid 
it would be perceived, comfortably replied, JVo/i vercri flia, Sfc. "-Fear not, daugh- 
ter, I '11 teach thee a trick to help it." Sed hcec extra callem. To what end are all 
those astrological questions, an sit virgo., an sit casta., an sit mulierf and such 
strange absurd trials in Albertus Magnus, Bap. Porta, Mag. lib. 2. cap. 21. in Wecker. 
lib. 5. de secret, by stones, perfumes, to make them piss, and confess I know not 
what in their sleep ; some jealous brain was the first founder of them. , And to what 
passion may we ascribe those severe laws against jealousy, JS'um. v.'l4. Adulterers 
Dent. cap. 22. v. xxii. as amongst the Hebrews, amongst the Egyptians (read ^^Bo- 
hemus /. 1. c. 5. de mar. gen. of the Carthaginians, cap. 6. of Turks, lib. 2. cap. 11.; 
amongst the Athenians of old, Italians at this day, wherein they are to be severely 
punished, cut in pieces, burned, vivi-comburio, buried alive, with several expurga- 
tions, &c. are they not as so many symptoms of incredible jealousy .? we may say 
the same of those vestal virgins that fetched water in a sieve, as Tatia did in Rome, 
anno ab. urb. condita 800. before the senators; and ^^Jilmilia, virgo innocens., that 
ran over hot irons, as Emma, Edward the Confessor's mother did, the king himself 
being a spectator, with the like. We read in Nicephorus, that Ciiunegunda the 
wife of Henricus Bavarus emperor, suspected of adultery, insimulata adulterii per^^ 
ignites vomeres iUoisa transiit., trod upon red hot coulters, and had no harm : such 
another story we find in Kegino lib. 2. In Avenlinus and Sigonius of Charles the 
Third and his wife Richarda, An. 887, that was so purged vvilh hot irons. Pausanias 
saith, that he was once an eye-witness of such a miracle at Diana's temple, a maid 
without any harm at all walked upon burning coals. Pius Secund. in his descrip- 
tion of Europe, c. 46. relates as much, that it was commonly practised at Diana's 
temple, for women to go barefoot over hot coals, to try their honesties : Plinius, So- 
linus, and many writers, make mention of ^'Geronia's temple, and Dionysius Ilali- 
carnassus, lib. 3. of Memnon's statue, which were used to this purpose. Tatius lib. 
6. ot Pan his cave, (much like old St. Wilfrid's needle in Yorkshire) wherein they 
did use to try maids, ^^ whether they were honest; when Leucippe went in, suavis- 
simus exaudiri sonus ccepit Austin de civ. Dei lib. 10. c. 16. relates many such ex- 
amples, all which Lavater de spectr. part. 1. cap. 19 contends to be done by the 
illusion of devils; though Thomas qucsst. 6. de potentid^ Sfc. ascribes it to good 
angels. Some, saith ''^Austin, compel their wives to swear they be honest, as if 
perjury were a lesser sin than adultery ; ""^some consult oracles, as Phserus that blind 
king of Egypt. Others reward, as those old Romans used to do ; if a woman were 
contented with one man, Corona pudicilicB donabutur, she had a crown of chastity 
bestowed on her. When all this will not serve, saith Alexander Gaguinus, cap. 5. 
descript. MuscovicB., the Muscovites, if they suspect their wives, will beat them till 
they confess, and if that will not avail, like those wild Irish, be divorced at their 
pleasures, or else knock them on the heads, as the old ^' Gauls have done in former 
ages. Of this tyranny of jealousy read more in Parthenius Erot. cap. 10. Camera- 
rius cap. 53. hor. subcis. et cent. 2. cap. 34. Ca?lia's epistles, Tho. Chaloner de 
rtpub. Jing. lib. 9. Ariosto lib. 31. slasse 1. Faelix Palterus observat. lib. 1. Sfc. 

30 Mem Rliasis Arab. cont. si ita clausa; phar- " Viridi gaiidens Feronia luco. Virg. ss |gn,f,,,e 

niacis lit noil (jossiiiit coitiiin exercere. satlm gt was so tried by Dian's well, in which maids did swim. 



phariiiacuin pritscribit dncetque. 33 Epist. li. Mer- 

cero liit(>r. ^4 Barlhius. Ludiis illi C(::ineratuiii 

piidiciliae florem nientitis niachinis pro iiitegro vendere. 
Ego doci'bo te.qiii iiiulier ante iinptias sponso te probes 
wrcineiii. ■'■'(iiii iiiuliereni violasset, virilia execa- 

ham, el tnille virgus dabanl. 3t> Uioii. Halic. 



unchaste were drowned, Eustathius, lib. 8. 3»(j;r)iitra 
iiiendac. an confess. '21 cap. «" i'liairus iEfrypii rei 

capliis ociilis per decennium, oraculuiii consnliiit de 
uxoris pudicitia. Herod. Eiiterp. '"Caesar, lib 6 

hello Gail, vita; iiecisque in uxures habuerunt poteHta 
teui. 



Mem. 3. 



Symptoms of Jealousy. 



570 



MEMB. III. 

Prognostics of Jealousy, Despair, Madness, to make away themselves and others. 

Those which are jealous, most part, if they be not otherwise relieved, *"" pro- 
ceed from suspicion to hatred, from hatred to frenzy, madness, injury, murder and 

despair." 



> '/A plague by whose most damnable effect, 
Vpivers in deep despair to die have sought. 



By which a man to madness near is brought. 
As well with causeless as with just suspect." 



]n their madness many times, saith *^ Vives, they make away themselves and others. 
Which induceth Cyprian to call it, Fcecundam et multipUcem perniciem, fontem cla- 
dium el seminurium delictorum, a fruitful mischief, the seminary of offences, and foun- 
tain of murders. Tragical examples are too common in this kind, both new and 
old, in all ages, as of ""Cephalus and Procris, ""^Phasreus of Egypt, Tereus, Atreus, 
and Thyestes. "'Alexander Phiereus was murdered of his wife, ob pcUicatus suspi- 
twnem, TuUy saith. Antoninus Verus was so made away by Lucilla ; Demetrius the 
son of Antigonus, and Nicanor, by their wives. Hercules poisoned by Dejanira, 
***Caecinna murdered by Vespasian, Justina, a Roman lady, by her husband. ""^ Ames- 
ti-is, Xei-xes' wife, because she found her husband's cloak in Masista's house, cut off 
Masista, his wife's paps, and gave them to the dogs, flayed her besides, and cut off 
her ears, lips, tongue, and slit the nose of Artaynta her daughter. Our late writers 
are full of such outrages. 

^^ Paulus iiimilius, in his history of France, hath a tragical story of Chilpericus 
the First his death, made away by Ferdegunde his queen. In a jealous humour he 
came from hunting, and stole behind his wife, as she was dressing and combing her 
head in the sun, gave her a familiar touch with his wand, which she mistaking for 
her lover, said, " Ah Landre, a good knight should sti-ike before, and not behind :" 
but when she saw herself betrayed by his presence, she instantly took order to make 
him away. Hierome Osorius, in his eleventh book of the deeds of Emanuel King 
of Portugal, to this efliect hath a tragical narration of one Ferdinandus Chalderia, 
that wounded Gotherinus, a noble countryman of his, at Goa in the East Indies, 
*'"and cut off one of his legs, for that he looked as he thought too familiarly upon 
his wife, which was afterwards a cause of many quarrels, and much bloodshed." 
Guianerius cap. 36. de cegrilud.inatr. speaks of a silly jealous fellow, that seeing his 
child new-born included in a caul, thought sure a °^ Fi-anciscan that used to come to 
his house, was the father of it, it was so like the friar's cowl, and thereupon threat- 
ened the friar to kill him : Fulgosus of a woman in Narbonne, that cut off her hus- 
band's privities in the night, because she thought he played false with her. The 
story of Jonuses Bassa, and fair Manto his wife, is well known to such as have read 
the Turkish history ; and that of Joan of Spain, of which 1 treated in my former 
section. Her jealousy, saith Gomesius, was the cause of both their deaths : King 
Philip died for grief a little after, as ^^ Martian his physician gave it out, "-and she 
for her part after a melancholy discontented life, misspent in lurking-holes and 
corner-s, made an end of her miseries." Faelix Plater, in the first book of his ob- , 
servations, hath many such instances, of a physician of his acquaintance, ^' '■'• that 
was first mad through jealousy, and afterwards desperate :" of a merchant *' '' that 
killed his wife in the same humour, and after precipitated himself:" of a doctor of 



<2 Animi dolores et zelotypia si diutius perserverent, 
dementes reddunt. Acak. commpnl. in par. art. Gn- 
leni. « Ariosto, lib. 31. staff.6. "3deaniiua, 

c. 3. de zelotyp. transit in rabiem et odium, et sibi et 
aliis vidlentas SEEpe nianus itijiciunt. ** Higinus, 

cap. Ifcfl. Ovid, &c. '^ Pha;rus iEgypti rex de caeci- 

tale oraculum consulens, visum ei rediturum atcepit, si 
oculos abluisset lotio mnlieris qus aliorum viroruni 
esset expers; u.xoris urinam expertus nihil profecit, et 
aliarum frustra, eas onines (ea excepta per quain tura- 
us fuit) unum in locum coactas concremavit. Herod. 
Eulerp. ■"Offic. lib. 2. *» Aurelius Victor, 

w Herod, lib. 9. in Calliope. Masistse uxorem excarni- 
4t, manimillas pra^scindil, aesque canibus abjicit, 
fliiic nares prajscidit, lahra, lingiiam,&c. '" Lib. 1. 

Ouin forms curaiido: intenta capillum in sole pvctit, & 



marito per lusum leviter percussa furtim superveniente 
virga, riau suborto, mi handrice dixit, frontem vir fortig 
petet, &c. Marito conspecto attonita, cum Landnco 
mox in ejus mortem conspirat, et statiui inter vriinn- 
duiii efficit. !>'• Qui Goae uxorem habeiis, Gothi.-ri- 

nuni principem qiiendam virum quod uxori sure oculos 
adjecisset, ingeiiti vulnere delbrniavit in facie, et libi- 
am libscidit, mide niiitUiB ca-des. 62 j^q quod infans 

iialus iiivolutus essel paniiiculo, credebat euni filiiim 
fratris Francisci, &c. '^ Zelotypia regime reais 

mortem acceleravit paulo post, ut Martianus nieilii;u« 
mihi retulit. Ilia autem ata bile inde exagitata in 
latehrasse subduceiis pne iBirritudine aniiui reliquum 
tempiis consumpsit. o< \ zelotypia ri'd;<ctiis ad in 

saniam et def^perationeni. so (Jxnrem inieruuii 

inde desyerabundus ex alto sp prxcipitavii. 



680 Love-Melancholy. Tart. 3. Sec. 3 

law that cut off his man's nose: of a painter's wife in Basil, anno 1600, that was 
mother of nine chihlren and had been twenty-seven years married, yet afterwa.'ds 
jealous, and so impatient that she became desperate, and would neither eat nor drink 
n her own house, for iear her husband should poison her. 'Tis a common sign 
his; for when once the humours are stirred, and the imagination misatTected, it will 
vary itself in divers forms ; and many such absurd symptoms will accompany, even 
madness itself. Skenkius oiserva^ lib. 4. cap. de Uler hath an example of a jealous 
woman that by this means had many fits of tlie mother : and in his first book of 
some that through jealousy ran mad : of a baker that gelded himself to try his wife's 
honesty, &.c. Such examples are too common. 



"Q,ui timet lit sua sit, ne quis sibi suhtrahat itlam, 
Ille Machaonia vix ope salvus erit." 



MEMB. IV. 

SuBSECT I. — Ciire of Jealousy ; by avoiding occasions, not to be idle : of good 
counsel; to contemn it, not to watch or lock them up : to dissemble it, Sfc. 

As of all other melancholy, some doubt whether this malady may be cured or no, 
they think 'tis like the ^®gout, or Switzers, whom we commonly call Walloons, those 
hired soldiers, if once they take possession of a castle, they can never be got out. 

6' "This is the cruel wound against whose smart, 
No liquor's force prevails, or any plaister. 
No skill of stars, tio depth of magic art. 
Devised by that great clerk Zoroaster, 
A wound that so infects the soul and heart. 
As all our sense and reason it doth master ; 
A wound whose pang and torment is so durable. 
As it may rightly called he incurable." 

Vet what I have formerly said of other melancholy, I will say again, it may be cured 
or mitigated at \east by some contrary passion, good counsel and persuasion, if it be 
withstood in the beginning, maturely resisted, and as those ancients hold, '*'^" the 
nails of it be pared before they grow too long." No better means to resist or repel 
it than by avoiding idleness, to be still seriously busied about some matters of im- 
portance, to drive out those vain fears, foolish fantasies and irksome suspicions out 
of his head, and then to be persuaded by his judicious friends, to give ear to their 
good counsel and advice, and wisely to consider, how much he discredits. himself, 
his friends, dishonours his children, disgraceth his family, publisheth his shame, and 
as a trumpeter of his own misery, divulgeth, macerates, grieves himself and others ; 
what an argument of weakness it is, how absurd a thing in its own nature, how 
ridiculous, how brutish a passion, how sottish, how odious; for as ^^Hierome well 
hath it, Odium suifacit, et ipse novissime sibi odio est., others hate him, and at last 
he hates himself for it; how harebrain a disease, mad and furious. If he will but 
hear them speak, no doubt he may be cured. ^Joan, queen of Spain, of whom I 
have formerly spoken, under pretence of changing air was sent to Complutum, or 
Alcada de las Heneras, where Ximenius the archbi.'ihop of Toledo then lived, that 
by his good counsel (as for the present she was) she might be cased. *'" For a dis- 
ease of the soul, if concealed, tortures and overturns it, and by no physic can sooner 
be removed than by a discreet man's comfortable speeches." I will not here insert 
any consolatory sentences to this purpose, or forestall any man's invention, but leave 
it every one to dilate and amplify as he shall think fit in his own judgment : let him 
advise with Siracides cap. 9: 1. "Be not jealous over the, wife of thy bosom;" read 
tliat comfortable and pithy speech to this purpose of Ximenius, in the author him- 
self, as it is recorded by Qomesius ; consult with Chaloner lib. U. de repub. Anglor. 
or Caslia in her epistles, &c. Only this I will add, that if it be considered aright, 
which causeth this jealous passion, be it just or unjust, whether with or without 
cause, true or false, it ought not so heinously to be taken ; 'tis no such real or 



M Tollere nodosam nescit medicina podagram. 6' Ari- 
osto, lib. 31. staff. M Veteres mature suadent 

ungues amoris esse radendos, priusqu.Tm producanl se 



S8 In Jovianum. "OGoii-esius. lib. 3. de I corda'li honiinis sermone. 



reb. gestis Ximenii. " f/rit enim prrccorriia fign 

tndo animi compressa, et in angusliis ad<lu( ta mentew 
subvertit, nee alio medicainine facilius erigitur, quam 



Mem. 4. S( :3s. 1 .] ^ Cure of Jealousy. 581 

;;apital matter, that it should make so deep a wound. 'Tis a blow that hurts not, 
an insensible smart, grounded many times upon false suspicion alont, and so fostered 
by a sinister conceit. ■ If she be not dishonest, he troubles and macerates himself 
without a cause ; or put case which is the worst, he be a cuckold, it cannot be 
helped, the more he stirs in it, the more he aggravates his own misery. How much 
better were it in such a case to dissemble or contemn it ? why should that be feared 
which cannot be redressed .'' multce tandem deposuerunt (saith ®^ Vives) quum Jlecti 
maritos non posse vident, many women, when they see there is no remedy, have been 
pacified ; and shall men be more jealous than women } 'Tis some comfort in such 
a case to have companions, Sola?nen miseris socios habuisse doloris ; Who can say 
he is free ? Who can assure himself he is not one de praiterito, or secure himself 
defuturo? If it were his case alone, it were hard; but being as it is almost a com- 
mon calamity, 'tis not so grievously to be taken. If a man have a lock, which ever^ 
man's key will open, as well as his own, why should he think to keep it private to 
himself? In some countries they make nothing of it, ne nobiles qaidein., saith '^^Leo 
Afer, in many parts of Africa (if she be past fourteen) there's not a nobleman that 
marries a maid, or that hath a chaste wife ; 'tis so common ; as the moon gives horns 
once a month to the world, do they to their husbands at least. And 'tis most part 
true which that Caledonian lady, " Argetocovus, a British prince's wife, told Julia 
Augusta, when she took her up for dishonesty, " We Britons are naught at least with 
some k\Y choice men of the better sort, but you Romans lie with every base knave, 
you are a company of common whores." Severus the emperor in his time made 
laws for the restraint of this vice; and as *^Dion Nicaeus relates in his life, tria 
millia ma:chorum, three thousand cuckold-makers, or naturcB monetam adulferantes, 
as Philo calls them, false coiners, and clippers of nature's money, were summoned 
ajto the court at once. And yet, JYon omnem molitor quoe. Jtuit undam videt, "the 
miller sees not all the water that goes by his mill :" no doubt, but, as in our days, 
these were of the commonalty, all the great ones were not so much as called in 
question for it. ''^ Martial's Epigram I suppose might have been generally applied in 
those licentious times, Omnia solus habes^ S^c.^ thy goods, lands, money, wits are 
thine own, Uxorem sed habes Candide cum populo ; but neighbour Candidas your 
wife is common : husband and cuckold in that age it seems were reciprocal terms ; 
the emperors themselves did wear Actason's badge ; how many Caesars might 1 
reckon up together, and what a catalogue of cornuted kings and princes in every 
story.'' Agamemnon, Menelaus, Phillippus of Greece, Ptolomeus of ^Egypt, Lucul- 
lus, Caesar, Pompeius, Cato, Augustus, Anton ius, Antoninus, &c., that wore fair 
plumes of bull's feathers in their crests. The bravest soldiers and most heroical 
spirits could not avoid it. They have been active and passive in this business, they 
have either given or taken horns. ^'King Arthur, whom we call one of the nine 
worthies, for all his great valour, was unworthily served by Mordred, one of his 
round table knights: and Guithera, or Helena Alba, his fair wife, as Leland interprets 
't, was an arrant honest woman. Parcerem libenter (saith mine ^"^author) Heroina- 
rum IcEsce majeslati., si non historice verilas aurem vellicaret, 1 could willingly wink 
at a fair lady's faults, but that I am bound by the laws of history to tell the truth: 
against his will, God knows, did he write it, and so do I repeat it. I speak not of 
our times all this while, we have good, honest, virtuous men and women, whom 
fame, zeal, fear of God, religion and superstition contains : and yet for all that, we 
have many knights of this order, so dubbed by their wives, many good women 
abused by dissolute husbands. In some places, and such persons you may as soon 
enjoin them to carry water in a sieve, as to keep themselves honest. What shall a 
man do now in such a case } What remedy is to be had .? how shall he be eased ? 
By suing a divorce ? thi^ is hard to be effected : si non caste^ tarien caute they carry 
the matter so cunningly, that though it be as common as simony, as clear and as 
tnanifest as the nose in a man's face, yet it cannot be evidently proved, or they likely 

"SDeanima. 63 Lib. 3. " Argetocoxi Cale- [ moechis fecit, ex civibus pliires in jus vocati. ^e l 3 

torn Regull uxor, Julias Augusta; cum ipsam inordKret Epi-;. 2G. ^^ Asser Artliuri; parcerecn libenter heroi 
quod iiilioiieste versarttur, respondet, nos cum opiiuiis nariini \xsie iriaje=*ali s nor historiae verilas aurem 
viris cousueludiiieEn habeinus; vos Ronianas auteni oc- vellicaret, Lelani « Leiaiid's a.sserl. A thmi 

cuite passini hoicnes ccustuprant. " Leges de I 

2r2 



582 Love-Melancholy. . [Part. 3. Sec. 3. 

taken in tre fact ; they will have a knave Gallus to vi'atch, or with that Roman 
" Sulp tia, ^11 made fast and sure, 

" Ne se Cadiircis destitutaiii fasciia, 
Nudam Caleiio cuiicuiiibentem videat." 

" she will hardly be surprised by her husband, be he never so wary." Mucb. better 
then to put it up : the more he strives in it, the more he shall dH'uige his own shame: 
make a virtue of necessity, and conceal it. Yea, but the world takes notice of it, 
'tis in every man's mouth : let them talk their pleasure, of whom speak they not in 
this sense ? From the highest to the lowest they are thus censured all : there is no 
remedy then but patience. It may be 'tis his ov/n fault, and he hath no reason to 
complain, 'tis quid pro quo., she is bad, he is worse: '""Bethink thyself, hast thou 
not done as mucli for some of thy neighbours .'' why dost thou require that of thy 
wife, which thou wilt not perform thyself? Thou ranges', like a town bull, " why 
ait thou so incensed if she tread awry ?" 

""Be it tliat some woman break chaste wedlock's She feels that he his love from her withdraws, 

laws, And hath on some perhaps less worthy placed. 

And leaves her husband and becomes unchaste : Who strike with sword, the scabbard them may 
Vet commonly it is not without cause, strike, a 

She sees her man in sin her goods to waste. And sure love craveth love, like asketh like."' 

Ea semper studebit., saith ^^Nevisanus, pares reddere vices, she will quit it if she 
can. And therefore, as well adviseth Siracides, cap. ix. 1. " teach her not an evil les- 
son against thyself," which as Jansenius, Lyranus, on his text, and Carthusianus in- 
terpret, is no otherwise to be understood than that she do thee not a mischief. I do 
lot excuse her in accusing thee; but if both be naught, mend thyself first; for as 
he old saying is, a good husband makes a good wife. 

Yea but thou repliest, 'tis not the like reason betwixt man and woman, through 
ler fault my children are bastards, I may not endure it ; '•* Sit amarulenta, sit impe- 
"iosa prodiga., Sfc. Let her scold, brawl, and spend, I care not, modo sit casta., so 
she be honest, I could easily bear it; but this I cannot, I may not, I will not; " my 
'aith, my fame, mine eye must not be touched," as the diverb is, JYon patitur factum 
fama., fides., oculus. I say the same of my wife, touch all, use all, take all but this. 
I acknowledge that of Seneca to be true, JYullius boni jucunda possessio sine socio, 
there is no sweet content in the possession of any good thing without a companion, 
this only excepted, I say. This. And why this .? Even this which thou so much 
abhorrest, it may be for thy progeny's good, ^' better be any man's son than thine, 
to be begot of base Jrus, poor Seius, or mean Mevius, the town swineherd's, a shep- 
herd's son : and well is he, that like Hercules he hath any two fathers; for thou thyself 
nast peradventure more diseases than a horse, more infirmities of body and mind, a 
cankered soul, crabbed conditions, make the worst of it, as it is viilnus insanabile, sic 
vulnus inscnsibitc, as it is incurable, so it is insensible. But art thou sure it is so ^ '^^res 
agit ille tuas? "doth he so indeed ?" It may be thou art over-suspicious, and without 
a cause as some are : if it be octimestris partus, born at eight months, or like him, and 
him, they fondly suspect he got it; if she speak or laugh familiarly with su^^'h or such 
men, then presently she is naught with them; such is thy weakness; whereas charity, 
or a well-disposed mind, would interpret all unto the best. St. Francis, by chance seeing 
a friar familiarly kissing another man's wife, was so far from misconceiving it, that 
he presently kneeied down and thanked God there was so much charity left: but 
they on the other side will ascribe nothing to natural causes, indulge nothing to 
familiarity, mutual society, friendship : but out of a sinister suspicion, presently lock 
them close, watch them, thinking by those means to prevent all such inconveniences, 
that's the way to help it; whereas by such tricks they do aggravate the mischief. 
'Tis but in vain to watch that whidh will away. 



" " Nee custodiri si velit ulla potest ; 

Nee meiiteiu servare potes, licet omnia serves; 
Omnibus exclusis, intus adulter erit." 



" None can be kept resisting for her part ; 
Though body be kept close, within her heart 
Advoutry lurks, t' exclude it there's no art." 



Argus with a hundred eyes cannot keep her, et hunc unus scepe fefeUit amor, as in 
"Ariosto, 



* Epigram. TOCoeita an sic aliis tu unqiiam 

leceris; an hoc tibi nunc fieri dignum sit ? severus aliis, 
indulgens tibi, cur. ab uxor* exigis quod non ipse prtps- 
tas? Piutar. "iVags iibidiTie cum ipse quovis rapi- 
•ris.cur si vel modicum beiiet ipsa, insanias 7 '^ Ari. 



osto, li. 28. staffe 80. "Sylv" nupt. I 4. num. Ti. 

1* Lemnius, lib. 4. cap. 13. de occult, nal. tnir. "Opti 
mum b^ne nasci. " Mart. ■" Ov( 1. amor. lib. 3 

eleg. '8 Lib. 4. St. 72. 



Mem. 4. Subs. 1.] 



Cure jf Jealousy. 

' If all our hearts wen; eyes, yet sure they said 
We hiisliaiids of our wives should be betrayed." 



583 



Hierome holds, Uxor impudica seroari non potest.) pudica non debet, injida c^istns 
castifatis est nccessilas., to what end is all your custody? A dishonest woman can- 
not be kept, an honest woman ought not to be kept, necessity is a keeper not to be 
trusted. Difficile cuslndiiur^ quod plures amani ; that which many covet, can hardly 
be preserved, as '^- Salisburiensis thinks. I am of jEneas Sylvius' mind, ^'^ Those 
jealous Italians do very ill to lock up their wives ; for women are of such a disposi 
tion, they will most covet that which is denied most, and offend least when they have 
free liberty to trespass." It is in vain to lock her up if she be dishonest; et tyrrani- 
cum impcrium, as our great Mr. Aristotle calls it, too tyrannical a task, most unfit: 
for when she perceives her husband observes her and suspects, Uberi.us peccat, saith 
^'Nevisanus. ^^ Toxica Zelofypo dedit uxor maecha marito, she is exasperated, seeks 
by all means to vindicate herself, and will therefore ofTend, because she is unjustly 
5uspected. The best course then is to let them have their own wills, give them free 
liberty, without any keeping. 

" In vain our friends from this do us dehnrt. 
For biaiity w ill be where is most resort." 

If she be honest as Lucretia to Collatinus, Laodamia to Protesilaus, Penelope to her 
Ulysses, she will so continue her honour, good name, credit, Penelope conjux sem- 
per Uh/ssis ero ; " I shall always be Penelope the wife of Ulysses." And as Phocias' 
wife in ^'^ Plutarch, called her husband " her wealth, treasure, world, joy, delight, orb 
and sphere," she will her's. The vow she made unto her good man ; love, virtue, 
religion, zeal, are better keepers than all those locks, eunuchs, prisons; she will not 
be moved : 



' At niihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat, 
Aut pater omnipotens adiaat me fcilmine ad umbras, 
Pallunles umbras Erebi, nocteinqiie prcjfundam, 
Ante piidur quam te vjoleni, aut tua jura resolvam." 



" First I desire the earth to swallow me, 
Before I violate mine honesty, 
Or thunder from aliove drive me to hell. 
With those pale ghosts, and ugly nights to dwell." 



She is resolved with Dido to be chaste; though her husband be false, she will be 
true: and as Octavia writ to her Antony, 

85" These walls that here do keep me out of sight, 
Shall keep me all unspotted unto thee. 
And testify that I will do thee right, 
I'll never stain thine house, thnu^ih thou shame me." 

Turn her loose to all those Tarquins and Satyrs, she will not be tempted. In the 
time of Valence the Emperor, saith ^® St. Austin, one Archidamus, a Consul of An- 
tioch, offered a hundred pounds of gold to a fair young wife, and besides to set hei 
husband free, who was then sub gravissimd cusfodici, a dark prisoner, pro unius noc- 
iis concuhitu : but the chaste matron would not accept of it. "^'When Ode com- 
mended Theana's fine arm to his fellows, she took him up short, " Sir, 'tis not com- 
mon:" she is wholly reserved to her husband. ^^Bilia had an old man to her spouse, 
and his breath stunk, so that nobody could abide it abroad; *■' coming home one day 
he reprehended his wife, because she did not tell him of it : she vowed unto him. 
she had. told him, but she thought every man's breath had been as strong as his." 
^^Tigranes and Armena his lady were invited to supper by King Cyrus: when they 
came home, Tigranes asked his wife, how she liked Cyrus, and what she did espe- 
cially commend in him .^ "she swore she did not observe him; when he repliec 
again, what then she did observe, whom she looked on } She made answer, hei 
husband, that said he would die for her sake." Such are the properties and condi 
tions of good woinen : and if she be well given, she will so carr) herself; if other- 
wise she be naught, use all the means thou canst, she will be naught, JVon deest am- 
mus sed corruptor she hath so many lies, excuses, as a hare hath muses, tricks, pan 
ders, bawds, shifts, io deceive, 'tis to no purpose to keep her up, or to reclaim her 
by hard usage. " Fair means perjdventure may do somewhat." ^ Obsequio vinces 



" Policrat. lU). 8. c. 11. De amor. «> Euriel. et 

Lucret. qui u.\ores occludunt, meo judicio minus utili- 
ter faciunt; sunt enim eo ingenio mulieres ut id potis- 
aimuni cupiant, quod maxinie denegatur: si liheras 
habent habenas, minus delinquunt; frustra seram ad- 
hibes, si non sit spontfi casta. i^i Qnando tognos- 

cunl marilos hoc advertere. ** Ausonius. 63 0pes 
tuaa mundum suuin, thesaurun suum, &c ^ Virg. 



JP^n. Mnaniel. 86 | j^ germ. d. in monte ros 16. 
"' O quam formosus lacertus hie quidam iinjiiit ad 
•equales conversus; at ilia, pulilicus. inquil, non t-st. 
»* Bilia Dinutum virurn setiem h ibuit el spiritiim fffiti- 
diim hahentem, quern quum qunlani exprobrasset, &c. 
6" Numquid tibi, ."Vrmena, Tigranes videbatur esse pul 
clier? et ilium, inquit, sedepol, ice. Xenoph. Cyrup»l 
I. 3. »e Ovid. 



5b4 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 3. 

aptius ipse tuo. Men and women are both in a predicament in this behalf, no soone» 
won, and better pacified. Duci volunt., non nogi : though she be as arrant a scold as 
Xantippe, as cruel as Medea, as clamorous as Hecuba, as lustful is Messalina, by 
Buch means (if at all) she may be reformed. Many patient ^' Grizels, by then obse- 
quiousness in this kind, have reclaimed their husbands from their wandering lusts. 
In Nova Francia and Turkey (as Leah, Rachel, and Sarah did to Abraham and Jacob) 
they bring their fairest damsels to their husbands' beds ; Livia seconded the lustful 
appetites of Augustus : Stratonice, wife to King Diotarus, did not only bring Elec- 
tra, a fair maid, to her good man's bed, but brought up the children begot on her, as 
carefully as if they had been her own. Tertius Emilius' wife, Cornelia's mother, 
perceiving her husband's intemperance, rem dissimulavU., made much of the maid, 
and would take no notice of it. A new-married man, when a pickthank friend of 
his, to curry favour, had showed him his wife familiar in private with a young gal- 
lant, courting and dallying, &c. Tush, said he, let him do his worst, I dare trust my 
wife, though I dare not trust him. The best remedy then is by fair means ; if that 
will not take place, to dissemble it as I say, or turn it off with a jest : hear Guexerra's 
advice in this case, vel joco excipies, vel silentio eludes; for if you take exceptions 
at everything your wife doth, Solomon's wisdom, Hercules' valour. Homer's learn- 
ing, Socrates' patience, Argus' vigilance, will not serve turn. Therefore Minus ma- 
lum^ ^''a less mischief, Nevisanus holds, dissimulare^ to be ^^ Cunarum emptor^ a buyer 
of cradles, as the proverb is, than to be too solicitous, ^'''■'A good fellow, when his 
wife was brought to bed before her time, bought half a dozen of cradles beforehand 
for so many children, as if his wife should continue to bear children every two 
months." ®*Pertinax the Emperor, when one told him a fiddler was too familiar with 
his empress, made no reckoning of it. And when that Macedonian Philip was up- 
braided with his wife's dishonesty, cum tot victor regnoruvi ac populorum esset, Sfc.^ 
a conqueror of kingdoms could not tame his wife (for she thrust him out of doors), 
he made a jest of it. Sapientes porlant cornua in pectore, siulti infronte^ saith Nevi- 
sanus, wise men bear their horns in tlieir hearts, fools on their foreheads. Eumenes, 
king of Pergamus, was at deadly feud with Perseus of Macedonia, insomuch that 
Fersn:is hearing of a journey he was to take to Delphos, "^set a company of soldiers 
to intercept him in his passage; they did it. accorcHngly. and as they supposed left 
him stoned to death. The news of this fact was brouglit' instantly to Pergamus; 
Attains, Eumenes' brother, proclaimed himself king forthwith, took possession oi 
the crown, and married Stratonice the queen. But by-and-by, when contrary news 
was brought, that King Eumenes was alive, and now coming to the city, he laid by 
his crown, left his wife, as a private man went to meet him, and congratulate his 
return. Eumenes, though lie knew all particulars passed, yet dissembling the mat- 
ter, kindly embraced his brotlier, and look his wife into his favour again, as if on 
such matter had been heard of or done. Jocundo, in Ariosto, found his wife in bed 
with a knave, both asleep, went his ways, and would not so much as wake them, 
much less reprove them for it. "'An honest fellow finding in like sort his wife had 
played false at tables, and borne a man too many, drew his dagger, and swore if he 
had not been his very friend, he would have killed him. Another hearing one had 
done that for him, which no man desires to be done by a deputy, followed in a rage 
with his sword drawn, and having overtaken him, laid adultery to his charge; the 
offender hotly pursued, confessed it vvas true ; with which confession he was satis- 
fied, and so left him, swearing that if he had denied it, he would not have put it up. 
How much better is it to do thus, than to macerate himself, impatiently to rave and 
rage, to enter an action (as Arnoldus Tilius did in the court of Toulouse, against 
Martin Guerre his fellow-soldier, for that he counterfeited his habit, and was too 
familiar with his wile), so to divulge his own shame, and to I'emain for ever a cuck- 
old on record .'' how much better be Cornelius Tacitus than Publius Cornutus, to 
condemn in such cases, or take no notice of it .^ Melius sic errare, quam Zelotypitr 

•> Read Petrarcirs Tale of Patient Grizel in Chaucer, rent : hi protenus niandHtiiin e.teqnentes, &lc. Ille et 

•"Sil iiup. lib. 4. num. 80. "S (Erasmus. sjQuum rex declaratur, el Stratoniceni qiiie fralri niip'^erat, uxo- 

iccepist^el uxoreni peperisse secundo a nuptiis mense, rem ducit: sed po.^tquani amlivil fratrein viveie, Ilc. 

tunas qiiinas vel Senas coeniit, lit si forte ii.xor singulis i Atlaliim cuniiter accepit, pristin.imijue uxoren> Ci.ni 

biniensilius pareret. »^ JiilinsCapitol. vita ejus, i plexus, inagno tionore .ipud se liahiiit. s"Sc» .uS* 

quum palaiu I'ithanedus uxorein dilicerei, niiiiinie cii- i Harrtuglun's notes in 28. book of Ariostu. 
(iosufl fuit. siDispoKt it arinatos qui ipsuin inlerfice- 1 



/\lem. 4. Subs. 2.1 



Cure of Jealousy. 



585 



•:tiris, saith Erasmus, se conjicrre, better be a wittol and put it up, than to trouble 
himself to no purpose;- ^ And ■though he will not omnibus dormire., be an ass, as he 
's an ox, yet to wink at it as many do is not amiss at some times, in some cases, to 
some parties, if it be for his conmiodity, or some great man's sake, his landlord, 
patron, benefactor, (as Calbas the Roman saith ^"^ Plutarch did by Maecenas, and 
Phayllus of Argos did by King Philip, wiien he promised him an olfice on that (on 
dition he might lie witli his wife) and so let it pass : 

'•'9"pol me hand poenilet, 

Scilicet hoiii (iiiiiidium dividere cum Jove," 

"• it never troubles me (saith Amphitrio) to be cornuted by Jupiter, Ipt it not molesi 
thee then ;" be friends with her ; 

'ooTuciJiii Alcmena uxnre antiquam in gratiam 
Redi" 

•' Receive Alcmena to your grace again ;" let it, I say, make no breach of love be- 
tween you. Howsoever the best way is to contemn it, which ' Henry ]i. king of 
France advised a courtier of his, jealous of his wife, and complaining of her un- 
chasteness, to reject it, and comfort himself; for he that suspects his wife's incon- 
tinency, and fears the Pope's curse, shall never live a merry hour, or sleep a quiet 
night : no remedy but patience. When all is done according to thac counsel of 
'Nevisanus, si vitium uxoris corrigl non potest, fcrcnduiii est: if it may not be 
helped, it must be endured. Date veniam et sustinete taciti, 'tis Sophocles' advice, 
keep it to thyself, and which Chrysostom calls palcEstram phllosophicB, et domesticum 
gymnasium a school of philosophy, put it up. There is no other cure but time to 
wear it out, Injuriarum remtdium est oblivio, as if ihey had drunk a draught of 
Lethe in Trophonius' den : to conclude, age will bereave her of it, dies dolorem 
minuit, time and patience must end it. 

»"Tlie mind's afl'ectioiiB patience will appease, 
It passions kills, and liealelli each disease." 



Subject. II. — By prevention bcfoie, or after Marriage, Plato'^s Community, marry 
a Courtezan, P kilters. Slews, to marry one equal in years, fortunes, of a good 
family, education, good place, to use them well, Sfc. 

Of such medicines as conduce to the cure of this malady, I have sufficiently 
tjeated; there be some good remedies remaining, by way of prevention, precautions. 
or admonitions, which if rightly practised, may do much good. Plato, in his Com- 
monwealth, to prevent this mischief belike, would have all things, wives and chil- 
dren, all as one: and which Caesar in his Commentaries observed of those old 
Britons, that first inhabited this land, they had ten or twelve wives allotted to such 
a family, or promiscuously to be used by so many men ; not one to one, as with us, 
or foui, five, or six to one, as in Turkey. The •* Nicholaites, a set that sprang, saitli 
Austin, from Nicholas the deacon, would have women indifferent; and tlie cause of 
this filthy sect, was Nicholas the deacon's jealousy, for which when he was con- 
demned to purge himself of his ofience, he broached his heresy, that it was lawful 
to lie with one another's wives, and for any man to lie with his : like to those ^ Ana- 
baptists in Munster, that would consort with other men's wives as the spirit moved 
them: or as '^Mahomet, the seducing prophet, would needs use women as he list 
himself, to beget prophets ; two hundred and five, their Alcoran saith, were in love 
with him, and "he as able as forty men. Amongst the old Carthaginians, as ^Bohe- 
mus relates out of Sabellicus, the king of the country lay with the bride the first 
night, and once in a year they went promiscuously ail together. Munster Cosmog. 
lib. 3. cap. 497. ascribes the beginning of this brutish custom (unjustly) to one 
Picardus, a Frenchman, that invented a new sect of Adamites, to go naked as Adam 
did, and to use promiscuous venery at set times. When the priest repeated that of 
Genesis, " Increase and multiply," out ** went the candles in the place where they 



»8 Ama'or. dial. »3 piautus s.en. ult. Amphit. 

io»Idem. » T. Daniel conjurat. Fnaich » Lib. 

4. num. 80. a R. T. « Lili. de lieies Ciuuin de 

sale culparetur, purcandi se causa pcriiiisisse fertur iit 
SB qui vellet utereiur; quod ijiis t'aclum in scclain lur- 
Viesimam versuiii est, qua pUicel usus indiU'erdns loeaii- 

74 



narum. » Sleiden, Com. 'Alcoran. ■■ Alcoran 

edit, et Bihiiandro. » De inor. ^'ent. lib. 1. cao. r. 

NiipturiE rejii de virttinandie exhibi'Mtur. 'Luniina 

exliimuebHiiIur, iiec personaet t iuialis liabila reverent la 
III quam quisque per tenebras incidit, mulierein cu{{ 
noscit. 



586 



Love-Melancho ly. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 3 



met, •' and without all respect of age, persons, conditions, catch that catch may, 
ever)' man took her that came next," &c. ; some fasten this on those ancient Bohe- 
mians and Russians : '" others on tlie inhabitants of Mambriiim, in the Lucerne valley 
in Piedmont; and, as I read, it was practised in Scotland amongst Christians them- 
selves, until King Malcolm's time, the king or the lord of the town had their maiden- 
heads. In some parts of " India in our age, and those '^islanders, '^as amongst the 
Babylonians of old, they will prostitute their wives and daughters (which Chalco- 
condila, a Greek modern writer, for want of better intelligence, puts upon us Britons) 
to such travellers or seafaring men as come amongst them by chance, to show how 
far they were Irom this feral vice of jealousy, and how little they esteemed it. The 
kings of Calecut, as ''' Lod. Vertomannus relates, will not touch their wives, till one 
of their Biarmi or high priests have lain first with them, to sanctify their wombs. 
But tliose Esai and Montanists, two strange sects of old, were in another extreme, 
they would n«t marry at all, or have any society with women, '*" because of their 
intemperance they held them all to be naught." Nevisanus the lawyer, lib. 4. num. 
33. sylv. nupt. would have him that is inclined to this malady, to prevent the worst, 
marry a quean, Capiens meretrlcem^ hoc habct sallem honl quod non decipitur., quia 
scil earn sic esse., quod non conlingit aliis. A fornicator in Seneca construpated two 
wenches in a night ; for satisfaction, the one desired to hang him, the other to marry 
him. "' Hierome, king of Syracuse in Sicily, espoused himself to Pitho, keeper of 
the stews \ and Ptolemy took Thais a com.mon whore to be his wife, had two sons, 
Leontiscus and Lagus by her, and one daughter Irene : 'tis therefore no such un- 
likely thing. '" A citizen of Eugubine gelded himself to try his wife's honesty, and 
to be freed from jealousy ; so did a baker in ""Basil, to the same intent. But of all 
other precedents in this kind, that of '^Combalus is most memorable; who to pre- 
vent his master's suspicion, for he was a beautiful young man, and sent by Seleucua 
his lord and king, with Slratonice the queen to conduct her into Syria, fearing the 
worst, gelded hunself before he went, and left his genitals behind him in a box 
sealed up. His mistress by the way fell in love with him, but he not yielding to 
her, was accused to Seleucus of incontinency, (as that Bellerophon was in like case, 
falsely traduced by Slhenobia, to King Praelus her husband, cum non posset ad coi~ 
turn inducere) and that by her, and was therefore at his coming home cast into 
prison : the day of hearing appointed, he was sufficiently cleared and acquitted, by 
showing his privities, which to the admiration of the beholders he had formerly cut 
ofl'. The Lydians used to geld women whom they suspected, saith Leonicus var. 
hist. lib. 3. cap. 49. as well as men. To this purpose '^'^ Saint Francis, because he 
used to confess women in private, to prevent suspicion, and prove himself a maid, 
stripped himself before the Bishop of Assise and others : and Friar Leonard for the 
same cause went through Vilerbium in Italy, without any garments. 

Our Pseudocaiholics, to help these inconveniences which proceed from jealousy, 
to keep themselves and their wives honest, make severe laws ; against adultery pre- 
sent death ; and withal fornication, a venal sin, as a sink to convey that furious and 
swift stream of concupiscence, they appoint and permit stews, those punks and 
pleasant sinners, the more to secure their wives in all populous cities, for they hold 
them as necessary as«churches; and howsoever unlawful, yet to avoid a greater mis- 
chief, to be tolerated in policy, as usury, for the hardness of men's hearts; and for 
this end they have whole colleges of courtezans in their towns and cities. Of 
*' Cato's mind belike, that would have his servants (cwm ancillis congredi coitus 
causa., dcjinito cere, ut graviora facinora evitarenf, cceteris interim interdicens) fami- 
liar with some such feminine creatures, to avoid worse mischief's in his house, and 
made allowance for it. They hold it impossible for idle persor.j, young, rich, and 



>« Leander Alberlus. Flagitioso ritu nuncti in tedem 
Ronveiiieiile.s posl jiripiiraiii coiicioiieiii, exiinctls luini- 
iiibus in Veneieiii ruuiil. " Lod. Vertoiiianiius 

■javjg. lib. 6. cap. 8. el Marcus Polus lib. ]. cap. 46. 
Uxureti vialoribiis pros^litiiuiit. '^ Djthiiiarus, 

Bleskenius, ul Agelas Arisloiii, pulcherriniain nxurem 
babens proslituit. " Herodot. in Erato. Mulieres 

Babyloiii caecum liospite periniscenlur obargenluni quod 
posl Verier! saiTuiii. Bolieiiius, lib. 'i '^ Navigat. 

lib. 5. cap. 4. prius tlioruiii non iiiit, quain a digniore 
wicerdote uuva iiuplu detlural.t .sit. '^ Botlenius 



lib. 2. cap. 3. Ideo nubere nolleir. ob inulierum inlem 
peranliiini, nullaiii stTvareviro fideiii pufibant. MSte- 
plianiis priufat. Herod. Alius e lupaiiari inereiricein, 
Fitho diclani, i.. uxoreui diixit; Fioloira;us 'I'haidem- 
nobile scortuiii diixit et ex ea duos tilios suscepit, Sc(u 
I'Poggius Kloreiio. '» Felix Plater. '^i Pliitarci. 

Liician, Salmutz Tit. 2. de porcellanis ciin< in Panciro I, 
lie nov. repert. et Plutarchus. 20 Stephanus c I. 

ciinfor. Boiiavent. c. 6. vit. Francisci. ''" Plutarcb 

vit. ejus. 



Mem. 4. Subs 2.J Cure of Jealousy 587 

lusty, so many servants, monks, friars, to live honest, too tyrannical a burden to 
compel them to be chaste, and most unfit to suffer poor nr.en, younger brothers and 
soldiers at all to marry, as those diseased persons, votaries, priests, servants. There- 
fore, as well to keep and ease the one as the other, they tolerate and wink at these 
kind of brothel-liouses and stews. Many probable arguments they have to prove 
the lawfulness, the necessity, and a toleration of them, as of usury; and withoul 
question in policy they are not to be contradicted: but altogether in religion. Others 
prescribe filters, spells, charnis to keep men and women honest. ^^Mulier ut aliemim 
virtmi non admit tat prceter suiim: Accipefel hirci., et adipem, et exsicca, calescat in 
oleo, t^-c, et non alium prcEter et amabit. In AUxi. Porta, 8fc., plura invenies, et 
muJto his absurdiora, uti et in Rhasi, ne mulicr virum admittat, et maritum solum 
diligut, ^'C. But these are most part Pagan, impious, irreligious, absurd, and ridicu- 
lous devices. 

The best means to avoid these and like inconveniences are, to take away the 
causes and occasions. To this purpose ^'Varro writ Satyram Menippeam, but it is 
lost. ^^Patritius prescribes four rules to be observed in choosing of a wife (which 
who so will may read); Eonseca, the Spaniard, in his 45. c. Jlmphitheat. Amoris, 
sets down six special cautions for men, four for women ; Sam Neander out of Shon- 
bernerus, five for men, five for women ; Anthony Guiavarra many good lessons ; 
^*Cleobulus two alone, others otherwise; as first to make a good choice in marriao-e, 
to invite Christ to their wedding, and which ^'^St. Ambrose adviseth, Dcum conjugii 
prcesidem habere, and to pray to him for her, {A Domino enim datur uxor prudens. 
Prov. xix.) not to be too rash and precipitate in his election, to run upon the first he 
meets, or dote on every stout fair piece he sees, but to choose her as much by hia 
ears as eyes, to be well advised whom he takes, of what age, Stc, and cautelous in 
his proceedings. An old man should not marry a young woman, nor a young woman 
an old man, ^' Qiidm male incequales veniunt ad arata juvenci! such matches must 
needs minister a perpetual cause of suspicion, and be distasteful to each other. 

'■« ' Noctiia ut in tumiilis, super atque cadavera bubo. I " Niglitcrows on tombs, owl sits on carcass dead. 
Talis apuil Sophocleui nostra piiella sedet." j So lies a vvencli witli Sophocles in bed." 

For Sophocles, as '" Atheneus describes him, was a very old man, as cold as January, 
a bed-fellow of bones, and doted yet upon Archippe, a young courtezan, than which 
nothing can be more odious. '^'^Senex maritus uxori juveni ingratus est, an old man 
is a most unwelcome guest to a young wench, unable, unfit : 

3' "Aniplexus siios fu;.'iunl piielliB, 

Onniis horret auior Veiiusque Hynienque." 

And as in like case a good fellow that had but a peck of corn weekly to grind, yet 
would needs build a new mill for it, found his error eftsoons, for either he must let 
his mill lie waste, pull it quite down, or let others grind at it. So these men, &c. 

Seneca therefore disallows all such unseasonable matches, habent enim maUdicti 
locum crebrce nuptia. And as ^^Tully farther inveighs, " 'tis unfit for any, but ugly 
and filthy in old age." Turpe senilis amor, one of the three things ^^ God hateth. 
Phitarcii, in his book contra Coleten, rails downright at such kind of marriages, 
which are attempted by old men, qui jam corpore impotenti, et ci voluptatibut deserti, 
peccant aninio, and makes a question whether in some cases it be tolerable at least 

for such a man to marry, qui Venerem ajfectat sine viribus, " that is now past 

those venerous exercises," " as a gelded man lies with a virgin and sighs," Ecclus 
XXX. 20, and now complains with him in Petronius, funerata est hcec pars jam, ^uaa 
fuit olim Achillea, he is quite done, 

31 " Vixit puella; nuper idoneus, 
Et nnlitavit noii sine gloria." 

But the question is whether he may delight himself as those Priapeian popes, which, 
in their decrepit age, lay commonly between two wenches every night, contactufor- 

w Vecker. lib. 7. secret. sscitatur a GeUio. I shun their embraces ; Love, Venus, Hymen, all abh»- 

" IJb. J. Tit. 4. lie instil, reipub. dc officio uiariti. Iheui." 35 offic. lib. Luxu-i-ia cum onini ajta.. 

'■^ Ne cum ea blande niniis agas, ne objurges pnsenti- turpis, tum senectuti fedissiina. 33 Ecclus. xxv. 2 

bus extraneis. 26 Epist. 70. '^i Ovid. " How "An old man that dotes," &c. 34 }^^,r_ jjt,. 3. qJ, 

bailly steers of different ages are yoked to the plough." 2i) " He was lately a match for a maid, tiid conteuileri 
•" Alcial emb. 110. ^ Deipnosoph. I. 3. cap. 1?.. not ingloriously." 

*" Euripides. >• Pontanus hiaruui lib. 1. " Maider « I 



588 



Love-Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 3 



mosaruru, et conlrectatione^ num adhuc gaudeat; and as many dotnig sires do to theii 
own shame, their children's undoing, and 'heir families' confusion : he abhors it 
tanquavi ab agresti et furloso domino fugiendum, it must be avoided as a bedlam 
master, and not obeyed. 



Ipsa faces praefert nubentibus, et malus Hymen 
Triste ululat," 

the devil himself makes such matches. ^^Levinus Lemnius reckons up three thmg^s 
which generally disturb the peace of marriage: the first is when they marry intern- 
pestive or unseasonably, " as many mortal men marry precipitately and inconside- 
rately, when they are effete and old : the second when they marry unequally for for- 
tunes and birth : the third, when a sick impotent person weds one that is sound, 
novainuptcB spes frustratur : many dislikes instantly follow." Many doting dizzards, 
it may not be denied, as Plutarch confesseth, ^"' recreate themselves with such obso- 
lete, unseasonable and filthy remedies (so he calls them), with a remeiubrance of 
their former pleasures, against nature they stir up their dead flesh :" but an old lecher 
is abominable; mulier terlib nnbens., ''^Nevisanus holds, prcesumitur lubrica, et in- 
conslans^i a woman that marries a third time may be presumed to be no honester 
than she should. Of them both, thus Ambrose concludes in his comment upon 
Luke, ^^" they that are coupled together, not to get children, but to satisfy their lust, 
are not husbands, but fornicators," with whom St. Austin consents : matrimony with- 
out hope of children, non 7}iafrimoniu7n, sed concnbium did debet., is not a wedding 
but a jumbling or coupling together, hi a word (except they wed for mutual society, 
help and comfort one of another, in which respects, though ''"Tiberius deny it, with- 
out question old folks may well marry) for sometimes a man hath most need of a 
wife, according to Puccius, when he hath no need of a wife; otherwise it is most 
odious, when an old acherontic dizzard, that hath one foot in his grave, d silicer- 
nium, shall flicker after a young wench that is blithe and bonny, 

<i " salaciorque 

Veriio passere, et albiilis columbis." 

VVhat can be more detestable .'' 



<*"Tu cano capite ariias senex iieqiiissime 
Jam pleiiiis a^tntis, aniinaque foeiiila, 
Senpx liircosus tu osculaie niulierem? 
Utine adieus vomituin potius excuties." 



"Tliou old goat, hoary lecher, naughty man, 
Wilh stinkiiifr breath, art thou in love ? 
Must lliou be slavering? she spews to see 
Tiiy filtliy face, it doth so move." 



Yet, as some will, it is much more tolerable for an old man to marry a young wo- 
man (our ladies' match they call it) for eras e.rit mulier.! as he said in Tully. Cato 
the Roman, Critobulus in "^Xenophon, "^ Tyraquellus of late, Julius Scaliger, &.C., 
and many famous precedents we have in that kind; but note contra: 'tis not held fit 
for an ancient woman to match with a young man. For as Varro will, Jlnus dum 
ludit morii delitias facit., 'tis Charon's match between ''^Cascus and Casca, and the 
devil himself is surely well pleased with it. And, therefore, as the *^ poet inveighs. 
thou old Vetustina bed-ridden quean, that art now skin and bones. 



" Cui tres capilli, quatuorque sunt dentes. 
Pectus cicadiE, crusculunique formicie, 
Rugosiorem qUiE aeris stola fronleni, 
Et arenaruin cassibiis pares iiianimas." 



' That hast three hairs, four teeth, a breast 
Like grasshopper, an emmet's crest, 
A skin more rui;gf'd than thy coat. 
Ami drugs like spider's web to boot." 



Must thou marry a youth again ? And yet ducentas ire nuptum post morf.es amant . 
howsoever it is, as '"Apuleius gives out of his Meroe, congressus annosus, pestilens^ 
abhorrendus., a pestilent match, abominable, and not to be endured. In such case 
how can they otherwise choose but be jealous, how should they agree one with an- 
other.' This inequality is not in years only, but in birth, fortunes, conditions, and 
all good ^^ qualities, si qua voles apte nubere, nube pari., 'tis my cdunsel, saith An- 



S4" Alecto herself holds the torch at such nuptials, 
«nd malicious Hymen sadly howls." s^cap. 5. instit. 
nd optiniain viiain; maxiuia mf)rtalium pars prscipi- 
tanter et inconsiderate nubit. idque ea state qua? minus 
apta est, quuiij senex adolescei.tulje, sanus morbidce, 
dives pauperi, «kc. siobsoleto, intempestivo, turpi 

remedio fatentur se uti; recordatione pristiriaruiii vo- 
luptatuni se recreant, et adversante natiira, pollinctam 
carneni el enectam excitant. 3p i^ih. '2. nu. i!5. 

oQui vero non procreandee prulis, scd explends libidi- 



nis causa sibi invicem copulantur, non tarn coiiju^'e* 
qnam furnicarii habentur -ioLex Papia. Sueton. 

Claud, c. 23. <' Pontaiius biarnm lib. 1. " More sa- 

lacious than the sparrow in spring, or the snow-white 
rine-doves." is piautus mercator. ''Symposio 

«Vi<le Thuani historiam. ■'=Calabect. vet. poeta- 

rum. " Martial, lib. 3. 62. Epig. I'Lib. 1. !Mil«u. 

■"fOvid. •' If you would marry suitably, marry you 
equal in every respect." 



Mem. 4. Subs. 2.] 



Cure of Jealousy. 



68? 



thony Guiverra, to choose such a one. Civis Civcm ducat^ JVobilis JVohilem, let a 
citizen match with a citizen, a gentleman with a gentlewoman; he that observes not 
this precept (sailh he) non gencrum seel malimi Geniiim, non nurum sed Furlam., non 
vitcc Comite?n^ sed litis fomltem domi habehit., instead of a fair wife shall have a fury, 
for a fit son-in-law a mere fiend, &c. examples are too frequent. 

Another main caution fit to be observed is this, that though they be equal in years, 
birth, fortunes, and other conditions, yet they do not omit virtue and good education 
which Musonius and Antipater so much inculcate in Stobeus : 

<9" Dost est magna parentum 

Virtus, et nietuens allerius viri 
Cerlo foedere caslitas." 

If, as Plutarch adviseth, one must eat modium salis, a bushel of salt with him, before 
he choose his friend, what care should be had in choosing a wife, his second self, 
how solicitous sliould he be to know her qualities and behaviour; and when he is 
assured of them, not to prefer birth, fortune, beauty, before bringing up, and good 
conditions. ""Coquage god of cuckolds, as one merrily said, accompanies the god- 
dess Jealousy, both follow the fairest, by Jupiter's appointment, and they sacrifice to 
them together: beauty and honesty seldom agree; straight personages have often 
crooked manners ; fair faces, foul vices ; good complexions, ill conditions. Susph- 
cionis plena res es/, et insidiarum., beauty (saith ^' Chrysostom) is full of treachery 
and suspicion : he that hath a fair wife, cannot have a worse mischief, and yet most 
covet it, as if nothing else in marriage but that and wealth were to be respected. 
•'^ Francis Sforza, Duke of Milan, was so curious in this behalf, that he would not 
marry the Duke of Mantua's daughter, except he might see her naked first : which 
Lycurgus appointed in his laws, and Morus in his Utopian Commonwealth approves. 
^ In Italy, as a traveller observes, if a man have three or four daughters, or more, 
and they prove fair, they are married eftsoons : if deformed, they change their lovely 
names of Lucia, Cynthia, Camsena, call them Dorothy, Ursula, Bridget, and so put 
them into monasteries, as if none were fit for marriage, but such as are eminently 
fair : but these are erroneous tenets : a modest virgin well conditioned, to such a fair 
snout-piece, is much to be preferred. If thou wilt avoid them, take away all causes 
-)( suspicion and jealousy, marry a coarse piece, fetch her from Cassandra's ^* temple, 
which was wont in Italy to be a sanctuary of all deformed maids, and so shalt thou 
be sure that no man will make thee cuckold, but for spite. A citizen of Bizance in 
France had a filthy, dowdy, deformed slut to his wife, and finding her in bed with 
another man, cried out as one amazed; O miser! quce te necessitas hue adegit? O 
thou wretch, what necessity brought thee hither? as well he might; for who can 
aflect such a one .'' But this is warily to be understood, most ofl'end in another ex- 
treme, they prefer wealth before beauty, and so she be rich, they care not how she 
:ook; but these are all out as faulty as the rest. Altendenda uxoris forma., as ^^Salis- 
buriensis adviseth, ne si alteram aspexeris, mox earn sordere putes, as the Knight in 
Chaucer, that was married to an old woman, 

j?7)d all day after hid him as an owl. 
So woe was his wife looked so foul. 

Have a care of thy wife's complexion, lest whilst thou seest another, thou loathest 
her, she prove jealous, thou naught, 

^^"Si tibi fieformis conjux, si serva venusta, 
Ne utaris serva," 

I call perhaps give instance. Molestum est possidere., quod nemo habere dignetur^ a 
misery to possess that which no man likes : on the other side. Difficile custoditur 
quod plures amant. And as the bragging soldier vaunted in the comedy, ni^nia est 
miseria pulchrum esse hominem nimis. Scipio did never so hardly besiege Carthage, 
as these young gallants will beset thine house, one with wit or person, another with 



<9" Parental virtue is a rich inheritiince, as well as 
that chastity which habitually avoids a second hus- 
band." ^0 Rabelais liist. I'antagruel. 1. 3. cap. .•53. 
" Horn. 80. Uui pulchram habet uxorein, nihil pejus 
habere potest. ^2 Arniseus. ss Itinerar. Ital. 
Coloniffi edit. 1620. Nomine trium. Ger. fol. 304. displi- 
:uil quod doiuine tiliabus ininiutent nonien indituni in 



Baptisime, et pro Catharina, Margareta, &c. ne quid 
desit ad lu.Turiam, appellant ipsas noniinibus Cynthiee, 
CamsensB, &c. 54 j^,-.onicus de var. lib. 3. c. 43. Asy- 
lus virginuni deformiuni Cassandra" templum. Plutarch. 
^ Polycrat. 1. 8. cap. II. ^6 If your wife seem de- 

formed, your maid beautiful, ..tilf abstain from tlin 
latter." 



2Z 



590 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. S. 

wealtli, &c. If she be fair, saith Giiazzo, she will be suspected howsoever. Both 
rxtremes are naught, Pulchra cito adamattir, J'oeda facile concupiscil., the one is soon 
beloved, the other loves : one is hardly kepi, because proud and arrogant, the other 
not worth keeping ; what is to be done in this case ^ Ennius in Menelippe adviseth 
thee as a friend to take stal am formam^ si vis habere incolumem jjvdicitiam, one of 
a middle size, neitlier too fair nor too foul, ^'' JYec forrnosa magis quam mihi casta 
placet.) with old Cato, though fit let her beauty be, neque lectissima, neque illiberalis, 
between both. This J approve; but of the other two I resolve with Salisburiensis, 
cceleris jjaribus., both rich alike, endowed alike, majori miserid deformis habetur quam 
formosa servatur., I had rather marry a fair one, and put it to the hazard, than be 
troubled with a blowze ; but do as thou wilt, I speak only of myself. 

Howsoever, qiiod iteruvi maneo, I would advise thee thus much, be she fair or foul, 
to choose a wife out of a good kindred, parentage, well brought up, m an honest 
plac«». 

M" Primiim aninin tibi proponas quo sanguine creta, 
Ciua forma, qua a;tale, quihusqwe ante omnia virgo 
Moribus, in jtinctos venial nova nupta penates." 

He 'iiat marries a wife out of a suspected inn or alehouse, buys a horse in Smith- 
fiel J, and hires a servant in Paul's, as the diverb is, shall likely have a jade to his 
hoj^ie, a knave for his man, an arrant honest woman to his wife. Filia prcesumitur 
esse matri simiZis, saith ^^ Nevisanus .? "Such™ a mother, such a daughter ;" ma/i 
corci malum ovum., cat to her kind. 

'1 "Scilicet expectas ut tradat mater honestos 
Atque alios mores quam quos ha bet ?" 

" If the mother be dishonest, in all likelihood the daughter will matrizare.) take aftc/ 
her in all good qualities," 

"Creden' Pasipliae non tauripotente futuram 
Tauripetam ?'" 

'< If the dam trot, the foal will not amble." My last caution is, that a woman do 
noi bestow herself upon a fool, or an apparent melancholy person ; jealousy is » 
symptom of that disease, and fools have no moderation. Justina, a Roman lady, 
was much persecuted, and after made away by her jealous husband, she caused and 
enjoined this epitaph, as a caveat to others, to be engraven on her tomb : 

** " Discite ab exempio Justinae, discite patres, I "Learn parents all, and by Justina's raae, 

Ne nubat fatuo tilia vcstra viro," &;c. | Your children to no dizzards for to place." 

After marriage, I can give no better admonitions than to use their wives well, and 
which a friend of mine told me that was a married man, 1 will tell you as good cheap, 
saith Nicostratus in ^^ Stobeus, to avoid future strife, and for quietness' sake, " when 
you are in bed, take heed of your wife's flattering speeches over night, and curtain 
sermons in the morning." Let them do their endeavour likewise to maintain thetn 
to their means, which ^'^ Patricius ingeminates, and let them have liberty with discre- 
tion, as time and place requires : many women turn queans by compulsion, as **Ne- 
visanus observes, because their husbands are so hard, and keep them so short in diet 
and apparel, j9«M^ertos cogil eas meretricari^ poverty and hunger, want of means, 
makes them dishonest, or bad usage; their churlish behaviour forceth them to fly 
out, or bad examples, they do it to' cry quittance. In the other extreme some are 
too liberal, as the proverb is, Turdus malum sibi cacat., they make a rod for their 
own tails, as Candaules did to Gyges in * Herodotus, commend his wife's beauty 
himself, and besides would needs have him see her naked. Whilst they give tlieir 
wives too much liberty to gad abroad, and bountiful allowance, they are accessary to 
their own miseries; unimcB uxorum pessimi oZcn/, as Plautus jibes, they have de- 
formed souls, and by their painting and colours procure odium marili^ their husband'? 

hate, especially, " cum misere viscantur labra viariti. Besides, their wives 

(as ^ Basil notes) Impudenter se exponunt masculorum aspectibus., jactantcs tunicas, 

" Marullus. " Not the most fair but the most virtu- 4. tit. 4. de institut. Reipuh. cap. de officio niariti el 



ous pleases me." '"Clialoner lib. 9. de repub. An 

•"Lib. '2. num. 159. '■"Si genetrix caste, caste 

qu iqiie filia vivit ; si meretrix mater, filia talis erit. 
" Juven. Sat. 6. s^Canierarius cent. 2. cap. 54. 

op«r. subcis. ^Ser. T'2. Quod amicus quiilain 

Ul jreiii li.'ibens mihi dixit, dicam vubis. In cubili ca- 
Vendie aduiationes vesperi, mane clumores. ^ Lib. 



uxoris. 8» Lib. 4. syl. nup. num. 81. Noii curani 

de uxoribus, nee volunt lis suhvenire de victu, vestitu 
&c. ^ In Clio. Speciem uxoris supra modum \ x;ol 

lens, fecit ul illam iiudam oor'im aspiceret. *>'' livon 
Sat. 6. " He cannoi kiss his wife for paint," **Cia» 
contra ebr. 



M«m 4. Subs. 2.] 



Cure of Jealmny. 



591 



et coram tripudiantes^ impudently thrust themselves into other men's companies, and 
by their indecent wanton carriage provoke and tempt the spectators. Virtuous 
women should keep house; and 'twas well performed and ord-ered by the Greeks, 

69 " niiilier ne qua in publicum 

Spectandain se sine arliitro prasbeat viro :" 

which made Phidias belike at Elis paint Venus treading on a tortoise, a symbol of 
women's silence and housekeeping. For a woman abroad and alone, is like a deer 
broke out of a park, qua?n mille venatores insequuntur^ whom every hunter follows; 
and besides in such places she cannot so well vindicate herself, but as that virgin 
Dinah (Gen. xxxiv., 2,) " going for to see the daughters of the land," lost her vir 
ginitv, she may be defiled and overtaken of a sudden : Imhelles damce. quid nisi 
prada sumus?'° 

And therefore I know not what philosopher he was, that would have women come 
but thrice abroad all their time, " ^ to be baptized, married, and buried ;" but he was 
too strait-laced. Let them have their liberty in good sort, and go in gooil sort, modd 
nan annos viginti cetatis sucb domi relinquant^ as a good fellow said, so that they look 
not twenty years younger abroad than they do at home, they be not spruce, neat, 
angels abroad, beasts, dowdies, sluts at home ; but seek by all means to please and 
give content to their husbands : to be quiet above all things, obedient, silent and 
patient ; if they be incensed, angry, chid a little, their wives must not " cample again, 
but take it in good part. An honest woman, I cannot now tell where she dwelt, but 
by report an honest woman she was, hearing one of her gossips by chance complain 
of her husband's impatience, told her an excellent remedy for it, and gave her withal 
a glass of water, which when he brawled she should hold still in her mouth, and 
that tofies quoties, as often as he chid ; she did so two or three times with good suc- 
cess, and at length seeing her neighbour, gave hei great thanks for it, and would 
needs know the ingredients, "she told her in brief what it was, "fair water," and 
no more : for it was not the water, but her silence which performed the cure. Let 
every froward woman imitate this example, and be quiet within doors, and (as "'' M. 
Aurelius prescribes) a necessary caution it is to be observed of all good matrons that 
love their credits, to come little abroad, but follow their work at home, look to their 
household affairs and private business, ceconomicB incumbentes^ be sober, thrifty, wary, 
circumspect, modest, and compose themselves to live to their husbands' means, as a 
good housewife should do, 

""Qu^e studiis gavisa coli, partita labores 

Fallft opus canlu, formiu assimulata coronae 

Cura piiellaris, circuin fusosque rotasque ' 

Cum volvet," &.c. 

Howsoever 'tis good to keep them private, not in prison ; 

'^''Quisquis custodit uxorem vectibus et seris, 
Etsi sibi sapiens, slultus est, et nihil sapit. 

Kead more of this subject, Horol, princ. lib. 2. per totum. Arnisfeus, polit. Cyprian, 
Tertullian, Bossus de mulier. apparat. Godefridus de Amor. lib. 2. cap. 4. Levinus 
Lemnius cap. 54. de inslitiit. Christ. Barbaras de re uxor. lib. 2. cap. 2. Franciscus Pa- 
tritius de institut. Reipub. lib. 4. Tit. 4. et 5. de officio mariti et uxoris, Christ. Fonesca 
Amphitheal. Amor. cap. 45. Sam. Neander, &.c. 

These cautions concern him ; and if by those or his own discretion otherwise he 
cannot moderate himself, his friends must not be wanting by their wisdom, if it be 
possible, to give the party grieved satisfaction, to prevent and remove the occasions, 
objects, if it may be to secure him. If it be one alone, or many, to consider whoiu 
he suspects or at what times, in what places he is most incensed, in what companies. 
''Nevisanus makes a question whether a young physician ought to be admitted in 
eases of sickness, into a new-married man's house, to administer a julep, a syrup, or 
some such physic. The Persians of old would not suffer a young physician to come 



■' " That a matron should not be seen in public with- 
out her hush.Tud as her s(i<ikesuian." '""Helpless 
deer, what are we but a prey ?" " Ad baptisinuiii, 
ttiatrinioniuni et tuniultuin. '^ \on vociferatur ilia 
m riiaritua obcaiiniat. '^ Fraudeni aperiens i>sten- 
■iit el non iqu.iin sed siientiuni iracundis nioderari. 
•• Ho'-- uriuci. lib. 2. cap. 8. Umgeiiter caveiidum fe.iai- 



nis illuslribus ne frequenter exeant. '•'Chaloner. 

"One who delifjhts in the labour of the distaff, and 
beguiles the hours of labour with a soiii; : her dutiea 
assume an air of virtuous beauty when she is busied at 
the wheel and the spindle with her maids." '« Me 

I ander. " Whoever guards hii^ wife with bolts and hart 
v.'ill repent his narrow policy." ''' Lib. 3. iium II 



592 Love-Melancholy. [Part 3. Sect. 3 

amongst women. ''^ Apollonides Cous made Artaxerxes cuckold, and was after buried 
alive for it. A goaler in Aristaenetus had a fine young gentleman to his prisoner; 
'^ in commiseration of his youth and person he let him loose, to enjoy the liberty of the. 
prison, but he unkindly made him a cornuto. Menelaus gave good welcome to Paiis 
a stranger, his whole house and family were at his command, but he ungently stole 
away his best beloved wife. The like measure was offered to Agis king of Lace- 
dnsmon, by ^'^Alcibiades ai\ exile, for his good entertainment, he was too familiar with 
Timea his wife, begetting a child of her, called Leotichides : and bragging "ioreover 
when he came home to Athens, that he had a son should be king of the Lacedemo- 
nians. If such objects were removed, no doubt but the parties might easily be satis- 
fied, or that they could use them gently and intreat them well, not to revile them, 
scoff at, hate them, as in such cases commonly they do, His a human infirmity, a 
miserable vexation, and they should not add grief to grief, nor aggravate their misery, 
but seek to please, and by all means give them content, by good counsel, removing 
such offensive objects, or by mediation of some discreet friends. In old Rome there 
was a temple erected by the matrons to that ^' Viriplaca Dea, another to Venus 
verlicorda., quce maritos uxoribus reddebat benevolos, whither (if any difference hap- 
pened between man and wife) they did instantly resort: there they did offer sacriace, 
a white hart, Plutarch records, sinefelle, without the gall, (some say the like of 
Juno'r. temple) and make their prayers for conjugal peace; before some ^^indifferent 
arbitrators and friends, the matter was heard between man and wife, and commonly 
composed. In our times we want no sacred churches, or good men to end such 
controversies, if use were made of them. Some say that precious stone called 
*^beryllns, others a- diamond, hath excellent virtue, contra hostium injurias, et conju- 
gatos invicem conciliare, to reconcile men and wives, to maintain unity and love; 
you may try this when you will, and as you see cause. If none of all these means 
and cautions will take place, I know not what remedy to prescribe, or whither such 
persons may go for ease, except they can get into the same **•• Turkey paradise, 
*■" Where they shall have as many fair wives as they will themselves, with clear eyes, 
and such as look on none but their own husbands," no fear, no danger of being 
cuckolds; or else I would have them observe that strict rule of ^^Alphonsus, to 
marry a deaf and dumb man to a blind woman. If this will not help, let them, to 
prevent the worst, consult with an ^''astrologer, and see whether the significators in 
her horoscope agree with his, that they be not in signls et partibus odiose intuentihus 
aut imperantibus, sed mutuo et amice antisciis et obedientibiis^ otherwise (as they hold) 
there will be intolerable enmities between them : or else get them sigiUum veneris, 
a characteristical seal stamped in the day and hour of Venus, when she is fortunate, 
with such and such set words and charms, which Villanovanus and Leo Suavius pre- 
scribe, ex sigillis magicis Salomonis, Hermetisj Ragudis^ <^c., with many such, which 
Alexis, Albertus, and some of our natural magicians put upon us : ut mulier cum 
aliquo adulterare non possit, incide de capillis ejus., Sfc.^ and he shall surely be gra- 
cious in all women's eyes, and never suspect or disagree with his own wife so long 
as he wears it. If this course be not approved, and other remedies may not be had, 
they must in the last place sue for a divorce ; but that is somewhat difficult to effect, 
and not all out so fit. For as Felisacus in his Tract de justa uxore urgeth, if that 
law of Constantine the Great, or that of Theodosius and Valentinian, concerning 
divorce, were in use in our times, innumeras propemodum viduas haberemus., et ccelibes 
viros.1 we should have almost no married couples left. Try therefore those former 
remedies; or as Tertullian reports of Democritus, that put out his eyes, ^'because 
he could not look upon a woman without lust, and was much troubled to see that 
which he might not enjoy; let him make himself blind, and so he shall avoid that 
care and molestation of watching his wife. One other sov-fereign remedy I could 
••epeat, an especial antidote against jealousy, an excellent cure, but I am not now dis- 



wctesias in Persicis fir.xit vulvep morbutii esse nee 
cur.-iri posse nisi cum viro conciimberet. liac arte voti 
enniDOs, &c '° Exsolvit vinculis soliitiinique demi- 

eii, ni ille inhumanus stupravit conjugeni. *" Plu- 

tarch, vita ejus. " Rosiiius lib 2. 19. Valprjus lib. a. 
rap. 1. ""^ Alexander ah Alexandre) I. 4. cap. 8. gen. 

dier. '*' Fr. Rueus rie cnnnnis I. 2. cap. H. et 15. 

"SlroziusCicogna lib. 2. cap. 15. spiritet in can. hahent 



ibidem uxores quot volunt cum ociilis clarissimis, quoa 
nunquarn in aliquem praeler maritum fixuri sunt, &.c. 
Bredenbacchins, Idem et Boliemus, &c. 85 Uxor ca;ca 
ducat maritum surdum, &,c. ^Hee Valent. Nabod 

ditfer. com. in Alcabitium, ubi plura. '"Cap. 46 

Apol. quod mulieres sine concupiacentia aspicere ooa 
posset, &c. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Religious Melancfioly. 59) 

posed to tell it, not that like a covetous empiric I conceal it for any gain, but somfl 
other reasons, 1 am not willing to publish it: if you be very desirous to know it, 
when I meet you next I will peradventure tell you what it is in your ear. This is 
the best counsel I can give ; which he that hath need of, as occasion serves, may 

apply unto himself. In the mean time, dii talem terris avertite pestem, ^* as the 

proverb is, from heresy, jealousy and frenzy, good Lord deliver u&. 



SECT. IV. MEMB. I. 



SuiiSF.cT. I. — Religious Melancholy. Its object God; what his beauty is; How it 
allures. The parts and parties affected. 

That there is such a distinct species of love melancholy, no man hath ever yet 
doubted: but whether this subdivision o{ ^^ Religious Melancholy be warrantable, it 
may be controverted. 

"O" Pergite Pierides, medio iiec calle vagantem 
Liiiquite ine, qui nulla pedum vestigia diicunt. 
Nulla rota; currus testaiitur signa priores." 

] have no pattern to follow as in some of the rest, no man to imitate. No physician 
hath as yet distinctly written of it as of the other ; all acknowledge it a most notable 
symptom, some a cause, but few a species or kind. ^' Areteus, Alexander, Rhasis, Avi- 
cenna, and most of our late writers, as Gordonius, Fuchsius, Plater, Eruel, Montal- 
tus, Stc. repeat it as a symptom. ^ Some seem to be inspired of the Holy Ghost, some 
take upon them to be prophets, some are addicted to new opinions, some foretell strange 
things, de statu mundi et Antichristi, saith Gordonius. Some will prophesy of the 
end of the world to a day almost, and the fall of the Antichrist, as they have been 
addicted or brought up; for so melancholy works with them, as ''^ Laurentius holds. 
If they have been precisely given, all their meditations tend that way, and in con- 
clusion produce strange etiects, the humour imprints symptoms according to their 
several inclinations and conditions, which makes ^^Guianerius and ^' Felix Plater put 
too much devotion, blind zeal, fear of eternal punishment, and that last judgment for 
a cause of those enthusiastics and desperate persons : but some do not obscurely 
make a distinct species of it, dividing love melancholy into that whose object is ■ 
women ; and into the other whose object is God. Plato, in Convivio, niokes men- 
tion of two distinct furies ; and amongst our Neoterics, Hercules de Saxonid lib. I, 
pract. med. cap. 16. cap. de Melanch. doth expressly treat of it in a distinct spec.'es. 
**"Love melancholy (saith he) is twofold; the first is that (to which peradventure 
some will not vouchsafe this name or species of melancholy) affection of those which 
put God for their object, and are altogether about prayer, fasting, Stc, the other about 
women." Peter Forestus in his observations delivereth as much in the same words : 
and Felix Plqterus de mentis alienat. cap. Z. frequent issima est ejus species., in qua 
curanda scepissitne multumfui impeditus ; 'lis a frequent disease; and they have a 
ground of what they say, forth of Areteus and Plato. ^' Areteus, an old author, in 
his third book cap. 6. doth so divide love melancholy, and derives this second from 
the first, which comes by inspiration or otherwise. '"* Plato in his Phaedrus hath 
these words, ''Apollo's priests in Delphos, and at Dodona, in their fury do many 
pretty feats, and benefit the Greeks, but never in their right wits." He makes them 
dl mad, as well he might ; and he that shall but consider that superstition of old, 



M"Ye gods avert such a pestilence from the world." 
••Called religious because it is still conversant about 
religion and such divine olijecla. '"Grotius. " Pro- 

ceed, ye muses, nor' desert ine in tlie middle of my 
journey, where no footsteps lead me, no wheeltracks 
indicate the transit of former chariots." ai Lib. 1. 

cap. 16. noiinulli upinionibiis aildicti sunt, et futiira se 
prajdicere aroitrantur. ^ Aliis viilelur quod sunt 

prophetcE et inspirati aSpiritu sancto, et incipiunt pro- 
phetare, et multa futura praedicunt. s^Cap. B. de 

Melanch. '■*<Cap 5. Tractat. multi ob timorem 

Ofi sunt melancholic!, et limorera gehennae. They are 

75 2z2 



still troubled for their sins. »' Plater c. 13. '^ Me- 
lancholia Erotica vel quse cum amore est, duplex eat: 
prima qua; ali aliis forsan non meretur nomen melan- 
cholicE, est atfttctio eorum quse pro ohjecto proponunt 
Deum et idoo nihil aliud curant aut cogitant quam 
Deuin, jejunia, vigilias : altera ob rnulieres. *' Aha 

reperitur furoris species a prima vel a secuiida, deorura 
rogantiuni, vel afflatu iiuniinum furor hie venit 
**Q,ui in Delphis futura praedicunt vates, et in Doilooa 
sacerdotes furent«s quiilein multa jnciindi Grtecis (lefe. 
runt, sani vero exigua aut nulla. 



B94 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. i 

those prodigious eflec^s ol it (as in its place I will shew the several* furies of our 
fatidici dii, pythonissas, sibyls, enthusiasts, pseudoprophets, heretics, and schisiiiaiics 
in these our latter ages) shall instantly confess, that all the world again cannot afford 
so much matter of madness, so many stupendous symptoms, as superstition, heresy, 
schism have brought out : that this species alone may be paralleled to all the former, 
has a greater latitude, and more miraculous effects; that it more besots and infatuates 
men, tiian any other above named whatsoever, does more harm, works more dis- 
quietness to mankind, and has more crucified the souls of mortal men (such hath 
been the devil's craft) than wars, plagues, sicknesses, dearth, famine, and all the rest 

Give me but a little leave, and 1 will set before your eyes in brief a stupendous, 
vast, infinite ocean of incredible madness and folly : a sea full of shelves and rocks, 
sands, gulfs, euripes and contrary tides, full of fearful monsters, uncouth shapea 
roaring waves, tempests, and siren cahns, halcyonian seas, unspeakable misery, such 
comedies and tragedies, such absurd and ridiculous, feral and lamentable fits, that I 
know not whether they are more to be pitied or derided, or may be believed, but 
that we daily see the same still practised in our days, fresh examples, nova novifia^ 
fresh objects of misery and madness, in this kind that are still represented unto us, 
abroad, at home, in the midst of us, in our bosoms. 

But before I can come to treat of these several errors and obliquities, their causes, 
symptoms, affections, &c., I must say something necessarily of the object of this 
love, God himself, what this love is, how it allurelh, whence it proceeds, and (which 
is the cause of all our miseries) how we mistake, wander and swerve from it. 

Amongst all those divine attributes that God doth vindicate to himself, eternity, 
omnipotency, immutability, wisdom, majesty, justice, mercy, &c., his ^^ beauty is not 
the least, one thing, saith David, have I desired of the Lord, and that I will still 
desire, to behold the beauty of the Lord, Psal. xxvii. 4. And out of Sion, which is 
the perfection of beauty, hath God shined, Psal, 1. 2. All other creatures are fair, I 
confess, and many other objects do much enamour us, a fair house, a fair horse, a 
comely person. '°° '' I am amazed," saith Austin, " when 1 look up to heaven and 
behold the beauty of the stars, the beauty of angels, principalities, powers, who can 
express it.'' who can sufficiently commend, or set out this beauty which ajjpears in 
us ? so fair a body, so fair a face, eyes, nose, cheeks, chin, brows, all fair and lovely 
to behold; besides the beauty of the soul which cannot be discerned. If we so 
labour and be so much affected with the comeliness of creatures, how should we be 
ravished with that admirable lustre of God himself.^" If ordinary beauty have such 
a prerogative and power, and what is amiable and fair, to draw the eyes and ears, 
hearts and affections of all spectators unto it, to move, win, entice, allure: how shall 
this divine form ravish our souls, which is the fountain and quintessence of all 
beauty.'' Caelum pule hruni, sed pulchrior ccbU fabricator ; if heaven be so fair, the 
sun so fair, how much fairer shall he be, that made them fair.? "-For by the great- 
ness and beauty of the creatures, proportionally, the maker of them is seen," Wisd. 
xiii. 5. If there be such pleasure in beholding a beautiful person alone, and as a 
plausible sermon, he so much affect us, what shall this beauty of God himself, that 
is infinitely fairer than all creatures, men, angels, &.c. ' Ornnis pulchritudo Jlorem, 
hominum., angelorum^ et rerum omnium pulcherrimarum ad Dei pulchritudinem collala. 
nox est et tenebrce^ all other beauties are night itself, mere darkness to this our inex- 
plicable, incomprehensible, unspeakable, eternal, infinite, admirable and divine beauty. 
This lustre, piilchritudo 07nniu?n jmlcherrima. Tiiis beauty and ^"splendour of the 
divine Majesty," is it that draws all creatures to it, to seek it, love, admire, and adore 
it; and those heathens, pagans, philosophers, out of those relics they have yet left 
of God's image, are so far forth incensed, as not only to acknowledge a God ; but, 
though after their own inventions, to stand in admiration of his bount}/^, good- 
ness, to adore and seek him ; the magnificence and structure of the world itself, ani 
beauty of all his creatures, his goodness, providence, protection, enforceth them to 
love him, seek him, fear him, though a wrong way to adore him : but for us that 

M Deiis bonus, Justus, pulcher, juxta Platonem. I nares, genas, oculns, in ellectuni, omnia pulchra ; si sie 
'••Mirdr ft stiipeo cum cfEluiii aspicio et pulcliritudi in creauiris laliorauius ; quki in ip-iodeo? • Dicxe 

nem sidrrutn, angoloruiii, &c. et quis digne laudel quod lius Niret. lili. 2. rap. 11. »Fulgor divi-^e majet-tatia. 
Ui nobis viget, coruuNiaiii pulc4iruMi, tr<^(item pulcliraiu, | Aug. 



\Iem. 1. Subs. 1.] 



That it is a distinct species. 



595 



are christians, regenerate, that are his adopted sons, illuminated by his vord, having 
the eyes of our hearts and understandings opened ; how fairly doth he offer and 
expose himself? Jlmhit nos Deus (Austin saith) donis et forma swa, he woos us by 
his beauty, gifts, promises, to come unto him ; '^" the whole Scripture is a message, 
an exhortation, a love letter to this purpose;" to incite us, and invite us, ''God's 
epistle, as Gregory calls it, to his creatures. He sets out his son and his church in 
that epiihalamium or mystical song of Solomon, to enamour us the more, comparing 
his head " to fine gold, his locks curled and black as a raven. Cant. iv. 5. his eyes 
like doves on rivers of waters, washed with milk, his lips as lilies, drooping do vn 
pure juice, his hands as rings of gold set with chrysolite : and his church to a vine- 
yard, a garden inclosed, a fountain of living waters, an orchard of pomegranates, 
with sweet scents of saffron, spike, calamus and cinnamon, and all the trees of in- 
cense, as the chief spices, the fairest amongst women, no spot in her, *his sister, his 
spouse, undefiled, the only daughter of her mother, dear unto her, fair as the moon, 
pure as the sun, looking out as the morning;" that by these figures, that glass, these 
spiritual eyes of contemplation, we might perceive some resemblance of his beauty, 
the love between his church and him. And so in the xlv. Psalm this beauty of his 
church is compared to a "queen in a vesture of gold of Ophir, embroidered raiment 
of needlework, that the king might take pleasure in her beauty." To incense us 
further yet, *John, in his apocalypse, makes a description of that heavenly Jeru- 
salem, the beauty, of it, and in it the maker of it; "Likening it to a city of pure 
gold, like unto clear glass, shining and garnished with all manner of precious stones, 
having no need of sun or moon : for the lamb is the light of it, the glory of God 
dotli illuminate it : to give us to understand the infinite glory, beauty and happiness 
of it." Not that it is no fairer than these creatures to which it is compared, but 
that this vision of his, this lustre of his divine majesty, cannot otherwise be ex- 
pressed to our apprehensions, "• no tongue can tell, no heart can conceive it," as Paul 
saith. Moses himself, Exod. xxxiii. 18. v/hen he desired to see God in his glory, 
was answered that he might not endure it, no man could see his face and live. 
Senslbile forte desLruit scnsum., a strong object overcometh the sight, according to 
that axiom in \A\\\osoY)\\y : fulgor em soils f err e non potes^ muUo magis creatoris ; 
if thou canst not endure the sunbeams, how canst thou endure that fulgor and bright- 
ness of him that made the sun ? The sun itself and all that we can imagine, are 
but shadows of it, 'tis visio prtEcellens., as 'Austin calls it, the quintessence of beauty 
this, " which far exceeds the beauty of heavens, sun and moon, stars, angels, gold 
and silver, woods, fair fields, and whatsoever is pleasant to behold." All those 
other beauties fail, vary, are subject to corruption, to loathing; *""Bat this is an im- 
mortal vision, a divine beauty, an immortal love, an indefatigable love and beauty, 
with sight of which we shall never be tired nor wearied, but still the more we see 
the more we shall covet him." ®" For as one saith, where this vision is, there is ab- 
solute beauty ; and where is that beauty, from the same fountain comes all pleasure 
and happiness ; neither can beauty, pleasure, happiness, be separated from his vision 
or sight, or his vision, from beauty, pleasure, happiness." In this life we have but 
a glimpse of this beauty and happiness : we shall hereafter, as John saith, see him 
as he is : thine eyes, as Isaiah promiseth, xxxiii. 17. "• shall behold the king in his 
glory," then shall we be perfectly enamoured, have a full fruition of it, desire, '" be- 
hold and love him alone as the most amiable and fairest object, or summum bonum^ 
or chiefest good. 

This likewise should we now have done, had not our will been corrupted; and 
as we are enjoined to love God with all our heart, and all our soul : for to that end 
were we born, to love this object, as " Melancthon discourseth, and to enjoy it. 
"And him our will would have loved and sought alone as our summum bonum^ or 



>In Psal. Ixiv. misit ad nna Epistolas et totam 
Bcripturam, qui bus nobis faceret aiiiaiidi desiderium. 

♦ Episl. 48. 1. 4. quid est tota scriplura nisi Epislola oiii- 
nipiiteiitis Dei ad creaturum suam? »Cap. vi. 8. 

• Cap. xxvii. II. i In Psal. Ixxxv. oinnes pulchri- 
•udiiies terreiias auri, argenti, neiiiorum et camporuui 
julchritiidintjiii Soliset Luiise,stellaruin, omnia pulclira 
guperans. « linniortalis litec visio iinniortalis aiiinr, 
indefessus amor et vi.sio. •Osorius; ubicuiique viaio 



et pulchritudo divini aspectus, ibi voluplas ex eodem 
fontp omnisque beatitudo, nee abejus aspectu voluptas. 
nee ab ilia voluptate aspeclus separari potest, i" lieon 
H^breus. Diibitatur an huinana felicitas Deo eognos- 
eendo an aniando terniinetur. " Lib. de anima. 

Ad hoc objectuni anianduni et fruendum nati suinus; 
et huiie expetisset, uniciiin hunc aniasset liumana, vo- 
luntas, ut summum bonum, et Citleras res oinnas oc 
ordine. 



696 Religious Melancholy. [Part 3. Sec. 4 

principal good, md all other good things for God's 5-dke : and nature, as she pro- 
ceeded from it. would have sought this fountain ; but in this inlirmity of human 
nature this order is disturbed, our love is corrupt :" and a man is like that monster 
in '^ Plato, composed of a Scylla, a lion and a man ; we are carried away headlong 
with the torrent of our affections : the world, and that infinite variety of pleasing 
objects in it, do so allure and enamour us, that we cannot so much as look towards 
God, seek him, or think on him as we should : we cannot, saith Austin, Rempub. 
coelestem cogitare., we cannot contain ourselves from them, their sweetness is so 
pleasing to us. Marriage, saith "'Gualter, detains many, '■'a thing in itself laudable, 
good and necessary, but many, deceived and carried away with the blind love of it, 
have quite laid aside the love of God, and desire of his glory. Meat and drink hath 
overcome as many, whilst they rather strive to please, satisfy their guts and belly, 
than to serve God and nature." Some are so busied about merchandise to get money, 
they lose their own souls, whilst covetously carried, and with an insatiable desire 
of gain, they forget God ; as much we may say of honour, leagues, friendships, 
health, wealth, and all other profits or pleasures in this life whatsoever.; '■* " In this 
world tliere be so many beautiful objects, splendours and brightness of gold, majesty 
of fflory, assistance of friends, fair promises, smooth words, victories, triumphs, and 
such an infinite company of pleasing beauties to allure us, and draw us from God, 
that we cannot look after him." And this is it which Christ himself, those prophets 
and apostles so much thundered against, 1 John, xvii. 15, dehort us from ; "• love not 
the world, nor the things that are in the world : if any man love the world, the love 
of the Father is not in him, 16. For all that is in the world, as lust of the flesh, 
the lust of the eyes, and pride of life, is not of the Father, but of the world : and 
the world passelh away and the lust thereof; but he that fulrilleth the will of God 
abidelh for ever. No man, saith our Saviour, can serve two masters, but he must 
love the one and hate the other, &c., " bonos vel inalos mores, boni reZ viali faciunt 
amores, Austin well infers : and this is that which all the fathers inculcate. He can- 
not (''Austin admonisheih) be God's friend, that is delighted with the pleasures of 
the world : "• make clean thine heart, purify thine heart ; if thou wilt see this beauty, 
prepare thyself for it. It is the eye of contemplation by which we must behold it, 
the wing of meditation which lifts us up aiiid rears our souls with the motion of our 
hearts, and sweetness of contemplation :" so saith Gregory cited by '^Bonaventure. 
And as '" Philo Juda^us seconds him, " he that loves God, will soar aloft and take 
him wings ; and leaving the earth fly up to heaven, wander with sun and moon, stars, 
and that heavenly troop, God himself being his guide." if we desire to see him, we 
must lay aside all vain objects, which detain us and dazzle our eyes, and as '^Ficinus 
adviseth us, " get us solar eyes, spectacles as they that look on the sun : to see this 
divine beauty, lay aside all material objects, all sense, and then thou shalt see him 
as he is." Thou covetous wretch, as '^ Austin expostulates, "• why dost thou stand 
gaping on this dross, muck-hills, filthy excrements ? behold a far fairer object, God 
himself woos thee; behold him, enjoy him, he is sick for love." Cant. v. he invites 
thee to his sight, to come into his fair garden, to eat and drink with him, to be 
merry with him, to enjoy his presence for ever. ^^ Wisdom cries out in the streets 
besides the gates, in the top of high places, before the city, at the entry of the door, 
and bids them give ear to her instruction, which is better than gold or precious 
stones ; no pleasures can be compared to it ; leave all then and follow her, vos cx- 
hortor 6 amicl et obsccro. In ^' Ficinus's words, '* 1 exhort and beseech you. that 
you would embrace and follow this divine love with all your hearts and abilities, by 
all offices and endeavours make this so loving God propitious unto you." Foi 



« 9. de Repub. " Horn. 9. in epist. Johai.nis cap. 

2. Multos coiijiigium liecepit, res alioqui salutaris et 
necessaria, en quod c*co eju.s amore tlecepti, <liviiii 
amoris el gloria; studiiiiii in umvorsum abjecerunt ; 
pluriiiios cilms el [)Otus perdit. » In tnundo splendor 
opuni gljiriiE majestas, amicitiarum pra;sidia, verbonini 
blatidilia>, voluptatuni omniis generis illecebrre, victoria;, 
triumphi, et intinita alia ab amore dei nos abstrahunt, 
tc. i^In Psal. xxxii. Dei amicus esse non potest 

^ui mundi studiis delectatur; ut hanc, formam videas 
munda cor, f^erena cor, JItc. 'econtemplalionia pliiina 
iioti sublevat, atque inde erigiiiiur iiitentione cordis. 



dulcedine contemplraionis distinct. 6. de 7. Itineribus. 
" Lib de viclimis : amnns Deum, snhlimia petit, sump, 
tis alis m in coeluni rccle volat, relicta terra, cupidiiii 
aberrandi cum sole, luna, slellaruinque sncra inilitia, 
ipso Deo duco. '" In com. Plat. cap. 7. ut Solcni 

videas oculis, fieri dehes solans: ut divinam aspiciaa 
pulchritudinem, deniitte niateriam, dcmitte seiisum. et 
Deum qualis sit videbis. i9 Avare, quid inliias liis 

&c. pulchrior est qui te ambit ipsum visurus, ipsuni ha- 
biluriis. 20 prov. vlii. 2' Cap. 18. Rom. Aniorem 

hunc diviniim totis viribus amplexamini ; Deum vohif 
oiiini oflicioruni genere propitiuiii facile. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Causes of Religious Melancholy. 597 

whom alone, saitli ^^Piotinus, "'we must forsake the kingdoms and emphes of thr 
whole earth, sea, land, and air, if we desire to be ingrafted into him, leave all an(} 
follow him." 

Now, forasmuch as this love of God is a habit infused of God, as ^''Thomas holds, 
1. 2. qucssf. 23. "by which a man is inclined to love God above all, and his neigh- 
bour as himself," we must pray to God that he will open our eyes, make clear our 
hearts, that we may be capable of his glorious rays, and perform those duties tliat 
he requires of us, Deut. vi. and Josh, xxiii. " to love God above all, and our neigh- 
bour as ourself, to keep his commandments. In this we know, saith John, c. v. 2, 
we love the children of God, when we love God and keep his commandments." 
" This is the love of God, that we keep his commandments; he that loveth not, know- 
eth not God, for God is love, cap. iv. 8, and he that dwelleth in love, dwelleth in 
God, and God in him;" for love pre-supposeth knowledge, faith, hope, and unites 
us to God himself, as ^''Leon Hebreus delivereth unto us, and is accompanied with 
the fear of God, humility, meekness, patience, all those virtues, and charity itself. 
For if we love God, we shall love our neighbour, and perform the duties which are 
required at our hands, to wiiich we are exhorted, 1 Cor. xv. 4, 5 ; Ephes. iv.; Colos. iii.; 
Rom. xii. We shall not be envious. or puffed up, or boast, disdain, think evil, or be 
provoked to anger, " but suffer all things ; endeavour to keep the unity of the spirit 
in the bond of peace." Forbear one another, forgive one another, clothe the naked, 
visit the sick, and perform all those works of mercy, which ^^ Clemens Alexandrinus 
calls amoris el amiciiicp. impletionem et extentionem, the extent and complement of 
love; and that not for fear or worldly respects, but ordine ad Dewn, for the love of 
God himself. This we shall do if we be truly enamoured ; but we come short in 
both, we neither love God nor our neighbour as we should. Our love in spiritual 
things is too ^® defective, in worldly things too excessive, there is ajar in both. We 
love the world too much ; God too little ; our neighbour not at all, or for our own 
ends. Vulgus aviicitias utilitate proiat. "The chief thing we respect is our com- 
modity;" and what we do is for fear of worldly punishment, for vain-glory, praise 
of men, fashion, and such by respects, not for God's sake. We neither know God 
aright, nor seek, love or worship him as we should. And for these defects, we in- 
volve ourselves into a multitude of errors, we swerve from this true love and wor- 
ship of God: which is a cause unto us of unspeakable miseries; running into both 
extremes, we become fools, madmen, without sense, as now in the next place 1 will 
show you. 

The parties aflfected are innumerable almost, and scattered over the face of the 
earth, far and near, and so have been in all precedent ages, from the beginning of 
the world to these times, of all sorts and conditions. For method's sake I will re- 
duce them to a two-fold division, according to those two extremes of excess and 
defect, impiety and superstition, idolatry and atheism. Not that there is any excess 
of divine worship or love of God ; that cannot be, we cannot love God too much, 
or do our duty as we ought, as Papists hold, or have any perfection in this life, much 
less supererogate: when we have all done, we are unprofitable servants. But be- 
cause we do aliud age.re., zealous without knowledge, and too solicitous about that 
which is not necessary, busying ourselves about impertinent, needless, idle, and vain 
ceremonies, populo ut placerent., as the Jews did about sacrifices, oblations, offerings, 
incense, new moons, feasts, &c., but Isaiah taxeth them, i. 12, "who required this at 
your hands ?" We have too great opinion of our own worth, that we can satisfy the 
law: and do more than is required at our hands, by performing those evangelical 
counsels, and such works of supererogation, merit for others, which Bellarmine, Gre- 
gory de Valentia, all their Jesuits and champions defend, that if God should deal in 
rigour with them, some of their Franciscans and Dominicans are so pure, that no- 
thing could be objected to them. Some of us again are too dear, as we think, more 
divine and sanctified than others, of a better mettle, greater gifts, and with that proud 
Pharisee, contemn others in respect of ourselves, we are better Christians, better 
learned, choice spirits, inspired, know more, have special revelation, perceive God's 

'"Cap. 7. de pulclirituriine regna et itnperia totius I quem inclinatiir homo ad dili^endUm Deum super omnia. 
terriB et maris et corli oportet ahjicere pi ad ipsum con- *< Dial. 1. Omnia, convsrtit aimir in ipsius pulcliri natu 
versus velis luseri. ^ Habitus a Deu iiifiisiis, per | ram. ^^Slrumatum lib. 2. ^eQi-g^nham. 



598 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. 

secrets, and thereupon presume, say and do that many times wh ch is not befitting 
to be said or done. Of this number are all superstitious idolaters, ethnics, Ma- 
hometans, Jews, heretics, ^' enthusiasts, divinators, prophets, sectaries, and schisma- 
tics. Zanchius reduceth such infidels to four chief sects ; but I will insist and fol- 
low mine own intended method : all which with many other curious persons, monks, 
hermits, &c., may be ranged in this extreme, and fight under this superstitious ban- 
ner, with those rude idiots, and infinite swarms of people that are seduced by them. 
In the other extreme or in defect, march those impious epicures, libertines, atheists, 
hypocrites, infidels, worldly, secure, impenitent, unthankful, and carnal-minded men, 
that attribute all to natural causes, that will acknowledge no supreme power; that 
have cauterised consciences, or live in a reprobate sense; or such desperate persons 
as are too distrustful of his mercies. Of these there be many subdivisions, diverse 
degrees of madness and folly, some more than other, as shall be shown in the symp 
toms : and yet all miserably out, perplexed, doting, and beside themselves for reli- 
gion's sake. For as ^'^Zanchy well distinguished, and all the world knows religiou 
is twofold, true or false ; false is that vain superstition of idolaters, such as were of 
old, Greeks, Romans, present Mahometans, &c. Timorem,' deorum inanem, ^^ Tully 
could term it; or as Zanchy defines it, Ubi falsi dii, aut falso cullu colitur Deus^ 
when false gods, or that God is falsely worshipped. And 'tis a miserable plague, a 
torture of the soul, a mere madness, Religiosa insania^ '"'Meteran calls it, or insanus 
error, as "' Seneca, a frantic error ; or as Austin, Insanus animi morbus, a furious dis- 
ease of the soul ; insania omnixmi insanissima, a quintessence of madness ; "^ for he 
that is superstitious can never be quiet. 'Tis proper to man alone, uni siiperbia, ava- 
riiia, superstitio, saith Plin. lib. 7. cap. 1. alqtie etiam post scBvit de faturo, which 
wrings his soul for the present, and to come : the greatest misery belongs to man- 
kind, a perpetual servitude, a slavery,' '^Ex tlmore timor, a heavy yoke, the seal of 
damnation, an intolerable burden. They that are superstitious are still fearing, sus- 
pecting, vexing themselves with auguries, prodigies, false tales, dreams, idle, vain 
works, unprofitable labours, as '''' Boterus observes, curd mentis ancipite versantur : 
enemies to God and to themselves. In a word, as Seneca concludes, Religio Deum 
colit, superstitio destmit, superstition destroys, but true religion honours God. True 
religion, ubi verus Deus vere colitur, w^here the true God is truly worshipped, is the 
way to heaven, the mother of virtues, love, fear, devotion, obedience, knowledge, &c. 
It rears the dejected soul of man, and amidst so many cares, miseries, persecutions, 
which this world aflbrds, it is a sole ease, an unspeakable comfort, a sweet reposal, 
Jugum suave, et leve, a light yoke, an anchor, and a haven. It adds courage, bold- 
ness, and begets generous spirits : although tyrants rage, persecute, and that bloody 
Lictor or sergeant be ready to martyr them, aut lita, aut morere, (as in those perse- 
cutions of the primitive Church, it was put in practice, as you may read in Eusebius 
and others) though enemies be now ready to invade, and all in an uproar, ^^Sifrac- 
tus illabatur orbis, impavidos ferient ruincR, though heaven should fall on his head, 
he would not be dismayed. But as a good Christian prince once made answer to a 
menacing Turk, facile.scclerata hominum arma conlcmnit, qui dei proisidio tutus est : 
or as '"' Phalaris writ to Alexander in a wrong cause, he nor any other enemy could 
terrify him, for that he trusted in God. Si Deus nobiscum, quis contra nosf In all 
calamities, persecutions whatsoever, as David did, 2 Sam. ii. 22, he will sing with 
him, " the Lord is my rock, my fortress, my strength, my refuge, the tower and 
horn of my salvation," &.c. In all troubles and adversities, Psal. xlvi. 1. "God is 
my hope and help, still ready to be found, I will not therefore fear," &c., 'tis a fear 
expelling fear ; he hath peace of conscience, and is full of hope, which is (saith 
*' Austin) vita vitcB mortalis, the life of this our mortal life, hope of immortality, 
the sole comfort of our misery: otherwise, as Panl saith, we of all others were 
most wretched, but this makes us happy, counterpoising our hearts in all miseries; 
superstition torments, and is from the devil, the author of lies ; but this is from God 
himself, as Lucian, that Antiochian priest, made his divine confession in ^^ Eusr>bius, 
iiuctor nobis de Deo Deus est, God is the author of our religion himself, his wort 

'"De primo prJEcepto. ^s ne relig. I. 2. Thes. 1. I stitione imbutus est, quietus ijsse nunquani )>ote8t 

"i! De iiat. deorum. » Hist. Belgic. lib. 8. 3' Super- 33 Greg. S4 polit. lib. 1. cap. J < »■' Flor. s6Epi» 
ttitio error iiisjiinus est epist. 2^23. ^ Nam qui super- | Ptialar. ^ In Psal. iii. 38 x^i«), 9. cap. S. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] 



Parties affected. 



599 



is our rule, a lantern to us, dictated by the Holy Ghost, he plays upon our hearts an 
many harpstrings, and we are his temples, he dwelleth in us, and we in him. 

The part afiected of superstition, is the brain, heart, will, understanding, sou. 
Iself, and all the faculties of it, tolum comjjositiwi, all is mad ahd dotes : now for the 
extent, as J say, the world itself is the subject of it, (to omit that grand sin of 
iUieism,) all times have been misaffected, past, present, " there is not one that doth 
good, no not one, from the prophet to the priest, &,c." A lamentable thing it is to 
consider, how many myriads of men this idolatry and superstition (for that com- 
prehends all) hath infatuated in all ages, besotted by this blind zeal, which is reli- 
gion's ape, religion's bastard, religion's shadow, false glass. For where God hath a 
temple, the devil will have a chapel : where God hath sacrifices, the devil will have 
his oblations : where God hath ceremonies, the devil will have his traditions : where 
there is any religion, the devil will plant superstition ; and 'tis a pitiful sight to be- 
hold and read, what tortures, miseries, it hath procured, what slaughter of souls it 
hath made, how it rageth amongst those old Persians, Syrians, Egyptians, Greeks, 
Romans, Tuscans, Gauls, Germans, Britons, &C. Britannia jam hodic celebrat tarn 
atlonite, saith ^" Pliny, taiUis ceremoniis (speaking of superstition) ut dedisse Persis 
videri possit. The Britons are so stupendly superstitious in their ceremonies, that 
they go beyond those Persians. He that shall but read in Pausanias alone, those 
gods, temples, altars, idols, statues, so curiously made with such infinite cost and 
charge, amongst those old Greeks, such multitudes of them and frequent varieties, 
as ''"Gerbelius truly observes, may stand amazed, and never enough wonder at it; 
and thank God withal, that by the light of the Gospel, we are so happily freed from 
that slavish idolatry in these our days. But heretofore, almost in all countries, in 
all places, superstition hath blinded the hearts of men ; in all ages what a small por- 
tion hath tlie true cliurch ever been! Divisum imperium cum Jove Dcemon hahet.^ 
The patriarchs and their families, the Israelites a handful in respect, Christ and his 
apostles, and not all of them, neither. Into what straits hath it been compinged, a 
little flock ! how hath superstition on the other side dilated herself, error, ignorance, 
barbarism, folly, madness, deceived, triumphed, and insulted over the most wise dis- 
creet, and understanding man, philosophers, dynasts, monarchs, all were involved 
and overshadowed in this n)ist, in more than Cimmerian darkness. '^^Jldeo ignara 
superstitio mentes hominum dcpravat^ et nonnunquam sapientum animos transoersos 
agit. At this present, quota pars ! How small a part is truly religious ! How little 
in respect ! Divide the world into six parts, and one, or not so much, is christians ; 
idolaters and Mahometans possess almost Asia, Africa, America, Magellanica. The 
kings of China, great Cham, Siam, and Borneo, Pegu, Deccan, Narsinga, Japan, &.C., 
are gentiles, idolaters, and many other petty princes in Asia, Monomotopa, Congo, 
and 1 know not how many negro princes in Africa, all Terra Australis incognita 
most of America pagans, ditiering all in their several superstitions; and yet all idola- 
ters. The Mahometans extend themselves over the great Turk's dominions in Eu- 
rope, Africa, Asia, to the Xerifles in Barbary, and its territories in Fez, Sus, Mofocco. 
&c. The Tartar, the great Mogor, tlie Sophy of Persia, with most of their domi- 
nions and subjects, are at this day Mahometans. See how the devil rageth : those 
at odds, or difiering among themselves, some for ''^Ali, some Enbocar, for'Acmor, 
and Ozunen, those four doctors, Mahomet's successors, and are subdivided uito 
seventy-two inferior sects, as ''■'Leo Afer reports. The Jews, as a company of vaga- 
bonds, are scattered over all parts ; wliose story, present estate, progress from time 
to time, is fully set down by ''^Mr. Thomas Jackson, Doctor of Divinity, in his com- 
ment on the creed. A fifth part of the world, and hardly that, now professelh 
CHRIST, but so inlarded and interlaced with several superstitions, that there is scarce 
a sound part to be found, or any agreement amongst them. Presbyter John, in Africa, 
lord of those Abyssinians, or Ethiopians, is by his profession a christian, but so dit- 
ferent from us, with such new absurdities and ceremonies, such liberty, such a mix 
ture of idolatry and paganism, '"* that they keep little more than a bare title of chris- 



'8 Lib. 3. *o Lib. 6. descrip. Grsc. nulla est via 

qr.i. lion innumeris idolis est leferta. Tantuui tunc 
temporis in iniscrriwnc rnortales polentiiB el crudelis 
Tyrannidis Saian exercuu. <» " The devil divides 

Uie empire with Jupiter." « Alex. ab. Alex. lib. 0. 



cap. 2e. "Purchas Pilgrim, lib. J c. 3. << Lib. 3 

*^-i Part. sect. 3. lib. 1. cap. et deinccps. 48 Titelmaii 
nus. Maginus. Bredenbactiius. Fr. Aluaresiiis llin. de 
Abyssinis Herbis solum vescuntur vutarii, aqiiis meat* 
tenus dormiuni, &,c. 



600 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect i 

tianity. They suffer polygamy, circumcision, stupend fastings, i^ivorce as they will 
themselves, &c., and as the papists call on tlie Virgin Mary, so do they on Thomas 
Didynius before Christ. '"The Greek or Eastern Church is rent from this of the 
West, and as they have four chief patriarchs, so have they four subdivisions, besides 
those Nestorians, Jacobins, Syrians, Armenians, Georgians, &c., scattered over Asie 
Minor, Syria, Egypt, Stc, Greece, Walachia, Circassia, Bulgaria, Bosnia, Albania, 
Illyricum, Sclavonia, Croatia, Thrace, Servia, Rascia, and a sprinkling amongst the 
Tartars, ttie Russians, Muscovites, and most of that great duke's (czar's) subjects, 
are part of the Greek Churcli, and still christians : but as ""* one sailh, temporis suc- 
cessu miillas illi addidcrunt supcrsliliones. In process of time they have added so 
many superstitions, they be rather senii-christians than otherwise. That which re- 
mains is the Western Church with us in Europe, but so eclipsed with several schisms, 
heresies and superstitions, that one knows not where to find it. The papists have 
Italy, Spain, Savoy, part of Germany, France, Poland, and a sprinkling in the rest 
of Europe. In America, they hold all that which Spaniards inhabit, Hispania Nova, 
Castella Aurea, Peru, &c. In the East Indies, thePhilippinas, some small holds about 
Goa, Malacca, Zelan, Ormus, &c., which the Portuguese got not long since, and 
those land-leaping Jesuits have essayed in China, Japan, as appears by their yearly 
letters ; in Africa they have Melinda, Quiloa, Mombaze, &c., and some few towns, 
they drive out one superstition with another. Poland is a receptacle of all religions, 
where Samosetans, Socinians, Photinians (now protected in Transylvania and Poland), 
Arrians, anabaptists are to be found, as well as in some German cities. Scandia is 
christian, but ""'Damianus A-Goes, the Portugal knight, complains, so mixed with 
magic, pagan rites and ceremonies, they may be as well counted idolaters : what 
Tacitus formerly said of a like nation, is verified in them, ^°" A people subject to 
superstition, contrary to religion." And some of them as about Lapland and the 
Pilapians, the devil's possession to this day, Miscra liax gens (saith mine ^' author) 
SatancB hacttnus possession, — et quod maxime mirandum et dolendum^ and which is to 
be admired and pitied ; if any of them be baptized, which the kings of Sweden much 
labour, they die within seven or nine days after, and for that cause they will hardly 
be brought to Christianity, but worship still the devil, who daily appears to them. 
In their idolatrous courses, Gandentibiis diis patriis., qiios religiose cohint^ Sfc. Yet 
are they very superstitious, like our wild Irish : though they of the better note, the 
kings ol' Denmark and Sweden themselves, that govern them, be Lutherans ; the 
remnant are Calvinists, Lutherans, in Germany equally mixed. And yet the emperor 
himself, duk^s of Lorraine, Bavaria, and the princes electors, are most part professed 
papists. And tliough some part of France and Ireland, Great Britain, half the can- 
tons in Switzerland, and the Low Countries, be Calvinists, more defecate than the 
rest, yet at odds amongst themselves, not free from superstition. And which *"Bro- 
cliard, the monk, in his description of the Holy Land, after he had censured the 
Greek church, and showed their errors, concluded at last, Faxil Deus nt Latinis 
mulia irrepserint siultitixR., I say God grant there be no fopperies in our church. As 
a dam of water stopped in one place breaks out into another, so doth superstition. 
I say nothing of Anabaptists, Socinians, Brownists, Familists, &c. There is super- 
stition 'in our prayers, often in our hearing of serinons, bitter contentions, invectives, 
persecutions, strange conceits, besides diversity of opinions, scliisms, factions, &,cO 
But as the Lord (Job xlii. cap. 7. v.) said to Eliphaz, the Temanite, and his two 
friends, ''• his wrath was kindled against them, for they had not spoken of him things 
rrtat were right:" we may justly of these scismatics and heretics, how wise soever 
in their own conceits, non recte loquuniur de Deo, they speak not, they think not, 
they write not well of God, and as they ought. And therefore, Quid quceso mi 
Uorpi, as Erasmus concludes to Dorpius, hisce Theologis faciamus., aut quid preceris, 
nisi forte Jidelem medicum, qui cerebro medeatur ? What shall we wish them, bnl 
sanam mentem, and a good physician .'' But more of their differences, paradoxes, 
opinions, mad pranks, in the symptoms : I now hasten to the causes. 

« Bredenbachius Jod. a Meggen. ■'*' Sep Passeviiiiis i 6i BnUsardus de Magia. [iilra septrmutn aiit noii i,n i 
Ht;rl>asteiii. iVlagiii. D. Fletcher, Jovius, Uacluil. Pur- | baptisino diem mmiuiitur. Mine lit, &c. "Cai*. de 

rhus, &c. of tlieir errors. " Ueplo'at. Ueiitis Lapp. | liicolis Icitm sancUe. 

*>Gen8 giipersiitiuiii obiioxia, religiuiiibus adversa. i 



Weill. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of ReLgiuus Melancholy. 6UJ 

SuBSECT. II. — Causes of Religious melancholy. From the Devil hy iniracles., appa- 
ritions, oracles. His instruments or factors.^ politicians^ Priests., Impostors., Here 
tics, blind guides. In them simplicity.! fear., blind zeal., ignorance., soUtarinei 
curiosity., jiride, vain-glory., presumption, Sfc. his engines., fasting.^ solitariness., hcve, 
fear, 6fc. 

We are taught in Holy Scripture, that the " Devil rangeth abroad like a roaring 
lion, still seeking whom he may devour :" and as in several shapes, so by several 
engines and devices he goeth about to seduce us ; sometimes he transforms himself 
into an angel of light j and is so cunning that he is able, if it were possible, to de- 
ceive the very elect. He will be worshipped as ^^God himself, and is so adored by 
the liealhen, and esteemed. And in imitation of that divine power, as ^^Eusebius 
observes, ^^ to abuse or emulate God's glory, as Dandinus adds, he will have all 
homage, sacrifices, oblations, and whatsoever else belongs to the worship of God, to 
be done likewise unto him, si?nilis erit altissimo, and by this means infatuates the 
world, deludes, entraps, and destroys many a thousand souls. Sometimes by dreams, 
visions (as God to Moses by familiar conference), the devil in several shapes talks 
with iheni : in the ^^ Indies it is common, and in China nothing so familiar as appa- 
ritions, inspirations, oracles, by terrifying them with false prodigies, counterfeit mira- 
cles, sending storms, tempests, diseases, plagues (as of old in Athens there was 
Apollo, Alexicacus, ApuUo ?tot|Utos, pestifer et malorum depulsor), raising wars, sedi- 
tions by spectrums, troubling ilieir consciences, driving them to despair, terrors of 
mind, intolerable pains ; by promises, rewards, benefits, and fair means, he raiseth 
sucli an opinion of his deity and greatness, that they dare not do otheiwise tliap 
adore him, do as he will have them, they dare nut ofitjnd him. And to compel theru 
more to stand in awe of him, ""he sends and cures diseases, disquiets their spirits 
(as Cyprian saith), torments and terrifies their souls, to make them adore him : and 
all his study, all his endeavour is to divert them from true religion to superstition : 
and because he is damned himself, and in an error, he would have all the world par- 
ticipate of his errors, and be damned with him. The primum mobile, therefore, and 
first mover of all superstition, is the devil, that great enemy of mankind, the prin- 
cipal agent, who in a thousand several shapes, after diverse fashions, with several 
engines, illusions, and by several names hath deceived the inhabitants of ttie earth, 
in several places and countries, still rejoicing at their I'alls. " All the world over 
before Christ's time, he freely domineered, and held the souls of iiien in most slavish 
subjection (saith '"^Eusebius) in diverse forms, ceremonies, and sacrifices, till Christ's 
coming," as if those devils of the air had shared the earth amongst them, which the 
Plalonists held lor gods {^'^Ludus deorum sumus), and waie our governors and 
keepers. In several places, they had several rites, orders, names, of which read 
Wierus de prcestigiis dcBmo7ium, lib. 1. cap. 5. ^"Strozius, Cicogna, and others; Ado 
nided amongst the Syrians ; Adramalech amongst the Capernaites, Asiniae amongst 
the Einalhites ; Aslartes with the Sidonians ; Astaroth with the Palestines ; Dagon 
with the Philistines; Tartary with the Hana;i ; Melchonis amongst the Ammonites: 
Beli the Babylonians ; Beelzebub and Baal with the Samaritans and Moabites ; Apis, 
Isis, and Osiris amongst the ^Egyptians; Apollo Pythius at Delphos, Colophon, 
Ancyra, Cuma, Erythra; Jupiter in Crete, Venus at Cyprus, Juno at Carthage, Jilscu- 
lapius at Epidaurus, Diana at Ephesus, Pallas at Athens, &c. And even in these 
oui days, both in the East and West Indies, in Tartary, China, Japan, &c., what 
strange idols, in what prodigious forms, with what absurb ceremonies are they 
ftdored ? What strange sacraments, like ours of Baptism and the Lord's Supper, 

" Plato in Crit. Da;mones custodes sunt homiiiutii et i valetudiiiem franguiit, iiiorbos lacessant, ut ad culliim 
eoruiii (ioniini, ut iios aniiiialium ; nee. iinmiiiibus, sed siii cogaut, iiec aliiid liis stiidiiiiii, quain ut a vera reli 
«l regidiubus iiiiperant, valitiiiiis, auguriis, nos reguiit. gioiie, ad superstitioiiem vertaiit: cuiiisint ipsi preiiales. 



Idem fere Max. Tyrius ser. 1. et ^6. 27. medins vult 
diemoiies inter Ueos et liomiiies deorum uiiiiistros, prie- 
sidi'slioniiiium, a cceload liuminesdescemleiites, ^* Da- 
pra;parat. Evangel. ^5 Vel in abusum Dei vel in 

Rmulatiunem. Dandinus coin, in lib. -.2. Arist. de An. 
Text. '29. S6 Ua;uiones consulunt, et familiares 

hahent diemonea pleriqiie sacenlotes. Riccius lib. 1. 
r.ap 10. expedil SMiar. •'' Vil;iin tnrlianl, soninos 

iliquietaiit, irrepeiites et am in curpura iiientes terreiit. 



70 3 A 



quffirunt sibi adpCEnas roinite.'!, ut habeant erruris par- 
ticipes. SB Lib. 4. prajparat. Evan:;el.c. Tanlamque 

vicloriam amentia hominum conse(|uuti sunt, ut si 
colligere in nnnm velis, universum orbein istis scelesti 
bus spiritibus subjectum fuisse invenies: Usque ad 
Saivaloris adventuin hoiniiium cede pernlcio«issii)i>>g 
risiiioiies plac.ibai.'t, (fee. ''•* Plato ''Strozius. 

Cicogiirt oiniiif mag lib. 3. cap. 7. Ez.^k. viii. 4. ; Reg 
II. 4.; Reg. 3. et 17. 14; Jer. xiix.; Num. xi. 3.; Reg. 13 



602 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 

what goodly temples, priests, sacrifices they had in America, when the Spaniards firsl 
landed there, let Acosta the Jesuit relate, lib. 5. cap. 1, 2, 3, 4, &.C., and how the 
devil imitated the Ark and the children of Israel's coming out of Egypt; with .many 
such. For as Lipsius well discourseth out of the doctrine of the Stoics, maxime 
cupiunl adorationetn hominum, now and of old, they still and most especially desire 
to be adored by men. See but what Vertomannus, I. 5. c. 2. Marcus Polus, Lerius, 
Benzo, P. Martyr in his Ocean Decades, Acosta, and Mat. Riccius expedit. Christ 
in Sinus, lib. 1. relate. *' Eusebius wonders how that wise city of Athens, and 
flourishing kingdoms of Greece, should be so besotted ; and we in our times, hov/ 
those witty Chinese, so perspicacious in all other things should be so gulled, so toi 
tured with superstition, so blind as to worship stocks and stones. But it is no 
marvel, when we see all out as great effects amongst Christians themselves ; how are 
those Anabaptists, Arians, and Papists above the rest, miserably infatuated ! Mars, 
Jupiter, Apollo, and jEsculapius, have resigned their interest, names, and offices to 
Saint George. 

s'" (Maxime bellorutn rector, quem nostra juventus 
Pro Mavorte colit.)" 

St. Christopher, and a company of fictitious saints, Venus to the Lady of Loretto. 
And as those old Romans had several distinct gods, for divers offices, persons, places, 
so have they saints, as ^^Lavater well observes out of Lactantius, mutato nomine tan- 
tum.f 'tis the same spirit or devil that deludes them still. The manner how, as I say, 
is by rewards, promises, terrors, affrights, punishments, hi a word, fair and foul 
means, hope and fear. " How often hath Jupiter, Apollo, Bacchus, and the rest, sent 
plagues in "Greece and Italy, because their sacrifices were neglected?" 

'^"Dii multn neglecti dederuiit 
Hespen;e mala luctuosae," 

to terrify them, to arouse them up, and the like : see but Livy, Dionysius Halicar- 
nassasus, Thucydides, Pausanius, Philostratus, ^® Polybius, before the battle of Cannae, 
prodigiis signiSf ostentis, teinpla cimcta, privata etiam cedes scaiebant. Q^neus reigned 
in iEtolia, and because he Jid not sacrifice to Diana with his other gods (see more 
in Labanius his Diana), she sent a v/ild boar, insoliicR magnitudinis., qui terras et 
homines misere depascebatur., to spoil both men and country, which was afterwards 
killed by Meleager. So Plutarch in the Life of Lucullus relates, how Mithridates, 
king of Pontus, at the siege of Cizicum, with all his navy, was overthrown by Pro- 
serpina, for neglecting of her holy day. She appeared in a vision to Aristagoras in 
the night, Cras inquit tybicinem Lybicum cum tybicine pontico committam ("• to-mor- 
row I will cause a contest between a Lybian and a Pontic minstrel), and the day fol- 
lowing this enigma was understood ; for with a great south wind which came from 
Lybia, she quite overwhelmed Mithridates' army. What prodigies and miracles, 
dreams, visions, predictions, apparitions, oracles, have been of old at Delphos, Do- 
dona, Trophonius Denne, at Thebes, and Lebaudia, of Jupiter Ammon in Egypt, 
Amphiareus in Attica, &.c. ; what strange cures performed by Apollo and iEscula- 
pius? Juno's image and that of "Fortune spake, ** Castor and Pollux fought in per- 
son for the Romans against Hannibal's army, as Pallas, Mars, Juno, Venus, for 
Greeks and Trojans, Sec. Amongst our pseudocatholics nothing so familiar as such 
miracles ; how many cures done by our lady of Loretto, at Sichem ! of old at our 
St. Thomas's shrine, &.c. *^St. Sabine was seen to fight for Arnulphus, duke of Spo- 
leto. ™St. George fought in person for John the Bastard of Portugal, against the 
Castilians ; St. James for the Spaniards in America. In the battle of Bannockburn. 
where Edward the Second, our English king, was foiled by the Scots, St. Philanus' 
arm was seen to fight (if " Hector Boethus doth not impose), that was before shut 
up in a silver capcase ; another time, in the same author, St. Magnus fought for them. 
Now for visions, revelations, miracles, not only out of the legend, out of purgatory 
but everyday comes news from the Indies, and at home read the Jesuits' Letters, 

•' Lib. 4. cap. 8. pra-par. e^ Bapt. Mant. 4. Fast. | de nat. deorum lib. 2. ^Equa Venus Teiicris Pallas ini 

lie Saiicto Georgio. " O great master of war, whom our qua fuit. ^ Jo. Molaiius lib. 3. cap. 59. ™ Pet. Olj 
youths worship as if he were Mars self. "^Part. 1. ver. de Johaniie priuio Portugalliffi Regs strenuf* pig 

cap. J. et lib. '2. cap. 9. " Polyd. Virg. lib. 1. de pro- nans, et diversa; partis ictus clypeo e»cipien8. " < 14 

dig. ^' Hiir. 1. 3. od. 6. ^ I.ib. 3. hist. 67 Orata Loculos <ponte aperuisse et pro lis p" jjcassj. 

^ge ine dicastis muiieres Dion. Halicarn. ^I'ully 



.Vlem. 1. Subs. 2.] 



Causes of Religious Melancholy. 



603 



lUbadineira, Thurfeelinus, Acosta, Lippomanus, Xaveiius, Ignatius' Livew, kc, and 
4:11 me what difference ? 

His ordinary instruments or factors which he useth, as God himself, did ^ood 
kings, lawful magistrates, patriarchs, prophets, to the establishing of his church, 
"*are politicians, statesmen, priests, heretics, blind guides, impostors, pseudoprophets, 
to propagate his superstition. And first to begin of politicians, it hath ever been a 
principal axiom with them to maintain religion or superstition, which they determine 
of, alter and vary upon all occasions, as to them seems best, they make religion 
mere policy, a cloak, a human invention, nihil ceque valet ad regendos vulgi animos 
ac superslitio., as ''^Tacitus and '''Tully hold. Austin, /. 4. de civitat. Dei. c. 9. cen- 
sures SctBYola saying and acknowledging expedlre civitates religione falli., that it 
was a fit thing cities should be deceived by religion, according to the diverb. Si mun- 
dusvult decipi, decipiatur., if the world will be gulled, let it be gulled, 'tis good how- 
soever to keep it in subjection. 'Tis that '^Aristotle and '"'Plato inculcate in their 
politics, " Religion neglected, brings plague to the city, opens a gap to all naughti- 
ness." 'Tis that which all our late politicians ingeminate. Cromerus, I. 2. 2)01. hist. 
Boterus, I. 3. de incrementis urbium. Clapmarius, I. 2. c. 9. de Jlrcanis rerump. cap. 4. 
lib. 2. polit. Captain Machiavel will have a prince by all means to counterfeit reli- 
gion, to be superstitious in show at least, to seem to be devout, frequent holy exer- 
cises, honour divines, love the church, affect priests, as Numa, Lycurgus, and such 
law-makers were and did, non ut his jidem habeant., sed ut subditos religionis metu 
facilius in officio contineant, to keep people in obedience/ '''' JVain naturaliter (as 
Cardan writes) lex Christiana lex est pietatis, jusfiticB.iJidei, simplicitatis., S^c. But 
this error of his, Innocentius Jentilettus, a French lawyer, theorem. 9. comment. 1. 
de Relig. and Thomas Bozius in his book de ruinis gentium et Regnorum have copi- 
ously confuted. Many politicians, I dare not deny, maintain religion as a true means, 
and sincerely speak of it without hypocrisy, are truly zealous and religious them- 
selves.' Justice and religion are the two chief props and supporters of a well-go- 
verned commonwealth : but most of them are but Machiavelians, counterfeits only 
for political ends; for solus rex (which Campanella, cap. 18. atheismi triumphati ob- 
serves), as amongst our modern Turks, reipub. Fi?us, as knowing ''^magnus ejus in 
animos imperium; aix! that, as ™Sabellicus delivers, "A man without religion, is like 
a horse without a bridle." No way better to curb than superstition, to terrify men's 
consciences, and to keep them in awe : they make new laws, statutes, invent new 
religions, ceremonies, as so many stalking horses, to their ends. ^°Ha:c enim (religio) 
si falsa sit., dummodo vera credatur., animorum ferociam domat, libidines coercet., sub' 
ditos principi obsequentes ejficit.^^ Therefore (saith ^^Polybius of Lycurgus), "did he 
maintain ceremonies, not that he was superstitious himself, but that he had perceived 
mortal men more apt to embrace paradoxes than aught else, and durst attempt no 
evil things for fear of the gods." This was Zamolcus's stratagem amongst the 
Thracians, Numa's plot, when he said he had conference with the nymph ^Egeria, 
and that of Sertorius with a hart; to get more credit to their decrees, by deriving 
them from the gods ; or else they did all by divine instinct, which Nicholas Damascen 
well observes of Lycurgus, Solon, and Minos, they had their laws dictated, monte 
sacro, by Jupiter himself. So Mahomet referred his new laws to the ^'^ angel Gabriel, 
by whose direction he gave out they were made. Caligula in Dion feigned himself 
to be familiar with Castor and Pollux, and many such, which kept those Romans 
under (who, as Machiavel proves, lib. 1. disput. cap. \l. et 12. were Religione maxime 
vwti., most superstitious) : and did curb the people more by this means, than by force 
of arms, or severity of human laws. Sola plebecula earn agnoscebat (saith Vaninus, 
dial. I. lib. 4. de admirandis naturce arcanis) speaking of religion, que facile deci- 
pitur, magnates vero et philosophi nequaquam^ your grandees and philosophers had 



■"Religion, as they hold, is policy, invented alone to 
keep men in awe. '3 1 Annal. '■'Omnes religione 
Hioventur. 5. in Verreni. '5 Zeieuchus, preefat. legis 

'jiii iirhein ant regionem inhabitant, persuasos esse 
iporti't esse Deos. '^ 10. de legibus. Religio neglecta 
inaxiinain pestein in civitateni infert, omnium scelerum 
feiiH.-iriiin aoerit. " Cardanus Com. in Ptolomeum 

1. < iilririHr.. ■"< l.ipsius I. 1. <;. 3. '^ Homo sine 

religione sic/'t equus sine fraeno. ^ Vaninus dial. 53. 



de oraculis. " " If a religion be false, only let it be 

supposed to be true, and it will tame mental ferocity 
restrain lusts, and make loyal subjects." '^ Lib. 10 

Ideo Lycurgus, &c. non quod ipse superstitiosus, sed 
quod videret mortales paradoxa facilius aniplecti, nee 
res graves audere sine periculo deorurn. ^SQi^onar- 

dus epist. 1. Novas lege.* suas ad Angeluin Gabrielev 
referebat, pro inonitore raentieba'.Kr omnia se gerere. 



«04 



Religioitt Melancholy. 



TcTt. 3. Sec. 4. 



no such conceit, seo la imperii confonnationem el amplijicaliolwm quam sine prcetexiu 
religionis tueri non potcrant ; and many thousands in all ages have ever held as much, 
Philosophers (;specially, animadvertebant hi semper hcec esse fabellns, atiamen oh 
metum publico' pofeslatis silcre cogebanlur they were still silent for fear of laws, &c. 
To this end that Syrian Phyresides, Pythagoras his master, broached in the East 
amongst the heathens, first the immortality of the soul, as Trismegistus did in Egypt, 
with a many of feigned gods. Those French and Briton Druids in the West first 
taught, saith "^Caesar, non inrerire animas (that souls did not die), '^but after death 
to go from one to another, that so they might encourage them to virtue." 'Twas 
for a politic end, and to this purpose the old **^ poets feigned those elysian fields, their 
iEacus, Minos, and Khadamanthus, their infernal judges, and those Stygian lakes, 
fiery Phlegethons, Pluto's kingdom, and variety of torments after death. Those that 
had done well, went to the elysian fields, but evil doers to Cocytus, and to that 
burning lake of ''*' hell with fire and brimstone for ever to be tormented. 'Tis this 
which " Plato labours for in his Phaedon, et 9. de rep. The Turks in their Alcoran, 
when they set down rewards, and several punishments for every particular virtue and 
vice, *** when they persuade men, that they that die in battle shall go directly to 
heaven, but wicked livers to eternal torment, and all of all sorts (much like our 
papistical purgatory), for a set time shall be tortured in their graves, as appears by 
that tract which John Baptista Alfaqui, that Mauritanian priest, now turned Christian, 
hath written in his confutation of the Alcoran. After a man's death two black angels, 
Nunquir and Nequir (so they call them) come to him to his grave and punish him 
for his precedent sins ; if he lived well, they torture him the less ; if ill, per indesi- 
nentes crucialus ad diem fudicii., they incessantly punish him to the day of judgment. 
JVemo vivcnlium qui ad korum mentionem non lotus horret el conf.re7niscit., the thought 
of this crucifies them all their lives long, and makes them spend their days in fasting 
and prayer, ne mala hcec conlinganl, Sfc. A Tartar prince, saith Marcus Polus, lib. 1. 
cap. 28. called Senex de Monlibus, the better to establish his government amongst 
his subjects, and to keep them in awe, found a convenient place in a pleasant valley, 
environed with hdls, m "^ " which he made a delicious park full of odoriferous 
flowers and fruits, and a palace of all worldly contents," that could possibly be de- 
vised, music, pictures, variety of meats, Stc, and chose out a certain young man, 
whom with a '''' sopor iferous potion he so benumbed, that he perceived nothing: 
"and so fast asleep as he was, caused him to be conveyed into this fair garden :" 
where after he had lived awliile in all such pleasures a sensual man could desire, ^' "He 
cast him into a sleep again, and brougiit him forth, that when he awaked he might 
tell others he had been in Paradise." The like he did for hell, and by this, means 
brought his people to subjection. Because heaven and hell are mentioned in the 
scriptures, and to be believed necessary by Christians : so cunningly can the devil 
and his ministers, in imitation of true religion, counterfeit and forge the like, to cir- 
cumvent and delude his superstitious followers. Many such tricks and impostures 
are acted by politicians, in China especially, but with what effect I will discourse in 
the symptoms. 

Next to politicians, if I may distinguish tliem, are some of our priests (who make 
religion policy), if not far beyond them, for they domineer over princes and slates- 
men themselves. Carnijicinam exercenl., one saith they tyrannise over men's con- 
sciences more than any other tormentors whatsoever, partly for their commodity and 
gaia; Religionem enivi omnium ubusus (as ^^Postellus holds), quastus scilicet sacrifi- 
cum in causa est : for sovereignty, credit, to maintain their state and reputation, out 
of ambition and avarice, which are their chief supporters : what have they not made 
the common people believe .? Impossibilities in nature, incredible things; what de- 
vices, traditions, ceremonies, have they not invented in all ages to keep men in obe- 
dience, to enrich themselves } Quibus qucESlui sunt capti supcrstitione animi, as 
•^Livy saith. Th^se Egyptian priests of old got all the sovereignty into their hands, 



'< Lib. 16. belli Gallici. Ut metu mortis neglecto, ad 
virtutem incilarent. ^^ De his lege Luciaiiiini de 

iictu torn. 1. Homer. Odyss. 11. Virg. JEii. 6. *'" Bara- 
theo sulfure et fiamiiia trliignante lElerniim rieiiierge- 
aaiitur. " Et ;i. de repul). omnis insiitutio arioles- 

teiitum eo referenda ut de deo bene Beiuiiii' nb cufii- 
■lune bonuin. t^Bolerus. ^Citra aquam, 



viridarium plaiitavit maximum et pulcherrimum, flori- 
biis odtirileris et suavibus plenum, &c. ^ Potum 

queniiam deditqiio inesratus, et gravi sopore ojipressua, 
iu viridarium interim ducebatur, &.C.. "' Atque 

iterum memoratum potum bibendum exliibuit, et sic 
extra Paradisuin reduxit. ut cum evigilaret, sopiiia so- 
luto, Slc. ^ Lib. 1. de orb. Concord cap. 7. ^ Lit/. 4 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Religious Melanchily. 309 

and knowing, as ^* Curtius insinuates, nulla res ejicacius multuudinem regit quam 
super stitio ; melius vatibus quam ducibus parent., vana religione capti., etiam impo- 
tentes foemince ; the common people will sooner obey priests t;han captains, and 
nothing so forcible as superstition, or better than blind zeal to rule a multitude ; have 
so terrified and gulled them, that it is incredible to relate. All nations almost have 
been besotted in this kind; amongst our Britons and old Gauls the Druids; magi 
in Persia; philosophers in Greece; Chaldeans amongst the Oriental; Brachmanni 
in India; Gymnosophists in Ethiopia; the Turditanes in Spain; Augurs in Rome, 
have insulted ; Apollo's priests in Greece, Phaebades and Pythonissse, by their oracles 
and phantasms ; Amphiarius and liis companions ; now mahometan and pagan priests, 
what can they not etiect .? How do they not infatuate the world > Meo ubique (as 
''Scaliger writes of the mahometan priests), turn gentium turn locorum^ gens ista sa- 
crorum jiiinistra, vulgi sccat spes, ad ea quce. ipsijingunt somnia., "so cunningly can 
they gull the commons in all places and countries." But above all others, that high 
priest of Rome, the dam of that monstrous and superstitious brood, the bull-bellow- 
ing pope, which now ragelh in the West, that three-headed Cerberus hath played his 
part. ^'' " Whose religion at this day is mere policy, a state wholly composed of 
superstition and wit, and needs nothing but wit and superstition to maintain it, that 
useth colleges and religious houses to as good purpose as forts and castles, and doth 
more at this day" by a company of scribbling parasites, fiery-spirited friars, zealous 
anchorites, hypocritical confessors, and those pretorian soldiers, his Janissary Jesuits, 
and that dissociable society, as ®^ Languis terms it, postremus diaboli conatus et scbcuU 
excremenlum., that now stand in the fore front of the battle, will have a monopoly 
of, and engross all other learning, but domineer in divinity, ^^Excipiunt soli totius 
vulnera belli, and fight alone almost (for the rest are but his dromedaries and asses), 
than ever he could have done by garrisons and armies. What power of prince, or 
penal law, be it never so strict, could enforce men to do that which for conscience'- 
sake they will voluntarily undergo .' And as to fast from all flesh, abstain from mar- 
riage, rise to their prayers at midnight, whip themselves, with stupendous fasting and 
penance, abandon the world, wilful poverty, perform canonical and blind obedience, 
to prostrate their goods, fortunes, bodies, lives, and offer up themselves at their supe- 
rior's feet, at his command ? What so powerful an engine as superstition } which they 
right well perceiving, are of no religion at ail themselves : Primum enim (as Calvin 
rightly suspects, the tenor and practice of their life proves), arcane^ illius theologicej 
quod apud eos regnat, caput est, nullum esse dcum, they hold there is no God, as Leo 
X. did, Hildebrand the magician, Alexander VI., Julius II., mere atheists, and which 
the common proverb amongst them approves, '*''"• The worst Christians of Italy are 
the Romans, of the Romans the priests are wildest, the lewdest priests are preferred 
to be cardinals, and the baddest men amongst the cardinals is chosen to be pope," 
that is an epicure, as most part the popes are, infidels and Lucianists, for so they think 
and believe; and what is said of Christ to be fables and impostures, of heaven and 
hell, day of judgment, paradise, immortality of the soul, are all, 

100 '< Rutiinres varui. vprliaque inania, 
Kt par soilicito fal)ula soiniiio." 

" Dreams, toys, and old wives' tales." Yet as so many ' whetstones to make other 
tools cut, but cut not themselves, though they be of no religion at all, they will 
make others most devout and superstitious, by promises and threats, compel, enforce 
from, and lead them by the nose like so many bears in a line ; when as their end is 
not to propagate the church, advance God's kingdom, seek His glory or common 
good, but to enrich themselves, to enlarge their territories, to domineer and compel 
them to stand in awe, to live in subjection to the See of Rome. For what otherwise 
care they? Si mundus vult decipi, decipiatur, "since the world wishes to be gulled, 
let it be gulled," 'tis fit it should be so. And for which ^Austin cites Varro to main- 
tain his Roman leligion, we may better apply to them : rnulta vera, qum vulgus scire 
non est utile ; pleraque falsa, qum tani.en uliter existimare populum expedit ; some 
things are true, some false, which for their own ends they will not have the gullish 

•*Lib.4. »6Exprc.228. 9« S. Ed. Sands. w In I «>S Eil. Sands in hia Relation. 'ooScnpca. 'Vie* 
sonsult. lie prjiic. inlcr pnivinc. Biirop. 98 Lucian. cotis, acutnm Rpddere qua; ferrum valet, e.xors ipsa 9« 

'By thfuiselves sustain the brunt uf every battle." | candi. * Ue civ. D<;i lib. 4. tap. 31. 

3 a2 



606 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect 4 



comn.oiially take notice of. As well may witness their intolerable covetcusness 
strange forgeries, foppeiies, fooleries, unrighteous subtleties, impostures, illusions, new 
doctiines, paradoxes, traditions, false miracles, which they have still forged, to enthral, 
circumvent and subjugate them, to maintain their own estates. ^One while by bulls, 
pardons, indulgencies, and their doctrines of good works, that they be meritorious^ 
hope of heaven, by that means they have so fleeced the commonalty, and spurred on 
this free superstitious horse, that he runs himself blind, and is an ass to carry bur- 
dens. They have so amplified Peter's patrimony, that from a poor bishop, he is be- 
ome Rex Regum, Dominus dominantium., a demigod, as his canonists make him 
Felinus and the rest), above God himself. And for his wealth and " temporalties, 
s not inferior to many kings: *his cardinals, princes' companions; and in every 
kingilom almost, abbots, priors, monks, friars. Sic, and his clergy, have engrossed a 
third part, half, in some places all, into their hands. Three princes, electors in Ger- 
many, bishops; besides Magdeburg, Spire, Saltsburg, Breme, Bamberg, &c. In France, 
as Bodine lib. de repub. gives us to understand, their revenues are 12,300,000 livres; 
and of twelve parts of the revenues in France, the church possesseth seven. The 
Jesuits, a new sect, begun in this age, have, as ''Middendorpius and ^Pelargus reckon 
up, tiiree or four hundred colleges in Europe, and more revenues than many princes. 
In France, as Arnoldus proves, in thirty years they have got bis centum librarum millia 
annua, 200,0007. I say nothing of the rest of their orders. We have had in En- 
gland, as Armachanus demonstrates, above 30,000 friars at once, and as 'Speed col- 
lects out of Leland and others, almost 600 religious houses, and near 200,000Z. in 
revenues of the old rent belonging to them, besides images of gold, silver, plate, fur- 
niture, goods and ornaments, as '"Weever calculates, and esteems them at the disso- 
lution of abbeys, worth a million of gold. How many towns in every kingdom hath 
superstition enriched ? What a de.al of money by musty relics, images, idolatry, have 
their mass-priests engrossed, and what sums have they scraped by their other tricks! 
Loretto in Italy, Walsingham in England, in those days. Ubi omnia auro nitent, 
"where everything shines with gold," saith Erasmus, St. Thomas's shrine, &c., may 
witness. " Delphos so renowned of old in Greece for Apollo's oracle, Delos com- 
mune conciliabulum et emporium sold religione manitum; Dodona, whose fame and 
wealth were sustained by religion, v/ere not so rich, so famous. If they can get but 
a relic of some saint, the Virgin Mary's picture, idols or the like, that city is for ever 
made, it needs no other maintenance. Now if any of these their impostures or 
juggling tricks be controverted, or called in question : if a magnanimous or zealous 
Luther, an heroical Luther, as '^Dithmarus calls him, dare touch the monks' bellies, 
all is in a combustion, all is in an uproar : Demetrius and his associates are ready to 
pull him in pieces, to keep up their trades, '""Great is Diana of the Ephesians :" 
with a mighty shout of two hours long they will roar and not be pacified. 

Now for their authority, what by auricular confession, satisfaction, penance, Peter's 
keys, thunderings, excommunications, &c., roaring bulls, this high priest of Rome, 
shaking his Gorgon's head, hath so terrified the soul of many a silly man, insulted 
over majesty itself, and swaggered generally over all Europe for many ages, and still 
doth to some, holding them as yet in slavish subjection, as never tyrannising Spa- 
niards did by their poor negroes, or Turks by their galley-slaves, '^"The bishop 
of Rome (saith Stapleton, a parasite of his, de mag. Eccles. lib. 2. cap. I.) hath done 
that without arms, which those Roman emperors could never achieve with forty 
legions of soldiers," deposed kings, and crowned them again with his foot, made 
friends, and corrected at his pleasure, &c. '^ 'Tis a wonder," saith Machiavel, Flo- 
rentince, his. hb. 1. " what slavery King Henry II. endured for the death of Thomas a 
Beckett, what things he was enjoined by, the Pope, and how he submitted himself to 
^o that which in our times a private man would not endure," and all through super- 



» Seeking their own, saith Paul, not Christ's. ♦ He 
hath the Ducliy of Spoleto in Maly, the Marquisate of 
Ancona, beside Rome, and the territories adjacent, Bo- 
logna, Ferrara, &c. Avignon in France, <fcc. » Estote 
fratres luei, et principes hujiis tniindi. «The Laity 

suspect their greatness, witness those statutes of mort- 
main. ■> Lib. 8. de Acadeni. « Pr.Tfat. lib. de 
paradox. Jesuit lion., proviucia hnbet (;ol.3G. Neapol. 
23. Veuita 13. Liicit. 15 India, orient. 17. Brasil. 20, &.c. 
•In hie Cbroni* vjt. Hen 8. "> 13 cao. of bis fune- 



ral monuments. " Pausanias in Laconicis lib. 3. 

Idem de Achaicas lib. 7. ciijus suminae opes, et valde in- 
clyta fama. '» Exercit. Eih. CoHeg. 3. disp. 3. " Act. 
xix. 28. '■'Pontifex Romanus prorsus inerniis regi 

bus terrae jura dat, ad regna evchit ad pacem cogit, e. 
pnccantes castigat, &.c. quod iniperatores Rornani 40. 
it.'gionibus arniati non eftecerunt. i^ .Minim quanta 

pHSsus sit H. 2. quonipdo se subuiisit, ea se facturuiii 
pnllicitiis, quorum hodie ne privatus quideni partem 
i'aceret. 



Mem. 1. Subs. '4. J Causes of Religious Melancholy. 607 

Blition. '® Henry IV, disposed of his empire, stood barefooted with his wife at me gales 
of Canossus. '' Frederic the Emperor was trodden on by Alexander JII., another held 
Adrian's stirrup, King John kissed the knees of Pandulphos the Pope's legate, &C. 
What made so many thousand Christians travel from France, Britain, &c., into the Holy 
Land, spend such huge sums of money, go a pilgrimage so familiarly to Jerusalem, to 
creep and crouch, but slavish superstition .'' What makes them so freely venture their 
lives, to leave their native countries, to go seek martyrdom in the Indies, but supersti- 
tion ? to be assassins, to meet death, murder kings, but a false persuasion of merit, of 
canonical or blind obedience which they instil into them, and animate them by strange 
illusions, hope of being martyrs and saints : such pretty feats can the devil work by 
priests, and so well for their own advantage can they play their parts. And if it were 
not yet enough, by priests and politicians to delude mankind, and crucify the souls 
of men, he hath more actors in his tragedy, more irons in the fire, another scene of 
heretics, factious, ambitious wits, insolent spirits, schismatics, impostors, false pro- 
phets, blind guides, that out of pride, singularity, vain-glory, blind zeal, cause much 
more madness yet, set all in an uproar by their new doctrines, paradoxes, figments, 
crotchets, make new divisions, subdivisions, new sects, oppose one superstition to 
another, one kingdom to another, commit prince and subjects, brother against brother, 
father against son, to the ruin and destruction of a commonwealth, to the disturb- 
ance of peace, and to make a general confusion of all estates. How did those Arrians 
rage of old ? how many did they circumvent ? Those Pelagians, Manichees, &c., 
their names alone would make a just volume. How many silly souls have impos- 
tors still deluded, drawn away, and quite alienated from Christ ! Lucian's Alexander 
Simon Magus, whose statue was to be seen and adored in Rome, saith Justin Martyr, 
Simoni dec suncto, S^c..^ after his decease. '** Apollonius Tianeeus, Cynops, Eumo, 
who by counterfeiting some new ceremonies and juggling tricks of that Dea Syria, 
by spitting fire, and the like, got an army together of 40,000 men, and did much 
harm: with Eudo de ste.lUs^ of whom Nubrigensis speaks, lib. 1. cap. 19. that in 
King Stephen's days imitated most of Christ's miracles, fed I kn6w not how many 
people in the wilderness, and built castles in the air, Stc, to the seducing of multi- 
tudes of poor souls, in Franconia, 1476, a base illiterate fellow took upon him to 
be a prophet, and preach, John Beheim by name, a neatherd at Nicholhausen, he 
seduced 30,000 persons, and was taken by the commonalty to be a most holy man, 
come from heaven. '^"Tradesmen left their shops, women their distaffs, servants ran 
from their masters, children from their parents, scholars left their tutors, all to hear 
him, some for novelty, some for zeal. He was burnt at last by the Bishop of Wartz- 
burg, and so he and his heresy vanished together." How many such impostors, 
false prophets, have lived in every king's reign .? what chronicles will not afford such 
examples.'' that as so many ignes fatui., have led men out of the way, terrified some, 
deluded others, that are apt to be carried about by the blast of every wind, a rude 
inconstant multitude, a silly company of poor souls, that follow all, and are cluttered 
together like so many pebbles in a tide. What prodigious follies, madness, vexa- 
tions, persecutions, absurdities, impossibilities, these impostors, heretics, &c., have 
thrust upon the world, what strange effects shall be shown in the symptoms. 

Now the means by which, or advantages the devil and his infernal ministers take, 
so to delude and disquiet the world with such idle ceremonies, false doctrines, super- 
stitious fopperies, are from themselves, innate fear, ignorance, simplicity, hope and 
fear, those two battering cannons and principal engmes, with their objects, reward 
and puni'ou.iient, purgatory, Livibus Patrum, Sfc. which now more than ever tyran- 
nise ; ^*"for what province is free from atheism, superstition, idolatry, schism, 
heresy, impiety, their factors and followers .'' thence they proceed, and from iliM 
same decayed nnage of God, which is yet remaining in us. 

ai " Os hoiriini sublime dedit, ccelumque fueri 
Jussit." 



>«Signnius9. hisl tal. " Curio lib. 4. Fox 

Martyrol. "* Hiex)(;les contends Apollonius to liave 

been aa great a prophet as Christ, whom Eusebius con- 
futes. '"iVlUMstar Cosm.ig. I. X o. 37. Artifices ex 
ofiiciiiis, arator e stiva, foeininie ?. rolo, &.c. quasi nu- 



011 ne quudaiu rapti, nesciis parenlibus et duiiunis recta tix his eyes on heaven.' 



adeunt, &c. Coinbuxtus demum ab Herbipolensi Kp\»- 
copo; haeresjs evaiiuit. 3<» Nulla non pruvincia 

lia;resil)us, Atheismis, &,c. plena. Nullus oibis anijulua 
ab hisce belluis immunis. 3' Lib. 1. ile nat. Deorum. 

" He gave to man an upward gaze, commanding him to 



608 Religious Melancholy [Part. 3. Sec. 4 

Our own conscience doth dictate so much unto us, we know there is a God and 
nature doth inform us ; JS'ulla gens turn barbara (saith Tully) 'cui non insideat hcee 
persuasio Deum esse ; sed nee Scythci., nee Grceeus, nee Persa^nec Hyperooreus dis- 
scntiet (^as Maximus Tyrius the Platonist ser. 1 . farther adds) nee contincntis nee insula' 
rum JiabiUdor^ let him dwell where he will, in what coasi soever, there is no nation sc 
barbarous that is not persuaded there is a God. It is a wonder to read of that infinite 
superstition amongst the Indians in this kind, of their tenets in America, /fro sho 
quisque lihilu varias res venerabanlur superstitiose, plantas, animalia, monies^ &fc. 
omne quod amabant aut horrebant (some few places excepted as he grants, that had 
no God at all). So " the heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament declares 
his handy work," Psalm xix. " Every creature will evince it ;" Prcp.sentemque refert 
qucelibel herba deum. JS'olentes sciunt., fatentur inviti^ as the said Tyrius proceeds, 
will or nill, they must acknowledge it. The philosophers, Socrates, Plato, Plotinus, 
Pythagoras, Trismegistus, Seneca, Epictetus, those Magi, Druids, &c. went as far 
as they could by the light of nature; ^'^muUa jyrcBclara., de nature! Dei scripta rdi' 
querunt, " writ many thmgs well of the nature of God, but they had but a confused 
light, a glimpse," 

''"Quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna 
Est iter in sylvis," 

'' as he that walks by moonshine in a wood," they groped in the dark ; they had 
gross knowledge, as he in Euripides, O Deus quicquid es, sive ccelum, sive terra^ 
sioe aliud quid, and that of Aristotle, Ens entiuni miserere mei. And so of the im- 
mortality of the soul, and future happiness. Immortalitaiem animce (saith Hierom) 
Pythagoras somniavit, Democritus non credidit in consolationem damnationis suce 
Socrates in carcere disputavit ; Indus, Persa, Cothus, Sfc. Philosophantur. So some 
said this, some that, as they conceived themselves, which the devil perceiving, led 
them farther out (as ^^Lemnius observes) and made them worship him as their God 
with stocks and stones, and torture themselves to their own destruction, as he thought 
fit himself, inspired his priests and ministers with lies and fictions to prosecute the 
same, v/hich they for their own ends were as willing to undergo, taking advantage 
of their simplicity, fear and ignorance. (For the common people are as a flock of 
sheep, a rude, illiterate rout, void many times of common sense, a mere beast, bcllua 
multorum capirum, will go whithersoever ihey are led : as you lead a ram over a gap 
by the horns, all the rest will follow, f ^Yon qua eundum, sed qua itur, they will do 
as they see others do, and as their prince will have them, let him be of what religion 
he will, they are for him. Now for those idolaters, Maxentius and Licinius, then 
for Constantine a christian. -^Qui Christum ncgant mule pereant, ucclamatum est 
Decies, for two hours' space ; qui Christum non colunt, Jiugusti inimici sunt, accla- 
matiim est ter decies ; and by and by idolaters again under that Apostate Julianus ; 
all Arrians under Constantius, good catholics again under Jovinianus, "• And little 
diflerence there is between the discretion of men and children in this case, especially 
of old folks and women, as ^' Cardan discourseth, when as they are tossed with fear 
and superstition, and with other men's folly and dishonesty." So that 1 may say 
their ignorance is a cause of their superstition, a symptom, and madness itself: 
Supplicii causa est, sappliciumque sui. Their own fear, folly, stupidity, to be dr- 
plored lethargy, is that which gives occasion to the other, and pulls these miseries 
on their own heads. For in all these religions and superstitions, amongst our idola- 
ters, you shall find that the parties first afiected, are silly, rude, ignorant people, old 
folks, that are naturally prone to superstition, weak women, or some poor, rude, 
illiterate persons, that are apt to be wrought upon, and gulled in this kind, pron>. 
without either examination or due consideration (for they take up religion a trust, as 
at mercers' they do their wares) to believe anything. And the best means they iiave 
to broach first, or to maintain it when they have done, is to keep them still in 
ignorance : for "• ignorance is the mother of devotion," as all the world knows, and 



"Zanchius. 23 virg. 6. iEn. MSiiperstitio ex , 324. vit. Constantin. 2' De rerum varietate I. 3. 

ignorautia divinitatis eiiiersit, ex vitiosa ismulatioiie c. .33. Paruiii vero distat sapiditia \ irciruiii a puetni, 
et clffiiiKiniii illccebris, iiioiiislaiis, tiiiiKiis, flucluaiis, et inulto minus senuni et mulieruni, cum nietuet Bupersl! 
cui se adciicul iiesciens, quein iinplnrct, cui se commit- j lione et alieiia ^tnllitia e.t iiiiprobilale siiiiplices agi 
tat, a d'l uione fncile decepia. Lenitiins, lib. '.i. c. 8. ' taiitur. 
*Sei)eca. '^' Viile Buroiiiu/11 3 Aniialiuni ad annuiD I 



Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Causes of Religious Melancholy. 009 

these times can amply witness. This hath been th*" devil's practice, antl his in- 
fernal ministers in all- ages; not as our Saviour by a few silly tisliernien, to con- 
found the wisdom of the world, to save publicans and sinners, but to make advantage 
of their ignorance, to convert them and their associates ; and that they may better 
effect \rhat they intend, they begin, as I say, with poor, ^-stupid, illiterate per- 
sons. So Mahomet did when he published his Alcoran, which is a piece of work 
(saith ^^Bredenbachius) "'full of nonsense, barbarism, confusion, without rhyme, rea- 
son, or any good composition, first published to a company of I'ude rustics, hog- 
rubbers, that had no discretion, judgment, art, or understanding, and is so still main- 
tained." For it is a part of their policy to let no man comment, dare to dispute or 
call in question to this day any part of it, be it never so absurd, incredible, ridicu- 
lous, fabulous as it is, must be believed impUcitc, upon pain of death no man must 
dare to contradict it, "God and the emperor. Sec." Wiiat else do our papists, but 
bv keeping the people in ignorance vent and broach all their new ceremonies and 
traditions, when they conceal the scripture, read it in Latin, and to some few alone, 
feeding the slavish people in the meantime with tales out of legends, and such like 
fabulous narrations ? Whom do they begin with but collapsed ladies, some few trades- 
men, superstitious old folks, illiterate persons, weak women, discontent, rude, silly 
companions, or sooner circumvent ? So do all our schismatics and heretics. Marcus 
and Valentinian heretics, in ^^ Irenaeus, seduced first I know not how many women, 
and made them believe they were prophets. '^ Friar Cornelius of Dort seduced a 
company of silly women. What are all our anabaptist, brownists, barrowists, fami- 
lists, but a company of rude, illiterate, capricious, base fellows ? What are most of 
our papists, but stupid, ignorant and blind bayards.'' how should they otherwise be. 
when as they are brought up and kept still in darkness? ^^"If their pastors (saith 
Lavater) have done their duties, and instructed their flocks as they ought, in the 
principles of christian religion, or had not forbidden them the reading of scriptures, 
they had not been as they are." But being so misled all their lives in superstition, 
and carried hood-winked like hawks, how can they prove otherwise than blind idiots, 
and superstitious asses ? what else shall we expect at their hands ? Neither is it suf- 
ficient to keep them blind, and in Cimmerian darkness, but withal, as a schoolmaster 
doth by his boys, to make them follow their books, sometimes l)y good hope, pro- 
mises and encouragements, but most of all by fear, strict discipline, severity, threats 
and punishment, do they collogue and soothe up their silly auditors, and so bring 
them into a fools' paradise. Rex eris aiunf, si rede facics^ do well, thou shalt be 
crowned ; but for the most part by threats, terrors, and affrights, they tyrannise and 
terrify their distressed souls : knowing that fear alone is the sole and only means to 
i keep men in obedience, according to that hemistichium of Fetronius, primus in orbe 
de OS fecit timor., the fear of some divine and supreme powers, keeps men in obe- 
dience, makes the people do their duties : they play upon their consciences; ^'^ which 
was practised of old in Egypt by their priests ; when there was an eclipse, they made 
the people believe God was angry, great miseries were to come ; they take all op- 
portunities of natural causes, to delude the people's senses, and with fearful tales 
out of purgatory, feigned apparitions, earthquakes in Japonia or China, tragical ex- 
amples of devils, possessions, obsessions, false miracles, counterfeit visions, &c. 
They do so insult over and restrain them, never hoby so dared a larke, that they 
will not ^ offend the least tradition, tread, or scarce look awry : Deus bone (^^ Lavater 
exclaims) quot hoc commentum de purgatorio misere afflixit ! good God, how many 
men have been miserably afflicted by this fiction of purgatory ! 
^' J'o these advantages of hope and fear, ignorance and simplicity, he hath several 
engines, traps, devices, to batter and enthral, omitting no opportunities, according to 
men's several inclinations, abilities, to circumvent and humour them, to maintain his 
superstitions, sometimes to stupefy, besot them : sometimes again by oppositions. 



^ In 8.11 superstition wise men follow fools. Bacon's 
Essays. ^ Peregrin. Hieros. ca. 5. totum scriptuni 

eonfiisum sine online vel colore, absque sensu et ra- 
tione arl rusticissiinos, idem ledit, rudissimos, et pror- 
fus agrestes, qui iiullius era it discretionis, ut dijudi- 
ijre po^sent. 30 Lib. 1 cap. 9. Valent. hseres. 9. 

•' Meteraniis ,. 6. hi.st. Belg. '^Si doctorcs suum 

77 



fecissent officium, et |)Iehem fidei commissam recte Ir^ 
stituissent de doctrinal clirislianuR capitih. nee sacris 
scriptiiris interdixissent, de miiltis prociildiibio recte 
sensissent. 33 Junius |i_ 4, S4 gpe more i: 

Kemnisius' Exameii Oricil. Trident, de Pursatoric 
=" Pan 1. c. 16. part X cap. 18. et H. 



fllO Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. 

factions, to set all at od(}s and in an uproar; sometimes he infects one man, and 
makes him a principal agent; sometimes whole cities, countries. If of meaner sort. 
liy stupidity, canonical obedience, blind zeal, &.c. If of better note, by pride, ambi- 
lion, popularity, vain-glory. If of the clergy and more eminent, of better parts than 
the rest, more learned, eloquent, he puffs them up with a vain conceit of their own 
worth, scicntid in/lati^ they begin to swell, and scorn all the world in respect of 
themselves, and thereupon turn heretics, schismatics, broach new doctrines, frame 
new crotchets and the like; or else out of too much learning become mad, or out 
of curiosity they will search into God's secrets, and eat of the forbidden fruit; or 
out of presumption of their holiness and good gifts, inspirations, become prophets, 
enthusiasts, and what not ? Or else if they be displeased, discontent, and have not 
(as they suppose) preferment to their worth, have some disgrace, repulse, neglected, 
or not esteemed as they fouilly value tlicmselves, or out of emulation, they begin 
presently to rage and rave, ccpliim terrce. niiscent, they become so impatient in an in- 
stant, that a whole kingdom cannot contain them, they will set all in a combustion, 
all at variance, to be revenged of their adversaries. ''^Donatus, when he saw Cecilia- 
nus preferred before him in the bishopric of Carthage, turned heretic, and so did 
Arian, because Alexander was advanced: we have examples at home, and too many 
experiments of such persons. If they be laymen of better note, the same engines of 
pride, ambition, emulation and jealousy, take place, they will be god-s themselves : 
^'Alexander in India, after his victories, became so insolent, he would be adored for 
a god : and those Roman emperors came to that height of madness, they must have 
temples built to them, sacrifices to their deities, Divus Augustus, D. Claudius, D. Adria- 
nus : ^^ Heliogabalus, '•• put out that vestal fire at Rome, expelled the virgins, and 
banished all other religions all over the world, and would be the sole God himself." 
Our Turks, China kings, great Chams, and Mogors do little less, assuming divine 
and bombast titles to themselves; the meaner sort are too credulous, and led with 
blind zeal, blind obedience, to prosecute and maintain whatsoever th?ir sottish lead- 
ers shall propose, what they in pride and singularity, revenge, vain-glory, ambition, 
spleen, for gain, shall rashly maintain and broach, their disciples make a matter of 
conscience, of hell and damnation, if they do it not, and will rather forsake wives, 
children, house and home, lands, goods, fortunes, life itself, than omit or abjure the 
least tittle of it, and to advance the common cause, undergo any miseries, turn traitors, 
assassins, pseudo-martyrs, with full assurance and hope of reward in that other world, 
that they shall certainly merit by it, win heaven, be canonised for sain''?. 

Now when they are truly possessed with blind zeal, and misled with superstition, 
he hath many other baits to inveigle and infatuate them farther yet, to make them 
quite mortified and mad, and that under colour of perfection, to merit by penance, 
going wolward, whipping, alms, fastings, &c. An. 1320. there was a sect of ^^whippers 
in Germany, that, to the astonishment of the beholders, lashed, and cruelly tortured 
themselves. I could give many other instances of each particular. Bu{ tiiese works 
so done are meritorious, ex opere operato^ ex condigno^ for themselves and others, 
to make them macerate and consume their bodies, specie virtntis et iimbrd, those 
evangelical counsels are propounded, as our pseudo-catholics call them, canonical 
obedience, wilful poverty, '"'vows of chastity, monkery, and a solitary life, which 
extend almost to all religions and superstitions, to Turks, Chinese, Gentiles, Abys- 
sinians, Greeks, Latins, and all countries. Amongst the rest, fasting, contempla- 
tion, solitariness, are as it were certain rams by which the devil doth batter and 
work upon the strongest constitutions. JYonnulU (saith Peter Forestus) ob longas 
inedias, sfudia et medifaliones ccelestrs, de rebus sacris et religione semper agitant, 
by fasting overmuch, and divine meditations, are overcome. Not that fasting is a 
thing of itself to be discommended, for it is an excellent means to keep the body in 
subjection, a preparative to devotion, the physic of the soul, b)'- which chaste thoughts 
are engendered, true zeal, a divine spirit, whence wholesome counsels do proceed, 
concupiscence is restrained, vicious and predominant lusts and humours are expelled. 
The fathers are very much in commendation of it, and, as Calvin notes, " sometimes 

•• Austin. 8'Curtiiis. lib. 8. '" I,am|)Tiilius I iimim hoc stiiriens iit solus dens coleretdr. 3» Flaeella- 

»itK rjus. Virgiiies vfstalf^, et sarnim i!;neiii Romae iDrinn secta. Miiiistei lih. .I. CdsiiKig. cap. 19. *<> Vo 
•stiiixit, et oiiiiiee ubi<|Ue per orhuiii terrs religioiies, | tiiiii caslilmtiis, iiioiiaciiatiis. 



Meiri. I. Subs. 2.j 



Causes of Religious Melancholy. 



611 



immoderate. "•' The mother of 1 ealth, key < 'i h°aven a spiritual wing to ereare us, 
ihe ch-driot of the Holy Ghost, oanner of laith." &.o. And 'tis true tliey s^y )!' it, 
if it be moderately and seai^onably u-ed, by such parties as Moses, El ias, Daniel, 
Christ, an'l his ^"apostles made use of it; but when by this means they will supere- 
rogate, and as *^ Erasmus well taxeth, Ccelum nan svfficere putant suis meritis, Heaven 
is loo small a reward for it ; they make choice of times and meats, buy and sell thei» 
merits, attribute more to them than to the ten Commandments, and count it a greater sin 
to eat meat in Lent, than to kill a man,' and as one sayeth, Plus respiciunt assum 
pisce?n, quam Christum crucifixunif plus salmonem qiiam Solomoncm^ quihus in ore 
Christus^ Epicurus in corde, " pay more respect to a broiled lish than to Christ cru- 
cified, more regard to salmon than to Solomon, have Christ on their lips, but Epi- 
curus in their hearts," when some counterfeit, and some attribute more to such works 
of theirs than to Christ's death and passion ; the devil sets in a foot, strangely de- 
ludes them, and by that means makes them to overthrow the temperature of their 
bodies, and hazard their souls. Never any strange illusions of devils amongst her- 
mits, anchorites, never any visions, phantasms, apparitions, enthusiasms, prophets, 
any revelations, but immoderate fasting, bad diet, sickness, melancholy, solitariness, 
or some such things, were the precedent causes, the forerunners or concomitants of 
them. The best opportunity and sole occasion the devil takes' to delude them, 
Marcilius Cognatus, lib. 1. cont. cap. 7. hath many stories to this purpose, of such as 
after long fasting have been seduced by devils; and ''*'•' 'tis a miraculous thing to re- 
late (as Cardan writes) what strange accidents proceed from fasting; dreams, super- 
stition, contempt of torments, desire of death, prophecies, paradoxes, madness ; fast- 
ing naturally prepares men to these things." Monks, an'chorites, and the like, after 
much emptiness, become melancholy, vertiginous, they think they hear strange noises, 
confer with hobgoblins, devils, rivei up their bodies, et dum hostem itisequimur, saith 
Gregory, civem quern diligimus, trucidafnus, they become bare skeletons, skin and 
bones; Carnibus abstinenles proprias carnes devorant, ut nil prater cutem et ossa 
sit reliquum. Hilarion, as ''^ Hierome reports in his life, and Athanasius of Antonius, 
was so bare with fasting, " that the skui did scarce stick to the bones ; for want of 
vapours he could not sJeep, and for want of sleep became idleheaded, heard every 
night infants cry, oxen low, wolves howl, lions roar (as he thought), clattering of 
chains, strange voices, and the like illusions of devils." Such symptoms are com- 
mon to those that fast long, are solitary, given to contemplation, overmuch solitari 
aess and meditation. Not that these things (as I said of fasting) are to be discom- 
mended of themselves, but very behoveful in some cases and good : sobriety and 
contemplation join our souls to God, as that heathen '"^Porphyrie can tell us. 
*' '' Ecstacy is a taste of future happiness, by which we are united unto God, a divine 
melancholy, a spiritual wing Bonavenlure terms it, to lift us up to heaven ; but as 
it is abused, a mere dotage, madness, a cause and symptom of religious melancholy. 
^^^ If you shall at any time see (saith Guianerius) a religious person over-supersti- 
tious, too solitary, or much given to fasting, that man will certainly be melancholy, 
thou mayest boldly say it, he will be so." P. Forestus hath almost the same words, 
and '''Cardan subtil, lib. 18. et cap. 40. lib. 8. de rerum varietate., "solitariness, fast- 
ing, and that melancholy humour, are the causes of all hermits' illusions." Lavater, 
do spect. cap. 19. part. 1. and part. 1. cap. 10. puts solitariness a main cause of such 
spectrums and apparitions ; none, saith he, so melancholy as monks and hermits, the 
devil's hath melancholy; ^''"none so subject to visions and dotage in this kind, as 
such as live solitary lives, they hear and act strange things in their dotage." ^' Poly- 



pi Mater snnitatis, clavis coeloriini, ala animie quae 
leves peiiiias producal, ut in suhlimc ferat ; curnis 
Bpiritiis sancti, vo.xillum fidei, pi rta paradisi, vita ari- 
gfcloriiiii, &c. "(jastif»o corpus meuiii. •'^ Mor. 

necom. " Lib. 8. cap. 10. de rerum varielate: adiiii- 
ralioiie digiia sunt quoe pf;r jcjuniurn hoc inodo contin- 
gunt : soninia, snperslitio, contemptus tornientoruin, 
mortis desiileriurri obstinata opinio, insania : jcjuniuin 
naturaliter preparat ad hasc omnia. <j Epist. i.3. Ita 
atlenuatus fuil jejunio el vigiliis, in tantum exeso cor 
pore nt ossibiis vix hterebat, undo nocte inOintum vagi- 
lus, bala'us pecoruni, mu^itiis bourn, voces et ludihria 
(iemiinL.(ii. &c. ■•* Lib. de ahslinentia Sobrielas et 

contineiilia inentein deo conjungunt. ♦'Extasis 



nihil est aliud quam gustus futurie lieatitndinis. Eras- 
mus epist. ad Dorpium in qua toll absorbeinurin Deum. 
^' Si relii-'iosuni minis jejunia videris otiservanlein, nu- 
daciter melanchulicum pronunciabis. Tract. 5. cap. 5. 
^^Soliludo ipsa, mens ajgra laboribug anxiis et jejuniis, 
tum temperalura cibis mutata agrestibus, et hiimoi 
melancholicus Heremitis iMiisionum causa sunt. m.So- 
litudo est causa apparitionum ; nulli visionibus et liinc 
delirio magis obnoxii sunt quam qui coliegis et ereiiic 
vivuiit monachi : tales plernmque melancholici ob vic- 
tum, solitudinem. ^i Monactii sese putant prophetare 
ex Dei), el qui solitariam agunt vitau!, quum sit in 
stiiictii diemonum ; et sic fallnjilur fatidicK ; a mak 
genio habent. •\ux putant a I>eo, el sic entti'isiastx. 



612 



Religious Melancholy 



ll'iirt. 3 Sec. 4 



dore Virgil, tih. 2. prodigiis, "holds that those prophecies and jnonks' revelations, 
nuns dreams, which they suppose come from God, to proceed wholly ab inslinctu 
dtrna num, by the devil's means ; and so those enthusiasts, anabaptists, pseudo- 
prophets from the same cause. *^ Fracastorius, lib. 2. de intellect, will have all your 
pythonesses, sybils, and pseudo-prophets to be mere melancholy, so doih Wierus 
prove, lib. 1. cap. 8. et I. 3. cap. 7. jind Arculanus in 9 Rhasis, that melancholy is a 
sole cause, and the devil together, with fasting and solitariness, of such sybilline 
prophecies, if there were ever such, which, with ^^Casaubon and others I justly ex- 
cept at ; for it is not likely that the Spirit of God should ever reveal such manifest 
revelations and predictions of Christ, to those Pythonissae witches, Apollo's priests, 
the devil's ministers, (they were no better) and conceal them from his own prophets; 
for these sybils set down all particular circumstances of Christ's coming, and many 
other future accidents far more perspicuous and plain than ever any prophet did. 
But. howsoever, there be no Phsbades or sybils, I am assured there be other enthu- 
siasts, prophets, dii Fatidici, Magi, (of which read Jo. Boissardus, who hath labo- 
riously collected them into a great ^volume of late, with elegant pictures, and 
epitomised their lives) &c., ever have been in all ages, and still proceeding from those 
causes, ^^qui visiones suas enarrant, somniant futura., prophetisant., e.t rjusmodi deliriis 
agitatii Spiritum Sanctum sibi communicari putant. That which is written of Saint 
Francis' five wounds, and other such monastical effects, of him and others, may 
justly be referred to this our melancholy ; and that which Matthew Paris relates of 
the *** monk of Evesham, who saw heaven and hell in a vision ; of " Sir Owen, that 
went down into Saint Patrick's purgatory in King Stephen's days, and saw as much; 
Walsingham of him that showed as much by Saint Julian. Beda, lib. 5. cap. 13. 14. 
15. et 20. reports of King Sebba, lib. 4. cap. 1 1 . eccles. hist, that saw strange ^* visions; 
and Slumphius Helvet Cornic, a cobbler of Basle, that beheld rare apparitions at 
Augsburg, '^in Germany. Alexander ab Alexandro, gC7i. dier. lib. 6. cap. 21. of an 
enthusiastical prisoner, (all out as probable as that of Eris Armenius, in Plato's tenth 
dialogue de Repuh. that revived again ten days after he was killed in a battle, and 
told strange wonders, like those tales Ulysses related to Alcinous in Homer, or 
Lucian's vera historia itself) was still after much solitariness, fasting, or long sick- 
ness, when their brains were addled, and their bellies as empty of meat as their heads 
of wit. Florilegus hath many such examples, /o/. 191. one of Saint Gultlake of 
Crowald that fought with devils, but still after long fasting, overmuch solitariness, 
*"the devil persuaded him therefore to fast, as Moses and Elias did, the better to de- 
lude him. ^' In the same author is recorded Carolus Magnus vision ^/i. 185. oi 
ecstacies, wherein he saw heaven and hell after much fasting and meditation. So did 
the devil of old with Apollo's priests. Amphiaraus and his fellows, those Egyptians, 
still enjoin long fasting before he would give any oracles, iriduum a cibo et vino ab- 
stinerenti^^ before they gave any answers, as Volateran lib. 13. cap. 4. records, and 
Strabo Geog. lib. 14. describes Charon's den, in the way between Tralles and Nis- 
sum, whither the priests led sick and fanatic men : but nothing performed without 
long fasting, no good to be done. That scoffing '^^Lucian conducts his Menippus to 
hell by the directions of that Chaldean Mithrobarzanes, but after long fasting, and 
such like idle preparation. Which the Jesuits right well perceiving of what force 
this fasting and solitary mechtation is, to alter men's minds, when they would make 
a man mad, ravish him, improve him beyond himself, to undertake some great busi- 
ness of monient, to kill a king, or the like, "^ they bring him into a melancholy dark 
chamber, where he shall see no light for many days together, no company, little 
meat, ghastly pictures of devils all about him, and leave him to lie as he will him- 
self, on the bare floor in this chamber of meditation, as they call it, on his back, 
side, belly, till by this strange usage they make him quite mad and beside himself. 



^''Sibylla!, Pythii, et pniphetje qui divinare solent, 
nrnnc^ I'atiatici sum inelaucholjci. ^^ Exerrit. c. 1. 

M De divinatione et magicis praestigiis. ^^ Idem. 

"Post. ]5 dierum preces et jejuiiia, iiiirahiles videbat 
risiones. ^''J Fol. 84. vita Stephaiii, et fol. J77. post 

triuni inensium inediaui et languorein per !) dies nihil 
comedens aut bibens. m After contemplation in an 

ecstacy ; so Hierom was wliippfd for reading Tully ; 
see millions of "xamples in our annals. 6» Bede, 

Uregory, Jarobus de V^ragine, Lippomannua, Hierony. 



mus, John Major de vitiis patruni, &c. <"> Fol. 1% 

post abstinentia; curas miras illusiones daemonum au- 
divit. 61 Fol. 1.55. post seriani meditationcni in 

vigila dici dominicic visionem habuit de purpatorio. 
*2 Ubi nniltos dies nianent jejuni ronsilio sacerdutiiin 
auxilia invocantes. m |n Necroinant. Etcibusqui- 
dem glandes erant, potiis aqua, lectus sub rtivo, Scr. 
«''John Everardus Biitanno. Roinanus lib. edit. Iftit 
dt.Ecribes all the manner of it. 



Mem. 1 Subs. 3.] Symptoms of lieligtuus Melancholy. 6l5i 

And then aftei some ten days, as they find him animated and resolved, th* v make 
use of him. The devil^ hath many sucli factors, many such engines, whii h what 
effect they produce, you shall hear in the following symptoms. 

SiiBSECT. III. — Symptoms general, love to their own sect, hate of all other rtligions^ 
ihslinacy, peevishness, ready to undergo any danger or cross for it ; Martyrs^ 
hliw^ zeal, blind obedience, fastings, vows, belief of incredibilities, impossibilities : 
Panicular of Gentiles, Mahometans, Jews, Christians ; and in them, heretics old 
and new, schismatics, schoolmen, prophets, enthusiasts, <^c. 

Flkat Heraclitus, an rideat Democritusf in attempting to speak of these symp 
toms, shall I laugh with Democritus, or weep with Heraclitus .? they are so ridiculous 
and absurd on the one side, so lamentable and tragical on the other : a mixed scene 
offers itself, so full of errors and a promiscuous variety of objects, that I know not 
in what strain to represent it. When J think of the Turkish paradise, those Jewish 
fables, and pontifical rites, those pagan superstitions, their sacrifices, and ceremonies, 
as to make images of all matter, and adore them when they have done, to see them 
kiss the* pyx, creep to the cross, &c. J cannot choose but laugh with Democritus : 
but when I see them whip and torture themselves, grind their souls for toys and 
trifles, desperate, and now ready to die, I cannot but weep with Heraclitus. When 
I see a priest say mass, with all those apish gestures, murniurings, &c. read the cus- 
toms of the Jews' synagogue, or Mahoiueta Meschites, 1 must needs ""^ laugh at their 
folly, risum teneatis amici'y but wiien I see them make matters of conscience of 
such toys and trifles, to adore tlie devil, to endanger their souls, to offer their chil- 
dren to their idols, &.c. 1 must needs condole their misery. When I see two super- 
stitious orders contend pro aris etfocis, with such have and hold, de land caprind, 
some write such great volumes to no purpose, take so much pains to so small efi'ect, 
their satires, invectives, apologies, dull and gross fictions ; when I see grave learned 
men rail and scold like butter-women, methinks 'lis pretty sport, and fit ^^ for Cal- 
phurnius and Democritus to laugh at. But when I see so much blood spilt, so many 
murders and massacres, so many cruel battles fought, &c. 'tis a fitter subject for 
Heraclitus to lament. ®' As Merlin when he sat by the lake side with Vortigern, ana 
had seen the white and red dragon fight, before he began to interpret or to speak, in 
fetum prorupit, fell a weeping, and then proceeded to declare to the king what it 
meant. I should first pity and bewail this misery of human kind with some pas- 
sionate preface, wishing mine eyes a fountain of tears, as Jeremiah did, and then to 
my task. For it is that great torture, that infernal plague of mortal men, omnium 
pestium pestilentissima superstitio, and able of itself alone to stand in opposition to 
all other plagues, miseries and calamities whatsoever; far more cruel, more pestife- 
rous, more grievous, more general, more violent, of a greater extent. Other fears 
and sorrows, grievances of body and mind, are troublesome for the time ; but this is 
for ever, eternal damnation, hell itself, a plague, a fire : an inundation hurts one pro- 
vince alone, and the loss may be recovered ; but this superstition involves all the 
world almost, and can never be remedied. Sickness and sorrows come and go, but 
a superstitious soul hath no rest ; ''^ super st it ione i7nbutus animus nunquam quietus esse 
potest, no peace, no quietness. , True religion and superstition are quite opposite, 
longe diversa carnificina et pictas, as Lactantius describes, the one erects, the other 
dejects; illorum pietas, mera impietus ; the one is an easy yoke, the other an in- 
tolerable burden, an absolute tyranny ; the one a sure anchor, a haven ; the other a 
tempestuous ocean; the one makes, the other mars; the one is wisdom, the other 
is folly, madness, indiscretion; the one unfeigned, the other a counterfeit; the one 
a diligent observer, the otler other an ape; one leads to heaven, the other to helL 
But these differences will more evidently appear by their particular symptoms. What 
religion is, and of what parts it doth consist, every catechism will tell you, what 
symptoms it hath, and what effects it produceth : but for their superstitions, no 
■ongue can tell them, no pen express, they are so many, so diverse, so uncertain, so 



'» Varius niappa compoiiere risum vix poterat. «« Pleiio ridtit Calphurnius ore. Hor. *'Alanu 

iii liisulis. ^Cicero J. de tiiiihus. 

3B 



mi 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 4 



inconstant, and so different from themselves. Tot mundi supersfitwnes quot cmIo 
stellce, one s&dh, there be as many superstitions in the wojrld, as there be stars in 
heaven, or devils themselves that are the first fohnders of them : with such ridicu- 
lous, absurd symptoms and signs, so many several rites, ceremonies, torments and 
vexations accompanying, as may well express and beseem the devil to be the author 
and maintainer of them. I will only point at some of them, ex ungue leonem guess 
at the rest, and those of the chief kinds of superstition, wliich beside us Christiana 
low domineer and crucify the world, Gentiles, Mahometans, Jews, &c. 

Of these symptoms some be general, some particular to each private sect: general 
to all, are, an ex'traordinary love and affection they bear and show to such as are of 
their own sect, and more than Vatinian hate to such as are opposite in religion, as 
they call it, or disagree from them in their superstitious rites, blind zeal, (which is as 
much a symptom as a cause,) vain fears, blind obedience, needless works, incredibili- 
ties, impossibilities, monstrous rites and ceremonies, wilfulness, blindness, obstinacy, 
&c. For the first, which is love and hate, as ^^Monianus saith, nulla firmior amlcitia 
quam qucB contrahitur hinc ; nulla discordia major., quam quce. a religione Jit ; no greater 
concord, no greater discord than that which proceeds from religion. It is incredible 
to relate, did not our daily experienfce evince it, what factions, quam teierrimcs 
factiones, (as ™Rich. Dinoth writes) have been of late for matters of religion in 
France, and what hurlyburlies all over Europe for these many years. JVihil est quod 
tarn impotentur rapiat homines, quam suscepta de salute opinio ; siquidem pro ea omnes 
gentes corpora et animus devovere solent, et arctissimo necessitudinis vinculo se invicem 
colligure. ■ We are all brethren in Christ, servants of one Lord, members of one 
body, and therefore are or should be at least dearly beloved, inseparably allied in the 
greatest bond of love and familiarity, united partakers not only of the same cross, 
but coadjutors, comforters, helpers, at all times, upon all occasions : as they did in 
the primitive church, Jlcts the 5. they sold their patrimonies, and laid them at the 
apostles' feet, and many such memorable examples of mutual love we have had 
under the ten general persecutions, many since. Examples on the other side of dis- 
cord none like, as our Saviour saith, he came therefore into the world to set father 
against son, &.c. In imitation of whom the devil belike ("na?n superstitio irrepsit 
vera religionis imitatrixy superstition is still religion's ape, as in all other things, so 
in this) doth so combine and glue together his superstitious followers in love and 
affection, that they will live and die together : and what an innate hatred hath he still 
inspired to any other superstition opposite .' How those old Romans were affected, 
those ten persecutions may be a witness, and that cruel executioner in Eusebius, aut 
lita aut morere, sacrifice or die. No greater hate, more continuate, bitter faction, 
wars, persecution in all ages, than for matters of religion, no such feral opposition, 
father against son, mother against daughter, husband against wife, city against city, 
kingdom against kingdom : as of old at Tentira and Combos : 



'»" Immortale odium, et iiunqiiani sanabile vulnus, 
liide furor vulgo, quod nuinitia vicinoruiri 
Odit ulerqiie locus, quiini solos credit liabendos 
Esse deos quos ipse colat." 



' Immortal hate it breeds, a wound past cure, 
And fury to the commons still to endure: 
Because one city t' other's ijods as vain 
Deride, and his alone as good majntain." 



The Turks at this day count no better of us than of dogs,)so they commonly call 
us giaours, infidels, miscreants, make that their main quarrel and cause of Christian 
persecution. If he will turn Turk, he shall be entertained as a brother, and had in 
good esteem, a Mussulman or a believer, which is a greater tie to them than any 
ahinity or consanguinity. The Jews stick together like so many burrs; but as for 
the rest, whom they call Gentiles, they do hate and abhor, they cannot endure their 
Messiah should be a common saviour to us all, and rather, as "^Luther writes, "than 
they that now scoff at them, curse them, persecute and revile them, shall be coheirs 
and brethren with them, or have any part or fellowship with their Messiah, they 
v/ould crucify tireir Messiah ten times over, and God himself, his angers, and all his 
creatures, if it were possible, though they endure a thousand hells for it." Such i«i 
their malice towards us. Now for Papists, what in a common cause for the advance 

* In Micah ccmrnent. '"Gall. hist. lib. 1. " Lac- I crucifixiiri essent, ipsunique Deum ?i .fl fieri posset, una 
tantiiis. '2 Juv. Sat. 15. '3(Jonimerit in Micah. | cum aiigelis et creaturrs ouiinbus, i>pc ahsterretui ak 

F°"c .ion pjssunt ut illorum Messias coniiiiunu serva- | hoc facto et si mille inferua u.^m^inda forcDt. 
'01 sit, nostrum gaudtuih,&.c. Mess'ias vei deem decies | 



Mem. .1. Subs. 3.] Syrnploms of Religious Melancholy. 615 

ment of iheir religion they will endure, our traitors and pseudo-catholics will declare 
unto us; and how bitter on the other side to their adversaries, how violently bent, 
; let those Marian times record, as those miserable slaugliters at Merindol and Cabriers, 
the Spanish inquisition, the Duke ol' Alva's tyranny in the Low Countries, the 
French massacres and civil wars. ''*'•'• Tantum rcligio potuil suadere malorum?'' 
''■Such wickechiess did religion persuade." Not there only, but all over Europe, we 
read of bloody battles, racks and wheels, seditions, factions^ oppositions. 

'5 " obvia signis 

Signa, pares aquilas, et pila iiiiiiantia pilis," 

Invectives and contentions. They had rather shake hands with a Jew, Turk, or, as 
the Spaniards do, suffer Moors to live amongst them, and Jews, than Protestants ; 
" my name (sailii '"Luther) is more odious to them than any thief or murderer.'^ So 
it is with all heretics and schismatics whatsoever : and none so passionate, violent 
in their tenets, opinions, obstinate, wilful, refractory, peevish, factious, singular and 
stiff in defence of them ; they do not only persecute and hate, but pity all other 
religions, account them danmed, blind, as if they alone were the true church, they 
are the true heirs, have the fee-simple of heaven by a peculiar donation, 'tis entailed 
on them and their posterities, their doctrine sound, per fimem aureimi de coelo delapsa 
doctrina, "let down from heaven by a golden rope," they alone are to be saved. 
Tiie Jews at this day are so incomprehensibly proud and churlish, saith " Luther, 
that soli salvari, soli domini ierrarum salutari volunt. And as '"Buxtorfius adds, '"so 
ignorant and self-willed withal, that amongst their most understanding rabbins you 
shall tind nought but gross dotage, horrible hardness of heart, and stupendous obsti- 
nacy, in all their actions, opinions, conversations : and yet so zealous with all, that 
no man living can be more, and vindicate themselves for the elect people of GOD." 
'Tis so with all other superstitious sects, Mahometans, Gentiles in China, and Tar- 
tary: our ignorant Papists, Anabaptists, Separatists, and peculiar churches of Amster- 
dam, they alone, and none but they can be saved. '*'''• Zealous (as Paul saith, Rom. 
i. 2.) without knowledge," they will endure any misery, any trouble, suffer and do 
hat which the sunbeams will not endure to see, ReUgionis acti Furiis, all extremi- 
ties, losses and dangers, take any pains, fast, pray, vow chastity, wilful poverty, for- 
sake all and follow their idols, die a thousand deaths as some Jews did to Pilate's 
soldiers, in like case, exertos prcgbentes jugulos, et manifeste pr(B sc ferentes., (as Jo- 
sephus hath it) cariorcm esse rita sibi legis patrice ohservationem., rather than abjure, 
or deny the least particle of that religion which their fathers profess, and they them- 
selves have been brought up in, be it never so absurd, ridiculous, they will embrace 
it, and without farther inquiry or examination of the truth, though it be prodigiously 
false, they will believe it; they will take much more pains to go to hell, than we 
^all do to heaven. Single out the most ignorant of them, convince his understanding, 
show him his errors, grossness, and absurdiles of his sect. JYon persuadehis etiamsi 
persuaseris, he will not be persuaded. As those pagans told the Jesuits in Japona, 
^ they would do as their forefathers have done : and with Ratholde the Frisian Prince, 
go to hell for company, if most of their friends went thither: they will not be moved, 
no persuasion, no torture can stir them. So that papists cannot brag of their vows, 
poverty, obedience, orders, merits, martyrdoms, fastings, alms, good works, pilgrim- 
ages : much and more than all this, I shall show you, is, and hath been done by these 
superstitious Gentiles, Pagans, Idolaters and Jews :; their blind zeal and idolatrous 
superstition in all kinds is much at one ; little or no difference, and it is hard to 
say which is the greatest, which is the grossest. For if a man shall duly consider 
those superstitious rites amongst the Ethnics in Japan, the Bannians in Gusart, the 
Chinese idolaters, *' Americans of old, in Mexico especially, Mahometan priests, he 
shall find the same government almost, the same orders and ceremonies, or so like, 
that they may seem all apparently to be derived from some heathen spirit, and the 
Konian hierarchy no better than the rest. In a word, this is common to all super- 
stition, there is nothing so mad and absurd, so ridiculous, impossible, incredible, 

■>* Lur.ret. "Lucan. '° Ad Galat. comment. | ter ignoraiiliamet irisipientiam grandem inveniea, h«>r 

^onien orliosiiis menm qiiam ullus liomiciila aut fur. rendaiii indurationem, el ohstitiationeiii, &c. " Grea« 

.n comment. Micali. Adeo in<-omprelieti3iliilis et as- is Diana of the Epiiesians, Act. xv. *>" Malum cun 

pera earum nuperbia, &,c. '* Synagog Juda-orum, illi$! insanire, quam cum aliis tjene sentire. "* Acoata 

ea. 1 liiltf uuriini intelligentissimos Rabbinos nil ora;- I 5. 



61 P Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4, 

which they will not believe, observe, and diligently perform, as much as in them lies; 
nothing so monstrous lo conceive, or intolerable to put in practice, so cruel to suffer, 
which they will not willingly undertake. So powerful a thing is superstition. ''^"O 
Egypt (as Trismegistus exclaims) thy religion is fables, and such as posterity will 
not believe." 1 know that in true religion itself, many mysteries are so apprehended 
alone by faith, as that of the Trinity, which Turks especially deride, Christ's incar- 
nation, resurrection of tlie body at the last day, quod ideo credendum (saith Tertul- 
lian) qrwd incredible^ Sfc. many miracles not lo be controverted or disputed of. 
Miruri non rimari sujnenlia vera es/, saith "^Gerhardus ; et in divinis [as a good 
father informs us) qua'dam credcnda, qucBdain adiniranda^ Sfc. some things are to be 
believed, embraced, followed with all submission and obedience, some again admired 
Though Julian the apostate scoff at christians in this point, quod captivemus Intel 
lectum in obsequiumjldei, saying, that the Christian creed is like the pythagorean 
Ipse dixit, we make our will and understanding too slavishly subject to our faith, 
without farther examination of the truth; yet as Saint Gregory truly answers, our 
creed is allioris prastantice^ and much more divine ; and as Tiiomas will, pie conside- 
ranti semper suppetunt rationes, oslendentes eredibilitatem in mysteriis siipernatura- 
libus, we do absolutely believe it, and upon good reasons, for as Gregory well in- 
formeth us ; Fides non kabet meritum^ ubi humana ratio qucerit experimentum ; that 
faith hatli no merit, is not worth the name of faith, that will not apprehend without 
a certain demonstration: we must and will believe God's word; and if we be mis- 
taken or err in our general belief, as ^'^ Richardus de Sancto Victore vows he will say 
to Christ himself at the day of judgment; "Lord, if we be deceived, thou alone 
hast deceived us :" thus we plead. But for the rest I will not justify that pontificial 
consubstantiation, that which '^^ Mahometans and Jews justly except at, as Campa- 
nella confesselh, Alheismi iriumpliat. cap. \'l.fol. 125, difficillimitm dogma esse, nee 
aliud subjectum magis hcereticoriwi blasphemiis, et slullis irrisionibus poUticorum re- 
pcriri. They hold it impossible, Deum in pane manducari; and besides they scoff 
at it, vide gcntem comcdentem Deum suum, inquit quidam Maurus, ^^Hunc Deum 
iiusccB et vermes irridcnt, qtiiim ipsum polluiint et devorant, subditus est igni, aqua:, 
it latroncs furantur, pixidem aureain hnmi prosternwnt, et se tamen non defendit hie 
Dens. Qui fieri potest, ut sit integer in singulis hostice particulis, idem corpus nu~ 
tnero, tarn multis locis, cceJo, terra, 6)C. But he that shall read the -''Turks' Alcoran, 
the Jews' Talmud, and papists' golden legend, in the mean time will swear that such 
gross fictions, fables, vain traditions, prodigious paradoxes and ceremonies, could 
never proceed from any other spirit, than tliat of the devil himself, which is the 
author of confusion and lies; and wonder withal how such wise men as have been 
of the Jews, such learned understanding men as Averroes, Avicenna, or those heathen 
philosophers, could ever be persuaded to believe, or to subscribe to the least part of 
them : aut fraudem non detegere : but tiiat as *** Vanninus answers, ob publicce potes- 
tatis formidinem allatrare philosophi non audebant, they durst not speak for fear of 
the law. But I will descend to particulars : read their several symptoms and then guess. 
Of such symptoms as properly belong to superstition, or that irreligious religion, 
I may say as of the rest, some are ridiculous, some again feral to relate. Of those 
ridiculous, there can be no better testimony than the multitude of their gods, those 
absurd names, actions, oHices they put upon them, their feasts, holy days, sacrifices, 
adorations, and the like. Tiie Egyptians thai pretended so great antiquity, 300 king." 
before Amasis : and as Mela writes, 13,000 years from the beginning of their chroni- 
cles, that bragged so much of their knowledge of old, for they invented arithmetic, 
astronomy, geometry: of their wealth and power, that vaunted of 20,000 cities: 
yet at the same lime their idolatry and superstition was most gross : they worshipped, 
as Diodorus Siculus records, sun and moon under the name of Isis and Osiris, and 
after, such men as were beneficial to them, or any creature that did them good. In 
the cily of Bubasti they adored a cat, saith Herodotus. Ibis and storks, an ox (saith 
Pliny) '■^ leeks and onions, Macrobius, 

*-0 iEgypte, religionis tuse solae supersunl fat.ula; j exftnteraius. i' As true as Homer's Iliad, Ovid'i 

i«;gue lucreditiiles posleris tins. *3 Medilat. li). de Melainorplioses, iEsop's Fables. "» Uial..W. de ora 

cosiia iliiiiiin. "* Lit). I. de trin. cap. :;. si decepti culls. t'' O sarirtas ^eiili.'S quibu^ hsc iiasruntur Ml 

«iiiiiiis, &c. '■'' Vide Sjiiiisatis Isphocanis objectiDiies hortu Numiiia I Juveii. Sat. 15. 

.D iuoiiactium Milesiuiu. ""^Lieue Hussiiiaii. Mus 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.j Symptoms of Religious MtlanchoTy. 617 

60" Pdrruiii et cifipe deos iiiiponere iiubibus ausi, 
Uos tu Nile (leos colis." 

Scoffing ^' Lucian in his vera Historia : which, as he confesseth himself, was no 
j)tirsiiasively written as a truth, bui in comical fashion to glance at the monstrous 
fictions and gross absurdities of writers and nations, to deride without doubt this 
prodigious Egyptian idolatry, feigns this story of himself: that when he had seen 
the Elysian fields, and was now coming away, Rhadamanthus gave him a mallow 
root, and bade him pray to that when he was in any peril or extremity ; which he 
did accordingly ; for when he came to Hydamordia in the island of treacherous 
women, he made his prayers to his root, and was instantly delivered. The Syrians. 
Chaldeans, had as many proper gods of their own invention ; see the said Lucian 
de ded Syria. Morney cap. 22. de verital. relig. Guliel. Stuckius ^^Sacrorum 
Sacrijiciorumque Gcntil. descript. Peter Faber Semester, /. 3. c. 1, 2, 3. Selden 
de diis Syris^i Purchas' pilgrimage, ^^Rosinus of the Romans, and Lilius Giraldus of 
the Greeks. The Romans borrowed from all, besides their own gods, which were 
majorum and minoruiii gentiwh^ as Varro holds, certain and uncertain ; some celestial, 
select, and great ones, others indigenous and Semi-dei, Lares, Lemures, Dioscuri, 
Soteres, and Parastatae, dii tulelares amongst the Greeks : gods of all sorts, for all 
functions; some for the land, some for sea; some for heaven, some for hell; some 
for passions, diseases, some for birth, some for weddings, husbandry, woods, waters, 
wardens, orchards, Stc. All actions and otTices, Pax-Quies, Salus, Libertas, Foelicitas, 
Strenua, Stimula, Horta, Pan, Sylvanus, Priapus, Flora, Cloacina, Stercutius, Febris, 
Pallor, Invidia, Protervia, Risus, Angerona, Volupia, Vacuna, Viriplaca, Veneranda, 
Pales, Neptunia, Doris, kings, emperors, valiant men that had done any good offices 
for them, they did likewise canonise and adore for gods, and it was usually done, 
usitaium apud antiquos., as ^'*Jac. Boissardus well observes, dtificarc hoviines qui 
beneficiis inortales juvarent, and the devil was still ready to second their intents, 
statim se ingessit illorum sepulchris^ slatuis, fempUs., aris., SjC. he crept into their 
temples, statues, tombs, altars, and was ready to give oracles, cure diseases, do mira- 
cles, &.C. as by Jupiter, jEsculapius, Tiresias, Apollo, Mopsus, Amphiaraus, 8tc. dii 
et Serai-dii. For so they were Semi-dii, denii-gods, some medii inter Dcos el homi- 
nes., as Max. ^^Tyrius, the Platonist, ser. 26. et 27, maintains and justifies in many 
words. "• When a good man dies, his body is buried, but his soul, ex koinine dcBinon 
evadit, becomes forthwith a demi-god, nothing disparaged with malignity of air, or 
variety of forms, rejoiceth, exults and sees that perfect beauty witii his eyes. Now 
being deified, in commiseration he helps his poor friends here, on earlh, his kindred 
and allies, informs, succours, &c. punisheth those that are bad aiul do amiss, as a 
good genius to protect and govern mortal men appointed by the gods, so they will 
have it, ordaining some for provinces, some for private men, some for one office, 
some for another. Hector and Achilles assist soldiers to tliis day ; JTiSculapius all 
sick men, the Dioscuri seafaring men, &.c. and sometimes upon occasion they show 
hemselves. The Dioscuri, Hercules and iEsculapius, he saw himself (or the devil 
in his likeness) non somnians sed vigilans ipse vidi :" So far Tyrius. And not good 
men only do they thus adore, but tyrants, monsters, devils, (as ^"^Stukius inveighs) 
Neros, Domitians, Heliogables, beastly women, and arrant whores amongst the rest. 
" For all intents, places, creatures, they assign gods ;" 

" Et dornibus, tectis, thermis, et equis soleatis 
Assignare solent genios" 

saith Prudentius. Cuna for cradles, Diverra for sweeping houses, Nodina knots, 
Prema, Pramunda, Hymen, Hymeneus, for weddings ; Comus the god of good fel- 
lows, gods of silence, of comfort, Hebe goddess of youth, Mena menstruarum^ Sft 
male and female gods, of all ages, sexes and dimensions, with beards, without beards, 
married, unmarried, begot, not born at all, but, as Minerva, start out of Jupiter's 



*i Prudentius. " Having procpeded to deify leeks and 
onions, you, oh Egypt, worship such gods." ^i Prcefat. 
ver. hilt. ^'■''\'l^^n>. fol. J494. ^^ Rosin, antiq. 

Rom. I. 2. c. 1. et deinceps. »« Lib. de divinatioi'.e et 

oiagicis praostigiis in Mopso. 9=("osnio Paccio In- 

terpret, nihil ab aeris calijiine ant fivurarmn varietate 
Hnpeditus inerain piilchritudincin im-ruit. exiiltaus et 
visericordia nio.ua, cognates amicus qui adhuc n ■ in 

78 3 B 2 



tur in terra tuetiir, errantibus sucoirrit, &c. Deus hoc 
jussit ut essent genii dii tutelar* s liominibus, bonog 
juvantes, malos punientes, &c. ** Sacroruin genl. 

descript. non bene merilos soluir, sni et tyrannos pr>i 
iliis colurit, qui gen'is liumaiiun; hoi.-'niluin in moduui 
porieiitosa immanitate divexa.ji.: &C. fiedas mere- 
inces, &.C. 



618 Religious Melancholy. jPart 3, Sec. 4 

head. Hesiod reckons up at least 30,000 gods, Varro 300 Jupiters A; 'eremy told 
them, their gods w re to the multitude of cities ; 

" diiicqMid hiimiis. pt-laiitiis, coBliiin niisprabile ^ignit I " Wtiatever heavens, sea, and land liegat. 
Id di.xere deos, colles, frela, flimiiiia, tiaiiiinas." | Hills, seas, and rivers, God was tins and that." 

And which was most absurd, they made gods upon such ridiculous occasions ; " As 
children make babies (so saith "Morneus), their poets make gods," et quns adoranl 
in tcmplis^ ludunt in Theatris, as Lactantius scoffs. Saturn, a man, gelded himself, 
did eat his own children, a cruel tyrant driven out of his kingdom by his son Jupi- 
ter, as good a god as himself, a wicked lascivious paltry king of Crete, of whose 
rapes, lusts, murders, villanies, a whole volume is too little to relate. Venus, a noto- 
rious strumpet, as common as a barber's chair. Mars, Adonis, Ancbises' whore, is a 
great she-goddess, as well as the rest, as much renowned by their poets, with many 
such ; and these gods so fabulously and foolishly made, ceremoniis, hymnis, et canticis 
celebrunl ; their errors, luctus et gaudia^ a?norcs, iras^ nuptias et Uberorum procrea- 
tioncs (^^as Eusebius well taxeth), weddings, mirth and mournings, loves, angers, and 
quarrelling they did celebrate in hymns, and sing of in their ordinary songs, as it 
were publishing their villanies. But see more of their originals. When Romulus 
was made away by the sedition of the senators, to pacify the people, ^^ Julius Procu- 
lus gave out that Romulus was taken up by Jupiter into heaven, and therefore to be 
ever after adored for a god amongst the Romans. Syrophanes of Egypt had one 
only son, whom he dearly loved ; he erected his statue in his house, which his ser- 
vants did adorn with garlands, to pacify their master's wrath when he was angry, so 
by little and little he was adored for a god. This did Semiramis for her husband 
Belus, and Adrian the emperor by his minion Antinous. Flora was a rich harlot in 
Rome, and for that she made the commonwealth her heir, her birthday was solem- 
nised long after; and to make it a more plausible holiday, they made her goddess 
of flowers, and sacrificed to her .amongst the rest. The matrons of Rome, as Dio- 
nysius Halicarnassajus relates, because at their entreatv Coriolanus desisted from his 
wars, consecrated a church ForiuncB muliebri; and '°'' Venus Barbata had a temple 
erected, for that somewhat was amiss about hair, and so the rest. The citizens ' of 
Alabanda, a small town in Asia Minor, to curry favour with the Romans (who then 
warred in Greece with Perseus of Macedon, and were formidable to these parts), 
consecrated a temple to the City of Rome, and made her a goddess, with annua 
games and sacrifices ; so a town of houses was deified, with shameful flattery of the 
one side to give, and intolerable arrogance on the other to accept, upon so vile anc 
absurd an occasion. Tully writes to Atticus, that his daughter TuUiola might bt 
made a goddess, and adored as Juno and Minerva, and as well she deserved it. Theii 
holy days and adorations were all out as ridiculous ; those Lupercals of Pan, Flo- 
rales of Flora, Bona dea, Anna Perenna, Saturnals, &c., as how they were celebrated, 
with what lascivious and wanton gestures, bald ceremonies, '^ by what bawdy priests, 
how tliey hang their noses over the smoke of sacrifices, saith ''Lucian, and lick blood 
like flies that was spilled about the altars. Their carved idols, gilt images of wood 
iron, ivory, silver, brass, stone, olim fruncus eram, ^c, were most absurd, as being 
ilieir own workmanship; for as Seneca notes, adornnt ligneos decs, et fahros interim 
^uiJeccrvrU,, contemnunt., they adore work, contemn the workman; and as Tertul- 
lian follows it, <S/ homines non essent diis propilii, non cssent dii, had it not been 
for men, they had never been gods, but blocks, and stupid statues in which mice, 
swallows, birds make their nests, spiders their webs, and in their very mouths laid 
their excrements. Those images, ] say, were all out as gross as the shapes in which 
they did represent them : Jupiter with a ram's head. Mercury a dog's. Pan like a 
goat, Heccate with three heads, one with a beard, another without ; see more in Car- 
teriuK and ■* Verdurius of their monstrous forms and ugly pictures : and, which was 
absurder yet, they told them these images came from heiven, as tliat of Minerva in 
her temple at Athens, quod t cczlo cecidisse credebant accolcn, saith Pausanias. They 



•'Cap. 22. de ver. rel. Deos finxerunt eorum poeta-, 
Jt infifintiiim pnppas. >"* Proem, lib. Contra, (ihilos. 

* Living, lib. 1. Deiis vobis in posterum propitiiis, 
Qnirites. >»« An.h Verdnre Iniai;. deoriiin. • Mu- 
ieris randido splendentHS amiciniine varioiji 'i Ifftentes 
g<>stiiiiiiic. vernu tlurentes conainine. solum stcrtienies, j 



&.C. Apiileiiis, lib. II. rie Asino aureo. > Magna 

reliiiione qua-ritiir qua- possit adulleria phira nnn crare 
.Vlinut. ' Lib. de sacrifiriis. Furno inhianfi. e< 

nuiscannii in inorein sanpuineni e«iinen(es circnni am 
effusum. < Imagines Ueoruni lib. sin. iiiscript. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of Religious Melancholy. 619 

rormed some like storks, apes, bulls, and yet seriously believed: and that which was 
impious and abominable, they made their gods notorious whoremasters, incestuoua 
Sodomites (as commonly they were all, as well as Jupiter. Mars, Apollo, Mercury 
Neptune, &.c.), thieves, slaves, drudges (for Apollo and Neptune made tiles in Phry- 
gia), kept sheep, Hercules emptied stables, Vulcan a blacksmith, unfit to dwell upon 
the earth for their villanies, much less in heaven, as ^JVIornay well saith, and yet 
they gave them out to be such ; so weak and brutish, some to whine, lament, and 
roar, as Isis for her son and Cenocephalus, as also all her weeping priests; Mars in 
Homer to be wounded, vexed ; Venus ran away crying, and the like \ than which 
what can be more ridiculous ? JWrnne ridiculum lugere quod colas., vel colere quod 
lugeasf (which ^Minutius objects) Si dii., cur plangitis? si morlui, cur adoratis? that 
it is no marvel if 'Lucian, that adamantine persecutor of superstition, and Pliny could 
so scoff at them and their horrible idolatry as they did \ if Diagoras took Hercules' 
image, and put it under his pot to seethe his pottage, which was, as he said, his 13th 
labour. But see more of their fopperies in Cypr. 4. tract, de Idol, varietal. Chrysos- 
tom advers. Gentil. Arnobius adv. Genfes. Austin, de civ. dci. Theodoret. de curat. 
Grccc. affect. Clemens Alexandrinus, Minutius Foelix, Eusebius, Lactantius, Stuckius, 
&.C. Lamentable, tragical, and fearful those symptoms are, that they should be so 
far forth affrighted with their fictitious gods, as to spend the goods, lives, fortunes, 
precious time, best days in their honour, to * sacrifice unto them, to their inestimable 
loss, such hecatombs, so many thousand sheep, oxen with gilded horns, goats, as 
"Crcesus, king of Lydia, '"Marcus Julianus, surnamed ob crehras hostias Victima- 
rius., et Tauricremus, and the rest of the Roman emperors usually did with such 
labour and cost ; and not emperors onl}' and great ones, pro communi bono., were 
at this charge, but private men for their ordinary occasions. Pythagoras offered a 
hundred oxen for the invention of a geometrical problem, and it was an ordinary 
thing to sacrifice in " Lucian's time, ••' a heifer for their good health, four oxen 
for wealth, a hundred for a kingdom, nine bulls for their safe return from Troja to 
Pylus," Stc. Every god almost had a peculiar sacrifice — the Sun horses, Vulcan fire, 
Diana a white hart, Venus a turtle, Ceres a hog, Proserpine a black lamb, Neptune 
a bull (read more in '"Stukius at large), besides sheep, cocks, corals, frankincense, to 
their undoings, as if tlieir gods were affected with blood or smoke. '' And surely 
('^ saith he) if one should but repeat the fopperies of niortal men, in their sacrifices, 
feasts, worshipping their gods, their rites and ceremonies, what they think of them, 
of their diet, houses, orders, &c., what prayers and vows they make; if one should 
but observe their absurdity and madness, he would burst out a laughing, and pity 
their folly." For what can be more absurd than their ordinary prayers, y^etitions, 
'* requests, sacrifices, oracles, devotions .'' of which we have a taste in Maximus 
Tyrius, serm. 1. Plato's Alcibiades Secundus, Persius Sat. 2. Juvenal. Sat. 10. there 
likewise exploded, Mactant opimas et plagues hostias deo quasi esurienti, profundunt 
vina tanquam sitienti, lumina accendunt velut in tenebris agenti (Lactantius, lib. 2. 
cap. 6). As if their gods were hungry, athirst, in the dark, they light candles, offer 
meat and drink. And what so base as to reveal their counsels and give oracles, e 
viscerum sterquiliniis., out of the bowels and excremental parts of beasts ? sordidos 
decs Varro truly calls them therefore, and well he migiit, I say nothing of their 
magnificent and sumptuous temples, those majestical structures : to the roof of 
Apollo Didymeus' temple, ad .branchidas, as '^Strabo writes, a thousrind oaks did 
not suffice. , Who can relate the glorious splendour, and slupend magnificence, the 
sumptuous building of Diana at Ephesus, Jupiter Amnion's temple in Africa, the 
Pantheon at Rome, the Capitol, the Sarapium at Alexandria, Apollo's temple at 
Daphne in the suburbs of Antioch. The great temple at Mexico so richly adorned, 

» De ver. relig. cap. 22. Indigni qui terrain calcent/i tissimi sunt cereiiioniarum. bello pra-SHrtim. " Ue 

&•• «Uctaviano. i Jupiter 'I'ragcedus, de sucrifi- sacrificiis: hiiciilain pro bona valetudine, bovesquHtuoi 

Ills, et passim alias. > 6bti several kinds of sacrifices ' pro divitiis, centum tauros pro sospiie a 'J'rojse reditu, 
in Kgypt Major reckons up, toin. 2. coll of which read ! &c. ''^ De sacris Gentil. et sacrific. iyn l.Wti 



more in cap. I. of Laurentiiis I'lgnorius his Egypt cha 
tacters, a'cause of which Sanubius gives subcis. lib. 3. 
rap. 1. » Herod. Clio. Imimdavit lecta pecora ter 

itiille Oelphis, una cum lectis phialis iribus. i°Su- 

per.-titlosus J.ilianus iiiiiumeras sine parsiinonia pecu- 
des iiMctavit. Ainianus 25. Boves allii. M. Cssari sa- 
lutein, si tu viceris periinus : lib. 'S. Roaiaiii observan- 



i^Enimvero si qnis receiiseret qu<E stuiti iiiortales in 
festis, sacrificiis, diis adoraiidis, &c. quie vota faciant, 
quid de lis stutuaiit, &.c. haud i-cio an risurus, &c 
i*Max Tyrius ser. 1. Croesus reguni omnium stultissi- 
niiisde lebete consulit, alius de iiiimero arenarum, di 
tnensiuue maris, Sec. ^ Lib. 4. 



620 Religious Melancholy. [Part. S. Sect. 4. 

and so capacious (for 10,000 men might stand m it at oncej, that fair Panthev>n of 
Cusco, described hy Acosta in his Indian History, whicn eclipt.es both Jews and 
Christians. There were in old Jerusalem, as some write, 408 synagogues ; but new 
Cairo reckons up (if '^Kadziviius may be believed) 6800 mosques; Fez 400, whereof 
ftO are most magnificent, like St. Paul's in London. Helena built 300 fair churches 
m the Holy Land, but one Bassa hath built 400 mosques. The Mahometans have 
1000 monks in a monastery; the like sailh Acosta of Americans; Riccius of the 
Chinese, for men and women, fairly built; and more richly endowed some of them, 
than Arras in Artois, Fulda in Germany, or St. Edmund's-Bury in England with us : 
who can describe those curious and costly statues, idols, images, so frequently men- 
tioned in Pausaiiias ? I conceal their donaries, pendants, other offerings, presents, 
to these their fictitious gods daily consecrated. " Alexander, the son of Amyntas, 
king of Macedonia, sent two statues of pure gold to Apollo at Delphos. '^Croesus, 
king of Lydia dedicated a hundred golden tiles in the same place with a golden altar: 
no man came empty-handed to their shrines. But these are base offerings in respect; 
they offered men themselves alive. The Leucadians, as Strabo writes, sacrificed 
every year a man, averruncandce. deorum ircB causa, to pacify their gods, de montis 
prcBcipitio dejecerenf, 4r- a"d they did voluntarily undergo it. The Decii did so 
sacrifice, Diis inanibus ; Curtius did leap into the gulf. Were they not all strangely 
deluded to go so far to their oracles, to be so gulled by them, both in war and peace, 
as Polybius relates (which their argurs, priests, vestal virgins can witness), to be so 
superstitious, that they would rather lose goods and lives than omit any ceremonies, 
or ollend their heathen gods .'' Nicias, that generous and valiant captain of the 
Greeks, overthrew the Athenian navy, by reason of his too niuch superstition, '^be- 
cause the augurs told him it was ominous to set sail from the haven of Syracuse 
whilst the moon was eclipsed ; he tarried so long till his enemies besieged him, he 
and all his army were overthrown.' The ^" Parthians of old were so sottish in this 
kind, they would rather lose a victory, nay lose their own lives, than fight in the 
night, 'twas against tiieir religion. The Jews would make no resistance on the Sab- 
bath, when Pompeius besieged Jerusalem ; aiul some Jewish Christians in Africa, set 
upon by the Gotiis, suffered themselves upon tlie same occasion to be utterly van- 
quished. The superstition of the Dibrenses, a bordering town in Epirus, besieged 
by the Turks, is miraculous almost to report. Because a dead dog was flung into 
the only fountain whicii the city had, they would die of thirst all, rather than drink 
of that ■'' unclean water, and yield up the city upon any conditions. Though the 
praetor and chief citizens began to drink first, using all good persuasions, their super- 
stition was such, no saying would serve, they luust all forthwith die or yield up the 
city. Vix ausmn ipse credere (saith '^ Barlet'ius) tantam superstitioncm, vtl ajirmare 
levissimam hanc causam lantce rei vel magis rtdicidam, quiim non dubiiem risum po- 
tius quum admiral ione?n posteris excitaturam. The story was too ridiculous, he was 
ashamed to report it, because he thought nobody would believe it. It is stupend to 
relate what strange effects this idolatry and superstition hath brought forth of the 
latter years in the Indies and those bordering parts : ■^" in what^ feral shapes the 
^^ devil is adored, ne quid mali intentent, as they say ; for in the mountains betwixt 
Scanderoon and Aleppo,^ at this day, there are dwelling a certain kind of people 
called Coords, coming of the race of the ancient Parthians, who worship the devil, 
and allege this reason in so doing : God is a good man and will do no harm, but the 
devil is bad and must be pleased, lest he hurt them. It is wonderful to tell how the 
devil deludes them, how he terrifies them, how they offer men and women sacrifices 
unto him, a hundred at once, as they did infants in Crete to Saturn of old, the finest 
children, like Agamemnon's Iphigenia, &c. At ^* Mexico, when the Spaniards first 
overcame them, they daily sacrificed viva hominum cor da e vivenlium corporihus ex- 
tracta, the hearts of men yet living, 20,000 in a year (Acosta lib. 5. cap. 20) to their 
idols made of flour and men's blood, and every year 6000 infants of both sexes: 

"* Perigr. Hierosol. >^Solinus. '8 Herodotus. I inonstra conspiciunlur, martiiorea, lignea, liitea, &e, 

'• Boterus polit. lib. 2. cap. 16. '^ Plutarch vit. t.'ra.^si. | Riccius. 24 Oeuni enirii placare non est opuH, 

" Tliey were of Ihe Greek church. ^aLii, 5.^,. testis I quia iion nocet ; sed dKiiioiieiii sacriticiis plai:aiit, JLC 
ScaiiUerbegis. '-'^In teaipli.<< iiuiiiania Idoloruiu [ ^Fer. Cortesius. 



Mem. 1. Subs. .3.] Symptoms of Religious Melancholy. 621 

and as prodigious to relate, ^^ how they bury their wives with husbands deceased, 'tis 
fearful to report, and harder to believe, 

2' " Nam certaiiien liaheiit Isethi qiiEe viva sequatur 
Coiijiigiuiii, pudor, est noii licuisse mori," 

and burn them alive, best goods, servants, horses, when a grandee dies, ^ twelve 
thousand at once amongst the Tartars, when a great cham departs, or an emperor in 
America : how they plague themselves, which abstain from all that hath life, like 
those old Pythagoreans, with immoderate fastings, ^" as the Bannians about Surat, 
they of China, that for superstition's sake never eat flesh nor lish all their lives, 
never marry, but live in deserts and by-places, and some pray to tlieir idols twenty- 
four hours together without any intermission, biting of their tongues when they have 
done, for devotion's sake. Some again are brouglit to that madness by their super- 
stitious priests (that tell them such vain stories of immortality, and the joys of heaven 
in that other life), ^"that many thousands voluntarily break their own necks, as 
Cleombrotus Amborciatus, auditors of old, precipitate themselves, that they may par- 
ticipate of that unspeakable happiness in the other world. One poisons, another 
strangles himself, and the King of China had done as much, deluded with the vain 
hope, had he not been detained by his servant. But who can sufficiently tell of 
their several superstitions, vexations, follies, torments ? I may conclude with ^'Pos- 
sevinus, Religifacii asperos mites., homines e feris ; superstitio ex hominihus fcras, 
religion makes wild beasts civil, superstition makes wise men beasts and fools ; and 
the discreeiest that are, if they give way to it, are no better than dizzards ; nay more, 
if that of Plotiiuis be true, is unus religionis scopus, ut ei quern colimus similes Jia- 
mus.1 that is the drift of religion to make us like him whom we worship: wliat shall 
be the end of idolaters, but to degenerate into stocks and stones .'' of such as wor- 
ship these heathen gods, for dii gentium dcemonia,, '- but to become devils themselves ? 
'Tis therefore exiriosus error., et maxime pcriculosus, a most perilous and dangerous 
error of all others, as ''^Plutarch hok]s, turbulenta passio hominem C07isternans, a 
pestilent, a troublesome passion, tliat utterly undoeth men. Unhappy superstition, 
^ Pliny calls it, morle nonjinitur, deatli takes away life, but not superstition. Im- 
pious and ignorant are far more happy than they which are superstitious, no torture 
like to it, none so continuale, so general, so destructive, so violent. 

In this superstitious row, Jews for antiquity may go next to Gentiles : what of 
old they have done, what idolatries they have committed in their groves and high 
places, what their Pharisees, Sadducees, Scribes, Essei, and such sectaries have main- 
tained, 1 will not so much as mention : for the present, J presume no nation under 
heaven can be more sottish, ignorant, blind, superstitious, wilful, obstinate, and 
peevish, tiring themselves with vain ceremonies to no purpose ; he that shall but 
read their rabbins' ridiculous comments, their strange interpretation of scriptures, their 
absurd ceremonies, fables, childish tales, which they steadfastly believe, will think 
they be scarce rational creatures; their foolish ''^customs, when they rise in the 
morning, and how they prepare themselves to prayer, to meat, with what supersti- 
tious washings, how to their sabbath, to their other feasts, weddings, burials, &c. 
Last of all, the expectation of their xMessiah, and those figments, miracles, vain pomp 
that shall attend him, as how he shall terrify the Gentiles, and overcome them by 
new diseases ; how Michael the archangel shall sound his trumpet, how he shall 
gather all the scattered Jews in the Holy Land, and there make them a great banquet, 
*^'-'- Wherein shall be all the birds, beasts, fisjies, that ever God made, a cup of wine 
that grew in Paradise, and that hath been kept in Adam's cellar ever since." At the 
first course shall be served in that great ox in Job. iv. 10., "■ that every day feeds on 
a thousand hills," Psal. 1. 10., that great Leviathan, and a great bird, that laid an egg 

'*M. Polas. ijOd. Vertoiiiannds navig. lib, 6 cap. 9. i rant, et inisere pereunl: rex ipse clam venemim haiisis- 

P. Martyr. Ocean, dec. 27piopertius lib. 3. eleg. 12. set, njsi a servo tuissnl det. iilus. •!' Caiiliojie in lib. 

•■ 'i'liere is a contest amongst the living wives as to 10 Boii-ni de repub lul. 111. s^Quji, ipsms diaboli 

which shall follow the husband, and not be allowed to ut nequitiani rel'erant. 33 |, jb.de siiperstit. ^* Ho- 

die for him is accounted a disgrace." '^"Matthias a | minibus vit* finis mors, non auteni supero'litionis, pro- 



Mic.tou. 29 £pist. Jesuit, anno. 1549 a Xaverto et 

socus. Idemque Riccius expedid. ad Siiias I. 1. per to- 
tniii Jejunatores apud eos toto die cariiibus abstinent 
el ,~'stibus <ib religionem, node et die Idola colenles; 
iiusi^^ani egredieiites. *> Ad immnrtalltatem morte 

a?iiirii-'t iuiniiii •iiagistratus, &c. Et multi mortaies 
liai. 'nsaiii& ct ;» epostero iiiiiiiortaiKatis studio labo- 



fert lia;r suoslerminos ulira vita' tiaem. "» Buxtortiui 
Syna^'og. Jud. c. 4. Inter preL..iidniii nemo pediculog 
attingat, vel pulicein, aut per giittur inlerius ventiiic 
eiiiittas, &c. Id. c 5 et seq. cap. 3tj. ^s |||j(. oiuiiiJ 

aniinalia, pisces, avea, quos Deu-^ unquam c'C^V't inar 
labuntur, el vinum generosum, Hcc. 



622 Religious Melancholy. [Pait. 3. Sec. 4. 

BO big, '^ " thai by chance tumbling out of the nest, it knocked down three hundred 
tail cedars, and breaking as it I'ell, drowned one hundred and sixty villages :" this 
bird stood up to the knees in the sea, and ihe sea was so deep, that a hatchet would 
not fall to the bottom in seven years : of their Messiah's ''^ wives and children ; Adam 
and Eve, &.c., and that one slupend fiction amongst the rest: when a Roman prince 
asked of rabbi Jehosiia ben Hanania, why the Jews' God was compared to a lion ; 
he made answer, he compared himself to no ordinary lion, but to one in the wood 
Ela, which, when he desired to see, the rabbin prayed to God he might, and forth- 
with the lion set forward. ^^'•'- Dut when he was four hundred miles from Rome he 
so roared that all the great-bellied women in Rome made abortions, the city walls 
fell down, and when he came a hundred miles nearer, and roared the second time, 
their teeth fell out of their heads, the emperor himself fell down dead, and so the 
lion went back." With an infinite number of such lies and forgeries, which they 
verily believe, feed themselves with vain hope, and in the mean time will by no per- 
suasions be diverted, but still crucify their souls with a company of idle ceremonies, 
live like slaves and vagabonds, will not be relieved or reconciled. 

Mahometans are a compound of Gentiles, Jews, and Christians, and so absurd in 
their ceremonies, as if they had taken that which is most sottish out of every one 
of them, full of idle fables in their superstitious law, their Alcoran itself a galli- 
maufry of lies, tales, ceremonies, traditions, precepts, stolen from other sects, and 
confusedly heaped up to delude a company of rude and barbarous clowns. As how 
birds, beasts, stones, saluted Mahomet when he came from Mecca, the moon came 
down from heaven to visit him, """how God sent for him, spake to him, &.c., with a 
company of stupend figments of the angels, sun, moon, and stars, &c. Of the day 
of judgment, and three sounds to prepare to it, which must last fifty thousand years 
of Paradise, which wholly consists in coeundi et comedendi voluptate., and ppcorinis 
hominibus scriplum, bestialis beatiiudo., is so ridiculous, that Virgil, Dante, Lucian 
nor any poet can be more fabulous. Their rites and ceremonies are most vain and 
superstitious, wine and swine's flesh are utterly forbidden by their law, ■" they must 
pray five times a day ; and still towards the south, wash before and after all their 
bodies over, with many such. For fasting, vows, religious orders, peregrinations, 
they go far beyond any papists, ""^ they fast a month together many times, and must 
not eat a bit till sun be set. Their kalendars, dervises, and torlachers, &.c. are more 
"* abstemious some of them, than Carthusians, Franciscans, Anchorites, forsake ail, 
live solitary, fare hard, go naked, &c. ""^ Their pilgrimages are as far as to the river 
'^Ganges (which the Gentiles of those tracts likewise do), to wash themselves, for 
that river as they hold hath a sovereign virtue to purge them of all sins, and no man 
can be saved that hath not been washed in it. For which reason they come far and 
near from the hidies ; Maximus gentium omnium confluxus est ; and infinite numbers 
yearly resort to it. Others go as far as Mecca to Mahomet's tomb, which journey is 
both miraculous and meritorious. The ceremonies of flinging stones to stone the 
devil, of eating a camel at Cairo by the way ; their fastings, their running till tliey 
sweat, their long prayers, Mahomet's temple, tomb, and building of it, would ask a 
whole volume to dilate : and for their pains taken in this holy pilgrimage, all their 
sins are forgiven, and they reputed for so many saints. And diverse of them with 
»iOt bricks, when they return, will put out their eyes, ^''"that they never after 
see any profane thing, bite out their tongues," Stc. They look for their prophet 
Mahomet as Jews do for their Messiah. Read more of their customs, rites, cere- 
monies, in Lonicerus Turcic. hist. torn. I. from the tenth to the twenty-fourth chap- 
ter. Bredenbachius, cap. 4, 5, 6. Leo Afer, lib. 1. Busbequius Sabellicus, Pur- 
chas, lib. 3. cap. 3, et 4, 5. TLeodorus Bibliander, &c. Many foolish ceremonies 



37Cuju3 lapsucedri altissimi SOOdejecti sunt.quumqiie 
i lapsu ovum fuerat confractum, pa^i lUO inde »<iihinersi, 
et alluvioiie inundati. ss Jjvery king of the world 

shall send hiin one of his dangliters to be his wife, be- 
cause it is written, Ps. xlv. 10. " Kings' daughters shall 
attend on him," &c. ^aQum,, quadringenlis adhuc 

milliaribus ab imperatore Leo hie nbesset, tarn fortiter 
rugiebat, iit mulieres Roniana: aborlierint omf-s, mii- 
tiqiie, &c. <" Strozius Cicogna oninif. mag ib. I.e. 

I. putida multa recensel ex Alcorano, de coelo stellis, | vohiiit deiiirep.i videre. 
Angelis, |y>"icerus c. 21, 22. I. ]. *' &iiiii<)uies in die 



orare TurcE tenentiirad meridiem. Bredenbachius cap. 
5. *'' In quolibet anno mensem integrum jejunant 

interdiu, nee comedentes nee bibentes, Sec. ■'^ Nullig 

unqiiam mulli per tolam tclatem carnibus vesciintur. 
l.eo Afer. "Lonicerus to I. Leap. 17. 18. ■'5(j„tar. 
dus Arthus ca. 33. hist, orient. Indiie ; opinio est expia 
torium esse Gangem ; et nee mundiim ab omni peccali) 
nee salvum fieri posse, qui iion hoc ilumitie se ahluii 
quam obcausam ex tota India, &c. ^'Quia nil 



Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of Religious Melancholy. 6*43 

you shall find in them ; and which is most to be lamented, the people are i^ene- 
raily so curious in observing of them, that if the least circumstance be omitted, 
they think they shall be damned, 'tis an irremissible oflence, and can hardly be for- 
given. I kept in my house amongyt my followers (saith Busbequius, sometime the 
Turk's orator in Constantinople) a Turkey boy, that by chance did eat shell-fish, a 
meat forbidden by their law, but the next day when he knew what he had done, he 
was not only sick to cast and vomit, but very much troubled in mind, would weep 
and '"'grieve many days after, torment himself for his foul offence. Another Turk 
being to drink a cup of w^ie in his cellar, first made a huge noise and filthy faces, 
^^^ to warn his soul, as he said, that it should not be guilty of that foul fact which 
he was to commit." With such toys as these are men kept in awe, and so cowed, 
that they dare not resist, or offend the least circumstance of their law, for con- 
science-sake misled by superstition, which no human edict otherwise, no force of 
arms, could have enforced. 

In the last place are Pseudo-Christians, in describing of whose superstitious symp- 
toms, as a mixture of the rest, 1 may say that which St.. Benedict once saw in a 
vision, one devil in the market-place, but ten in a monastery, because there was 
more work ; in populous cities they would swear and forswear, lie, falsify, deceive 
fast enough of themselves, one devil could circumvent a thousand ; but in their re- 
ligious houses a thousand devils could scarce tempt one silly monki All the prin- 
cipal devils, I think, busy themselves in subverting Christians ; Jews, Gentiles, and 
Mahometans, are extra caulern^ out of the fold, and need no such attendance, they 
make no resistance, '^^eos enim pidsare ncgUgit, quos quicfo jure possidere se sentit, 
they are his ov^n already: but Christians have that shield of faith, sword of the Spirit 
to resist, and must have a great deal of battery before they can be overcome. That 
the devil is most busy amongst us that are of the true church, appears by tho.se seve- 
ral oppositions, heresies, schisms, which in all ages he hath raised to subvert it, and 
in that of Rome especially, wherein Antichrist himself now sits and plays his prize. 
This mystery of iniquity began to work even in the Apostles' time, many Antichrists 
and heretics were abroad, many sprung up since, many now present, and will be to 
the world's end, to dementate men's minds, to seduce and captivate their souls. 
Their symptoms I know not how better to express, than in that twofold division, of 
such as lead, and are led. Such as lead are heretics, schismatics, false prophets, 
impostors^ and their ministers : they have some common, symptoms, some peculiar. 
Common, as madness, folly, pride, insolency, arrogancy, singularity, peevishness, 
obstinacy, impudence, scorn and contempt of all other sects : jYuUius addicti jurare 
in verba magistri; ^° they will approve of nought but what tltfey first invent them- 
selves, no interpretation good but what their infaliibile spirit dictates: none shall be in 
secimdis, no not in terfiis., they are only wise, only learned in the truth, all damned 
but they and their followers, ccedem scripturarum faciunt ad materiam suam^ saith 
Tertullian, they make a slaughter of Scriptures, and turn it as a nose of wax to their 
own ends. So irrefragable, in the mean time, that what they have once said, they 
must and will maintain, in whole tomes, duplications, triplications, never yield to 
death, so self-conceited, say what you can. As °' Bernard (erroneously some say) 
speaks of P. Aliardus, omnes patres sic, afque ego sic. Though all the Fathers, Coun- 
cils, the whole world contradict it, they care not, they are all one : and as ^"Gregory 
well notes ••' of such as are vertiginous, they think all turns round and moves, all 
e/T : when as the error is wholly in their own brains." Magallianus, the Jesuit, in 
his Comment on 1 Tim. xvi. 20, and Alphonsus de casfro lib. 1. adversus hcereses^ 
gives two more eminent notes or probable conjectures to know such men by, (they 
might have taken themselves by the noses when they said it) ^^'^ First they affect 
novelties and toys, and prefer falsehood before truth ; ^'"secondly, they care not what 
they say, that which rashness and folly hath brought out, pride afterward, peevish- 
ness and contumacy shall maintain to the last gasp." Peculiar symptoms are profii- 
gious paradoxes, new doctrines, vain phantasms, wliich are many and diverse as they 



"Nullum se ronfliciandi fiiiem facit. ^f Ut in 

^liqiiem anjiuhini se reci^wret. ne reus fieret ejus 
dc.lir.ti quod ipse erat adiiii.-surus. ^'^GreffDr. Hoiii. 

»*■■ Bound lol he (iiclatesipf nil iiiHster." oi Epist. lUO. 
"Oral. a. ut verlijiine correptis videiitur omnia moveri, 



omnia iis falsa sunt, quiirn error in ipsnrum cerebro sit 
^ Khs novas affectant et inutiles, falsa veris prcpferunt.S 
quod temerilaseffutiprit, id superhia post nioduin luebi 
tur et coulUDiacise, tc. s* See more in Vincent 

Lyrin. 



624 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 4. 

themselves. *•' Nicholaites of old, would have wives in common: Montanists will 
not marry at all, nor Tatians, forbidding all flesh, Severians wine ; Adamians go 
naked, *" because Adam did so in Paradise; and some *'' barefoot all their lives, 
because God, Exod. iii. and Joshua v. bid Moses so to do ; and Jsaiah xx. was bid 
put off his shoes; Manichees hold that Pythagorean transmigration of souls from 
men to beasts ; *^ " the Circumcellions in Africa, with a mad cruelty made away them- 
selves, some by fire, water, breaking their necks, and seduced others to do the like, 
threatening some if they did not," with a thousand such ; as you may read in ^^Austin 
(for there were fourscore and eleven heresies in his times, besides schisms and 
smaller factions) Epiphanius, Alphonsus de Castro, DancBus, Gab, Prateolus, Sfc. Of 
prophets, enthusiasts and impostors, our Ecclesiastical stories aflbrd many examples; 
of Elias and Chrisls, as our ''° Eudo de stelHs, a Briton in King Stephen's time, that 
went invisible, translated himself from one to another in a moment, fed thousands 
with good cheer in the wilderness, and many such ; notliing so common as miracles, 
visions, revelations, prophecies. Now what these brain-sick heretics once broach, 
and impostors set on foot, be it never so absurd, false, and prodigious, the common 
people will follow and believe. It will run along like murrain in cattle, scab in 
sheep. JYulla scabies, as '^' he said, superstitione scabiosior ; as he that is bitten with 
a mad dog bites others, and all in the end become mad; either out of affection of 
novelty, simplicity, blind zeal, hope and fear, the giddy-headed multitude will em- 
brace it, and without further examination approve it. 

Sed Vetera querimur, these are old, hcec prius fuere. In our days we have a new 
scene of superstitious impostors and heretics. A new company of actors, of Anti- 
christs, that great Antichrist himself: a rope of hopes, that by their greatness and 
authority bear down all before them: who from that time they proclaimed them- 
selves universal bishops, to establish their own kingdom, sovereignty, greatness, and 
to enrich themselves, brought in such a company of human traditions, purgatory, 
Limbus Patrum, Infantum, and all that subterranean geography, mass, adoration of 
saints, alms, fastings, bulls, indulgences, orders, friars, images, shrines, musty relics, 
excommunications, confessions, satisfactions, blind obediences, vows, pilgrimages, 
peregrinations, with many such curious toys, intricate subtleties, gross errors, obscure 
questions, to vindicate the better and set a gloss upon them, that the light of the Gos- 
pel was quite eclipsed, darkness over all, the Scriptures concealed, legends brought in, 
religion banished, hypocritical superstition exalted, and the Church itself ^" obscured 
and persecuted : Christ and his members crucified more, saith Benzo, by a few necio- 
mantical, atheistical popes, than ever it was by ^^ Julian the Apostate. Porphyrins 
the Platonist, Celsus 4he physician, Libanius the Sophister ; by those heathen em- 
perors, Huns, Goths, and Vandals. What each of them did, by what means, at 
what times, quibus auxiliis, superstition climbed to this height, tradition increased 
and Antichrist himself came to his estate, let Magdeburgenses, Kemnisius, Osian- 
der. Bale, Mornay, Fox, Usher, and many others relate. In the mean time, he thai 
shall but see their profane rites and foolish customs, how superstitinusly kepi, 
how strictly observed, their multitude of saints, images, that rabble of Romish dei- 
ties, for trades, professions, diseases, persons, offices, countries, places ;'St. George 
for England ; St. Denis for France, Patrick, Ireland ; Andrew, Scotland ; Jago, Spain; 
&c. Gregory for students; Luke for painters; Cosmus and Damian for pliiloso- 
■phers ; Crispin, shoemakers; Katherine, spinners ; &.c. Anthony for pigs ; Gallus, 
geese; Wenceslaus, sheep; Pelagius, oxen; Sebastian, the plague; Valentine, fall7 
ing sickness : Apollonia, tooth-ache ; Petronella for agues ; and the Virgin Mary for 
sea and land, for all parties, oflices : he that shall observe these things, their shrines, 
iiuages, oblations, pendants, adorations, pilgrimages they make to them, what creep- 
ing to crosses, our Lady of Loretto's rich ^^ gowns, her donaries, the cost bestowed 
jn images, and number of suitors; St. Nicholas Burge in France; our St. Thomas's; 
shrine of old at Canterbury ; those relics at Rome, Jerusalem, Genoa, Lyons, Pra- 



'6 Aiist.de liaeres. usus'mnlierum iiidifferens. '^(iuod 
ante poccavit Adam, ruidus erat. ^" Alii nudis 

pedihus semper anihulant. ^Iiisana fehlate f^ihi 

non parciiiit nam per murlos varias pneiipitioruiii aqiia- 
rum et ijiiiimii. serpsos necaiit. et in istuin fiiroreiri alios 



M Jovian. Pont. Ant. Dial. "'^("um per Paganou 

nomen ejus porsequi non poterat, sub sjiecie religionio 
fraiidulenler siibverfere disponehnt. '■'That writ 

de professo against Christians, et palestinuni deiim (ul 
Socrates lib. :i rap. ID.) scriptnram niijis plenam, &c. 



ingunt, morlem minan<es ni faciant. ^° Elench. | viile C> rilhini in Julianum. Orii>ineni in Celsum, d£«. 

isret. ab orbe nonditu * Nnbrigensis. lib. cap. 19. ! *• One linage had one gown worth 400 crowns and noor«» 



Mem. I. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of Religious Melancholy. 625 

turn, St. Denis; and how many thousands come yearly to offer to them, with what 
cost, trouble, anxiety, superstition (for forty several masses are daily said in some 
of their ^^ churches, and they rise at all hours of the night to mass, come barefoo-t, 
&c.), how they spend themselves, times, goods, lives, fortunes, in such ridiculous 
observations; their tales and figments, false miracles, buying and selling of pardons, 
indulgences for 40,000 years to come, their processions on set days, their strict 
fastingSy monks, anchorites, friar mendicants, Franciscans, Carthusians, &c. Their 
vigils and fasts, their ceremonies at Christmas, Shrovetide, Candlemas, Palm-Sunday, 
Blaise, St. Martin, St. Nicholas' day ; their adorations, exorcisms, &c., will think al! 
those Grecian, Pagan, Mahometan superstitions, gods, idols, and ceremonies, the 
name, time and place, habit only altered, to have degenerated into Christians. Whilst 
they prefer traditions before Scriptures ; those Evangelical Councils, poverty, obe- 
diynce, vows, alms, fasling, supererogations, before God's Commandments; their 
own ordinances instead of his precepts, and keep them in ignorance, blindness, they 
nave brought the common people into such a case by their cunning conveyances, 
strict discipline, and servile education, that upon pain of damnation they dare not 
break the least ceremony, tradition, edict; hold it a greater sin to eat a bit of meat 
in Lent, than kill a man : their consciences are so terrified, that they are ready to 
despair if a small ceremony be omitted; and will accuse their own father, mother, 
brother, sister, nearest and dearest friends of heresy, if they do not as they do, will 
be their chief executioners, and help first to bring a faggot to burn them. What 
mulct, what penance soever is enjoined, they dare not but do it, tumble with St. 
Francis in the mire amongst hogs, if they be appointed, go woolward, whip them- 
selves, build hospitals, abbeys, &.C., go to the East or West Indies, kill a king, or 
run upon a sword point : they perform all, without any muttering or hesitation, 
believe all. 

68 " Ul pueri infantes credunt signa omnia ahena I "As children think their babies live to be, 

Vivere, et esse hoinines, el sic isli omnia ficta Do they these brazen images tliey see." 

Vera putant, credunt signis cor inesse ahenis." | 

And whilst the ruder sort are so carried headlong with blind zeal, are so gulled and 
tortured by their superstitions, their own too credulous simplicity and ignorance, 
their epicurean popes and hypocritical cardinals laugh in their sleeves, and are merty 
m their chambers with their punks, they do indulgere genio, and make much of them- 
selves. The middle sort, some for private gain, hope of ecclesiastical preferment, 
[quis expedivit psUtaco suum z^-^pi) popularity, base flattery, must and will believe 
all their paradoxes and absurd tenets, without exception, and as obstinately maintain 
and put in practice all their traditions and idolatrous ceremonies (for their religion is 
half a trade) to the death ; they will defend all, the golden legend itself, with all the 
lies and tales in it : as that of St. George, St. Christopher, St. Winifred, St. Denis, 
&.C. It is a wonder to see how Nic. Harpsfield, that pharisaical impostor, amongst 
the rest, Ecclesiast. Hist. cap. 22. scbc prim, sex.., puzzles himself to vindicate that 
ridiculous fable of St. Ursula and the eleven thousand virgins, as when they live,'''' 
how they came to Cologne, by whom martyred, &c., though he can say nothing for 
it, yet he must and will approve it : nobilitavit (inquit) hoc scEculum Ursula cum 
comilibus., cujus hisloria ulinam tam mild esset expedita et certa., quam in animo rneo 
certum ac expedition est., earn esse cum sodalibus beatam in coslis virginem. They 
must and will (I say) either out of blind zeal believe, vary their compass whh the 
rest, as the latitude of religion varies, apply themselves to the times and seasons, 
and for fear and flattery are content to subscribe and to do all that in them lies to 
maintain and defend their present government and slavish religious schoolmen, can- 
onists, Jesuits, friars, priests, orators, sophisters, who either for that they had nothing 
else to do, luxuriant witp knew not otherwise how to busy themselves in those idle 
times, for the Church then had few or no open adversaries, or better to defend theii 
lies, fictions, miracles, transubstantiations, traditions, pope's pardons, purgatories, 
masses, impossibilities, &.c. with glorious shows, fair pretences, big words, and 
-)lausittle wits, have coined a thousand idle questions, nice distinctions, subtleties, 
Obs and Sols, such tropological, allegorical expositions, to salve all appearancus, 



* As at our lady's church at Bergamo in Italy. «" Lncilius lib. I. cap. 22. de fal?a relig. f An. 441. 

79 3C 



626 Religious Melancholy. Tart. 3. Sec. 4 

objections, s-;ch quirks and qiiiddilies, ^wodZtie/anes, as Bale saith of Ferribrigge and 
Strode, instances, ampliations, decrees, glosses, canons, that instead of sound com- 
mentaries, good preachers, are come in a company of mad sophisters, prima secundo 
sccundurii^ sectaries, Canonists, Sorbonists, Minorites, with a rabble of idle contro- 
versies and questions, ^'^an Papa sit Deus., an qxiasi Deusf An participct. utramque 
Chrisli naluram f Whether it be as possible for God to be a humble bee or a gourd, 
as a man ? Whether he can produce respect without a foundation or term', make 8 
whore a virgin ? fetch Trajan's soul from hell, and how ? with a rabble of questions 
about hell-iire : whether it be a greater sin to kill a man, or to clout shoes upon a 
t'unday ? whether God can niake another God like unto himself? Such, saith Kem- 
nisius, are most of your schoolmen, (mere alchemists) 200 commentators on Petei 
Lambard ; [Pitsins catal. scriptorum Jlnglic. reckons up 180 English commentators 
alone, on the matter of the sentences), Scotists,Thomists, Reals, Nominals, &c., and 
so perhaps that of St. ^® Austin may be verified. Indocti rapiuni ccclum., docli interiiu 
desccndimt ad infcrnum. Thus they continued in such error, blindness, decrees, 
sophisms, superstitions; idle ceremonies and traditions were the sum of their new- 
coined holiness and religion, and by these knaveries and stratagems they were able 
to involve multitudes, to deceive the most sanctified souls, and, if it were possible, 
the very elect, in the mean time the true Churcli, as wine and water mixed, lay hid 
and obscure to speak of, till Luther's time, who began upon a sudden to defecate, 
and as another sun to drive away those foggy mists of superstition, to restore it to 
that purity of the primitive Ciuirch. And after him many good and godly men, 
divine spirits, have done their endeavours, and still do. 

™" And what their ignorance esleein'd so holy, 
Our wiser ages do account as folly." 

But see the devil, that will never suffer the Church to be quiet or at rest : no 
garden so well tilled but some noxious weeds grow up in it, no wheat but it 
hath some tares : we have a mad giddy company of precisians, schismatics, and some 
heretics, even in our own bosoms in another extreme. " '•'• Dum vitani slulti vUla in 
contraria currunt ;''"' that out of too much zeal in opposition to Antichrist, human 
traditions, those Romish riles and superstitions, will quite demolish all, they will 
admit of no ceremonies at all, no fasting days, no cross in baptism, kneeling at com- 
munion, no church music, &c., no bishops' courts, no churcli government, rail at all 
our cluirch discipline, will not hold their tongues, and all for the peace of thee, O 
Sion ! No, not so much as degrees some of them will tolerate, or universities, all 
human learning, ('tis cloaca diaboli) hoods, habits, cap and surplice, such as are 
things indifferent in themselves, and w^holly for ornament, decency, or distinction'- 
sake, they abhor, hate, and snuff at, as a stone-horse when he meets a bear : they 
make matters of conscience of 'them, and will rather forsake their livings than sub- 
scribe to them. They will admit of no holidays, or honest recreations, as of hawk- 
ing, hunting, &.C., no churches, no bells some of them, because papists use them ; 
no discipline, no ceremonies but what they invent themselves; no interpretations of 
scriptures, no comments of fathers, no councils, but such as their own fantastical 
spirits dictate, or recta ratio., as Socinians, by which spirit misled, many times they 
broach as prodigious paradoxes as papists themselves. Some of them turn prophets, 
have secret revelations, will be of privy council with God himself, and know all his 
secrets, '^ Per capillos spiritum sanctum teneni, et omnia sciunt cum sint asini omnium 
obsiinatissitni, a company of giddy heads will take upon them to define how many 
shall be saved and who damned in a parish, where they shall sit in heaven, interpret 
Apocalypses, [Commentatores prcecipiles et vertiginosos, one calls them, as well he 
might) and those hidden mysteries to private persons, times, places, as their own 
spirit informs them, private revelations shall suggest, and precisely set down when 
the world shall come to an end, what year, what month, what day. Some of them 
again have such strong faith, so presumptuous, they will go into infected houses 
expel devils, and fast forty days, as Christ himself did ; some call God and his attri- 
Dutes into question, as Vorstius and Socinus ; some princes, civil magistrates, and 

* Hospiiiian Osi.Tndejr. An hxc propositio Dens sit | die doiiiinicn c.-ilceurn consiiere ? 'o De doct. rhris- 

jiirurlula ve. scarabeus, sit wque possiliilis .jc Uciis et } tian. 'JDnnitrl. "•' Whilst IlKse fools aviiiit 

lioiiio ? An possit respcclu!!) prmliiceri' siiif- fiindiiim iilo ' one vice th('y rnu into anotlier of an opposite caiar 
il teraiiiio. Ai> levius sit liomineiu jtiguiare quau< I ter." '^ Agrip. eii. 29. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Prognostics of Religious Melancholy. 62'< 

their :nilhorities, as anabaptists, will do all their own private spirit dictates and 
nothing else. Brownists, Barrowists, Familists, and tliose Ainsterdamian sects and 
sectaries, are led all by so many private spirits. It is a wonder to reveal what pas- 
sages Sleidan relates in his Commentaries, of Cretinck, Knipperdoling-, and their 
associates, those madmen of Munster in Germany; wh.at strange enthusiasms, sottish 
revelations they had, how absurdly they carried themselves, deluded otliers : and as 
profane Machiavel in his political disputations holds of Christian religion, in general 
it doth enervate, debilitate, take away men's spirits and courage from them, sim- 
pliciores reddil homines., breeds nothing so courageous soldiers as that Roman: we 
may sav of these peculiar sects, their religion takes away not spirits only, but wit 
and judgment, and deprives them of their understanding; for some of them are so 
far gone with their private enthusiasms and revelations, that they are quite mad, out 
of their wits. What greater madness can there be, than for a man to take upon him 
to be a God, as some do ? to be the Holy Ghost, Elias, and what not.' In "Poland, 
1518, in the reign of King Sigismund, one said he was Christ, and got him twelve 
apostles, came to judge the world, and strangely deluded the commons. ''^ One David 
George, an illiterate painter, not many years since, did as much in Holland, took 
upon him to be the Messiah, and had man}^ followers. Benedictus Victorinus Fa- 
ventinus, consil. 15, writes as much of one Honorius, that thought he was not only 
inspired as a prophet, but tiiat he was a God himself, and had "familiar conference 
with God and his angels. Lavat. de sped. c. 2, part. 8. hath a story of one John Sar- 
torious, that thought he was the prophet Elias, and cap. 7. of diverse others that had 
conference with angels, were saints, prophets. Wierus, lib. 3. de Lamiis c. 7. makes 
mention of a prophet of Groning that said he was God the Father; of an Italian and 
Spanish prophet that held as much. We need not rove so far abroad, we have fami- 
liar examples at home : Hackett that said he was Christ ; Coppjnger and Arthington 
his disciples; '^Burchet and Hovatus, burned at Norwich. We are never likely 
seven years together without some such new prophets that have several inspirations, 
some tG convert the Jews, some fast forty days, go with Daniel to the lion's den ; 
some forstell strange things, some for one thing, some for another. Great precisians 
of mean conditions and very illiterate, most part by a preposterous zeal, fasting, medi- 
tation, melancholy, are brought into those gross errors and inconveniences. Of those 
men I may conclude generally, that howsoever they may seem to be discreet, and 
men of understanding in other matters, discourse well, Icesam habent imaginationem, 
they are like comets, round in all places but where they blaze, ccelera sani^ they 
have impregnable wits many of them, and discreet otherwise, but in this their mad- 
ness and folly breaks out beyond measure, in infinitum erumpit stultitia. Tiiey are 
certainly far gone with melancholy, if not quite mad, and have more need of physic 
than many a man that keeps his bed, more need of hellebore than those that are in 
Bedlam. 

Sub SECT. IV. — Prognostics of Religious Melancholy. 

You may guess at the prognostics by the symptoms. What can these signs fore 
tell otherwise than folly, dotage, madness, gross ignorance, despair, obstinacy, a repro- 
bate sense, "a bad end.'' What else can superstition, heresy produce, but wars, 
tumults, uproars, torture of souls, and despair, a desolate land, as Jeremy teacheth, 
cap. vii. 34. when they commit idolatry, and walk a.^ter their own ways .' how should 
it be otherwise with them ? what can they expect but "■blasting, famine, dearth," and 
all the plagues of Egypt, as Amos denounceth, cap. iv. vers. 9. 10. to be led into 
captivity } If our hopes be frustrate, " we sow much and bring in little, eat and 
have not enough, drink and are not filled, clothe and be not warm, Stc. Haggai i. 6. 
we look for much and it comes to little, whence is it .'' His house was waste, they 
came to their own houses, vers. 9. there'^jre the heaven stayed his dew, the earth 
his fruit." Because we are superstitious, irreligious, we do not serve God as we 
ought, all these plagues and miseries come upon us; what can we look for else but 



''^ Alex.Gaguin.22. Discipulis ascitis minim in modum 
p<ipuhnn decepit. '< Guicciard. desjcrip. Belj;. com. 

|<nire8 habuit asseclas ah iisdem L'cnoxalus. " Hen. 

Nicholas at Leiden 1^80. sutli a oive. '^ See Cam- 

ber's Annals fo. 3#2. et 285. " Arius his bowls 



burst; .Montaiius hanged himself, &c. Eudo de stelliu, 
his disciples, ardere potius qnam ad vitam corrigi ina- 
lueruiit; tanta vis intixi semel erroris. tliey died blas- 
pheming. Nubrigensi.-; c. 9. lib. 1. Jer. vii. 23. Antus. v. « 



638 



Religiotcs Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 4 



mutual wars, slaughters, fearful ends in this life, and in the life to come eternal damna- 
tion ? What is it that hath caused so many feral battles to be fought, so much Chris- 
tian blood shed, bill superstition ! That Spanish inquisition, racks, wheels, tortures, 
torments, whence do they proceed ? from superstition. Bodine the Frenchman, in his 
''^method, hist, accounts Englishmen barbarians, for their civil wars: but let him read 
those Pharsalian fields "fought of late in France for their religion, their massacres, 
wherein by their own relations in twenty-four years, I know not how many millions 
have been consumed, whole families and cities, and he shall find ours to be but velita- 
tions to theirs. But it hath ever been the custom of heretics and idolaters, when ihey are 
plagued for their sins, and God''s just judgments come upon them, not to acknowledge 
any fault in themselves, but still impute it unto others. In Cyprian's time it was much 
controverted between him and Demetrius an idolater, who should be the cause of those 
present calamities. Demetrius laid all the fault on Christians, (and so they did ever 
in the primitive church, as appears by the first book of **" Arnobius), ^' '' that there 
were not such ordinary showers in \^inter, the ripeninsf heat in summer, so season- 
able springs, fruitful autumns, no marble mines in the mountams, less gold and silver 
than of old ; that husbandmen, seamen, soldiers, all were scanted, justice, friend- 
ship, skill in arts, all was decayed," and that through Christians' default, and all their 
other miseries from them, (judd dii nostri d vobis non colanlur, because they did not 
worship their gods. But Cyprian retorts all upon him again, as appears by his tract 
against him. 'Tis true the world is miserably tormented and sliaken with wars, 
dearth, famine, fire, inundations, plagues, and n)any feral diseases rage amongst us, 
sed non ut tu quereris ista accidunt quod dii vestri d nobis non colcmlur, sed quod a 
vobis non colalur Deus., d quibus nee qucBritur., nee timttur, not as thou complainest, 
that we do not worship your Gods, but because you are idolaters, and do not serve 
the true God, neither seek him, nor fear him as you ought. Our papists object as 
much to us, and account us heretics, we them ; the Turks esteem of both as infi- 
dels, and we them as a company of pagans, .lews against all ; when indeed there is 
a general fault in us all, and sometliing in the very best, which may justly deserve 
God's wrath, and pull these miseries upon our heads. I will say nothing here of 
those vain cares, torments, needless works, penance, pilgrimages, pseudomartyrdom, 
&c. We heap upon ourselves unnecessary troubles, observations ; we punish our 
bodies, as in Turkey (saith ^^Busbequius Irg. Turcic. ep. 3.) '"one did, that was 
much affected with music, and to hear boys sing, but very superstitious; an old sybil 
coming to his house, or a holy woman, (as that place yields many) took him down 
for it, and told him, that in that other world lie should suffer for it ; thereupon he 
flung his rich and costly instruments which he had bedecked with jevvels, all at once 
into the fire. He was served in silver plate, and had goodly household stuff: a little 
after, another religious man reprehended him in like sort, and from thenceforth he 
was served in earthen vessels, last of all a decree came forth, because Turks might 
not drink wine themselves, that neither Jew nor Christian then living in Constanti- 
nople, might drink any wine at all." In like sort amongst papists, fasting at first 
was generally proposed as a good thing ; after, from such meats at set times, and 
then last of all so rigorously proposed, to bind the consciences upon pain of damna- 
tion. '" First Friday," saith Erasmus, " then Saturday," et nunc pcricUtatur dies 
Mercurii, and Wednesday now is in danger of a fast. -^" And for such like toys, 
some so miserably afflict themselves, to despair, and death itself, rather than offend. 
and think tliemselves good Christians in it, when as indeed they are superstitious 
lews." So saith Leonardus Fuchsius, a great physician in his time. "' " We are 
tortured in Germany with these popish edicts, our bodies so taken down, our goods 
8o diminished, that if God had not sent Luther, a worthy man, in time, to redress 



'^5. Cap. '8 Poplinerius Lerius prsf. hist. Rich. 

Dinoth. 80 Advers. peiites lib. 1. posKiiiaiii in niiindo 
Christiana gens coBpil, terrarum orbem periise, et iniil- 
tis niulis affectiiin esse genus hiinianuni videinus. 
"' Giiiod iiechyeine, nee ffstate tanta imbriumc.opia, nee 
iVugibus torrendis solila flagrantia. nee vernali teniperie 
sata tain laeta .«int, nee arboreis loetibus autuinni I'CB- 
cundj, minus de ninntihus iiiariiii>r eruatur, minus au- 
:um. &c. '^ Solitiis erat obleetare se fidibiis, et 

*<occ Diusica canentiuui : sed hoeoiiinesublatuin Sybillu: 



eujiisdain intervi'ntu, &c. Inde quiequid erat instru- 
nientornm Symphoniacorum, aura geinniisquo egrcgio 
opere distinctorum enmininuit, et in ignein injecit, &e. 
83 Ob id genus (ibservatiuiieulas videinus homines inisere 
affligi, et deniqiie niori, et sibi ipsis Christianos videri 
quuin revera sint Jurirei. ^ Ita in corpora nostra 

fortunasque decretis suis ssviit nt pariiiii obfuerat nisi 
Deus Lutherum viruin perpetua iiieiijoria digiiirsimunr 
ex ita^set. qiiiii nobis f';eno mox conimuni cum jume.n 
tis eibo utenduni fuis.stj'.. 



Mem. 1. Subs. 5.] Curt of Religious Melancholy. 62y 

these mischiefs, we should have eaten hay with our horses before this." ^^As in 
fasting, so in "all other superstitious edicts, we crucify one another without a cause, 
barring ourselves of many good and lawful things, honest disports, pleasures and 
recreations ; for wherefore did God create them but for our use } Feasts, mirth 
music, hawking, hunting, singing, dancing, &c. non tarn necessitatlbus nostris Deu» 
inservit, srd in delicias amamur^ as Seneca notes, God would have it so. And as 
Plato 2. dc legibus gives out, Deos laboriosam hominum vitam miseralos^ the gods ii- 
commiseration of human estate sent Apollo, Bacchus, and the Muses, qui cum volup- 
tafe iripudia et sollationes nobis ducnnt^ to be merry with mortals, to sing and dance 
with us. So that he that will not rejoice and enjoy himself, making good use of 
such things as are lawfully permitted, non est temperatus^ as he will, sed superstitio- 
sus. "• There is nothing better for a man, than that he should eat and drink, and 
that he should make his soul enjoy good in his labour," Eccles. ii. 24. And as ^^one 
said of hawking and hunting, tot. solatia in hac cegri orbis calamitate mortalibus 
tcEdiis dens objecit^ I say of all honest recreations, God hath therefore indulged them 
to refresh, ease, solace and comfort us. But we are some of us too stern, too rigid, 
too precise, too grossly superstitious, and whilst we make a conscience of every toy, 
with touch not, taste not, &c., as those Pythagoreans of old, and some Indians now, 
that will eat no flesh, or suffer any living creature to be killed, the Bannians about 
Guzzerat; we tyrannise over our brother's soul, lose the right use of many good 
gifts ; honest ^' sports, games and pleasant recreations, *° punish ourselves without a 
cause, lose our liberties, and sometimes our lives. Anno 1270, at ^^ Magdeburg in 
Germany, a Jew fell into a privy upon a Saturday, and without help could not pos- 
sibly get out; he called to his fellows for succour, but they denied it, because it was 
their Sabbath, non licebat opus manuum exercere ; the bishop hearing of it, the next 
day forbade him to be pulled out, because it was our Sunday. In the mean time 
the wretch died before Monday. We have myriads of examples in this kind amongst 
those rigid Sabbatarians, and therefore not without good cause, ^ Intolerabilem pertu- 
bationcm Seneca calls it, as well he might, an intolerable perturbation, that causeth 
such dire events, folly, madness, sickness, despair, death of body and soul, and hell 
itself. " , 



SuBSECT. V. — Cure of Religious Melancholy. 



<!rT( 



To purge the world of idolatry and superstition, will require some monster-tammg 
Hercules, a divine Aesculapius, or Christ himself to come in his own person, to reign 
a thousand years on earth before the end, as the Millenaries will have him. They 
are generally so refractory, self-conceited, obstinate, so firmly addicted to that reli- 
gion in which they have been bred and brought up, that no persuasion, no terror, no 
persecution, can divert them. The consideration of which, hath induced many 
commonwealths to suffer them to enjoy their consciences as they will themselves 
a toleration of Jews is in most provinces of Europe. In Asia they have theii 
synagogues : Spaniards permit Moors to live amongst them : the Mogullians, Gen- 
tiles : the Turks all religions. In Europe, Poland and Amsterdam are the common 
sanctuaries. Some are of opinion, that no man ought to be compelled for con- 
science'-sake, but let him be of what religion he will, he may be saved, as Corne- 
lius was formerly accepted, Jew, Turks, Anabaptists, &c. If he be an honest 
man, live soberly, and civilly in his profession, (Volkelius, Crellius, and the rest of 
the Socinians, that now nestle themselves about Cracow and Rakow in Poland, have 
renewed this opinion) serve his own God, with th.at fear and reverence as he ought 
Sua cuique civitati (Laeli) religio sit, nostra nobis, Tully thought fit every city 
should be free in this behalf, adore their own Custodes et Topicos Deos, tutelar 



"sThe Gentiles in India will eat no sensible crea- 
tures, or aughl that liath blood in it. ''<' Vandor- 
milius de Auciipio. cap. 27. s'Some e.xplode all 
liuman authors, art.s, and sciences, poets, histories, &c., 
BO precise, their zeal overruns their wits; and so stupid, 
Miey oppose all human learning;, because they are igno- 
rant themselves and illiterate, nothing must be read 
lit Scriptures; hut these men d&=erve to be pitied, 
rather than r.unfMltjd. Utheis art «i strict they will 



admit of no honest eaine and pleasure, no dancing, 
singing, other phiys, recreations and games, hawking, 
Iniiiting, cock-tighting, bear-baiting, &c., because to see 
one beast kill another is the fruit of our rebellion 
against God, &c. »* Nuda ac treniebunda rruentig 

Irrepet genihiis si Candida jusserit Ino. Juvenalig. 
Sect. 6. "^Munster Cosmog. lib. 3. cap. 444. Incidil 

in cloacam, unde se non possit eximere, implorat opfia 
socioriini, seu illi negaiit, Sec. "> De benetic. 7 2. 



3c2 



630 Rt ligious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 . 

and luca. goda, as Syinmachus calls them. Isocrates adviseth Demonicus, " when he 
came to i stmnge city, to ^' worship by all means the gods of the place," et unuri- 
qucmqiie, Topicum deiim sic coli oforlere., quomodo ipse prcpxeperif : which Ceciliu^ 
in ^'^ Minutius labours, and would have every nation sacrorum ritus gentiles habere ei 
4eos colere mimicipes, keep their own ceremonies, worship their peculiar gods, which 
Pomponius Mela reports of the Africans, Deos suos patrio more veneranlur^ they wor 
ship their own gods according to their own ordination. For why should any one 
nation, as he there pleads, challenge that universality of God, Deum suum quern nee 
ostendunt. nee vidtnt., discurranlem silicet et ubique pra;sentem, in omnium mores, 
actus,, et occijJtas, cogitaliones inquirentein, Sfc, as Christians do: let every province 
enjoy their liberty in this behalf, worship one God, or all as they will, and are in 
formed. The Romans built altars Diis Asiae, Europae, Lybise, diis ignotis et pere- 
g'^inis : others otherwise, &c. Plinius Secundus, as appears by his Epi-Jtle to Trajan, 
would not have the Christians so persecuted, and in some* time of the reign of 
Maximinus, as we find it registered in Eusebius lib. 9. cap. 9. there was a decree 
made to this purpose, JVullus cogatur invitus ad hunc vel ilium deorum cultum, " let 
no one be compelled against his will to worship any particular deity," and by Con- 
stantine in the 19th year of his reign as ^^Baronius informeth us, JVe mo alteri ex~ 
hibeat molestiam., quod cujusque animus vult., hoc quisque transigat., new gods, new 
lawgivers, new priests, will have new ceremonies, customs and religions, to which 
every wise man as a good formalist should accommodate himself. 

»• " Saturnus periit, perierunt et sua jura, 

:3ub Jove nunc mnndus, jiissa sequare Jovis." 

, The said Constantine the emperor, as Eusebius writes, flung down and nemolished 
'all the heathen gods, silver, gold statues, altars, images and temples, and turned them 
all to Christian churches, infeslus gentilium monumentis litdibrio exposuit ; the Turk 
now converts them again to Mahometan mosques. The like edict came forth in the 
reign of Arcadius and Honorius. ^^Symmachus the orator in his days, to procure a 
general toleration, used this argument, ®®.'* Because God is immense and infinite, and 
his nature cannot perfectly be known, it is convenient he should be as diversely wor- 
shipped, as every man shall perceive or understand." It was impossible, he thought, 
for one religion to be universal : you see that one small province can hardly be ruled 
by one law, civil or spiritual; and "• how shall so many distinct and vast empires of 
the world be united into one.-* It never was, never will be ' Besides, if there be 
infinite planetary and firmamental worlds, as ^^ some will, there, be infinite genii or 
conunanding spirits belonging to each of them; and so, per consequens (for Uiey will 
be all adored), infinite religions. And therefore let every territory keep their proper 
rites and ceremonies, as their dii tutelares will, so Tyrius calls them, '' and accord- 
ing to the quarter they hold," their own institutions, revelations, orders, oracles, 
which they dictate from time to lime, or teach their own priests or ministers. \This 
tenet was stiffly maintained in Turkey not long since, as you may read in the third 
epistle of Busbequius, '"*'•' that all those should participate of eternal happiness, that 
lived a holy and innocent life, what religion soever they professed." Rustan Bassa 
was a great patron of it; though Mahomet himself was sent virtute gladdi, to enforce 
all, as he writes in his Alcoran, to foJlow him. Some again will approve of this for 
Jews, Gentiles, infidels, that are out of the fold, they can be content to give them all 
respect and favour, but by no means to such as are within the precincts of our own 
church, and called Christians, to no heretics, schismatics, or the like; let the Spanish 
in juisition, that fourth fury, speak of some of them, the civil wars and massacres in 
France, our Marian times. ""Magillianus the Jesuit will not admit of conference 
with a heretic, but severity and rigour to be used, non illis verba reddere., sed fur- 
cas.,Jiger?. oportct; and Theodosius is commended in Nicephorus, lib. 12. cap. 15 
"""That he put all heretics to silence." Bernard. Episl. 180, will have ciub law, 



»i Numen venerare pra-sertim quod civitas colit. i quisquR aliquid de Deo percipit aut intellisit. "'Cam- 
•2 Octavio dial. 33 Annal. toni. 3 ad annum 324. I. panella Calcaginiis, and others. '"' .EternR lieati- 

»< Ovid. " Saturn is dead, Ins laws died with tiini ; now tudinis consortes for», qui sancte innoo-.nterc ae lianc 
that Jupiter rules the world, let us obey his laws." vitani traduxerint, qiianicuiiqne illi reli^ioiiem sequuti 
•i' In epist. Sym. "<> Q.uia dens inimensnm quiddam I sunt. 99Couinient.inCTun.fi •■'>r. 20. e. 21. severi- 

ef:t, et intinituni cujiis natnra perfecte cognosci non ; tate cum agendum, et non alitei •«<. uluod iilentiuin 
pi>test, aequuui ergo est, ut diversa ratione colatur pruut \ haereticis indixerit. 



iVIeni, 'Z. Subs, l.j 



Religious Melancholy in Defect. 



631 



rtre and sword for lieretics, '" compel them, stop their mouths not with disputations, 
or refute them with reasons, but with fists;" and this is their ordinary practice. 
/■Another company are as mild on the other side ; to avoid all heart-burning, and con- 
tentious wars and uproars, they would have a general toleration in every kingdom, 
no mulct at all, no man for religion or conscience be put to death, which ^Thuanus 
the French historian much favours ; our late Socinians defend ; Vaticanus against 
Calvin in a large Treatise in behalf of Servetus, vindicates; Castilio, Sec, Martin 
Ballius and his companions, maintained this opinion not long since in France, whose 
error is confuted by Beza in a just volume. The medium is best, and that which 
Paul prescribes, Gal. i. '' If any man shall fall by occasion, to restore such a one 
with the spirit of meekness, by all fair means, gentle admonitions ;" but if that will 
not lake place, Post unam et alteram adrhonitionem hcerelicum devita^ he must be 
excommunicate, as Paul did by Hymenaeus, delivered over to Satan. Immedicabile 
vulnus ense reddendurfL est. As Hippocrates said in physic, I may well say in divinity, 
Qiice ferro nan curanlur, ignis curat. For the vulgar, restrain them by laws, mulcts, 
burn their books, forbid their conventicles ; for when the cause is taken away, the 
effect will soon cease. Now for prophets, dreamers, and such rude silly fellows, 
that through fasting, too much meditation, preciseness, or by melancholy, are dis- 
tempered : the best means to reduce them ad sanam mentem^ is to alter their course 
of life, and with conference, threats, promises, persuasions, to intermix physic. 
Hercules de Saxonia had such a prophet committed to his charge in Venice, that 
thought he was Elias, and would fast as he did ; he dressed a fellow in angePs 
attire", that said he came from heaven to bring him divine food, and by that means 
stayed his fast, administered his physic ; so by the meditation of this forged angel 
he was cured. "Rhasis an Arabian, cont. lib. 1. cap. 9, speaks of a fellow that in 
like case complained to him, and desired his help : " 1 asked him (saith he) what 
the matter was ; he replied, I am continually meditating of heaven and hell, and . 
methinks I see and talk with fiery spirits, and smell brimstone, &c., and am so carried 
away with these conceits, that I can neither eat, nor sleep, nor go about my busi- 
ness: I cured him (saith Rhasis) partly by persuasion, partly by physic, and so have 
1 done by many others." We have frequently such prophets and dreamers amongst 
us, whom we persecute with fire and faggot: I think the most compendious cure, 
for some of them at least, had been in Bedlam. Sed de his satis. 



MEMB. II. 

SuBSECT. ].— Religious Melancholy in defect; parties affected, Epicures, Mieists, 
Hypocrites, worldly secure, Carnalists; all impious persons, impenitent sinners, 3fc. 

In that other extreme or defect of this love of God, knowledge, faith, fear, hope, 
&c. are such as err both in doctrine and manners, Sadducees, Herodians, libertines, 
politicians : all manner of atheists, epicures, infidels, that are secure, in a reprobate 
sense, fear not God at all, and such are too distrustful and timorous, as desperate 
persons be. That grand sin of atheism or impiety. * Melancthon calls it monslrosam 
melancholiam, monstrous melancholy ; or venenatam melancholiam., poisoned melan- 
choly. A company of Cyclops or giants, that war with the gods, as the poets 
feigned, antipodes to Christians, that scoff at all religion, at God himself, deny him 
and all his attributes, his wisdom, power, providence, his mercy and judgment. 

»" Esse aliquos manes, et siibterranea regna. 
El contiim, et Stygio ranas in gurijile nigras, 
Atque una transire vaduin tot inillia c.ymba, 
Nee pueri credunt, nisi qui nondum sere lavantur.' 



1 Igne et fusle pntius agendum cum hsreticis quam 
cum disputalionibiis; n« alia Inquens, &.c. aPra-fat. 

hist. JQuidam conquesius est mihi de hoc morbo, 

ijt deprccatiis est lit ego ilium curarem ; ego qujesivi ab 
eo quia sentiret; respondit, semper imaginor et cogito 
de D' ' <■' aiigelis, &c. et ita dHiiiersiis sucn hac iningi- 
a<iti(Mie. ut nee edam n-;: dorniiam, nee negotiis.. &c. 



Ego curavi medicine et persuasione ; et sic plures alios. 
« De aiiima, c. de hnmoribns. » Juvenal. "That 

there are many ghosts and subterranean realms, and > 
boat-pole, and black frogs in the Stygian gulf, and lliat 
so many thousands pass over in one boat, not even boyi 
believe, unless those not as yet washed for money." 



682 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sect. 4. 

That tnere is eilher heaven or hell, resurrection of the dead, pain, happiness, oi 
■vorld to come, crcdat Judceus ^pella ; for their parts they esteem them as so many 
poet's tales, bugbears, Liician's Alexander; Moses, Mahomet, and Christ are all as 
one in their creed. When those bloody wars in France for matters of religion (sailh 
'Richard Dinolh) wer« so violently pursued between Huguenots and Papists, there 
was a company of good fellows laughed them all to scorn, for being such supersti- 
tious fools, to lose their wives and fortunes, accounting faith, religion, immortality 
of the soul, mere fopperies and illusions. Such loose 'atheistical spirits are ton 
predominant in all kingdoms. Let them contend, pray, tremble, trouble themselves 
that will, for their parts, they fear neither God nor devil; but with that Cyclops in 
Euripides, 

" Haiiil iilla niimina e.xpavescunt cselitum, I " They fear no God hut one, 

Sfd vicliiiias urii deonim inaxiiiio, | They sacrifice to none, 

Veiitri offerunt, decs ignorant cseteros." j But belly, and him adore, 

I For gods they know no more." 

"•Their God is their belly," as Paul saith, Sancta mater sattiritas ; quihus in 

solo Vivendi causa palolo est. The idol, which they worship and adore, is their 
mistress ; with him in Plautus, malle.m hcec mulier me amet quam dii, they had rather 
have her favour than the gods'.-' Satan is their guide, the flesh is their instructor, 
hypocrisy their counsellor, vanity their fellow-soldier, their will their law, ambition 
their captain, custom their rule ; temerity, boldness, impudence their art, toys their 
trading, damnation tlieir end. All their endeavours are to satisfy their lust and ap- 
petite, how to please their genius, and to be merry for the present, Ede., lude., bibe^ 
post mortem nulla voluptas.^ " The same condition is of men and of beasts ; as the 
one dieth, so dieth the other," Eccles. iii. 19. The world goes round, 

» " truditur dies die, 

Nova>que (lergunt interire Lnna :" 

'"They did eat and drink of old, marry, bury, bought, sold, planted, built, and will 
do still. ""Our life is short and tedious, and in the death of a man there is no re- 
covery, neither was any man known that hath returned from the grave; for we are 
born at all adventure, and we shall be hereafter as though we had never been ; for 
the breath is as .smoke in our nostrils, Stc, and the spirit vanisheth as the soft air. 
'^Come let us enjoy the pleasures that are present, let us cheerfully use the creatures 
as in youth, let us till ourselves with costly wine and ointments, let not the flower 
of our life pass by us, let us crown ourselves with rose-buds before they are wither- 
ed, &.C. '^Viva7mis men Lesbia ci umcmus^ 8fc. '''Come let us take our fill of love, 
and pleasure in dalliance, for this is our portion, this is our lot. Tempora labuntur, 
tacitisquc senescimus annis.'^ For the rest of heaven and hell, let children and super- 
stitious fools believe it : for their parts, they are so far from trembling at the dread- 
ful day of judgment that they wish with Nero, Me vivo fiat., let it come in their 
times: so secure, so desperate, so immoderate in lust and pleasure, so prone to re- 
venge that, as Paterculus said of some caitiffs in his time in Rome, Quod nequitir 
ausi., fort iter exccuti: it shall not be so wickedly attempted, but as desperately per- 
formed, whatever they take in hand. Were it not for God's restraining grace, fear 
and shame, temporal punishment, and their own infamy, they would Lycaou-like 
exenterate, as so many cannil^tls eat up, or Cadmus' soldiers consume one another. 
These are most impious, and commonly professed atheists, that never use the name 
of God but to swear by it; that express nought else but epicurism in their carriage, 
or h"pocrisy ; with Peniheus they neglect and contemn these rites and religious 
ceremonies of the gods ; they will be gods themselves, or at least socii deoruin. 
Divisum imperium cum Jove Ccesar habet. " Caesar divides the empire with Jove." 
Aproyis, an Mgypilan tyrant, grew, saith '^ Herodotus, to that height of pride, in- 
solency of impiety, to that contempt of Gods and men, that he held his kingdom so 
sure, ut a nemine deorum aut hominum sibi eripi posset., neither God nor men could 
take it from him. "A certain blasphemous king of Spain (as '^Lansius reports 



*(ji.5. Gal. hist, quampliirinii reperli sunt qui tot 
pericula sulieuntes irridehant ; et qua; do fide, reliyione, 
%c. dicfhant, Indibrio habehant, nihil enruin adinitten- 

•s de futura vita. ''50,0(10 atheists at this day in 



hasten to their wane." '"Lukexvii. " Wiso 

ii.2. "» Vers. 6, 7, 8. '3(Jatullus. h Prov vii. p 
•* " Time jrl'des away, and we grow old by years insen 
sibly acoumulating." '« Lib, 1. " M. Montap 



Palis, Mercennus thinks. »•• Eat, drink. I)e merry; lib. 1. cap. 4. Orat. Cont. Hispan. ne prosinu 

Um I*" is i\o more pleasure after death." » Hor. I. 2. decennio deum adorareni, &r.. 

od. 16. ' One day succeeds another, and new moona 



Alem. 2. Subs. 1.] 



Religious Melancholy in Defect. 



63.H 



made an edict, that no subject of his, for ten years' space, should believe in, call on, 
or worship any god. And as '^Jovius relates of "Mahomet the Second, that sacked 
Constantinople, he so behaved himself, that he believed neither Christ nor Mahomet, 
and thence it came to pass, that he kept his word and promise no farther than for 
his advantage, neither did he care to commit any offence to satisfy his lust." I could 
say the like of many princes, many private men (our stories are full of them) in 
limes past, this present age, that love, fear, obey, and perform all civil duties as they 
shall find them expedient or behovefiil to their own ends. Securi adversus Decs, 
securi udversus liomines^votis non est opus, which '■^"Tacitus reports of some Germans, 
they need not pray, fear, hope, for they are secure, to their thinking, both from Gods 
and men. Bnlco Opiliensis, sometime Duke of '"Silesia, was such a one to a hair; 
he lived (saith ^"^JEneas Sylvius) at ^^Uralislavia, and was so mad to satisfy his lust, 
that he believed neither heaven nor hell, or that the soul was immortal, but married 
wives, and turned them up as he thought fit. did murder and mischief, and what he 
list himself." This duke hath too many followers in our days : say what you can, 

dehort, exhort, persuade to the contrary, they are no more moved, quam si dura 

silex out sfet Marpesia cautes, than so many stocks, and stones; tell them of heaven 
and hell, 'tis to no purpose, laterem lavas, they answer as Ataliba that Indian prince 
did friar Vincent, ""when he brought him a book, and told him all the mysteries 
of salvation, heaven and hell, were contained in it: he looked upon it, and said he 
saw no such matter, asking withal, how he knew it :" they will but scoff at it, or 
wholly reject it. Petronius in Tacitus, when he was now by Nero's command bleed- 
ing to death, audicba^t amicos nihil references de iminortnlitale ani?nce, aut savienlun 
placitis, sed levia carmina et faciles versus ; instead of good counsel and divine 
meditations, he made his friends sing him bawdy verses and scurrilous sono-s. Let 
them take heaven, paradise, and that future happiness that will, honmn est esse hie, it 
is good being here : there is no talking to such, no hope of their conversion, thev 
are in a reprobate sense, mere carnalists, fleshly minded men, which howsoever they 
may be applauded in this life by some few parasites, and held for worldly wise men. 
""They seem to me (saith Melancthon) to be as mad as Hercules was when he 
raved and killed his wife and children." A milder sort of these atheistical spirits 
there are that profess religion, but tiniide et hcesitanter, tempted thereunto out of that 
horrible consideration of diversity of religions, which are and have been in the world 
(which argument Campanella, Atheismi Triumphati, ccrp. 9. both urgeiii and answers), 
besides the covetousness, imposture, and knavery of priests, y/zce faeiunt (as ^^Postel- 
ius observes) ut rebus sacris minus faciant fidem ; and those religions some of them 
so fantastical, exorbitant, so violently maintained with equal constancy and assurance; 
whence they infer, that if there be so many religious sects, and denied by the rest, 
why may they not be all false .' or why should this or that be preferred before the 
rest .? The sceptics urge this, and amongst others it is the conclusion of Sextua 
Empericus, lib. 8. advers. Malhematicos : after many philosopiiieal arguments and 
reasons pro and con that there are gods, and again that there are no gods, he so 
concludes, cu7n tot in'er se pugnent, Sfc. Una tantum potest esse vera, as Tully like- 
wise disputes : Christians say, they alone worship the true God, pity all other sects, 
lament their case; and yet those old Greeks and Romans that worshipped the devil, 
as the Chinese now do, aut deos topicos, their own gods; as Julian the apostate. 
^'Cecilius in Minutius, Celsus and Porphyrins the philosopher object : and as Ma- 
chiavel contends, were much more noble, generous, victorious, had a more flourish- 
ing conunonwealth, better cities, better soldiers, better scholars, better wits. Their 
gods overcame our gods, did as many miracles, &c. Saint Cyril, Arnobius, Minu- 
tius, with many other ancients of late, Lessius, Morneus, Grotius de Verit. Reliu-. 
Chrifeiianae, Savanarola de Verit. Fidei Christianae, well defend ; but Zanchius, ^^ Cam- 



"Talpm se exhibiiit. iit nee in Christum, nee Maho- 
metan crederet. undo pffecliiui ut promissa ni.si quatenug 
in suum cominoduiu cedereiit uiiniiiie servaret, uec ullo 
Bcelere peccatuin statueret, ut suis desideriis satisfa- 
ceret. "o Lib. de nior. Gerin. '^^ Or Brcslau. 

^ Usque adco iusanus. ut ncc inferos, nee superos esse 
<icat, animasque cum c()rporil)us iiilerire credat. &e. 
•8 Euroiia* deser rap. 'J4. ^i pratrts a Bry Ainer. 

i)ar G. IJ rum a Vineeulio monachu daiuui aojcc t, nih:l 
SO 



se videre ibi hiijiismodi dicens ro^ansque unde h*f 
sciret, quuni de ctElo et 'I'artaro contineri ibi dicercl 
''^ Now iniuus hi furuiit qiiaui Hercules, qji conjugem e\ 
liberos jiiterfecit; habet liaec ajtas pliira nuj.isuiodi por 
tentosa nioiistra. ac Dq ,,rhis con. lib. 1. cap. 7. 

2: Noiiiie Roujaiii sine Deo vestrn re(.'riant et fruuiitur 
orbe loto, et vos et Di'os vestnis captivns teneiii, cStc. 
Miiiutius OclHviano. ^Couiiiient. in Genesin cj.pio- 
siis lu ti«c 8ubjeoto. 



B34 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. See 4. 

panella, I\larinii:s Marcennus, Bozius, and Gentillettus answer all these atheistical 
arguments at large. But this again troubles many as of old, wicked men generalJj 
\hrive, professed atheists thrive, 



28 " Niillns iisse Deos, inane ccEliim, 

AffirHiat Seliiis: pr(ih:il(|iii, quod se 
Factiiiii, (luiii iiegat h:bc, videt beatum." 



"There are no gods, heavens are toys, 
Selius in puhlic justifies; 
Bncaiise that whilst he tfins denies 
Tht-ir deities, he better thrives." 



This is a prime argument : and most part your most sincere, upright, honest, and 
'"good men are depressed, ''The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to tlie strong 
(Eccles. ix. 11.), nor yet bread to the wise, favour nor riches to men of understand- 
ing, but time and chance comes to all." There was a great plague in Athens (as 
Thucydides, lib. 2. relates), in which at last every man, with great licentiousness, 
did what he list, not caring at all for God's or men's laws. "Neither the fear of 
God nor laws of men (saiih he) awed any man, because the plague swept all away 
alike, good and bad ; tiiey thence concluded it was alike to worship or not worship 
the gods, since they perished all alike." Some cavil and make doubts of scripture 
itself: it cannot stand with God's mercy, that so many should be damned, so many 
bad, so few good, such have and hold about religions, all stiff on their side, factious 
alike, thrive alike, and yet bitterly persecuting and damning each other; " It cannot 
stand with God's goodness, protection, and providence (as ^' Saint Chrysostom in the 
Dialect of such discontented persons) to see and suffer one man to be lame, another 
mad, a third poor and miserable all the days of his life, a fourth grievously tormented 
with sickness and aches, to his last hour. Are these signs and works of God's pro- 
vidence, to let one man be deaf, another dumb .'' A poor honest fellow lives in dis- 
grace, woe and want, wretched he is; when as a wicked catiff abounds in superfluity 
of wealth, keeps whores, parasites, and what he will himself:" Audis Jupiicr hcpxf 
Talia multa comiectcnles.) longum reprehensionis sermonem erga Dei providentiam 
conlexunt. ''^Tlius they mutter and object (see the rest of their arguments in Mar- 
cennus in Genesin, and in Campanella, amply confuted), v/ilh many such vain cavils, 
well known, not worthy the recapitulation or answering: whatsoever they pretend, 
they are interim of little or no religion. 

Cousin-germans to these men are many of our great philosophers and deists, who, 
though they be more temperate in this life, give many good moral precepts, honest, 
upright, and sober in their conversation, yet in effect tliey are the same (accounting 
no man a good scholar that is not an atheist), nimis altum sapiunt., too much learn- 
ing makes them mad. Whilst they attribute all to natural causes, "^ contingence of 
all things, as Melancthon calls them, Perlinax homlnum genus^i a peevish generation 
of men, that misled by philosophy, and the devil's suggestion, their own innate 
blindness, deny God as much as the rest, hold all religion a fiction, opposite to rea- 
son and philosophy, tliough for fear of magistrates, saith ^^Vaninus, they durst not 
publicly profess it. Ask one of them of what religion he is, he scoffingly replies, a 
philosopher, a Galenist, an ^^Averroist, and with. Rabelais a physician, a peripatetic, 
an epicure, hi spiritual things God must demonstrate all to sense, leave a pawn 
with them, or else seek soivie other creditor. They will acknowledge Nature and 
Fortune, yet not God : though in effect they grant both : for as Scaliger defines, 
Nature signifies God's ordinary power; or, as Calvin writes. Nature is God's order, 
and so things extraordinary may be called unnatural : Fortune his unrevealed will ; 
and so we call tilings changeable that are beside reason and expectation. To this 
purpose ''^Minutius in Octavio, and '''Seneca well discourseth with them, Jib. 4. de 
bvne/iciis^ cap. 5, 6, 7. "They do not understand what they say; what is Nature 
but God? call him what thou wilt, Nature, Jupiter, he hath as many names as offices: 
it comes all to one pass, God is the fountain of all, the first Giver and Preserver, 



s» Ecce pars vestrum et major et melior alget, fame 
aboral, el dens paiitur, dissimulat, non vnit, noii 
potest opitulari suis, et vel invalidiis vel iniquus est. 
Ceciliiis in Minut. Diim rapiunt mala fata bonos, 
igiioscite fasso, Sollicitor nnllos esse pntare deos. Oviil. 
Vidi ego diis fretus, inultos decipi. Plautus Casina 
BCt. 2. seen. 5. soMartial. i. 4. epig. 21. »• Ser. 30. 
iiij. c.np ad Ephes. hie fractii est pedibus, alter furit, 

alius ad exlieniani seneclani progressus oitMieni vitani 

paiipi^rlale peragit. ille niorhjs sravi«.siinis : sunt banc j miinera 
rruvidenlia- opera ? hie surdua, illeniutus,&c. »"Uli! 



Jupiter, do you hear 'hose things ? Collecting many such 
faLJs, they weave a tissue of reproaches against God's 
providence." 3^ Omnia contingeiiter fieri volunt. 

Melancthon in prseceplum primum. 3* Dial. 1. lib. 4. 
de admir. nat. Arcanis. 3= Anima nica sit cum 

aniniis philosophoruni. s" Deuin ijnum inultis d<sig- 
nant noniiiiibus. &,c. ^ Non intelligifi te uuuui "laec 

dicis, negare te ipsuni notnen Dfi : q'tid enim est u iud 
Natura quam Deus ? &c tot habet uipellat<>. ie& n.wit 



Mem. 2. Subs. I J Religious Melancholy in Defect. 635 

from whom all Illinois depend, ^"a quo., et per queyn omnia., JYam quocunque vides 
Deus est, quocunque moveris., "God is all in all, God is everywhere, in every place." 
And yet this Seneca, that could confute and blame them, is all out as much to be 
blamed and confuted himself, as mad himself j for he holds fatum Stoicum, that 
inevitable Necessity in the other extreme, as those Chaldean astrologers of old did, 
against whom the prophet Jeremiah so often thunders, and those heathen mathema- 
ticians, Nigidius Figulus, magicians, and Priscilianists, whom St. Austin so eagerly 
confutes, those Arabian questionaries, Novem Judices, Albumazer, Dorotheus, &,c., 
and our coifntryman ^'Estuidus, that take upon tiiem to define out of those great con- 
junction of stars, with Ptolomeus, the periods of kingdoms, or religions, of all future 
accidents, wars, plagues, schisms, heresies, and wliat not.'' all from stars, and such 
things, saith Maginus, Quce sibi et intelligentiis suis reservavit Deus., which God hath 
reserved to himself and his angels, they will take upon them to foretel, as if stars 
were immediate, inevitable causes of all future accidents. Caesar Vaninus, in his book 
de admirandis naturce Jircanis, dial. 52. de oraculis^ is more free, copious, and open 
in this explication of this astrological tenet of Ptolemy, than any of our modern 
writers. Cardan excepted, a true disciple of his master Pomponatius ; according to 
the doctrine of peripatetics, he refers all apparitions, prodigies, miracles, oracles, ac- 
cidents, alterations of religions, kingdoms, SiC. (for which he is soundly lashed by 
Marinus Mercennus, as well he deserves), to natural causes (for spirits he will not 
acknowledge), to that light, motion, influences of heavens and stars, and to the in- 
telligences that move the orbs. Inlelligentia quce niovet orbem mediante ccclo, Sfc 
Intelligences do all : and after a long discourse of miracles done of old, si hcec 
dceinones possint., cur non et intelligentioi ccclorum matrices ? And as these great 
conjunctions, aspects of planets, begin or end, vary, are vertical and predominant, so 
have religions, rites, ceremonies, and kingdoms their beginning, progress, periods, in 
urbibus regibus^ religiojiibus^ ac in particuiaribus hominibus, hac vera ac manifesta 
sunt., ut Jiristoteles innuere videtur^ et quotidiana docet experientia, ut historias per- 
legcns vidcbit ; quid olim in Genlili lege Jove sanctius et illustrius? quid nunc vile 
magis et execrandum? Ita coeleslia corpora pro mortaliwn benejicio religiones cp,di- 
jicant., et cum cessat injluxus., cessat lex.,''" 6fc. And because, according to their tenets, 
the world is eternal, intelligences eternal, influences of stars eternal, kingdoms, reli- 
gions, alterations shall be likewise eternal, and run round after many ages j Jllque 
iterum ad Troiam magnus mittciur Achilles ; rcnascenlur religiones, et ceremonicBj 
res humancB in idem recident, nihil nunc quod non olimfuit, et post sceculorum revo- 
lutiones alias est, erit.1*' <Src. idem specie., saith Vaninus, non individuo quod Plato 
signijicavit. These (saith mine ''^author), these are the decrees of peripatetics, which 
though I recite, in obsequium Christiana: Jidei detestor., as I am a Christian I detest 
and hate. Thus peripatetics and astrologians held in former times, and to this efTect 
of old in Rome, saith Dionysius Halicarnassus, lib. 7, when those meteors and pro- 
digies appeared in the air, after the banishment of Coriolanus, ''^" Men were diversely 
afl'ected : some said they were God's just judgments for the execution of that good 
man, some referred all to natural causes, some to stars, some thought they came by 
chance, some by necessity" decreed ah initio., and could not be altered. The two 
last opinions of necessity and chance were, it seems, of greater note than the rest. 

<^ " Sunt qui in ForturiEe jam casibus omnia poniuit, 
Et inundiiin credunt nullo reclore nioveri, 
Natura VDlvente vices," &c. 

For the first of chance, as "^ Sallust likewise informeth us, those old Romans gene- 
rally received ; "■ They supposed fortune alone gave kingdoms and empires, wealth, 



*• Austin. 33 Principio phiEmer. *<•" In cities, 

ki-ni;s. religions, and in individual men, these things 
sre true and obvious, as Aristotle appears to imply, and 
daily experience teaches to llie reader of history : for 
what was more sacred and illustrious, by Gentile law, 
than Jupiter? what now more vile and execrable? In 
IQis way celestial objects suggest religions for worldly 
•notives, and when the influx ceases, so does the law," 
&,c. ^> "And again a great Achilles shall he sent 

against Troy; religions and their ceremonies shall be 
born again ; however aU'airn relapse into the same 



oraculis. " Varie lioniines atfecti, alii dei judi- 

cium ad tarn pii exilium, alii ad iiaturam referebant, 
nee ab indigiiatloiie dei, sed hiimaiiis causis, ikc. 12. 
Natural, qusst. 3;i. 3U. «< Juv. Sat. 13. "There 

are those who ascribe everything to chance, and believe 
that the world is made without a director, nature in- 
fluencing the vicissitudes," &c. i^ Epist. ad C Caisar. 
Koniani oliin putaliant fortiinain regiia et iniperia 
dare: Credebant antea niortales fortunani solam ope« 
et honores largiri, idquc riuabus de causis; priinum 
qu. d indignus qui.*que dives honoratus, poleiis ; alte- 



track, there is nothing now that was not formerly and rum. vix qiiisqiiam perpetiio bonis iisfrui visas. Posteu 
will not be again " dtc. " Vaninus dial. Si- de | prudentiores didicere furtunain euain quenique fingete 



nSB Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. 

honours, offices . and that for two causes ; first, because every wicked liase unwortliy 
wretch was preferred, rich, potent, &c. ; secondly, because of their uncertainty, 
though never so good, scarce any one enjoyed them long : but after, they began 
upon better advice to think otherwise, that every man made his own fortune." The 
last of Necessity was Seneca's tenet, that God was alligatus causis secnndis, so tied 
to second causes, to that inexorcible Necessity, that he could alter nothing of that 
which was once decreed ; sic erat infatis, it cannot be altered, semel jussit., semper 
paref. Deus., nulla vis rumpit, nullce preces, nee ipstim fulmen, God hath once said it, 
and it must for ever stand good, no prayers, no threats, nor power, nor thunder itself 
can alter it. Zeno, Chrysippus, and those other Stoics, as you may read in Tully 2. 
de divinatione., Gellius, lib. (i. cap. 2. &.c., maintained as much. In all ages, there 
have been such, that either deny God in all, or in part ; some deride him, they could 
have made a better world, and ruled it more orderly themselves, blaspheme him, de- 
rogate at their pleasure from him. 'Twas so in '"^ Plato's time, " Some say there be 
no gods, otiiers that they care not for men, a middle sort grant both." Si non sit 
Deus., unde mala? si sit Deus., unde mala? So Colta argues in Tully, why made 
he not all good, or at least tenders not the welfare of such as are good ? As tlie 
woman told Alexander, if he be not at leisure to hear causes, and redress them, why 
doth he reign? '*'' Sextus Empericus hath many such arguments. Thus perverse 
men cavil. So it will ever be, some of all sorts, good, bad, indifferent, true, false, 
zealous, ambidexters, neutralists, lukewarm, libertines, atheists, &c. They will see 
these religious sectaries agree amongst themselves, be reconciled all, before they will 
participate with, or believe any: they think in the meantime (which ''^Celsus objects, 
and whom Origen confutes), '•'We Christians adore a person put to ''^ death with no 
more reason than the barbarous Getes worshipped Zamolxis, the Cilicians Mopsus, 
the Thebans Amphiaraus, and the Lebadians Trophonius ; one religion is as true as 
another, new fangled devices, all for human respects 5" great-witted Aristotle's works 
are as much authentical to them as Scriptures, subtle Seneca's Epistles as canonical 
as St. Paul's, Pindarus' Odes as good as the Prophet David's Psalms, Epictetus' En- 
chiri{Uon equivalent to wise Solomon's Proverbs. They do openly and boldly speak 
this and more, some of tliem, in all places and companies. ^'•'- Claudius the emperor 
was angry with Heaven, because it thundered, and challenged Jupiter into the field ; 
with what niathiess ! saith Seneca; he thought Jupiter could not hurt him, but he 

co'-IJ hurt Jupiter." Diagoras, Demonax., Epicurus., Pliny, Lucian, Lucretius, 

Contemptorque Deiim Mezentius, "professed atheists all" in their times: though not 
simple atheists neither, as Cicogna proves, lib. 1. cajJ. 1. they scofied only at those 
Pagan gods, their plurality, base and fictitious offices. Gilbertus Cognatus labours 
much, and so doth Erasmus, to vindicate Lucian from scandal, and there be those 
that apologize for Epicurus, but all in vain ; Lucian scoffs at all, Epicurus he denies 
all, and Lucretius his scholar defends him in it : 

61 " Humana ante oculus fitile cum vita jaceref i " Wlien human kind was drcncli'd in superptitinn. 

In teriis oppressa gravi cum reli<jione, | With ghastly looks aloft, which frighted mortal 

(iure caput a toeli regionibus ostendebat, men," &.c. 

Horribili super aspectu tnortalibus instans," &c. | 

He alone, like another Hercules, did vindicate the world from that monster. Unci? 
'^ Pliny, lib. 2. cap. 7. nat. hist, and lib. 7. cap. 55, in express words denies the im 
mortality of the soul. '* Seneca doth little less, lib. 7. epist. 55. ad Lucilium, ei lib. 
de consol. ad Marliam, or rather more. Some Greek Commentators would put as 
much upon Job, that he should deny resurrection, &.c., whom Pineda copiously con- 
futes in cap. 7. Job, vers. 9. Aristotle is hardly censured of some, both divines and 
philosophers. St. Justin in Peranetica ad Gentes, Greg. JVazianzen. in disput. ad- 
oersus Eun., Theodoret, lib. 5. de curat, grcpc. ajfec, Origen. lib. de principiis. 
Pomponatius justifies in his Tract (so styled at least) De immortalilate Animce, Sca- 
liger (who would forswear himself at any time, saith Patritius, in defence of his 

<8lOde lesib. Alii negant esse deos, alii decs non | putavitsibi nocere non posse, et se nocere lamen Jnv' 
eurare res hunianas, alii utraque concedunt. ■" Lib. l posse. ^' Lib. 1. 1. '''' Idem status post mort.in,, 

8- ad niathem. <»Orijien. contra Celsuni. I. 3. hos j ac fuit antequam nasccremur, et ?ei.eca. Idem eril 

immerito iiobiscum conferri fuse declarat. *^ Cruci- 1 post me quod ante me fuit. m Lu«<»rnas eadem cob- 

fiium deudi ignomiiiiose Lucian us vita pere<!rin. Chris- ditiucjuum eziinguitur, ac fuit aniequaui accenderetur 
turn vocitt. ^ De ira, 16. 34. Iratus cielo quod ob ita et hominis. 

■treperet, ad pugnarn vocann Jovem, quanta dementis ? I 



Mf*ni. 2. Subs. 1.] Rrligious Melancholy in Defect. 637 

great master Aristotle), and Dandinus, lib. 3. de animd, acknowltdge as much, \ver- 
roes oppugns all spirits and supreme powers; of late Brunus [infcBlix Brunn/i^ 
"K(;pler calls him), Machiavel, Caesar Vaninus lately burned at Toulouse in France, 
und Pet. Aretine, have publicly maintained such atheistical paradoxes, ^^with that 
Italian Boccacio with his fable of three rings, &.C., ex quo infert hand posse internosc, 
qua. sit verior religio., Judaica., Mahomet ana, an Christiana, quoniam eadem signa., S^a. 
" from which he infers, that it cannot be distinguished which is the true religion, 
Judaism, Mahommedanism, or Christianity," &.c. ^'^ Marinus Mercennus suspects 
Cardan for his subtleties, Campan<ella, and Charron's Book of Wisdom, with some 
other Tracts, to savour of ^'atheism: but amongst the rest that pestilent book de 
tribus mundi impostoribus., quern sine horrore [inquit) non legas., et mundi Cymhalum 
dialogis quatuor contentum, anno 1538, auctore Peresio, Parisiis excusum, ^^ &c. And 
as there have been in all ages such blasphemous spirits, so there have not been want- 
inof their patrons, protectors, disciples and adherents. Never so many atheists in 
Italy and Germany, saith ^^Colerus, as in this age: the like complaint Mercennus 
makes in France, 50,000 in that one city of Paris. Frederic the Emperor, as ^"Mat- 
thew Paris records licet non sit recitabile (I use his own words) is reported to have 
said, Tres prcesligiafores, MoseSf Christus., et Mahomet., uti mundo dominarentur, totum 
populiim sibi contcmporaneum seduxisse. (flenry, the Landgrave of Hesse, heard him 
speak it,) Si princi pes imperii instilutioni mece adhrBrererit, ego multd meliorem modum 
credendi el vivendi ordinarem. 

To these professed atheists, we may well add that impious and carnal crew ol 
worldly-minded men, impenitent sinners, that go to hell in a lethargy, or in a dream ; 
who though they be professed Christians, yet they will nulla pallescere culpa., make 
a conscience of nothing they do, tiiey have cauterized consciences, and are indeed in 
a reprobate sense, '•• past all feeling, have given themsolves over to wantonness, to 
work all manner of uncleanness even with greediness, Ephes. iv. 19. They do know 
there is a God, a day of judgment to come, and yet for all that, as Hugo saith, ita 
comedunt ac dormiunt., ac si diem judicii evasisscnt ; ita ludunt ac ridcnt, ac si in coelis 
cum Deo regnarent : they are as merry for all the sorrow, as if they had escaped all 
dangers, and were in heaven already : 

6' " Metus onines, et inexorahile fatiim 

Subjecit pedibijs, strepitumque Acheronlis .ivari." 

Those rude idiots and ignorant persons, that neglect and contemn the means of their 
ealv.ation, may march on with these ; but above all others, those Hero(ilian temporizing 
statesmen, political Machiavelians and hypocrites, that make a show of religion, but 
in their hearts laugh at it. Simulata sanctitas duplex iniquitas ; they are in a double 
fault, '•' that fashion themselves to this world," which •■" Paul forbids, and like Mer- 
cury, the planet, are good with good, bad with bad. When they are at Rome, they 
- o there as they see done, puritans with puritans, papists with papists; omnium hora- 
rujn homines., formalists, ambidexters, lukewarm Laodiceans. ^''Ail their study is to 
please, and their god is their commodity, their labour to satisfy their lusts, and their 
endeavours to their own ends. Whatsoever they pretend, or in public seem to do, 

""With the fool in their hearts, they say there is no God." Heus tu de Jove 

quid sentis? *•' HuUoa ! what is your opinion about a Jupiter ?" Their words are as 
soft as oil, but bitterness is in their hearts; like ^^ Alexander VI. so cunning dis- 
semblers, that what they think they never speak. Many of them are so close, you 
can hardly discern it, or take any just exceptions at them; they are not factious, 
oppressors as most are, no bribers, no simoniacal contractors, no such ambitious, 
lascivious persons as some others are, no drunkards, sohrii solem vident orientem, 
sobrli vident occidentem., they rise sober, and go sober to bed, plain dealing, upright, 
lionest men, they do wrong to no man, and are so reputed in the world's esteem at 
least, very zealous in religion, very charitable, meek, humble, peace-makers, keep all 
duties, very devout, honest, well spoken of, beloved of all men : but he that knows 



6' Dissert, oiini nunc sider. ^acampanella, cap. ]8. 
Atheism, triiimphat. ^^ Continient. in Gen. cap. 7. 

"So that a man may meet an atheist as soon in his 
study as in the street. sssimonis religio iricerto 

luctore Cracovire edit. 1568, cnnclusio lihri est, Ede 
itaque l>ihf . lude, &c. j.nii Deus fijinientuin est. so Ljh. 1 64 Psal. xiii. 1. 63G„jc,;iardini. 

3D 



de immortal, animx. «> Pa<;. 645. an. 1238. ad finem 
Henrici tertii. Idem Pisterius. pag. 743. 111 compilat 
sua. 61 Virg. " 'J'hey place fear, fate, and the sound 

of craving Acheron under their feet." «- Rom. xii. S> 
esOiiinis Aristippuiii deciiit color, et status, et reA 



i38 Religions JMclanchoJy. [Part. 3, Sec. 4 

better how to judge, he that examines the heart, saith they arc hypocrites, Cor dolo 
plenum; sonant vitinm percussa malignc^ they are not sound wiihin. As it is with 
wrivCrs ^"^ ofientimes, Plus sanctimonicB in libello^ qudm liheUi auctore^ more holiness 
is in ihe book than in the author of it : so 'tis with them : many come to church 
with great Bibles, whom Cardan said he could not choose but laugh at, and will now 
and then dare- operam ^vguslino, read Austin, frequent sermons, and yet professed 
usurers, mere gripes, totavitxe ratio epicurea est; all their life is epicurism and atheism, 
come to church all day, and lie with a courtezan at night. Qui curios simulant et 
Bacchanalia vivuni^ they have Esau's hands, and Jacob's voice : yea, and many of 
those holy friars, sanctified men, Cappam, saith Hierom, et cilicium induunt, sed intus 
latronem tegunt. They are wolves in sheep's clothing, Introrsum turpes, speciosi 
pelle decora^ '" Fair without, and most foul within." ^^ Latet plerumque sub tristi 
amictu lascivia, et deformis horror vili veste tegilur ; ofttimes under a mourning weed 
lies lust itself, and horrible vices under a poor coat. But who can examine all those 
kinds of hypocrites, or dive into their hearts } If we may guess at the tree by the 
fruit, never so many as in these days ; show me a plain-dealing true honest man: Et 
pudor^ et probitas^ et timor omnis abest. He that shall but look into their lives, and 
see such enormous vices, men so immoderate in lust, unspeakable in malice, furious 
m their rage, flattering and dissembling (all for their own ends) will surely think 
the}' are not truly religious, but of an obtiurate heart, most part in a reprobate sense, 
as in this age. But let them carry it as they will for the present, dissemble as they 
can, a time will come when they shall be called to an account, their melancholy is 
at hand, they pull a plague and curse upon their own heads, thesaurisant iram Dei. 
Besides all such as are in deos contumeliosi., blaspheme, contemn, neglect God, or 
scoff at him, as the poets feign of Salmoneus, that would in derision imitate Jupiter's 
thunder, he was precipitated for his pains, Jupiter intonuit contra, Sfc. so shall they 
certainly rue it in the end, (^^m se spuit, qui in ccelum spuit), their doom's at hand, 
and hell is ready to receive them. 

Some are of opinion, that it is in vain to dispute with such atheistical spirits in the 
meantime, 'tis not the best way to reclaim them. Atheism, idolatry, heresy, hypocrisy, 
though they have one common root, that is indulgence to corrupt aflection, yet their 
growth is different, they have divers symptoms, occasions, and must have several 
cures and remedies. 'Tis true some deny there is any God, some confess, yet believe 
it not; a third sort confess and believe, but will not live after his laws, worship and 
obey him : others allow God and gods subordinate, but not one God, no such gene- 
ral God, non iatem demn, but several topic gods for several places, and those not to 
persecute one another for any difference, as Socinus will, but rather love and cherish. 

To describe them in particular, to produce their arguments and reasons, would 
require a just volume, I refer them therefore that expect a more ample satisfaction, 
to those subtle and elaborate treatises, devout and famous tracts of our learned 
divines (schoolmen amongst the rest, and casuists) that have abundance of reasons 
to prove there is a God, the immortality of the soul. Sic, out of the strength of 
wit and pliilosophy bring irrefragable arguments to such as are ingenuous and well 
disposed ; at the least, answer all cavils and objections to confute their folly and 
madness, and to reduce them, si fieri posset, ad sanam mentejn, to a better mind, 
though to small purpose many times. Among«t others consult with Julius Caesar 
Lagalla, professor of philosophy in Rome, who hath written a large volume of late 
to confute atheists : of the immortality of the soul, Hierom. Montanus de im 
Viorlalilate JlnimcE : Lelius Vincentius of tjie same subject : Thomas Giaminus, 
dnd Franciscus Collins de Paganorum animabus post mortem, a famous doctor of 
the Ambrosian College in Milan. Bishop Fotherby in his Atheomastix, Doctor 
Dove, Doctor Jackson, Abernethy, Corderoy, have vvritten well of this subject in 
our mother tongue : in Latin, Colerus, Zanchius, Paleareus, Illyricus, *^^Philippus. 
Faber Favtntinus, &c. But instar omnium, xhe most copious confuter of atheists m 
Marinus Mercennus in his Commentaries on Genesis : '" with Campane.la's Atheis- 
mus Triumphalus. He sets down at large the causes of this brutish passion, (seven- 
teen in numi»er I take it) answers all their arguments and soph'sms, which he re> 

"Erasmus. *' Hi<^roin. <* Senpo. consol. I Athens. Vpojetiii 1627, (JuarUj '" Edit.RomiP. W 

«d Pdlyb. ca. 3\. "Disput. 4 rtiil<xoophix adVM | l(i3i. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Desvair^s Definition. 639 

duceth to twenty-six heads, proving withal his own assertion ; " Thtrc is a God, 
Piich a God, the true and sole God," by thirty-five reasons. His Colophon is how 
lo resist and repress atheism, and to that purpose he adds four especial means OT 
ways, which who so will may profitably peruse. 

SuBSECT. II. — Despair. Despairs., Equivocations., Definitions., Parties and Paris 

affected. 

There be many kinds of desperation, whereof some be holy, some unholy, as 
" one distinguisheth ; that unholy he defines out of TuUy to be JEgriiudinem ariimi 
sine ulla rerum expcctationc vieliore., a sickness of the soul without any hope or ex- 
pectation of amendment; which commonly succeeds fear; for whilst evil is expect- 
ed, we i'ear : but when it is certain, we despair. According to Thomas 2. 2«. dis- 
tinct. 40. art. 4. it is Recessus u re desiderata., propter impossihditatem existimatam, 
a restraint from the thing desired, for some impossibility supposed. Because they 
cannot obtain what they would, they become desperate, and many times either yield 
to the passion by death itself, or else attempt impossibilities, not to be performed by 
men. In some cases, this desperate humour is not much to be discommended, as in 
wars it is a cause many times of extraordinary valour; as Joseph. lib. 1. de bello 
Jud. cap. 14. L. DancEUS in Aphoris. polit. pag. 226. and many politicians hold. I' 
makes them improve their worth beyond itself, and of a forlorn impotent company 
become conquerors in a moment. Una salus victis nullam sperare salutevij " the 
only hope for the conquered is despair." in such courses when they see no remedy, 
but that they must either kill or be killed, they take courage, and oftentimes, prceter 
spem, beyond all hope vindicate themselves. Fifteen thousand Locrenses fought 
against a hundred thousand Crotonienses, and seeing now no way but one, they 
must all die, '^thought they would not depart unrevenged, and thereupon desperately 
giving an assault, conquered their enemies. JYec alia causa victorice (saith Justin 
mine author) qadm quod dcspcraverant. William the Conqueror, when lie firsi 
landed in England, sent back iiis ships, that his soldiers might have no hope of re- 
tiring back. -^^Bodine excuselh his countrymen's overthrow at that famous battle at 
Agincourt, in Henry the Fifth his time, (c«< simile., saith Froissard, tota historia pro- 
ducere nan possit, which no history can parallel almost, wherein one handful of 
Englishmen overthrew a royal army of Frenchmen) with this refuge of despair, pauci 
desperuti, a few desperate fellows being compassed in by their enemies, past all hope 
of life, fought like so many devils; and gives a caution, that no soldiers hereafter 
set upon desperate persons, which "after Frontinus and Vigetius, Guicciardini like- 
wise admonisheth, Hypomnes. part. 2. j^ag. 25. not to stop an enemy that is going 
his way. Many such kinds there are of desperation, when men are past hope of 
obtaining any suit, or in despair of better fortune ; Desperatio facit monuclium., as 
the saying is, and desperation causeth death itself; how many thousands in such 
distress have made away themselves, and many others.'' For he that cares not for 
his own, is master of another man's life. A Tuscan soothsayer, as '^ Palerculus tells 
the story, perceiving himself and Fulvius Flaccus his dear friend, now both carried 
to prison by Opimius, and in despair of pardon, seeing the young man weep, quin 
tu potius hoc inquit facts., do as 1 do; and with that knocked out his brains against 
the door-cheek, as he was entering into prison, prolinusque illiso capite in capite in 
carceris januam effuso cerebro expiravit, and so desperate died. But these are 
equivocal, improper. " When 1 speak of despair," saith ""^Zanchie, " I speak not of 
every kind, but of that aione which concerns God. it is opposite to hope, and a 
most pernicious sin, wherewith the devil seeks to entrap men." Musculus makes 
four kinds of desperation, of God, ourselves, our neighbour, or anything to be done; 
but this division of his may be reduced easily to the former : all kinds are opposite 
to hope, that sweet moderator of passions, as Sinionides calls it; 1 do not mean that 
vain hope which fantastical fellows feign to themselves, which according to Aristotle 

w Ahernelhy, c. 24. of his Plijsic of the Soul, i intersciiidas, &c. w Poster voliim. '^Super 

"Ouiissa >:pe vicloricB in destinatain iiiorteiii con- I pra3ce(ituiii primiitn de Relij;. et partiliiis ejus. Non 
tpirant, lautusi)iii' ardor siii^uUis cepit, iit vitt<irps se . luquur de nuini desperatioiie, sed taiilum de ea qua des 
^ijtareiil i uoii ujiilli lunrrrentiir. Jusiin. I. 'JO. '^Me- ptrare solerit hoiiiiiies de Deo; opponitur spei, bt e»t 
tjKx! hial CH\i. o. '* Hosri alure volenti iter iiiiniiue I peccatum gravisiimuin, tui. 



ti4(< Religious Melancholy. [Part. d. Sect. 4 

i." insomninm vigilantinm., a waking dream ; but this divine hope which proceed? 
fr .in confidence, and is an anchor to a floating- soul; spes alit. agricolas, even in our 
temporal affairs, liope revives us, but in spiritual it farther animateth; and were il 
not for liope, " we of all others were the most miserable," as Paul saith, in this life; 
were it not for hope, the heart would break; "for though they be punished in the 
sight of men," (Wisdom iii. 4.) yet is " their hope full of immortality :" yet doth it 
not so rear, as despair doth deject; this violent and sour passion of despair, is of all 
perturbations most grievous, as ''Patritius holds. Some divide it into final and tem- 
poral ; '^ final is incurable, wliich befalleth reprobates ; temporal is a rejection of 
hope and comfort for a time, which may befal tlie best of God's children, and it com- 
monly proceeds ''"from weakness o^' faith," as in David when he was oppressed he 
cried out, " O Lord, thou hast forsaken me," but this for a time. This ebbs and 
flows with hope and fear ; it is a grievous sin howsoever : although some kind ol 
despair be not amiss, when, saith Zanchius, we despair of our own means, and rely 
wholly upon God: but that species is not heie meant. •''.This pernicious kind of des- 
peration is the subject of our discourse, homicida animcE^ the murderer of the soul, 
as Austin terms it, a fearful passion, wherein the party oppressed thinks he can get 
no ease but by death, and is fully resolved to offer violence unto himself; so sensi- 
ble of his burthen, and impatient of his cross, that he hopes by death alone to be 
freed of his calamity (though it prove otherwise), and chooseth with Job vi. 8. 9. 
xvii. 5. "Rather to be strangled and die, than to be in his bonds." *°The part 
affected is the whole soul, and all the faculties of it; there is a privation of joy, 
hope, trust, confidence, of present and future good, and in their place succeed fear, 
sorrow, &c. as, in the symptoms shall be shown. The heart is grieved, the con- 
science wounded, the mind eclipsed with black fumes arising from those perpetual 
terrors. 

SuBSECT. III. — Causes of Despair^ the Devil., Melancholy., Meditation., Distrust., 
Weakness of Faith., Rigid Ministers, Misunderstanding Scriptures, Guilty Con- 
sciences, Sfc. 

The principal agent and procurer of this mischief is the devil ; those whom God 
forsakes, the devil by his permission lays hold on. Sometimes he persecutes them 
with that worm of conscience, as he did Judas, *' Saul, and others. Tiie poets call 
it Nemesis, but it is indeed God's just judgment, sero sed serio., he strikes home at 
last, and setteth upon them "as a thief in the night," 1 Thes. ii. "^This temporary 
passion made David cry out, " Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten 
me in thine heavy displeasure; for thine arrows have light upon me, &c. there is 
nothing sound in my flesh, because of thine anger." Again, 1 roar for the very grief 
of my heart: and Psalm xxii. " My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me, and 
art so far from my health, and the words of my crying ? I am like to water poured 
out, my bones are out of joint, mine heart is like wax, that is molten in the midst 
of my bowels." So Psalm Ixxxviii. 15 and 16 vers, and Psalm cii. " I am in misery 
at the point of death, from my youth I suffer thy terrors, doubting for my life; thine 
indignations have gone over me, and thy fear hath cut me oft." Job doth often com- 
plain in this kind ; and those God doth not assist, the devil is ready to try and tor- 
ment, " still seeking whom he may devour." If he find them merry, saith Gregory, 
"he tempts them forthwith to some dissolute act; if pensive and sad, to a desperate 
end." Jiut suadendo blanditur, ant minaiido terret, sometimes by fair means, some- 
times again by foul, as he perceives men severally inclined. His ordinary engine by 
which he produceth this effect, is the melancholy humour itself, which is balneum 
diaboli, the devil's bath; and as in Saul, those evil spirits get in *'as it were, and 
take possession of us. Black choler is a shoeing-horn, a bait to allure them, inso- 
much that many writers make melancholy an ordinary cause, and a symptom of 
despair, for that such men are most apt, by reason of their ill-disposed temper, to 
distrust, fear, grief, mistake, and amplify whatsoever they preposterously conceive, or 
falsely apprehend. Conscientia scrupulosa nascitur ex vitio naturali, compiexione 

'^ Lib. 5. lit. 21. de rfgi? iriRtitut. Oiiiniiim pcrtiiba- I fidelitate proficiscens. »» Abernethy. si ] gam. ii. 18 
tiniiiiii) (ielerriiiia. ^^ Reprohi iisqui; iid firiprii per- | ss psal. xxxviii. vers. 9. 1,4. "' Unmisceiit se niaii 

I'liaciter persistunt. Zaiichius. '"'Viltiiiri ah in- I genii, Leiii. lib. I. cap. lH. 



Mem 2. Subs. 3.] Despair his Causes. 641 

melancholica (saith Navarrus cap. 27. num. 282. torn. 2. cas. conscien.) The bodj 
works upon the mind, by obfuscating the spirits and corrupted instruments, which 
*^ Perkins ilhistrates by simile of an artificer, that hath a bad tool, his skill is good, 
ability correspondent, by reason of ill tools his work must needs be lame and imper- 
fect. But melancholy and despair, though often, do not always concur ; there i.s 
much difference : melancholy fears without a cause, this upon great occasion 
melancholy is caused by fear and grief, but this torment procures them and all ex- 
tremity of bitterness ; much melancholy is without affliction of conscience, a." 
^ Bright and Perkins illustrate by four reasons ; and yet melancholy alone may be 
sometimes a sufHcient cause of this terror of conscience. ^'^ Fajlix Plater so found 
it in his observations, e mclanclioJicis alii damnatns se putanf., Deo ciirce non sunt., nee 
prcedestinati., 4'c. "They think they are not predestinate, God hath forsaken them;" 
and )^et otherwise very zealous and religious ; and 'tis common to be seen, " melan- 
choly for fear of God's judgment and hell-fire, drives men to desperation; fear and 
sorrow, if they be immoderate, end often with it." .-^Intolerable pain and anguish, 
long sickness, captivity, misery, loss of goods, loss of friends, and those lesser 
griefs, do sometimes effect it, or such dismal accidents. Si non statim relevantur, 
^''Mercennus, dubifoni an sit Deus, if they be not eased forthwith, they doubt whethei 
there be any God, they rave, curse, " and are desperately mad because good men are 
oppressed, wicked men flourish, they have not as they think to their desert," and 
through impatience of calamities are so misaffected. Democritus put out his eyes, 
ne malorum ci.vium prosperos videret successus, because he could not abide to see 
wicked men prosper, and was therefore ready to make away himself, as ^'Agellius 
writes of him. Faelix Plater hath a memorable example in this kind, of a painter's 
wife in Basil, that was melancholy for her son's death, and for melancholy became 
desperate; she thought God would not pardon her sins, ''^"•and for four months still 
raved, that she was in hell-fire, already damned." When the humour is stirred up, 
every small object aggravates and incenseth it, as the parties are addicted. '^''Thfj 
same author hath an example of a merchant man, that for the loss of a little wheat, 
which he had over long kept, was troubled in conscience, for that he had not sold it 
sooner, or given it to the poor, yet a good scholar and a great divine; no persuasion 
would serve to the contrary, but that for this fact he was damned : in other matters 
very judicious and discreet. Solitaiiness, much fasting, divine meditation, and con- 
templations of God's judgments, most part accompany this melancholy, and are 
main causes, as ^'Navarrus holds; to converse with such kinds of persons so troubled, 
is sufficient occasion of trouble to some men. JYommlli ob longas inedias^ studia et 
mediiationes ccelestes, de rebus sacris et religione semper agitant., Sfc. Many, (saith 
P. Forestus) through long fasting, serious meditations of heavenly things, fall into 
such fits; and as Lemnius adds, lib. 4. cap. 21, ''^'•' Jf they be solitary given, super- 
stitious, precise, or very devout: seldom shall you find a merchant, a soldier, an inn- 
keeper, a bawd, a host, a usurer, so troubled in mind, they have cheverel consciences 
that will stretch, they are seldom moved in this kind or molested: young men and 
miildle age are more wild and less apprehensive ; but old folks, most part, such as 
are timorous and religiously given." Pet. Forestus observat. lib- 10. cap. 12. de mor- 
bis cerebri, hath a fearful example of a minister, that through precise fasting in Lent, 
and overmuch meditation, contracted this mischief, and in the end became desperate, 
thought he saw devils in his chamber, and that he could not be saved ; he smelled 
nothing, as he said, but fire and brimstone, was already in hell, and would ask them, 
still, if they did not ''^ smell as much. I told him he was melancholy, bat he laughed 
me to scorn, and replied that he saw devils, talked with them in good earnest, would 
spit in my face, and ask me if I did not smell brimstone, but at last he was by him 
cured. Such another story I find in Plater observat. lib. 1. A poor fellow had done 



"Cases of conscience, I. 1. IB. ss Tract. Melan. 

rnpj). 33 et 34. ^C. 3. ile mentis alien. Deo minus 

K(i cura; esse, nee ad salutem praeiiestinatos esse. Ad 
lespprationem sffipe ducit liiEc melancholia, et est fre- 
quentissinia ob siippljcii miituin iElerniimque judicium ; 
•noBror et metus in desperationorn plerumque desinunt. 
"Comment, in 1 cap. gen. artic. 3. quia impii florent, 
honi opprimiMitur, &c. alms e.v consideriilione hujus 
«'ria des()erahundus. * Lili. 20. c. 17. ^ Dam- | ^ Annon sentis sulphuf injuii? 

81 3 n 2 



natam se putavit, et quatunr menses GehennsR poenam 
sentire. ^ I5I)(5. ob triticum diutius scrvatum con- 

scien ticBstimnlis agitalur,&c. 91 Tom. 2. c. 27. num.282, 
conversatio cum scrupulosis, vigilise, jejunia. sa Soli- 
tarios et superstiliosos plerumque exagital conscientia. 
non mercatores, lenones, cau pones, fcenerators?. &x 
largiorem hi nacti sunt conscientiam. JuvtMies pie 
rumque conscientiain nnuliL'unt, seiies auteni, U* 



612 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4. 

Bome foil, offence, and for fourteen days would eat no meat, in the end became despe- 
rate, the divines about him could not ease him, ®' but so he died. Continual medita- 
tion of God's judgments troubles many, Midti oh timoremfufuri judicii^ saith Guati- 
nerins cap. 5. tract. 15. et suspicione?n desperabundi sunt. David himself complains 
that God's judgments terrified his soul, Psalm cxix. part. 16. vers. 8. "My flesh 
trembltth for fear of thee, and I am afraid of thy judgments." Quotles diem ilium 
cogilo (saith ^-"Hierome) toto corpore contremisco^ I tremble as often as I think of it. 
L^The terrible meditation of hell-fire and eternal punishment much torments a sinful 
/silly soul. What's a thousand years to eternity.'' Ubi mceror^ uhi Jletus.i uhi dolor 
\ sempilernus. Mors sine morfe^Jiiiis sine fine ; a finger burnt by chance we may not 
endure, the pain is so grievous, we may not abide an hour, a night is intolerable; 
and what shall this unspeakable fire then be that burns for ever, innumerable infinite 
millions of years, in omne cevmn in ccternum. O eternity! 

••■■ yEli^niitas est ilia vox, I jEternitas est ill.i vox, I ^ternitas, jEternitas 

Vox ilia fulininairix, | meta careris et orta, &c. ( Versat coquilque pectus. 

ToiiilriJis luinaci.ir, T Toriiieiita nulla territaiil, Auget hsc poenas iniiies, 

Fragoribusque caeli, | Quae (iniuntur atiiiis ; | Centuplicatque flaminas," &c. 

,' This meditation terrifies these poor distressed souls, especially if their bodies be 
•predisposed by melancholy, they religiously given, and have tender consciences, 
every small object affrights them, the very inconsiderate reading of Scripture itself, 
and misinterpretation of some places of it; as, '"Many are called, few are chosen. 
Not every one that saith Lord. Fear not little flock. He that stands, let him take 
heed lest he fall. Work out your salvation with fear and trembling. That night 
two shall be in a bed, one received, the other left. Strait is the way that leads to 
heaven, and few there are that enter therein." The parable of the seed and of the 
sower, " some fell on barren ground, some was choaked. Whom he hath predesti- 
nated he hath chosen. He will have mercy on whom he will have mercy." JVon 
est volentis nee currenlis, sed miserentis J)ei^<iThese and the like places terrify the 
souls of many ; election, predestination, reprobation, preposterously conceived, offend 
divers, with a deal of foolish presumption, curiosity, needless speculation, contempla- 
tion, solicitude, wherein they trouble and puzzle themselves about those questions 
of grace, free will, perseverance, God's secrets ; they will know more than is re- 
vealed of God in his word, huiTian capacity, or ignorance can apprehend, and too 
importunate inquiry after that which is revealed ; mysteries, ceremonies, observation 
of Sabbaths, laws, duties, Stc, with many such which the casuists discuss, and 
schoolmen broach, which divers mistake, misconstrue, misapply to themselves, to 
their own undoing, and so iiill into this gulf. \ " They doubt of their election, how 
they shall know, it, by what signs. \ And so far forth," saith Luther, " with such 
nice points, torture and crucify themselves, that they are almost mad, and all they 
get by it is this, they lay open a gap to the devil by desperation to carry them to 
hell ;'^but the greatest harm of all proceeds from those thundering ministers, a most 
frequent cause they are of this malady; ^'"and do more harm in the cliurch (^saith 
•Erasmus) than they that flatter; great danger on both sides, the one lulls them 
asleep in carnal security, the other drives them to despair." Whereas, ^*St. Bernard 
well adviseth, "We should not meddle with the one without the other, nor speak 
of jutlgment without mercy; the one alone brings desperation, the other security." 
(^But these men are wholly for judgment; of a rigid disposition themselves, there is 
no mercy with them, no salvation, no balsam for their diseased souls, they can speak 
of nothing but reprobation, hell-fire, and damnation ; as they did Luke xi. 46. lade 
men wilh burdens grievous to be borne, which they themselves touch not with a 
fiuger.y 'Tis familiar with our papists to terrify men's souls with purgatory, tales, 
visions, apparitions, to daunt even the most generous spirits, "to ^^ require charity," 



" Defperahiindus inisere periit. ^^ In 17. Johaiinis. 
Non pauci se cruciaiit, et excarnificant in taiitiiin, ut 
non pariiMi ahsinl at) insania ; neqiie taiiien aliiid hac 
tnenti? anxistate efficiunt, qiiam ill riiabolo pdtestatein 
faclant ip^oi per despcrationein ad infernos producendi. 
*s Drexelius Nicet. Iih. 2. cap. II." Eternity, that word, 
that trernendons word, more threatening than thunders 
and the artillery of heaven — F.ternity, that word, with- 
out end or orijjin. No tornienls affrii;ht us which are 



fold." 87 Ecclesiast. 1. 1. Haud scio an inajns din 

crimen ah his qui blandiuntur, an ab his qui lerritaiit; 
ingeiis utrinque periculum: alii ad secuntatem ducunt, 
alii attiictionum magnitudine nientem absorbent, et in 
desperationem trahunt. ** Bern. sup. 16. cant. L 

alterutn sine altero proferre non expedit; rec.ordatio 
solius judicii in desperalioneni prs-cipilat, et miseri- 
cordiie fallax ostentalio peisimam generat securilatein 
^ In l.uc. hom. 103. exigunt ab aliis charitatein, benefl 



limited to years: Eternity, eternity, occupies and in- I centiaiii, cum ipsi nil spertent pru-ter liLidineni, »«• 
flames <he heart— this it is that daily augments our suf- I vidiaiii, avaritiaui. 
fiiringij, and multiplies our heart-burnings a hundred- I 



Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] 



Despair his Causes. 



643 



as Brentius observes, " of others, bounty, meekness, love, patience, when they them- 
selves breathe nought but lust, envy, covetousness." They teach others to fast, give 
alms, do penance, and crucify their mind with superstitious observations, bread and 
vi^ater, hair clothes, whips, and the like, when they themselves have all the dainties 
the world can afford, lie on a down-bed with a courtezan in their arms : Heu quan- 
tum palimur pro Christo^ as "*' he said, what a cruel tyranny is this, so to insult over 
and terrify men's souls ! Our indiscreet pastors many of them come not far behind, 
whilst in their ordinary sermons they speak so much of election, predestination, re- 
probation, ab cEterno, subtraction of grace, praeterition, voluntary permission, &c., by 
what sign* and tokens they shall discern and try themselves, whether they be God's 
true children elect, an sinl reprobi, prcedestinati, <^c., with such scrupulous points, 
they still aggravate sin, thunder out God's judgments without respect, intempestively 
rail at and pronounce them damned in all auditories, for giving so much to sports 
and honest recreations, making every small fault and thing indifferent an irremissible 
offence, they so rent, tear and wound men's consciences, that they are almost mad, 
and at their wits' end. 

"These bitter potions (saith ' Erasmus) are still in their mouths, nothing but gall 
snd horror, and a mad noise, they make all their auditors desperate :" many are 
wounded by this means, and they commonly that are most devout and precise, have 
been formerly presumptuous, and certain of their salvation ; they that have tender 
consciences, that follow sermons, frequent lectures, that have indeed least cause, 
they are most apt to mistake, and fall into these miseries. I have heard some com- 
plain of Parson's Resolution, and other books of like nature (good otherwise), they 
are too tragical, too much dejecting men, aggravating offences : great care and choice, 
much discretion is required in this kind. 
^/The last and greatest cause of this malady, is our own conscience, sense of our 
sins, and God's anger justly deserved, a guilty conscience for some foul offence for- 
merly committed, ^ O miser Oreste, quid morbi te perdil? Or: Conscientia^ Sum 

enim miki conscius de malls perpctratis.^ "A good conscience is a continual feast," 
but a galled conscience is as great a torment as can possibly happen, a still baking 
oven, (so Pierius in his Hieroglyph, compares it) another hell. Our conscience, 
which is a great ledger book, wherein are written all our offences, a register to lay 
them up, (which those ''Egyptians in their hieroglyphics expressed by a mill, as well 
for the continuance, as for the torture of it) grinds our souls with the remembrance 
of some precedent sins, makes us reflect upon, accuse and condemn our ownselves, 
*"Sin lies at door," Stc. I know there be many other causes assigned by Zanchius, 
*Musculus, and the rest; as incredulity, infidelity, presumption, ignorance, blind- 
ness, ingratitude, discontent, those five grand miseries in Aristotle, ignominy, need, 
sickness, enmity, death, &c. ; but this of conscience is the greatest, '' Instar ulceris 
f-orpus jugii.er perceUens : The scrupulous conscience (as * Peter Forestus calls it) 
which tortures so many, that either out of a deep apprehension of their unworthi- 
ness, and consideration of their own dissolute life, '' accuse themselves and aggra- 
vate every small offence, when there is no such cause, misdoubting in the meantime 
God's mercies, they fall into these inconveniences." The poet calls them ^furies 
dire, but it is the conscience alone which is a thousand witnesses to accuse us, 
^"JYocfe dieque suum geslant in pectore testem. A continual testor to give in evidence, 
to empanel a jury to examine us, to cry guilty, a persecutor with hue and cry to fol- 
low, an apparitor to summon us, a bailiff to carry us, a serjeant to arrest, an attorney 
to plead against us, a gaoler to torment, a judge to condemn, still accusing, denounc- 
mg, torturing and molesting. And as the statue of Juno in that holy city near Eu 
ph rates in " Assyria will look still towards you, sit where you will in her temple, she 
stares full upon you, if you go by, she follows with her eye, in all sites, places, con- 
venticles, actions, our conscience will be still ready to accuse us. After many plea- 



"" Leo decinius. • Den fiituro judicio, de damna- 

tione horrenriuin crepunt, et amaras illas polationes in 
ore semper habent, ut miiltos inde in desperationem 
cop:ant. ' Euripides. "O wretched Orestes, what 

malady consumes you ?" '"Conscience, for I am 

conscious of evil." ♦Pierius. »Gen. iv. 

• 9 causes Musculus makes. Plutarch. 'Alius 



misere castigat plena scrupulis conscientia, nodum in 
scirpo quaerunt, et ubi nulla causa subest, mit'ericordia 
divincB diffidenles, se Oreo destinant. ^Cceliut, 

lib. 6. '"Juvenal. " Night and day they corry 

their witnesses in the breast.' " Lucian. de dea 

Syria. Si adstiteria, te aspicit ; si transeas, vim V» 
sequitur. 



644 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sect. 4 



sant clays, and fortunate adventures, merry tides, this conscience at last doth arrest 
us. Well he may escape temporal punishment,- '^ bribe a corrupt judge, and avoid 
the censure of law, and flourish for a time; "for ''who ever saw (saith Chrysostom) 
a covetous man troubled in mind when he is telling of his money, an adulterer mourn 
with his mistressin his arms? we are then drunk with pleasure, and perceive no- 
thing :" yet as the prodigal son had dainty fare, sweet music at first, merry com- 
pany, jovial entertainment, but a cruel reckoning in the end, as bitter as wormwoodj 
a fearful visitation commonly follows. And the devil that then told thee that it was 
ft light sin, or no sin at all, now aggravates on the other side, and telleth thee, that 
it is a most irremissible oflence, as he did by Cain and Judas, to bring them to 
despair; every small circumstance before neglected and contemned, will now amplify 
itself, rise up in judgment, and accuse the dust of their shoes, dumb creatures, as to 
Lucian's tyrant, lectus et candela^ the bed and candle did bear witness, to torment 
their souls for their sins past. ', Tragical examples in this kind are too familiar and 
common : Adrian, Galba, Nero, Otho, Vitellius, Caracalla, were in such horror of 
conscience for their ofl^ences committed, murders, rapes, extortions, injuries, that they 
were weaiy of their lives, and could get nobody to kill them. '''Kennetus, King of 
Scotland, when he had murdered his nephew Malcom, King DufTe's son, Prince of 
Cumberland, and with counterfeit tears and protestations dissembled the matter a 
long time, '^"at last his conscience accused him, his unquiet soul could not rest day 
or night, he was terrified with fearful dreams, visions, and so miserably tormented 
rfU his life." /It is strange to read what "'Cominaeus hath written of Louis XI. that 
French King; of Charles VIII.; of Alphonsus, King of Naples; in the fury of his 
passion how he came into Sicily, and what pranks he played. Guicciardini, a man 
most unapt to believe lies, relates how that Ferdinand his father's ghost who before 
had died for grief, came and told him, that he could not resist the French King, he 
thought every man cried France, France; the reason of it (saith Cominaeus) was 
because he was a vile tyrant, a murderer, an oppressor of his subjects, he bought 
up all commodities, and sold them at his own price, sold abbeys to Jews and Falk- 
oners ; both Ferdinand his father, and he himself never made conscience of any com- 
mitted sin; and to conclude, saith he, it was impossible to do worse than they did. 
Why was Pausanias the Spartan tyrant, Nero, Otho, Galba, so persecuted with spirits 
in every house they came, but for their murders which they had committed .'' '''Why 
doth the devil haunt many men's houses after their deaths, appear to them living, 
and take possession of their habitations, as it were, of their palaces, but because of 
their several villanies ? Why had Richard the Third such fearful dreams, saith Poly- 
dore, but for his frequent murders .'' Why was Herod so tortured in his mind .' 
because he had made away Mariamne his wife. Why was Theodoric, the King of 
the Goths, so suspicious, and so affrighted with a fish head alone, but that he had 
murdered Symmachus, and Boethius his son-i*ii-law, those worthy Romans.? Ca?lius, 
lib. 27. cap. 22. See more in Plutarch, in his tract De his qui sero a JYwmine puniuri' 
tur^ and in his book De tranquillitate animi^ S^c. Yea, and sometimes GOD him- 
self hath a hand in it, to show his power, humiliate, exercise, and to try their faith, 
(divine temptation, Perkins calls it, Cos. cons. lib. 1. cap. 8. sect. 1.) to punish them 
for their sins. God the avenger, as '^ David terms hirn, ultor a tergo Dens., his wrath 
is apprehended of a guilty soul, as by Saul and Judas, which the poets expressed by 
Adrastia, or Nemesis : 

1'" Assequitur Nemesiqiie virutn vestif'a servat, 
Ne male quid facias." 

And she is, as ^"Ammianus, lib. 14. describes her, "the queen of causes, and mode- 
rator of things," now she pulls down the proud, now she rears and encourageth those 
that are good; he gives instance in his Eusebius ; Nicephorus, lib. 10. cap. 35. eccles. 
hist, in Maximinus and Julian. Fearful examples of God's just judgment, wrath 



"Prima hasc est ultin, quod se judice nemo nocens 
absolvitiir, iinproha quamvis gratia fallacis prstoris 
vicerit iiriiam. Juvenal. '^ Quig unquatn vidit ava- 

rum ringi, dum lucrum adest, adulterum duin potitur 
veto, lugere in perpetrando scelere ? voluptate sumus 
ebrii, proinde noii sentimus, &c. '* Buchanan, lib. 6. 
HiKt. Scot. '^ Animus consclentia sceleris inquietus, 
nullum admisit gaudium, sed semper vexatua noctu et 



interdiu per somnum visis horrore plenis putremefac- 
lus, &c. '* De hello Neapol. " Thirens de loci* 

infestis, part. 1. cap. 2. Nero'3 mother was still in hia 
eyes. »' Psal. xliv. I. '*"And Nemesis pur. 

sues and notices the steps of men, lest you commit 
any evil." "ORegina cnu.sarum et arbitra -erura. 

nunc erfictas cervices oppriuiit, &c. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 4.J Symptoms of Despair. 64& 

and vengeance, are to bo found in all histories, of some that have been eaten to death 
with rats and mice, as ^' Popelius, the second King of Poland, ann. 830, his wife and 
children ; the like story is of Hatto, Archbishop of JVTentz, ann. 969, so devoured bjr 
these vermin, which howsoever Serrarius the Jesuit Mogunt. rerum lib. 4. cap. 5. 
impugn by twenty-two arguments, Tritemius, ^^ Munster, Magdeburgenses, and many 
others relate for a truth. Such another example I find in Geraldus Cambrensis Itin. 
Cam. lib. 2. cap. 2. and where not.? 

■-'■ And yet for all these terrors of conscience, affrighting punishments which are so 
f'-'^quent, or whatsoever else may cause or aggravate this fearful malady in other 
religions, I see no reason at all why a papist at any time should despair, or be 
troubled for his sins ; for let him be never so dissolute a caitiff, so notorious a villain, 
so monstrous a sinner, out of that treasure of indulgences and merits of which the 
pope is dispensator, he may have free pardon and plenary remission of all his sins. 
fThere be so many general pardons for ages to come, forty thousand years to come, 
so many jubilees, so frequent gaol-deliveries out of purgatory for all souls, now 
living, or after dissolution of the body, so many particular masses daily said in seve- 
ral churches, so many altars consecrated to this purpose, that if a man have either 
money or friends, or will take any pains to come to such an altar, hear a mass, say 
so many paternosters, undergo such and such penance, he cannot do amiss, it is 
impossible his mind should be troubled, or he have any scruple to molest him. 
Besides that Taxa Camerce Apostolicce., which was first published to get money in the 
days of Leo Decimus, that sliarking pope, and since divulged to the same ends, sets 
down such easy rates and dispensations for all offences, for perjury, murder, incest, 
adultery, &c., for so many grosses or dollars (able to invite any man to sin, and pro- 
voke him to offend, metliinks, that otherwise would not) such comfortable remis- 
sion, so gentle and parable a pardon, so ready at hand, with so small cost and suit 
obtained, that 1 cannot see how he that hath any friends amongst them (as I say) or 
money in his purse, or will at least to ease himself, can any way miscarry or be 
misaflected, how he should be desperate, in danger of damnation, or troubled in 
mind. Their ghostly fathers can so readily apply remedies, so cunningly string and 
unstring, wind and unwind their devotions, play upon their consciences with plausi- 
ble speeches and terrible threats, for their best advantage settle and remove, erect 
with such facility and deject, let in and out, that ] cannot perceive how any man 
amongst them should much or often labour of this disease, or finally miscarry. The 
causes above named must more frequently therefore take hold in others. 

SuBSECT. IV. — Symptoms of Despair, Fear, Sorrow, Suspicion, Anxiety, Horror of 
Conscience, Fearful Dreams and Visions. 

As shoemakers do when they bring home shoes, still cry leather is dearer and 
dearer, may I justly say of those melancholy symptoms : these of despair are most 
violent, tragical, and grievous, far beyond the rest, not to be expressed but negatively, 
as it is privation of all happiness, not to be endured; "for a v/ounded spirit who can 
bear it?'' Prov. xviii. 19. What, therefore, ^''Timanthes did in his picture of Iphige- 
nia, now ready to be sacrificed, when he had painted Chalcas mourning, Ulysses sad, 
but most sorrowful Menelaijs ; and showed all his art in expressing a variety of 
affections, he covered the maid's father Agamemnon's head with a veil, and left it to 
every spectator to conceive what he would himself; for that true passion and sor- 
row in summo gradu, such as his was, could not by any art be deciphered. What 
he did in his picture, 1 will do in describing the symptoms of despair ; imagine what 
thou canst, fear, sorrow, furies, grief, pain, terror, anger, dismal, ghastly, tedious, 
irksome, &c. it is not sufficient, it comes far short, no tongue can tell, no heart con- 
ceive it. 'Tis an epitome of hell, an extract, a quintessence, a compound, a mixture 
of all feral maladies, tyrannical tortures, plagues, and perplexities. There is no 
sickness almost but physic provideth a remedy for it* to every sore chirurgery will 
provide a slave ; friendship helps poverty ; hope of liberty easeth imprisonment ; 

3>Alex. Gai;uinu8 catal. reg. Pol. "('osinog. I oiiines quern posseut, maximum moerorem in virgiail 

Muiister. et Mag(*j. ^ Pliniiis, cap. 10. I. 35. Con- J patre cugitareiil. 

Muopui 'aHecl^tui, AgdiKUifoi.is caput velavit, ut 



646 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. 3. Sec. 4. 



suit and favour revoke banishment ; authority and time wear away reproach : but 
what physic, what chirurgery, what wealth, favour, authority can relieve, bear out 
assuage, or expel a troubled conscience ? A quiet mind cureth all them, but all thev 
cannot comfort a distressed soul : who can put to silence the voice of desperation ? 
All that is single ii. other melancholy, Horribile^ diru7n, peslilens, atrox^ ferum, con- 
cm m this, it is more than melancholy in the highest degree ; a burning fevor of the 
soul; so mad, saith '^Macchinus, by this misery; fear, sorrow, and despair, he puts 
for ordmary symptoms of melancholy. They are in great pain and horror of mind, 
distraction of soul, restless, full of continual fears, cares, torments, anxieties, they 
can neither eat, drink, nor sleep for them, take no rest, 



' Perpetiia iiiipjetas, nee mensae tempore cessat, 
Exagitat vesaiia quies, somnique furenles.' 



'Neither at bed, nor yet at board,. / 
Willany rest dfspair afford." 



Feiir takes away their content, and dries the blood, wasteth the marrow, alters their 
countenance, " even in their greatest delights, singing, dancing, dalliance, they are 
still (saith - Lemnius) tortured m their souls." It consumes them to nought, " I am 
like a pelican in the wilderness (saith David of himself, temporally afflicted), an owl 
because of thine indignation," Psalm cii. 8, 10, and Psalm Iv. 4. "My heart trem- 
bleth within me, and the terrors of death have come upon me ; fear and trembling 
are come upon me, &c. at death's door," Psalm cvii. 18. "Their soul abhors all 
manner of meats." Their '^ sleep is (if it be any) unquiet, subject to fearful dreams 
and terrors. Peter in his bonds slept secure, for he knew God protected him : and 
1 ully makes it an argument of Roscius Amerinus' innocency, that he killed not his 
father, because he so securely slept. Those martyrs in the primitive church were 
most ' cheerful and merry in the midst of their persecutions ; but it is far otherwise 
with these men, tossed in a sea, and that continually without rest or intermission, 
they can think of nought that is pleasant, ^^^ their conscience will not let them be 
quiet," in perpetual fear, anxiety, if they be not yet apprehended, they are in doubt 
still they shall be ready to betray themselves, as Cain did, he thinks every man will 
kill him ; " and roar for the grief of heart," Psalm xxxviii. 8, as David did ; as Job 
did, XX. 3, 21, 22, &c., " Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life 
to them that have heavy hearts .? which long for death, and if it come not, search it 
more than treasures, and rejoice when they can find the grave." They are generally 
weary of their lives, a U-embling heart they have, a sorrowful mind, and litUe or no 
rest. Terror uhique tremor^ timer undique et undigue (error. " Fears, terrors, and 
affrights in all places, at all times and seasons." Cibum et potmn pertinacit^r aver- 
santur muUi, nodum in scirpo qua;ritantes, et culpam imaginantes uhi nulla est, as 
Wierus writes de Lamiis lib. 3. c. 7. " they refuse many of them meat and drink, 
cannot rest, aggravating still and supposing grievous offences where there are none." 
God's heavy wrath is kindled in their souls, and notwithstanding their continual 
prayers and supplications to Christ Jesus, they have no release or ease at all, but a 
most intolerable torment, and insufferable anguish of conscience, and that makes 
them, through impatience, to murmur against God many times, to rave, to blaspheme, 
turn atheists, and seek to offer violence to themselves. Deut. xxviii. 65, 66. * In 
the morning they wish for evening, and for morning in the evening, for the sight of 
their eyes which they see, and fear of hearts." «" Marinas Mercennus, in his Com- 
ment on Genesis, makes mention of a desperate friend of his, whom, amongst others, 
he came to visit, and exhort to patience, that broke out into most blasphemous athe- 
istical speeches, too fearful to relate, when they wished him lo trust in God, Quis 
est ille Deus {inquit) ut serviam ilU, quid proderit si oraverim ; si prcesens est, cur 
non succurntf cur non me carcere, inedia, squalore confectum liberot? quid ego 
feci? &fc. absit a me hujusmodi Deus. Another of his acquaintance broke out into 
like atheistical blasphemies, upon his wife's death raved, cursed, said and did he 
cared not what. And so for the most part it is with them all, many of them, in 



*<Cap. 15. in 9. Rhasis. 2* Juv. Sat. 13 asMen- 
leni eripit tinior hie; vultum, lotuiiique eorporis habi- 
tuni iinniulat, etiain in delieiis, in tripudiis, in sym- 
posiis, in auiple.\u eonjugis carnihcinam exereet, lib. 4. 
cap. 21. 3' Non sinit conscientia tales liomi- 

■68 recta verba proferre, aut rectis quenquain oculis 
•a^iiere, ab omni hoininu«i< coetu eosdem extermiuat. 



et dormientes perterrefaeit. Philost. lib. 1. de vita 
Apolionii. as EuSjbius, Nieephorus eecles. hirt. 

lib. 4. c. 17. 29 Seneca, lib. 18. epist. 106. Con- 

scientia aliud agere noii patitur, perturbatr/n vitam 
agunt, nunquam vacant, &c. «i Artie. 3. ea. I. fol. 

2:!0. quod horrenduin dictu, de!<perabundiis quidam' me 
presente cum ad patientiain tiortaretur, gic. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 5.1 Prognostics oj Despair. 64" 

their extremity, think they hear and see visions, outcries, confer with devils, tha* 
tliey are tormented, possessed, and in hell-fire, already damned, quite forsaken of 
God, they have no sense or feeling of mercy, or grace, hope of salvation, their sen- 
tence of condemnation is already past, and not to be revoked, the devil will cer- 
tainly have them. Never was any living creature in such torment before, in such a 
miserable estate, in such distress of mind, no hope, no faith, past cure, reprobate, 
continually tempted to make away themselves. Something talks with them, they 
spit fire and brimstone, they cannot but blaspheme, they cannot repent, believe or 
think a good thought, so far carried ; ut cngantur ad impia cogUandum etiam contra 
voluntatem.1 said '" Foelix Plater, ad hlasphemiam erga deum^ ad mulla horrenda per' 
petraiida^ ad manus viohntas sibi inferendas^ <Sfc., and in their distracted fits and 
desperate humours, to ofier violence to others, their familiar and dear friends some- 
times, or to mere strangers, upon very small or no occasion ; for he that cares not 
for his own, is master of another man's life. They think evil against their wills; 
that which they abhor themselves, tliey must needs think, do, and speak. He gives 
instance in a patient of his, that when he would pray, had such evil thoughts still 
suggested to him, and wicked ^^meditations. Another instance he hath of a woman 
that was often tempted to curse God, to blaspheme and kill herself Sometimes the 
devil (as they say) stands without and talks with tliem, sometimes he is within them, 
as they think, and there speaks and talks as to such as are possessed : so ApoUo- 
dorus, in Plutarch, thought his heart spake within him. There is a most memora- 
ble example of ^^ Francis Spira, an advocate of Padua, Ann. 1545, that being despe- 
rate, by no counsel of learned, men could be comforted : he ielt (as he said) the 
pains of hell in his soul ; in all other things he discoursed aright, but in this most 
mad. Frismelica, Bullovat, and some other excellent physicians^ could neither make 
him eat, drink, or sleep, no persuasion could ease him. Never pleaded any man so 
well for himself, as this man did against himself, and so he desperately died. Springer, 
a lawyer, hath written his life. Cardinal Crescence died so likewise desperate at 
Verona, still he thought a black dog followed him to his death-bed, no man could 
drive the dog away, Sleiden. com. 2'S.cap. lib. 3. Whilst I was writing this Treatise, 
saith Montaltus, cap. 2. de mel. ^'''^ A nun came to me for help, well for all other 
matters, but troubled in conscience for five years last past; she is almost mad, and 
not able to resist, thinks she hath offended God, and is certainly damned." Foelix 
Plater hath store of instances of such as thought themselves damned, ^^ forsaken of 
God, &c. One amongst the rest, that durst not go to church, or come near the 
Rhine, for fear to make away himself, because then he was most especially tempted. 
These and such like symptoms are intended and remitted, as the malady itself is 
more or less; some will hear good counsel, some will not; some desire help, some 
^reject all, and will not be eased. 

SuBSECT. V. — Prognostics of Despair, Atheism, Blasphemy, violent death, <§rc. 

X^ Most part these kind of persons make *®away themselves, some are mad, blas- 
pheme, curse, deny God, but most offer violence to their own persons, and some- 
times to others. " A wounded spirit who can bear ?" Prov. xviii. 14. As Cain, Saul, 
Achitophel, Judas, blasphemed and died. Bede saith, Pilate died desperate eiglit years 
after Christ. *' Foelix Plater hath collected many examples. ''^ A merchant"'s wife 
that was long troubled with such temptations, in the night rose from her bed, and 
out of the window broke her neck into the street: another drowned himself despe- 
rate as he was in the Rhine : some cut their throats, many hang themselves. But 
ihis needs no illustration. It is controverted by some, whether a man so offering 
violence to himself, dying desperate, may be saved, ay or no .'' If they die so obsti- 
nately and suddenly, that they cannot so much as wish for mercy, the worst is to 
\>e suRpected, because they die impenitent. ^^ If their death had been a little more 
lingering, wherein they might have some leisure in their hearts to cry for mercy, 

» Lib. 1. obser. cap. 3. s^ Ad maledicendiini Deo. I ex damnatorurn numero. Deo non esse curoe nliaqu* 

»»Goulart. 3* Dciiii hsec scribo, implorat opem ineatn iiifinita qute proferre non audcbant, vel abhorrebant. 
■loiiaclia, in rrliquis sana, et judicio recta, per. 5. annos 3* Musciiliis, Patritus, ad vim sibi inferendaincofrit homi 
melancholica ■ ■'ainnatuin sedicit, conscientis stimiillis nes. s' DtMiientis alienat. observ. lib. I. ^'UxorMer- 
oppressa, &.c. ^ Alios conquerenles aiidivi se esse | caioris diu vexalionihus teritata, &.c. ^ Abernuthy 



648 



Reliyious Mdanrlinly. 



[Part. 8. Sec. 4. 



chanty may judge the best; divers have been recovered out of the very act of haul- 
ing aud drowning themselves, and so brought ad smiam. nunit^m they have beeli 
very penitent, much abhorred their former act, confessed that thev have repented ia 
an instant, and cried for mercy in their hearts. If a man put desperate hands upon 
himself, by occasion of madness or melancholy, if he have given testimony before 
ot his regeneration, in regard he doth this not so much out of his will as ex vi 
morbi, we must make the best construction of it, as ^» Turks do, that think all fools 
and madmen go directly to heaven. 

SUBSECT. YL— Cure 0/ Despair hy Physic , Good Counsel, Comforts, &c. 

Experience teacheth us, that though many die obstinate and wilful in this malady 
yet multitudes again are able to resist and overcome, seek for help and find comfort' 
are taken e faunbvs Ereh!, from the chops of hell, and out of the devil's paws' 
though they have by ^' obligation, given themselves to him. Some out of their own 
strength, and God's assistance, '' Though He kill me, (saith Job,) yet will I trust in 
Him out of good counsel, advice and physic. ^^Bellovacus cured a monk by alter- 
ing his habit, aud course of life : Plater many by physic alone. But for the most 
part they must concur; and they take a wrong course that think to overcome this 
teral passion by sole physic ; and they are as much out, that think to work this effect 
by good service alone, though both be forcible in themselves, yet vis unita fortloi- 

''they must go hand in hand to this disease :" alu-rlux sic altera poscit opcni. 

hoY physic the like course is to be taken with this as in other melancholy • diet 
air, exercise, all those passions and perturbations of the mind, &c. are to be rectified 
by the same means. They must not be left solitary, or to themselves, never idle 
never out of company. Counsel, good comfort is to be applied, as they shall see 
the parties inclined, or to the causes, whether it be loss, fear, be grief, discontent or 
some such feral accident, a guilty conscience, or otherwise by frequent meditation 
too grievous an apprehension, and consideration of his former life ; by hearino-, read- 
ing of Scriptures, good divines, good advice and conference, applying God's word lo 
their distressed souls, it must be corrected and counterpoised. Many excellent exhor- 
tations, phrsenetical discourses, are extant to this purpose, for such as are any way 
troubled in mind : Perkins, Greenham, Hayward. Bright, Abernethy, Bolton Cul- 
mannus, Helmmgius, Caelius Secundus, Nicholas Laurentius, are copious on this sub- 
ject : Azorius, Navarrus, Sayrus, &c., aud such as have written cases of conscience 
amongst our pontifical writers. But because these men's works are not to aU parties 
at hand, so parable at all times, I will fur the benefit and ease of such as are afflicted 
at the request of some « friends, recollect out of their voluminous treatises, some few 
such comfoi-table speeches, exhortations, arguments, advice, tending to this subject, 
and out of God's word, knowing, as (^ulmannus saith upon the like occasion, *^" how 
unavailable and vain men's councils are to comfort an afflicted conscience except 
god s word concur and be annexed, from which comes life, ease, repentance," &c 
Pre-supposing first that which Beza, Greenham, Perkins, Bolton, give in charge the 
parties to whom counsel is given be sufficiently prepared, humbled for their sin's fit 
tor comfort, confessed, tried how they are more or less afflicted, how they stand 
affected, or capable of good advice, before any remedies be applied : to such there- 
fore as are so thoroughly searched and examined, I address this following discourse. 
Two main antidotes, "niemmingius observes, opposite to despair, good hope out 
of (jod s word, to be embraced ; perverse security and presumption from the devil •» 
treachery, to be rejected; Ilia salus animce hcBc j^estis ; one saves, the other kills 
occulu <rmmam, saith Austin, and doth as much harm as despair itself, ^« Navarrus thv 
casuist reckons up ten special cures out of Anton. I. part. Tit. 3. cap. 10. I. God 
li. Physic, a. ''Avoiding such objects as have caused it. 4. Submission of himsel' 
to other men's judgments. 5. Answer of all objections, &c. All which Cajetan 



" Biisbeqiiius. «« John Major vitis patium : qui- 

dam iiigavit Christum, per Chirographuin iiost resti- 
tiitus. " Trincavelius lib. 3. " Mv bi-other 

George Biirtou, M. James Whitehall, rector ufCheckley' 
iti Staff(irfl8hire, my quondam chambcr-lellow, and late 
l«llow student in Christ Church, Oxon. " Sdo 



quam vana sit et inefficax humanorum verborum penej 
afflictos consolatio, nisi verbuin l)ei audiatur, i qco 
vita, refrigeratio, solatium, poeniteiitia. « Anlid. 

adversus de.sporatioiiein. ** Tom. 2. c. 27. num. 2S2. 

*'' Aversio cogitaiiunis a re scrupiiloda, contraventiu 
scrupuloruni. 



Mem. 2. Subs. C] Cure of Despair. b4y 

Gerson, //7>. de vit. spirit. Sayrus, lib. 1. cons. cap. 14, repeat and approve out of 
Emanuel Roderiques, caj^- 51 ct 52. Greenham prescribes six special rules, Cul- 
mannus seven. First, to acknowledge all help come from God. 2. That the cause 
of their present misery is sin. 3. To repent and be heartily sorry for their sins. 
4. To pray earnestly to God they may be eased. 5. To expect and implore the 
prayers of the church, and good men's advice. 6. Physic. 7. To commend them- 
selves to God, and rely upon His mercy : others, otherwise, but all to this effect. 
But forasmuch as most men in this malady are spiritually sick, void of reason almost, 
overborne by their miseries, and too deep an apprehension of their sins, they cannot 
apply themselves to good counsel, pray, believe, repent, we must, as much as in us 
lies, occur and help their peculiar infirmities, according to their several causes and 
symptoms, as we shall find them distressed and complain. 

The main matter which terrifies and torments most that are troubled in mind, 
is the enormity of their offences, the intolerable burthen of their sins, God's heavy 
wrath and displeasure so deeply apprehended, that they account themselves repro- 
bates, quite forsaken of God, already damned, past all hope of grace, incapable of 
mercy, diaholl mancipia., slaves of sin, and their offences so great they cannot be 
forgiven. But these men must know thei-e is no sin so heinous which is not par- 
donable in itself, no crime so great but by God's mercy it may be forgiven. 
" Where sin aboundetli, grace aboundeth much more," Rom. v. 20. And what 
the Lord said unto Paul in his extremity, 2 Cor. xi. 9, " My grace is sufiicient for 
thee, for my power is made perfect through weakness :" concerns every man in 
like case. His promises are made indefinite to all believers, generally spoken to all 
touching remission of sins that are truly penitent, grieved for their offences, and 
desire to be reconciled, Matt. ix. 12, 13, " I came not to call the righteous but sin- 
ners to repentance," that is, such as are truly touched in conscience for their sins. 
Again, Matt. xi. 28, '(Come unto me all ye that are heavy laden, and I will ease 
you."', Ezek. xviii. 27, "At what time soever a sinner shall repent him of his sins 
from the bottom of his heart, I will blot out all his wickedness out of my remem- 
brance saith the Lord." Isaiah xliii. 25, " I even T am He that put away ttiine ini- 
quity for mine own sake, and will not remember thy sins." "As a father (saith 
David Psal. ciii. 13) hath compassion on his children, so hath the Lord compassion 
on them that fear him." And will receive them again as the prodigal son was en- 
tertained, Luke XV., if they shall so come with tears in their eyes, and a penitent 
heart. Peccator agnoscat. Dens igvoscit. " The Lord is full of compassion and 
mercy, slow to anger, of great kindness," Psal. ciii. 8. " He will not always chide, 
neither keep His anger for ever," 9. "As high as the heaven is above the earth, so 
great is His mercy towards them that fear Him," 11. "As far as the East is from 
the West, so far hath He removed our sins from us," 12. Though Cain cry out in 
the anguish of his soul, my punishment is greater than I can bear, 'tis not so ; thou 
liest, Cain (saith Austin), "God's mercy is greater than thy sins. His mercy is 
above all His works," Psal. cxlv. 9, able to satisfy for all men's sins, antilutron, 1 
Tim. ii. 6. His mercy is a panacea, a balsam for an afflicted soul, a sovereign medi- 
cine, an alexipharmacum for all sins, a charm for the devil ; his mercy was great to 
Solomon, to Manasseh, to Peter, great to all offenders, and whosoever thou art, it 
may be so to thee. For why should God bid us pray (as Austin infers) " Deliver 
us from all evil," nisi ipse misericors perseveraret, if He did not intend to help us ?, 
He therefore that ^* doubts of the remission of his sins, denies God's mercy, t»nd 
doth Him injury, saith Austin. Yea, but thou repliest, I am a notorious sinner, mine 
offences are not so great as infinite. Hear Fulgentius, '"" God's invincible goodness 
cannot be overcome by sin, His infinite mercy cannot be terminated by any : the 
multitude of His mercy is equivalent to His magnitude." Hear ^ Chrysostom, " Thy 
malice may be measured, but God's mercy cannot be defined ; thy malice is circum- 
scribed. His mercies infinite." As a drop of water is to the sea, so are thy misdeeds 
to His mercy : nay, there is no such proportion to be given ; for the sea, though 



•* Magnam injuriam Deo facit qui diffidit da ejus 
mieericordia. *" Bonitas iuvicti non vincitur; in- 

fiuiti misericordia non tinitur. >• Horn. 3. De 

Sopn: irntia : Tua quidem malitia mensuram habet. 

82 3E 



Dei autem misericordia mensuram non habet. Tna 
malitia circumscripta est, &c. Pelagus etsi magnum, 
mensuram habet; dui autem, &c. 



650 



Religious Melancholy. 



[Part. a. Sea 4 



'great, yet may be measured, but God's mercy cannot be circumscribed. Wiiatsoever 
iliy sins be tiien in quantity or quality, multitude or magnitude, fear them not, dis 
trust not. 1 speak not tliis, saith ^' Chrysostom, " to make thee secure and negligent, 
but to cheer thee up."\ Yea but, thou urgest again, 1 have little comfort of this 
which is said, it concerns me not : Inanis pcenitentia quam sequens culpa coinquinaty 
'tis to no purpose for me to repent, and to do worse than ever I did before, to per- 
severe in sin, and to return to my lusts as a dog to his vomit, or a swine to the 
mire : ^^ to what end is it to ask forgiveness of my sins, and yet daily to sin again 
and again, to do evil out of a habit r I daily and hourly offend in thought, word, 
and deed, in a relapse by mine own weakness and wilfulness : my bonus genius^ my 
good protecting angel is gone, 1 am fallen from that J was or would be, worse and 
worse, *•' my latter end is worse than my beginning : Si quotidice peccas, quotidie, 
saith Chrysostom, pcEnilentiam age, if thou daily oflend, daily repent: *^''if twice, 
thrice, a hundred, a hundred thousand times, twice, thrice, a hundred thousand times 
repent." As they do by an old house that is out of repair, still mend some part or 
other; so do by thy soul, still reform some vice, repair it by repentance, call to Him 
for grace, and thou shalt have it; ''■For we are freely justified by His grace," Rom. 
iii. 'Z4. Jf thine enemy repent, as our Saviour enjoined Peter, forgive him seventy- 
seven times ; and why shouldst thou think God will not forgive thee .'' Why should 
the enormity of thy sins trouble thee ? God can do it, he will do it. " My con- 
science (saith ^* Ansehn) dictates to me that ] deserve damnation, my repentance will 
not suffice for satisfaction : but thy mercy, O Lord, quite overcometh all my trans- 
gressions." The gods once (as the poets feign) with a gold chain would pull Jupi- 
ter out of heaven, but all they together could not stir him, and yet he could draw 
and turn them as he would himself; maugre all the Ibrce and fury of these infernal 
fiends, and crying sins, •'•His grace is sufficient." Confer the debt and the payment; 
Christ and Adam ; sin, and the cure of it ; the disease and the medicine ; confer the 
sick man to his physician, and thou shall soon perceive that his power is infinitely 
beyond it. God is better able, as *' Bernard informeth us, '•'• to help, than sin to do 
us hurt; Christ is better able to save, than the devil to destroy." ''^U he be a skil- 
ful Physician, as Fulgentius adds, '•'• he can cure all diseases ; if merciful, he will." 
JYon est perfecia bonitas a qua non omnis malilia vincitur, His goodness is not abso- 
lute and perfect, if it be not able to overcome all malice. Submit thyself unto Him, 
as St. Austin advisetti, ^' "• He knoweth best what he doth ; and be not so much 
pleased when he sustains thee, as patient when he corrects thee ; he is omnipotent, 
and can cure all diseases when he sees his own time." He looks down from heaven 
upon earth, that he may hear the '' mourning of prisoners, and deliver the children 
of death," Psal. cii. 19. 20. "And though our sins be as red as scarlet. He can 
make them as white as snow," Isai. i. 18. Doubt not of this, or ask how it shall 
be done : He is all-sufficient that pron)iseth ; qui fecit inundum de inunundo, sdi\\h 
Chrysostom, he that made a fair world of nought, can do tliis and much more for 
his part : do thou only believe, trust in him, rely on him, be penitent and heartily 
sorry for thy sins. Repentance is a sovereign remedy for all sins, a spiritual wing 
to rear us, a charm for our miseries, a protecting amulet to expel sin's venom, an 
attra(,tive loadstone to draw God's mercy and graces unto us. ^^Peccatum vulnu&, 
poiniteritia medicinain : sin made the breach, repentance must help it; howsoever 
thine ofience came, by error, sloth, obstinacy, ignorance, exilur per pcenitr.nt i am, this 
is the sole means to be relieved. ^^ Hence comes our hope of safety, by this alone 
sinners are saved, God is provoked to mercy. "This unlooseth all that is bound, 
enlighteneth darkness, mends that is broken, puts life to that which was desperately 
dying;" makes no respect of offences, or of persons. *"'■'' This doth not repel a 



*' Non ul desidiures vos faciain, sed ut alacriores red- 
dam. ^^ J'ro peccatis veiiiam poscere, et mala de 
Dovo ilerare. "^Si his, si ler, si cenlies, si cenlies 
millies, toties poBiiitentiaiii age. "Conscientia 
oiea uieruit dariinatioiiein, pcenitentia non sutficit ad 
ealisfaclionein : scU tua niisericordia superat oninein 
offensionein. ^ Miilto efiicacior Christi mors in 
bnnum, quam peccata nostra in malum. Christus po. 
leiilior ad salvandum. quam (Ismon ad perdendum. 
*< Peritiis medicus potest oinnes infiirnilales sanare ; si 
miserictrs. vult. " Omnipotenti medico nullus 



languor insanabilis occurrit : tu tantum doceri te sin9, 
manum ejus ne repelle: novit quid agat ; non tantum 
delecteris cum fovet, sed toleres quum secat. "jchrys. 
hom. 3. de poenit. "* Spes salutjs per quam pecca- 

tores salvantur, Deus ad mispricordiaui provocatur. 
Isidor. omnia ligala tu solvis, contrita sanas, confusa 
lucidas. desperata aninias. ^Ctirys. hom 5. no . 

fornicatorem ahnuit, non ehrium avertit, nui su^ier- 
hum repellit, non aversatur Idololatiam, n' n atiult^ 
rum, sed oinnes <«uscipit, omnibus comuiunicat. 



Men. 2. Subs. 6.] 



Cure of Despair. 



651 



forni;ator, reject a drunkard, resist a proud fellow, turn away an idolater, nut enter- 
tains all, communicates itself to all." Wiio persecuted the church more than Paul. 
offended more than Peter ? and yet by repentance (saith Curysologus) they got both 
Magisterium et rtiinister'ium sanctitatis^ the Magistery of lioliness. The prodigal son 
went far, but by repentance he '^ame home at last. >, ^'"This alone will turn a wolf 
into a sheep, make a publican a preacher, turn a thorn into an olive, make a de- 
bauched fellow religious," a blaspliemer sing halleluja, make Alexander the copper- 
smith truly devout, make a devil a saint. . "" And him that polluted his mouth with 
calumnies, lying, swearing, and filthy tunes and tones, to purge his throat with divine 
Psalms." Repentance will effect prodigious cures, make a stupend metamorphosis. 
'* A hawk came into the ark, and went out again a hawk; a lion came in, went out 
a lion ; a bear, a bear ; a wolf, a wolf; but if a hawk came into this sacred temple 
of repentance, he v/ill go forth a dove (saith '''^ Chrysostom), a wolf go out a sheep, 
d lion a lamb. "This gives sight to the blind, legs to the lame, cures all diseases, 
confers grace, expels vice, inserts virtue, comforts and fortifies the soul." Shall I 
say, let thy sin be what it wi-ll, do but repent, it is sufficient. ^^ Quern pceniiet pec- 
casse pene est. innoccns. 'Tis true indeed and all-sufficient this, they do confess, if 
they could repent ; but they are obdurate, they have cauterised consciences, they are 
in a reprobate sense, they cannot think a good thought, they cannot hope for grace, 
pray, believe, repent, or be sorry for their sins, they find no grief for sin in them- 
selves, but rather a delight, no groaning of spirit, but are carried headlong to their 
own destruction, " heaping wrath to themselves against the day of vs^rath," Rom. 
ii. 5. 'Tis a grievous case this I do yield, and yet not to be despaired ; God of his 
bounty and mercy calls all to repentance, Rom. ii. 4, thou mayest be called at length, 
restored, taken to His grace, as the thief upon the cross, at the last hour, as Mary 
Magdalen and many other sinners have been, that were buried in sin. "God (saith 
"Fulgentius) is delighted in the conversion of a sinner, he sets no time ;" proZmioj 
temporis Deo nan prcejudicat., aut gravUas peccati, deferring of time or grievousnesa 
of sin, do not prejudicate his grace, things past and to come are all one to Him, as 
present: 'tis never too late to repent. ^''"This heaven of repentance is still open 
for all distressed souls ;" and howsoever as yet no signs appear, thou mayest repent 
in good time. Hear a comfortable speech of St. Austin, '"'' " Whatsoever thou shall 
do, how great a sinner soever, thou art yet living; if God would not help thee, he 
would surely take thee away; but in sparing thy life, he gives thee leisure, and in- 
vites thee to repentance." Howsoever as yet, 1 say, thou perceivest no fruit, no 
feeling, findest no likelihood of it in thyself, patiently abide the Lord's good leisure, 
despair not, or think thou art a reprobate ; He came to call sinners to repentance, 
Luke v. 32, of which number thou, art one ; He came to call thee, and in his time 
will surely call thee. And although as yet thou hast no inclination to pray, to re- 
pent, thy faith be cold and dead, and thou wholly averse from all Divine functions, 
yet it may revive, as trees are dead in winter, but ffourish in the spring! these vir- 
tues may lie hid in thee for the present, yet hereafter show themselves, and perad- 
venture already bud, howsoever thou dost not perceive. 'Tis Satan's policy to plead 
against, suppress and aggravate, to conceal those sparks of faith in thee. Thou dost 
not believe, thou sayest, yet thou wouldst believe if thou couldst, 'tis thy desire to 
believe; then pray, "^^"Lord help mine unbelief:" and hereafter thou siialt certainly 
believe: ''° Dab'itur sitienti, it shall be given to him that thirsteth. Thou canst not 
yet repent, hereafter thou shalt ; a black cloud of sin as yet obnubilates thy soul, 
terrifies thy conscience, but this cloud may conceive a rainbow at the last, and be 
quite dissipated by repentance. Be of good cheer; a child is rational in power, not 
in act ; and so art thou penitent in affection, though not yet in action. 'Tis thy 
desire to please God, to be hearlily sorry; comfort thyself, no time is overpast, 'tis 
never too late. A desire to repent is repentance itself, though not in nature, yet in 



" Chrys. hom. .5. "^ Q,ui turpihus cantilenis ali- 

quando inqiiinavit ns. divinis hymiiis aniiiium purga- 
bit. 63 Hoin. 5. Introivit hie qiiis accipiter, columba 
exit; introivit lupus, ovis egreditur, &,c. MQmnes 

laimuores saiiat, CEecis visum, claudjs LTessum, gratiam 
oonfert, &v 66 Seneca. " He who repents of his 

8i.".8 is well nigh innocent." oejjelectatiir Deus 

couversione peccaturis; omne tempus vits conversioni 



deputatur ; pro prssentibus habentiir tain prsterita 
(]iiani futura. ^7 Austin. Semper poeniteiilrE portui 

apertus est ne desperenius. 6»Ciuicquid feceris, 

'luantuniouiiquo peccaveris, adhuc in vita ea, unde Id 
omnino si sanare te nollet Deus, auferret ; parcend' 
cJamat ut redeas, &c. '» Matt. vi. 23. '"> Eti* 

xxi. 6. 



652 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3, Sect. 4. 

God's acceptance; a willing mind is sufficient. "Blessed are tney that hnngor and 
thirst after righteousness," Matt. v. 6. He that is destitute of God's grace, and 
vvisheth for it, sha.l have it. "The Lord (saith David, Psal. x. 17) will hear the 
desire of the poor," that is, such as are in distress of body and mind. 'Tis true 
ihou canst not as yet grieve for thy sin, thou hast no feeling of faith, I yield ; yet 
canst thou grieve thou dost not grieve ? It troubles thee, I am sure, thine heart 
should be so impenitent and hard, thou wouldst have it otherwise ; 'tis thy desire to 
grieve, to repent, and to believe. Thou lovest God's children and saints in the 
meantime, halest them not, persecutest them not, but rather wishest thyself a true 
professor, to be as they are, as thou thyself hast been heretofore ; which is an evi- 
dent token thou art in no such desperate case. 'Tis a good sign of thy conversion, 
thy sins are pardonable, thou art, or shalt surely be reconciled. " The Lord is near 
them that are of a contrite heart," Luke iv. 18. '"A true desire of mercy in the 
want of mercy, is mercy itself; a desire of grace in the want of grace, is grace 
itself; a constant and earnest desire to believe, repent, and to be reconciled to God 
if it be in a touched heart, is an acceptation of God, a reconciliation, faith and re- 
pentance itself. For it is not thy faith and repentance, as ''^Chrysostom truly teacheth, 
that is available, but God's mercy that is annexed to it. He accepts the will for the 
deed : so that 1 conclude, to feel in ourselves the want of grace, and to be grieved 
for it, is grace itself. 1 am troubled with fear my sins are not forgiven, Careless 
objects : but Bradford answers they are; " For God hath given thee a penitent and 
believing heart, that is, a heart which desireth to repent and believe ; for such an 
one is taken of him (He accepting the will for the deed) for a truly penitent and 
believing heart. 

All this is true thou repliest, but j-et it concerns not thee, 'tis verified in ordinary 
offenders, in common sins, but thine are of a higher strain, even against the Holy 
Ghost himself, irremissible sins, sins of the first magnitude, written with a pen of 
iron, engraven with a point of a diamond. Thou art worse than a pagan, infidel, 
Jew, or Turk, for thou art an apostate and m.ore, thou hast voluntarily blasphemed, 
renounced God and all religion, thou art worse than Judas himself, or they that cru- 
cified Christ: for they did offend out of ignorance, but thou hast thought in thine 
heart there is no God. Thou hast given thy soul to the devil, as witches and con- 
jurors do, expUcite and implicite^ by compact, band and obligation (a desperate, a 
fearful case) to satisfy thy lust, or to be revenged of thine enemies, thou didst never 
pray, come to church, hear, read, or do any divine duties with any devotion, but for 
formality and fashion'-sake, with a kind of reluctance, 'twas troublesome and pain- 
ful to thee to perform any such thing, prcBter voluntatefti, against thy will. Thou 
never mad'st any conscience of lying, swearing, bearing false witness, murder, adul- 
tery, bribery, oppression, theft, drunkenness, idolatry, but hast ever done nil duties 
for fear of punishment, as they were most advantageous, and to thine own ends, and 
committed all such notorious sins, with an extraordinary delight, ,'<iting that thou 
shouldest love, and loving that thou shouldest hate. Instead of faith, ffar and lov(> of 
God, repentance, &c., blasphemous thoughts have been ever harboured in his mind, 
even against God himself, the blessed Trinity ; the " Scripture false, rude, harsh, imme- 
thodical : heaven, hell, resurrection, mere toys and fables, '''* incredible, impossible, ab- 
surd, vain, ill contrived ; religion, policy, and human invention, to keep men in obe- 
dience, or for profit, invented by priests and law-givers to that purpose. If there bp 
any such supreme power, he takes no notice of our doings, hears not our prayers, 
regardeth them not, will not, cannot help, or else he is partial, an excepter of persons, 
author of sin, a cruel, a destructive God, to create our souls, and destinate them to 
eternal damnation, to make us worse than our dogs and horses, why doth he not 
govern things better, protect good men, root out wicked livers.? why do they prosper 

and flourish.'' as she raved in the '^tragedy pelUces ccpj am tenent,, there they 

shine, Suasque Perseus aureus Stellas habet, where is his providence.? how appears it? 

'6" Marniorco Licinus tuniulo jacet, at Cato parvo, 
Pompoiiius nullo, quis piitel esse Deos." 



'1 Ahornethy, Perkins. '2 Non est poenitentia, I and ohjections are. well answered In John Downam's 

Bed Dei niiserir.ordia arinexa. '3 Cascilius Miiiutio, Christian Warfare. "Seneca. '« " LIciniii 

On.nia ista fisnieiita mala saute religioriis, et inepla | lies in a marble tomb, hiil Cato in a mean one: Pom- 
<olatia A poetis invent.i, vel ab aliis ob romnioiiuiii, ] poniiis has none, who can think therefore that ihetr 
fupentiliosa mistena, &:c. '* These temptations I are ^Jods ?" 



Mem. 2. Subs. 6. Cure of Despair. 65J 

Why doth he suffer Turks to overcome Christians, the enemy to triumph over his 
church, paganism to domineer in all places as it doth, heresies to multiply, such 
enormities to be committed, and so many such bloody wars, murders, massacres, 
plagues, feral diseases ! why doth he not make us all good, able, sound ? why makes 
he "venomous creatures, rocks, sands, deserts, this earth itself the muck-hill of the 
world, a prison, a house of correction .'' "'^Menlimur regnare Jovem, <Sfc., with many 
such horrible and execrable conceits, not fit to be uttered; Terribilia dejide, hor- 
ribiha de DivinUate. They cannot some of them but think evil, they are compelled 
vohntes nolenlcs^ to blaspheme, especially when they come to church and pray 
read, &c., such foul and prodigious suggestions come into their hearts. 

These are abominable, unspeakable offences, and most opposite to God, tenta 
Hones fcBdce et i7npi(s^ yet in this case, he or they that shall be tempted and so affected 
must know, that no man living is free from such thoughts in part, or at some times, 
the most divine spirits have been so tempted in seme sort, evil custom, omission of 
holy exercises, ill company, idleness, solitariness, melancholy, or depraved nature, 
and the devil is still ready to corrupt, trouble, and divert our souls, to suggest such 
blasphemous thoughts into our fantasies, ungodly, profane, monstrous and wicked 
conceits : If they come from Satan, they are more speedy, fearful and violent, the 
parties cannot avoid them : they are more frequent, I say, and monstrous when they 
come ; for the devil he is a spirit, and hath means and opportunities to mingle him- 
self with our spirits, and sometimes more slily, sometimes more abruptly and openly, 
to suggest such devilish thoughts into our hearts; he insults and domineers in 
melancholy distempered fantasies and persons especially; melancholy is balneum 
diabolic, as Serapio holds, the devil's bath, and invites him to come to it. As a sick 
man frets, raves in his fits, speaks and doth he knows not what, the devil violently 
compels such crazed souls to think such damned thoughts against their wills, they 
cannot but do it; sometimes more continuate, or by fits, he takes his advantage, as 
the subject is less able to resist, he aggravates, extenuates, affirms, denies, damns, 
confounds the spirits, troubles heart, brain, humours, organs, senses, and wholly 
domineers in their imaginations. If they proceed from themselves, such thoughts, 
they are remiss and moderate, not so violent and monstrous, not so frequent. The 
devil commonly suggests things opposite to nature, opposite to God and his word, 
impious, absurd, such as a man would never of himself, or could not conceive, they 
strike terror and horror into the parties' own hearts. For if he or they be asked 
whether they do approve of such like thoughts or no, they answer (and their own 
souls truly dictate as much) they abhor them as much as hell and the devil himself, 
they would fain think otherwise if they could ; he hath thought otherwise, and with 
all his soul desires so to think again ; he doth resist, and hath some good motions 
intermfxed now and then : so that such blasphemous, impious, unclean thoughts, 
are not his own, but the devil's ; they proceed not from him, but from a crazed 
phantasy, distempered humours, black fumes which offend his brain : ™ they are 
thy crosses, the devil's sins, and he shall answer for them, he doth enforce thee to 
do that which thou dost abhor, and didst never give consent to: and although he 
hath sometimes so slily set upon thee, and so far prevailed, as to make thee in some 
sort to assent to such wicked thoughts, to delight in, yet they have not proceeded 
from a confirmed will in thee, but are of that nature which thou dost afterwards 
reject and abhor. Therefore be not overmuch troubled and dismayed with such 
kind of suggestions, at least if they please thee not, because they are not thy per- 
sonal sins, for which thou shalt incur the wrath of God, or his displeasure : con- 
temn, neglect them, let them go as they come, strive not too violently, or trouble 
thyself too much, but as our Saviour said to Satan in like case, say thou, avoid 
Satan, I detest thee And tiiem. Satance est mala, ingerere (saith Austin) nostrum non 
consentire : as Satan labours to suggest, so must we strive not to give consent, and 
it will be sufficient : the more anxious and solicitous thou art, the more perplexed, 
the more tliou shalt otherwise be troubled and entangled. Besides, they must know 
this, all so molested and distempered, that although these be most execrable and 
grievous sins, they are pardonable yet, through God's mercy and goodness, they 

'T Vid. Oampanella cap. 6. Atheis. triumphal, et c. 2. I coluin, &c. '^ Lucan. " II can't he true that Just 

VI ariiian)«Dtuni 1^^. uhi pluru. Si Deus bonus unde | Jove reigns." '^Perkins. 

ii K 2 



G54 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Stc. 4 

may be forgiven, if they be penitent and sorry for them. Paul himself confesseth, 
Rom. xvii. 19. "He di(l not the good he would do, but the evil which he would not 
do; 'tis not 1, but sin that dwelleth in me." 'Tis not thou, but Satan's suggestions, 
his craft and subtility, his malice : comfort thyself then if thou be penitent and 
grieved, or desirous to be so, these heinous sins shall not be laid to thy charge; 
God's mercy is above all sins, which if thou do not finally contemn, without doubt 
thou shalt be saved. ^°" No man sins against the Holy Ghost, but he that wilfully 
and finally renounceth Christ, and contemneth him and his word to the last, without 
which there is no salvation, from which grievous sin, God of his infinite mercy 
deliver us." Take hold of this to be thy comfort, and meditate withal on God's 
word, labour to pray, to repent, to be renewed in mind, " keep thine heart with all 
diligence." Prov. iv. 13, resist the devil, and he will fly from thee, pour out thy soul 
unto the Lord with sorrowful Hannah, " pray continually," as Paul enjoins, and as 
David did. Psalm i. " meditate on his law day and night." 

Yea, but this meditation is that mars all, and mistaken makes many men far 
worse, misconceiving all they read or hear, to their own overthrow; the more they 
search and read Scriptures, or divine treatises, the more they puzzle themselves, as 
a bird in a net, the more they are entangled and precipitated into this preposterous 
gulf: " Many are called, but few are chosen," Matt. xx. 16. and xxii. 14. with such 
like places of Scripture misinterpreted strike them with horror, they doubt presently 
whether they be of this number or no: God's eternal decree of predestination, abso- 
lute reprobation, and such fatal tables, they form to their own ruin, and impinge upon 
this rock of despair. How shall they be assured of their salvation, by what signs? 
" If the righteous scarcely be saved, vvhere shall the ungodly and sinners appear .?" 
1 Pet. iv. 18. Who knows, saith Solomon, whether he be elect.'' This grinds their 
souls, how shall they discern they are not reprobates ? E|ut I say again, how shall 
they discern they are ? From the devil can be no certainty, for he is a liar from the 
beginning; if he suggests any such thing, as too frequently he doth, reject him as a 
deceiver, an enemy of human kind, dispute not with him, give no credit to him, 
obstinately refuse him, as St. Anthony did in the wilderness, whom the devil set 
upon in several shapes, or as the collier did, so do thou by him. For when the 
devil tempted him with the weakness of his faith, and told him he could not be 
saved, as being ignorant in the principles of religion, and urged him moreover to 
know what he believed, what he thought of such and such points and mysteries : 
the collier told him, he believed as the church did ; but what (said the devil again) 
doth the church believe.? as I do (said the collier); and what's that thou believest.' 
as the church doth, &c., when the devil could get no other answer, he left him. If 
Satan summon thee to answer, send him to Christ: he is thy liberty, thy protector 
against cruel death, raging sin, that roaring lion, he is thy righteousness, thy Saviour, 
and tliy life. Though he say, thou art not of the number of the elect, a reprobate, 
forsaken of God, hold thine own still, hie murus aheneus esto, " let this be as a bul- 
wark, a brazerr wall to defend thee, stay thyself in that certainty of faith; let that 
be thy comfort, Christ will protect thee, vindicate thee, thou art one of his flock, he 
will triumph over the law, vanquish death, overcome the devil, and destroy hell. If 
he say thou art none of the elect, no believer, reject him, defy him, thou hast thought 
otherwise, and mayest so be resolved again ; comfort thyself; this persuasion can- 
not come from the devil, and much less can it be grounded from thyself.' men are 
liars, and why shouldest thou distrust ? A denying Peter, a persecuting Paul, an 
adulterous cruel David, have been received; an apostate Solomon may be converted; 
no sin at all but impenitency, can give testimony of final reprobation. Why shouldest 
thou then distrust, misdoubt thyself, upon what ground, what suspicion.? This 
.pillion alone of particularity.? Against that, and for the certainty of election and 
salvation on the other side, see God's good will toward men, hear how generally 
his grace is proposed to him, and him, and them, each man in particular, and to all. 
I Tim. ii. 4. "God will that all men be saved, and come to the knowledge of the 
truth." 'Tis a universal promise, " God sent not his son into the world to condemn 

"> Hetningius. Nemo peccat in spiritum sanctum nisi I saliis; A. quo peccato liberet nos Doininus Jesus Cliria* 
^ui finaliter et voluntarie renuiiciat Christum, eumquu lUB. Amen. 
•t ejus verbum extreme contemnit, sine qua nulla | 



yiem. 2. Subs. 6.] 



Cure of Despair. 



655 



ihc world, but that through him the world might be saved." John iii. 17. " He that 
aoknowledgeth himself a man in the world, must likewise acknowledge he is of that 
number that is to be saved." Ezek. xxxiii. 11, "I will not the death of a sinner, but 
that he repent and live:" But thou art a sinner; therefore he will not thy death. 
'' Th'is is the will of him that sent me, that every man that believelh in the Son, 
should have everlasting life." John vi. 40. " He would have no man perish, but all 
come to repentance," 2 Pet. iii. 9. Besides, remission of sins is to be preached, not 
to a few, but universally to all men, " Go therefore and tell all nations, baptising 
them," &.C. Matt. XXVI ii. 19. "Go into all the world, and preach the Gospel to 
every creature," Mark xvi. 15. Now there cannot be contradictory wills in God, 
he will have all saved, and not all, how can this stand together ? be secuie then, 
believe, trust in him. hope well and be saved. Yea, that's the main matter, how 
shall I believe or discern my security from carnal presumption? my faith is weak 
and faint, I want those signs and fruits of sanctification, *' sorrow for sin, thirsting 
for grace, groanings of the spirit, love of Christians as Christians, avoiding occasion 
of sin, endeavour of new obedience, charity, love of God, perseverance. Though 
these signs be languishing in thee, and not seated in thine heart, thou must not there- 
fore be dejected or terrified ; the effects of the faith and spirit are not yet so fully 
felt in thee ; conclude not therefore thou art a reprobate, or doubt of thine election, 
because the elect themselves are without them, before their conversion. Thou 
mayest in the Lord's good time be converted ; some are called at the eleventh hour. 
Use, I say, the means of thy conversion, expect the Lord's leisure, if not yet called, 
pray«thou mayest be, or at least wish and desire thou mayest be. 

Notwithstanding all this which might be said to this effect, to ease their afflicted 
minds, what comfort our best divines can afford in this case, Zanchius, Beza, &.c 
This furious curiosity, needless speculation, fruitless meditation about election, 
reprobation, free will, grace, such places of Scripture preposterously conceived, tor- 
ment still, and crucify the souls of too many, and set all the world together by the 
ears. To avoid which inconveniences, and to settle their distressed minds, to miti- 
gate those divine aphorisms, (though in another extreme some) our late Arminians 
have revived that plausible doctrine of universal grace, which many fathers, our late 
Lutheran and modern papists do still maintain, that we have free will of ourselves, 
and that grace is common to all that will believe. Some again, though less ortho- 
doxal, will have a far greater part saved than shall be damned, (as ^"Caelius Secundus 
stiffly maintains in his book, De amplitudine regni. ccclestis, or some impostor under 
his name) beaiorum numerus multo major qudm damnatorum. ^^ He calls that other 
tenet of special ^"election and reprobation, a prejudicate, envious and malicious 
opinion, apt to draw all men to desperation. Many are called, few chosen, &c. He 
opposeth some opposite parts of Scripture to it, "Christ came into the world to save 
sinners," &j.c. And four especial arguments he produceth, one from God's power. 
If more be damned than saved, he erroneously concludes, ** the devil hath the greater 
sovereignty! for what is power but to protect.? and majesty consists in multitude. 
•' Jf the devil have the greater part, where is his mercy, where is his power ? how 
is he Dens Optimus Maximus^ misericorsf Sfc, where is his greatness, where his 
goodness?" He proceeds, ^''"■We account him a murderer that is accessary only, 
or doth not help when he can ; which may not be supposed of God without great 
offence, because he may do what he will, and is otherwise accessary, and the author 
of sin. The nature of good is to be communicated, God is good, and will not then 
be contracted in his goodness : for how is he the father of mercy and comfort, if • 
his good concern but a few.? O envious and unthankful men to think otherwise! 
•^Why should we pray to God that are Gentiles, and thank him for his mercies and 
benefits, that hath damned us all innocuous for Adam's offence, one man's ofience, one 
small ofience, eating of an apple .? why should we acknowledge him for our governor 



•' Abernethy. ^^ See whole bnoks of these argu- 

ments. *i3 Lib. 3. fol. IvJi. Prsjudicata opinio, jii- 

ifida, maligna, et apta ad iuipellendos aiiiinos in d«spe- 
raiioneui. ^ See the Antidote in Chaniier's toni. 3. 

lib. 7. Downam's Christian Warfare, &c. "^ Potentior 
em ileo dial)ohis ct niundi princeps, et in miillitudine 
bominuiu sita est uiajcslas. i)^ Houiicida qui non 



subvenit quum potest ; hoc de Deo sine scelere cogitari 
non potest, ntpote quum quod vult licet. Boni natura 
cominiinicari. Bonus Deus, qiioniodo inisericordic, 
pater, &c. *' Vide Cyrilluni lib. 4. adversus Julia- 

num. qui poteri aus illi gratias agere qui nobis una 
inisit Mosen et irophetas, et contempsit boni aiaiina. 
rum nustraruin. 



656 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3 Sec < 

ihat h&th wholly neglected the palvation of our souls, contemned us, and sei.t co 
orophets or instructors to teach us, as lie hath done to the Hebrews ?" So Julian the 
apostate objects. Why should these Christians (Caelius ur^eth) reject us and appro- 
priate God unto themselves, Deum ilium suum unicun. ^c. But to return to our forged 
Caelius. At last he comes to that, he will have those saved that never heard of, or 
believed in Christ, ex puris nafuralibus, with the Pelagians, and proves it out of Ori- 
gen and others. "They (saith ''^Origenj that never heard God's word, are to be 
excused for their ignorance; we may not think God will be so hard, angry, cruel or 
unjust as to condemn any man indictd causa. They alone (he holds) are in the state 
of damnation that refuse Christ's mercy and grace, when it is offered. Many worthy 
Greeks and Romans, good moral honest men, that kept the law of nature, did to 
others as they woMld be done to themselves, as certainly saved, he concludes, as 
they were that lived uprightly before the law of Moses. They were acceptable in 
God's sight, as Job was, the Magi, the queen of Sheba, Darius of Persia, Socrates, 
Aristides, Cato, Curius, Tully, Seneca, and many other philosophers, upright livers, 
no matter of what religion, as Cornelius, out of any nation, so that he live honestly, 
call on God, trust in him, fear him, he shall be saved. This opinion was formerly 
maintained by the Valentinian and Basiledian heretics, revived of late in ^^ Turkey, 
of what sect Rustan Bassa was patron, defended by *"Galeatius ^'Erasmus, by Zu- 
inglius in exposit. Jidei ad Regem Gallice, whose tenet BuUinger vindicates, and 
Gualter approves in a just apology with many arguments. There be many Jesuits 
that follow these Calvinists in this behalf, Franciscus Buchsius Moguntinus, Andra- 
dius Consil. Trident, many schoolmen that out of the 1 Rom. v. 18. 19. are verily 
persuaded that those good works of the Gentiles did so far please God, that they 
might vilam atcrnam pro?nereri, and be saved in the e.m], Sesellius, and Benedictus 
Justinianus in his comment on the first of the Romans, Mathias Ditmarsh the poli- 
tician, with many others, hold a mediocrity, they may be salute non indigni but they 
will not absolutely decree it. Hofmannus, a Lutheran professor of Helmstad, and 
many of his followers, with most of our church, and papists, are stiff against it. 
Franciscus Collins hath fully censured all opinions in his Five Books, de Pagann- 
rum animabus post viortem., and amply dilated this question, which whoso will may 
peruse. But to return to my author, his conclusion is, that not only wicked livers, 
blasphemers, reprobates, and such as reject God's grace, " but that the devils them- 
selves shall be saved at last," as^^Origen himself long since delivered in his works, 
and our late ^'^Socinians defend, Ostorodius, cap. 4J. institid. Smaliius, &^c. Tliose 
terms of all and for ever in Scripture, are not eternal, but only denote a longer time, 
which by many examples they prove. The world shall end like a comedy, and we 
shall meet at last in heaven, and live in bliss altogether, or else in conclusion, in 
nihil evanescere. < For how can he be merciful that shall condemn any creature to 
eternal unspeakable punishment, for one small temporary fault, all posterity, so many 
myriads for one and another man's oflence, quid meruistis oves? But these absurd 
paradoxes are exploded by our church, we teach otherwise. That this vocation, 
predestination, election, reprobation, 7ion ex corrupta 7nassd, pranuso.,fide^ as our 
Arminians, or ex prcevisis operibtis, as our papists, non ex prcmteritionr,., but God's 
absolute decree ante mundum crcatum., (as many of our church hold) was from the 
beginning, before the foundation of the world was laid, or homo conditus., (or from 
Adam's Tall, as others will, homo lapsus ohjectum est reprobationis) with pirseve- 
rantia sanctorum., we must be certain of our salvation, we may Oill but not iinally, 
which our Arminians will not admit. According to his immutable, eternal, just de- 
cree and counsel of saving men and angels, God calls all, and would have ail to be 
saved according to the efficacy of vocation : all are invited, but only the elect ap- 
prehended : the rest that are unbelieving, impenitent, whom God in his just judg- 
ment leaves to be punished for their sins, are in a reprobate sense ; yet we must not 
determine who are such, condemn ourselves or others, because we have a universal 
invitation ; all are commanded to believe, and we know not how soon or how late 

•8 Venia danda est iia qui non audiunt oh i^noratiam. | cerus, Tiir. hist. To. 1.1.2. «• Oleni. Alex. s' Pati- 
Non est tani iniqiiiis Judex Dens : \it queiKiiiain indicia | lus Jovius V.\os. vir. Illust. w jVon homines sed el 

causa daiiiiiare vclit. ii solum daiiiiiaiitur, qui obla. I ipsi deEiiioius aliguando servandi. w Vid Pelsu 

tarn Christ) gratiuui rKJiciint. >^ Busbeqiiius Loni { Uariiioiiiam art. 'J^. |>. 2. 



Mem. 2 Subs. 6.] Cure of Despair. 057 

our end may be received. I might have said more (k this subject; but ibrasmuch 
as it is a forbidden question, and in the preface or declaration to the articles of the 
church, printed 1633, to avoid factions and altercations, we that are university divines 
especially, are prohibited " all curious search, to print or preach, or draw the article 
aside by our own sense and comments upon pain of ecclesiastical censure." I will 
surcease, and conclude with ^■'Erasmus of such controversies: Pugnet qui voJet,,cgo 
ceni^eo leges majoriim reverenter suscipiendas, et religiose olseriiandas^ velut a Deo 
profcctas; nee esse tiifura^ nee esse pium^ de potestate publico, sinistram concipere aul 
severe suspicionem. Ei siqiiid est tyrannidls^ quod tamen 7ion cogat ad impielatem, 
saliits estfcrre^ quam seditiose reluctari. 

But to my former task. The last main torture and trouble .of a distressed mind, 
is not so much this doubt of election, and that the promises of grace are smothered 
and extinct in them, nay quite blotted out, as they suppose, but withal God's heavy 
wr^th, a most intolerable pain and grief of heart seizeth on them: to their thinking 
they are already damned, they sufler the pains of hell, and more than possibly can 
be expressed, tiiey smell brimstone, talk familiarly with devils, hear and see chimeras, 
prodigious, uncouth shapes, bears, owls, antiques, black dogs, fiends, hideous out- 
cries, fearful noises, shrieks, lamentable complaints, they are possessed, ^^and through 
impatience they roar and howl, curse, blaspheme, deny God, call his power in ques- 
tion, abjure religion, and are still ready to ofl'er violence unto themselves, by hang- 
ing, drowning, &c. Never any miserable wretch from the beginning of the world 
was in such a woeful case. To such persons I oppose God's mercy and his justice; 
Judicia Dei occulta, non injusta: his secret counsel and just judgment, by which he 
spares some, and sore afflicts others again in this life; his judgment is to be adored, 
trembled at, not to be searched or inquired after by mortal men : he hath reasons 
reserved to himself, which our frailty cannot apprehend. He may punish all if he 
will, and that justly for sin; in that he doth it in some, is to make a way for his 
mercy that they repent and be saved, to heal them, to try them, exercise their 
patience, and make them call upon him, to confess their sins and pray unto him, as 
David did. Psalm cxix. 137. ''Righteous art thou, O Lord, and just are thy judg- 
ments." As the poor publican, Luke xviii. 13. "Lord have mercy upon me a 
miserable sinner." To put confidence and have an assured hope in him, as Job had, 
xiii. 15. "Though he kill me I will trust in him:" f/re, seca, occide O Domine, 
(saith Austin) rnodo serves animam, kill, cut in pieces, burn my body (O Lord) to 
save my soul. A small sickness ; one lash of affliction, a little misery, many times 
will more humiliate a man, sooner convert, bring him home to know himself, than 
all those paraenetical discourses, the whole theory of philosophy, law, physic, and 
divinity, or a world of instances and examples. So that this, which they take to be 
such an insupportable plague, is an evident sign of God's mercy and justice, of His 
love and goodness: periissent nisi periissent., had they not thus been undone, they 
had finally been undone. Many a carnal man is lulled asleep in perverse security 
foolish presumption, is stupefied in his sins, arid hath no feeling at all of them : " I 
have sinned (he saith) &nd what evil shall come unto me," Eccles. v. 4, and "Tush, 
how shall God know it ?" and so in a reprobate sense goes down to hell. But here, 
Cynthius aurem velUf., God pulls them by the ear, by affliction, he will bring them to 
heaven and happiness ; " Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted," 
Matt. V. 4, a blessed and a happy state, if considered aright, it is, to be so troubled. 
" It is good for me that I have been afflicted," Psal. cxix. " before I \\ as afflicted 
I went astray, but now I keep Thy word." " Tribulation works patie'ice, patience 
hope," Rom. v. 4, and by such like crosses and calamities we are driven from the 
stake of security. So that affliction is a school or academy, wherein the best scho- 
lars are prepared to the commencements of the Deity. And though it be most 
troublesome and grievous for the time, yet know ihis, it comes by God's permission 
and providence; He is a spectator of thy groans and tears, still present with thee, 



»< Epist. Erasini de utilitatecolloquior. ad lectorem. — 
Let whoever wishes dispute, I think the laws of our 
forefathers should be received with reverence, and reli- 
giously ohserved, as coming from God; neither is it 
safe or pious to conceive, or contrive, an injurious sus- 
picion of the Dublic auth 'rity ; and should an> tyranny. 



likely to drive men into the comniission of wickednesn, 
exist, it is hetter to endure it th.in to resist it l>v sedi- 
tion. 96 VastatS conreientia sequitur seiisus irtr 
diviufe. (Heniingius) frenij'us ^or'^is, ingens aiiimic 
cruciatus, &.C. 



658 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 4 

ihe very haivs of tliy head are numbered, not one of them can fall to the ground 
without the express will of God : he will not suffer thee to be tempted above mea- 
sure, he corrects us all, ^^numero^ pondere^ et mcnsurd.i the Lord will not quench the 
smoking flax, or break the bruised reed, Tental (saith Austin) no7i ut obriiat^ sed ut 
coronet, he suflers thee to be tempted for thy good. And as a mother doth handle 
her child sick and weak, not reject it, but with all tenderness observe and keep it, so 
doth God by us, not forsake us in our miseries, or relinquish us for our imperfec- 
tions, but with all pity and compassion support and receive us; whom he loves, he 
"oves to the end. Rom. viii. "Whom He hath elected, those He hath called, justified, 
sanctified, and glorified." Think not then thou hast lost the Spirit, that thou art for- 
saken of God, be not overcome with heaviness of heart, but as David said, "• 1 will 
not fear though I walk in the shadows of death." We must all go, nan a deliciis 
ad delicias., ^' but from the cross to the crown, by hell to heaven, as the old Romans 
put Virtue's temple in the way to that of Honour; we must endure sorrow and 
misery in this life. 'Tis no new thing this, God's best servants and dearest children 
have been so visited and tried. Christ in the garden cried out, " My God, my God, 
why hast thou forsaken me .''" His son by nature, as thou art by adoption and grace. 
Job, in his anguish, said, " The arrows of the Almighty God were in him," Job vi. 4. 
" His terrors fought against him, the venom drank up his spirit," cap. xiii. 26. He 
saith, " God was his enemy, writ bitter things against him (xvi. 9,) hated him." 
(lis heavy wrath had so seized on his soul. David complains, "his eyes were 
eaten up, sunk into his head," Ps. vi. 7, " his moisture became as the drought in 
summer, his flesh was consumed, his bones vexed :" yet neither Job nor David did 
finally despair. Job would not leave his hold, but still trust in Him, acknowledging 
Him to be his good God. " The Lord gives, the Lord takes, blessed be the name of 
the Lord," Job. i. 21. "Behold I am vile, I abhor myself, repent in dust and ashes," 
Job xxxix. 37. David humbled himself, Psal. xxxi. and upon his confession received 
mercy. Faith, hope, repentance, are the sovereign cures and remedies, the sole com- 
forts in this case; confess, humble thyself, repent, it is sufficient. Quod purpura 
non potest, saccus potest, saith Chrysostom ; the king of Nineveh's sackcloth and 
ashes did that which his purple robes and crown could not effect; Quod diadema 
noji potuit, cinis per fecit. Turn to Him, he will turn to thee; the Lord is near those 
that are of a contrite heart, and will save such as be afflicted in spirit, Ps. xxxiv. 18. 
"He came to the lost sheep of Israel," Matt. xv. 14. Si cadentem intuetur, clemenlim 
maniim protendit, He is at all times ready to assist. JViinquam spernit Deus Pceni- 
lentiam si sincere et simpliciter ojferatur, He never rejects a penitent sinner, though 
he have come to the full height of iniquity, wallowed and delighted in sin; yet if he 
will forsake his former ways, libenter amplexatur. He will receive him. Parcam huic 
homini, saith ^-Austin, (^ex persona Dei) quia sibi ipsi non pepercit ; ignoscam quia 
peccatum agnovit. I will spare him because he hath not spared himself; I will par- 
don him because he doth acknowledge his offence : let it be never so enormous a 
sin, " His grace is sufficient," 2 Cor. xii. 9. Despair not then, faint not at all, be 
not dejected, but rely on God, call on him in thy trouble, and he will hear thee, he 
will assist, help, and deliver thee : " Draw near to Him, he will draw near to thee," 
James iv. 8. Lazarus was poor and full of boils, and yet still he relied upon God, 
Abraham did hope beyond hope. 

Thou exceptest, these were chief men, divine spirits, Deo cari, beloved of God, 
especially respected ; but 1 am a contemptible and forlorn wretch, forsaken of God, 
and left to the merciless fury of evil spirits. I cannot hope, pray, repent, &c. How 
often shall I say it .'' thou mayest perform all those duties. Christian offices, and be 
restored in good time. A sick man loseth his appetite, strength and ability, his dis- 
ease prevaileth so far, that all his faculties are spent, hand and foot perform not their 
duties, his eyes are dim, hearing dull, tongue distastes things of pleasant relish, yet 
jature lies hid, recovereth again, and expelleth all those feculent matters by vomit, 
swe.at, or some such like evacuations. Thou art spiritually sick, thine heart is 
heavy, thy mind distressed, thou mayest happily recover again, expel those dismal 
passions of feat and grief; God did not suffer thee to be tempted above measure ; 

••Austin. 9' " Not from pleasures to pleasures." *■ Supf P.sal. iii Couvcrlar ad liberaiiduiii euw 

liiia conversus er. oti peccaiuin suum punienduiu. 



Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Cure of Despair. 659 

whom he loves (I say) he love? to the end 5 hope the best. David in his misery 
prayed to the Lord, remembering how he had formerly dealt with him ; and with 
that meditation of God's mercy confirmed his faith, and pacified his own tumultuous 
heart in his greatest agony. "O my soul, why art thou so disquieted within me," 
&c. Thy soul is eclipsed for a time, I yield, as the sun is shadowed by a cloud ; 
no d^ubt but those gracious beams of God's mercy will shine upon thee again, as 
they have formerly done: those embers of faith, hope and repentance, now buried 
in ashes, will flame out afresh, and be fully revived. Want of faith, no feeling of 
grace for the present, are not fit directions ; we must live by faith, not by feeling ; 
'tis the beginning of grace to wish for grace : we must expect and tarry. David, a 
man after God's own heart, was so troubled himself; "Awake, why sleepest thou ? 
O Lord, arise, cast me not ofl^; wherefore hidest thou thy face, and forgettest mine 
aflliction and oppression } My soul is bowed down to the dust. Arise, redeem us," 
&c., Ps. xliv. 22. He prayed long before he was heard, expectans expectavit ; en- 
dured much before he was relieved. Psal. Ixix. 3, he complains, " I am weary of 
crying, and my throat is dry, mine eyes fail, whilst I wait on the Lord ;" and yet he 
perseveres. Be not dismayed, thou shalt be respected at last. God often works by 
contrarieties, he first kills and then makes alive, he woundeth first and then healeth, 
he makes man sow in tears that he may reap in joy; 'tis God's method : he that is 
so visited, must with patience endure and rest satisfied for the present. The paschal 
lamb was eaten with sour herbs ; we shall feel no sweetness of His blood, till we 
first feel the smart of our sins. Thy pains are great, intolerable for the time ; thou 
art destitute of grace and comfort, stay the Lord's leisure, he will not (1 say) suffer 
thee to be templed above that thou art able to bear, 1 Cor. x. 13. but will give an 
issue to temptation. He works all for the best to them that love God, Rom. viii. 28. 
Doubt not of thine election, it is an immutable decree; a mark never to be defaced: 
you have been otherwise, you may and shall be. And for your present aflliction, 
hope the best, it will shortly end. "He is present with his servants in their afllic- 
tion," Ps. xci. 15. "Great are the troubles of the righteous, but the Lord delivereth 
them out of all," Ps. xxxiv. 19. " Our light affliction, which is but for a moment, 
woiketh in us an eternal weight of glory," 2 Cor. iv. 18. "Not answerable to that 
glory which is to come ; though now in heaviness," saith 1 Pet. i. 6, " you shall 
rejoice." 

Now last of all to those external impediments, terrible objects, which they hear 
and see many times, devils, bugbears, and mormeluches, noisome smells, &c. These 
may come, as I have formerly declared in ray precedent discourse of the Symptoms 
of Melancholy, trom inward causes ; as a concave glass reflects solid bodies, a 
troubled brain for want of sleep, nutriment, and by reason of that agitation of spirits 
to which Hercules de Saxonia attributes all symptoms almost, may reflect and show 
prodigious shapes, as our vain fear and crazed phantasy shall suggest and feign, as 
many silly weak women and children in the dark, sick folks, and frantic for want of 
repast and sleep, suppose they see that they see not : many times such terricula 
ments may proceed from natural causes, and all other senses may be deluded. Be- 
sides, as I have said, this humour is balneum diaboli, the devil's bath, by reason of 
the distemper of humours, and infirm organs in us : he may so possess us inwardlv 
to molest us, as he did Saul and others, by God's permission : he is prince of the 
air, and can transform himself into several shapes, delud? all our senses for a time 
but his power is determined, he may terrify us, but not hurt; God hath given "His 
angels charge over us, He is a wall round about his people," Psal. xci. 11, i'^ 
There be those that prescribe physic in such cases, 'tis God's instrument and noi 
unfit. The devil works by mediation of humours, and mixed diseases must have 
mixed remedies. Levinus Lemnius cap. 57 and 58, exhort, ad vit. ep. inslit. is very 
copious on this subject, besides that chief remedy of confidence in God, prayer, 
hearty repentance, Slc, of which for your comfort and instruction, read Lavater de 
spectris part. 3. cap. 5. and G. Wierus de prcBSfigiis dcBmorium lib. 5. to Philip Me- 
lancthon, and others, and that Christian armour which Paul prescribes ; he sets down 
certain amulets, herbs, and precious stones, which have marvellous virtues all, pro- 
fligandis damonibus, to drive away devils and their illusions. Sapp lires, chryso- 
iir.f s, carbuncles, &c. Qua mird virtute pollent ad lemurcs., stryj^es. incubns, get'ios 



1)60 Religious Melancholy. [Part. 3. See. 4. 

aereos arcendos, si veterum monumentis hahenda fides. Of herbs, he rerl^nns iif> 
pennyroyal, rue, mint, angelica, peony : Rich. Argentine de prcBstigiis dcBmonum, cap. 
20, adds, hypericon or St. John's wort, perforata herba., which by a divine virtue 
drives awav devils, and is therefore fuga datnionutn : all which rightly used by their 
euffitus. DcBmonum vexalionibns obsistunt, afflictas mentes d dcemonibus relevant., el 
venenatisfumis., expel devils themselves, and all devilish illusions. Anthony Musa, 
the Emperor Augustus, his physician, cap. 6, de Betonid., approves of betony to this 
purpose ; *" the ancients used therefore to plant it in churchyards, because it was 
held to be an holy herb and good against fearful visions, did secure such places as it 
grew in, and sanctified those persons that carried it about them. Idem fere Mathia- 
lus in dioscoridem. Others commend acc;; ate music, so Saul was helped by David's 
harp. Fires to be made in such rooms where spirits haunt, good store of lights to 
be set up, odours, perfumes, and suflumigations. as the angel taught Tobias, of brim- 
stone and bilimien., thus^ myrrh^ briony root, with many such simples which Weckei 
hath collected, lib. 15, de sccretis., cap. 15. 4 sulphuris drachmam unam.., recoqua- 
iur in vitis alhce aqua., ut dilutius sit sulphur; detur (egro : nam dcemones sunt viorhi 
(saith Kich. Argentine, lib. de prrestigiis dcpjnonum., cap. ult.) Vigetus hath a far 
larger receipt to this purpose, which the said Wecker cites out of Wierus. 4 sul- 
phuris, vini., biluminis., opoponacis., galbani, castorei, S^c. Why sweet perfumes, 
tires and so many lights should be used in such places, Ernestus Burgravius Lucerna 
vUcB et mortis., and Fortunius Lycetus assigns this cause, quod his boni genii provo- 
centur.1 malt arceantur ; "because good spirits are well pleased with, but evil abhor 
them !" And therefore those old Gentiles, present Mahometans, and Papists have 
continual lamps burning in their churches all day and all night, lights at funerals 
and in their graves; lucernce ardenles ex auro liquefucto for many ages to endure 
(saith Lazius), ne damones corpus Icedant ; lights ever burning as those vestal virgins. 
Pythonissae maintained heretofore, with many such, of which read Tostatus in 2 
Reg. cap. 6. quast. 43. Thyreus, cap. 57, 58, 62, S^-c. de locis infestis., Pictorius 
Jsagog. de da^monibus., 4"c., see more in them. Cardan would have the party affected 
wink altogether in such a case, if he see aught that ofl'ends him, or cut the air with 
a sword in such places they walk and abide ; gladiis enini et lanccis terrenlur., shoot 
a pistol at them, for being aerial bodies (as Caelius Rhodiginus, lib. 1. cap. 29. Ter- 
tuUian, Origen, Psellas, and many hold), if stroken, they feel pain. Papists com- 
monly enjoin and apply crosses, holy water, sanctified beads, amulets, music, ringing 
of bells, for to that end are they consecrated, and, by them baptized, characters, 
counterfeit relics, so many masses, peregrinations, oblations, adjurations, and what 
not.'' Alexander Albertinus a Rocha, Petrus Thyreus, and Hieronymus Mengus, 
with many other pontificial writers, prescribe and set down several forms of exor- 
cisms, as well to houses possessed with devils, as to demoniacal persons •, but I am 
of "^"Lemnius's mind, 'tis but damnosa adjuratio., aut potius ludificatio., a mere 
mockery, a counterfeit charm, to no purpose, they are fopperies and fictions, as that 
absurd 'story is amongst the rest, of a penitent woman seduced by a magician in 
France, at SL Bawne, exorcised by Domphius, Michael is, and a con)pany of circum- 
venting friars. ]f any man (saith Lemnius) will attempt such a thing, without all 
those juggling circumstances, astrological elections of time, place, prodigious habits, 
fustian, big, sesquipedal words, spells, crosses, characters, which exorcists ordinarily 
use, let him follow the example of Peter and John, that without any ambitious 
swelling terms, cured a lame man. Acts iii. "In the name of Christ Jesus rise and 
walk." His name alone is the best and only charm against all such diabolical illu- 
sions, so doth Origen advise : and so Chrysostom, Hcec erit tibi baculus., hcec turrii 
inexpugnabilis., hcec armatura. JVos quid ad hcec diccmus., plures fortasse expectu- 
hunt., saith St. Austin. Many men will desire my counsel and opinion what is to be 
done in this behalf; I can say no more, qua7n ut vera fide., qua. per dilectionem ope 
ratur., ad Deum unum fugi amus., let them fly to God alone for help. Athanasius ni 
his book, De variis qucESt. prescribes as a present charm against devils, the begm 
ning of the Ixvii. Psalm. Exurgat Deus, dissipentur inimici., Sfc. But the best 



«» VntMiui snliti sunt haiic lierharii poiiere in r.cBiiii^ I irrisi piuliirf tsufli'cii sunt el re infecta abieniiit 
Ct?iirt! ideoijuod, &.r. ■""' Nun ilt;suiit iioslra ajtate | iiilo Engli^li 0) W. B.. I<il3 

Kicnficuli, qui talc 'juid aiieiiiaiit, E>e>l a cacodwiuone I 



>Iem. 2. Subs. 6.J Cure of JOespair. 601 

remedy is to fly to God, to call on him, hope, pray, trust, rely on him, to conmiit 
ourselves wholly to him. What the practice oi" the primitive church was in this 
behalf, El guts dcp.moniu ejicicndi modus^ read Wierus at large, lib. 5. de Cura. Lam. 
meles. cap. 38. et deincejjs. 

■ Last of all : if the party aflected shall certainly know this malady to have pro- 
ceeded from too much fasting, meditation, precise life, contemplation of God's judg- 
ments (for the devil deceives many by such means), in that other extreme he cir- 
cumvents melancholy itself, reading some books, treatises, hearing rigid preachers, 
&LC. If he shall perceive that it hath begun first from some great loss, grievous ac- 
cident, disaster, seeing others in like case, or any such terrible object, let him speedily 
remove the cause, which to the cure of this disease Navarras so much commends, 
' avertat cogitationem d re scrupulosa, by all opposite means, art, and industry, let him 
laxare anirnuni^ by all honest recreations, " refresh and recreate his distressed soul ;" 
let him direct his thoughts, by himself and other of his friends. Let him read uo more 
such tracts or subjects, hear no more such fearful tones, avoid such companies, and 
by all means open himself, submit himself to the advice of good physicians and 
divines, which is conlraventio scrupulorum, as 'he calls it, hear them speak to whom 
the Lord hath given the tongue of the learned, to be able to minister a word to him 
that is weary,'' whose words are as flagons of wine. Let him not be obstinate, head- 
strong, peevish, wilful, self-conceited (as in this malady they are), but give ear to 
good advice, be ruled and persuaded ; and no doubt but such good counsel may 
prove as preposterous to his soul, as the angel was to Peter, that opened the iron 
gates, loosed his bands, brought him out of prison, and delivered him from bodily 
tiiraldom ; they may ease his afflicted mind, relieve his wounded soul, and take him 
out of the jaws of hell itself. I can say no more, or give better advice to such as 
are any way distressed in this kind, than what I have given and said. Only take 
this for a corollary and conclusion, as thou tenderest thine own welfare in this, and 
all other melancholy, thy good health of body and mind, observe this short precept, 
give not way to solitariness and idleness. " Be not solitary, be not idle." 

SPERATE MISERI-UNHAPPY HOPE. 

CAVETE FCELICES— HAPPY BE CALTTIOUS. > 

Vis d duhio I'tierari? vis quod incertum est evadere? Age poenitentiam dum 
sanus es ; sic agens^ dico tibi quod securus es, quod poenitentiam egisti eo tempore 
quo peccare potuisli. Austin. " Do you wish to be freed from doubts } do you 
desire to escape uncertainty .? Be penitent whilst rational: by so doing I assert that 
you are safe, because you have devoted that time to penitence in which you mighJ 
have been guilty of sin." 

* 'I om. 2. cap. 27, num. 282. " Let him avert his thoughts from the painful ubject." >Nararrus. «I8. 14. 



«F 



(flraV 



IN.^EX. 



Abaenck a cure of love-melancholy, 531 

Absence over long, cause of jealousy, 569 

Ai)slinence commended, 283 

Acadeinicnrum Errata, 197 

Adversity why better than prosperity, 367 

Aerial devils, 115 

Affections whence they arise, 103 ; how they 
transform us, 89 ; of sleeping and waking, 
103 

AH'ection in melancholy, what, 109 

Against abuses, repulse, injuries, contumely, dis- 
graces, scoffs, 376 

Against envy, livor, hatred, malice, 375 

Against sorrow, vain fears, death of friends, 369 

Air, how it causeth melancholy, 149 ; how rec- 
tified it cureth melancholy, 303 — 308 ; air in 
love, 461 

Alkermes good against melancholy, 411 

All are melancholy, 110 

All beautiful parts attractive in love, 466 

Aloes, his virtues, 400 

Alteratives in physic, to what use, 391 ; against 
melancholy, 408 

Ambition defined, described, cause ^of melan- 
choly, 167, 175; of heresy, 604; hinders and 
spoils many matches, 554 

Amiableness loves object, 427 

Amorous objects causes of love-melanchoiy, 479, 

489 
, Amulets controverted, approved, 412, 413 

Amusements, 314 

Anger's description, effects, how it causeth me- 
lancholy, 169 

Antimony a purger of melancholy, 399 

Anthony inveigled by Cleopatra, 475 

Apology of love-melancholy, 422 

Apfietite, 103 

Apples, good or bad, how, 140 

Apparel and clothes, a cause of love-melancholy, 
473 

Aqueducts of old, 281, 282 

Anninian's tenets, 655 

Arteries, what, 96, 97 

Artificial air against melancholy, 304 

Artificial allurements of love, 470 

Art of memory, 322 

Astrological aphorisms, how available, signs or 
causes of melancholy, 130 

Astrological signs of love 4?>3 454 



Atheists described, 632 

Averters of melancholy, 407 

Aurum polabile censured, approved, !19 



B. 

Baits of lovers, 491 

Bald lascivious, 571, 572 

Balm good against melancholy, 392 

Banishment's effects, 225 ; its cure and anti- 
dote, 368 

Barrenness, what grievances it causeth, 225; i 
cause of jealousy, 570 

Barren grounds have best air, 304 

Bashfulness a symptom of melancholy, 235', 
of love-melancholy, 243; cured, 414 ' 

Baseness of birth no disparagement, 459 

Baths rectified, 285 

Bawds a cause of love-melancholy, 492 

Beasts and birds in love. 445, 446, 461 

Beauty's definition, 427 ; described, 465 ; in 
parts, 466 ; commendation, 457 ; attractive 
power, prerogatives, excellency, how it causeth 
melancholy, 459 — 469; makes grievous 
wounds, irresistible, 464 ; more beholding to 
art than nature, 470 ; brittle and uncertain, 
537; censured, 539; a cause of jealousy, 
570 ; beauty of God, 594 

Beef a melancholy meat, 137 

Beer censured, 141 

Best site of a house, 304 

Bezoar's stone good against melancholy, 411 

Black eyes best, 468 

Black spots in the nails signs of melancholy, 
132 

Black man a pearl in a woman's eye, 467 

Blasphemy, how pardonable, 653 

Blindnes-s of lovers, 507 

Blood-letting, when and how cure of melan- 
choly, 404, 415; time and quantity, 403 

Blood-letting and purging, how causes of m©" 
lancholy, 149 

Blow on the head cause of melancholy, 226 

Body, how it works on the mind, 157, 227, 
241 

Body melancholy, its causes, 231 

Bodily symfitoms of melancholy, 232 ; o .ovt- 
melancholy, 496 

Bodily exercises, 308 



t)<5i 



INDEX, 



Books of all sorts, 320 

Borage and bugloss, sovereign herbs against 

melancholy, 391 ; their wines and juice most 

excellent, 397 
Boring of the head, a cure for melancholy, 408 
Brain distempered, how cause of melancholy, 

228 ; his parts anatomised, 99 
Bread and beer, how causes of melancholy, 140, 

141 
Brow and forehead, which are most pleasing, 

466 
Brute beasts jealous, 565 
Business the best cure of love-melancholy, 526 

C. 

Cahbak's father conjured up seven devils at 
once, 117; had a spirit bound to him, 121 

Cards and dice censured, approved, 315 

Care's effects, 170 

Carp fish's nature, 138, 139 

Cataplasms and cerates for melancholy, 397 

Cause of diseases, 86 

Causes immediate of melancholy symptoms, 253 

Causes of honest love, 434 ; of heroical love, 
453; of jealousy, 569 

Cautions against jealousy, 590 

Centaury good against melancholy, 391 

Charles the Great enforced to love basely by a 
philter, 494 

Change of countenance, sign of love-melan- 
choly, 498 

Charity described, 438 ; defects of it, 440 

.Character of a covetous man, 178 

Charles the Sixth, king of France, mad for 
anger, 169 

Chemical physic censured, 407 

Chess-play censured, 316 

Chiromantical signs of melancholy, 131, 133 

Chirurgical remedies of melancholy, 403 

Choleric melancholy signs, 243 

Chorus sancti Viti, a disease, 92 

Circumstances increasing jealousy, 571 

Cities' recreations, 313, 314 

Civil lawyers' miseries, 192 

Climes and particular places, how causes of 
love-melancholy, 455 

Clothes a mere cause of good respect, 214 

Clothes causes of love-melancholy, .473 

Clysters good for melancholy, 417 

Coffee, a Turkey cordial drink, 410 

Cold air cause of melancholy, 150 

Comets above the moon, 296 

Compound alteratives censured, approved, 395 ; 
compound purgers of melancholy, 402 ; com- 
pound wines for melancholy, 408 

Community of wives a cure of jealousy, 385 

Compliment and good carriage causes of love- 
melancholy, 472 

Confections and conserves against melancholy, 
397 

Confession of his grief to a friend, a principal 
cure of melancholy, 329, 330 

Confidence in his physician half a cure, 278 

Conjugal love best, 450 

Conscience what it is, 106 

* 'onscience troubled, a cause of despair, 643, 0^6 



Contindal cogitation of his mistress a sympton 

of love-melancholy, 503 
Contention, brawling, law-suits, effects, 224 
Continent or inward causes of melancholy, 22*" 
Content above all, whence to be had, 35B 
Contention's cure, 381 
Cookery taxed, 142 . 

Copernicus, his hypothesis of the earth's mo- 
tion, 298, 300 
Correctors of accidents in melancholy, 413 
Correctors to expel windiness, and costivenes« 

helped, 418 
Cordials against melancholy, 408 
Costiveness to some a cause of melancholy, 147 
Costiveness helped, 419 
Covetou^ness defined, described, how it causeth 

melancholy, 177 
Counsel against melancholy, 331, 534 ; cure of 

■jealousy, 584 ; of despair, 648 
Country recreations, 313 
Crocodiles jealous, 565 
Cuckolds common in all ages, 581 
Cupping-glasses, cauteries how and when used 

to melancholy, 403, 408 
Cure of melancholy, unlawful, rejected, 270 { 

from God, 272 ; of head-melancholy, 404 ; 

over all the body, 415; of hypochondriacal 

melancholy, 416; of love-melancholy. 525: 

of jealousy, 580; of despair, 648 
Cure of melancholy in himself, 327 ; or friends. 

331 
Curiosity described, his effects, 222 
Custom of diet, delight of appetite, how u, b* 

kept and yielded to, 145 

D. 

Dancing, masking, mumming, censured, ap. 
proved, 487, 488 ; their effects, how they 
cause love-melancholy, 487 ; how symptoma 
of lovers, 519 

Death foretold by spirits, 123 

Death of friends cause of melancholy, 218; 
other effects, 218; how cured, 369; death 
advantageous, 373 

Deformity of body no misery, 345 

Delirium, 90 

Despair, equivocations, 639 ; causes. 640 ; symp. . 
toms, 645 ; prognostics, 647 ; cure, 648 

Devils, how they cause melancholy, 115; their 
beginning, nature, conditions, 115; feel paii^ 
swift in motion, mortal, 116; their orders. 
118; power, 125; how they cause religious 
melancholy, 601 ; how despair, 640; devils 
are often in love, 446 ; shall be saved, as some 
hold, 656 

Diet what, and how causeth melancholy, 136 
quantity, 142; diet of divert nations, 145 

Diet rectified in substance, 280 ; in quantity 
282 

Diet a cause of love melancholy, 456 ; a cure, 
527 

Diet, inordinate, of parents, a cause of melan- 
choly to their offspring, 135 

Digression against ail manner of discontents 
341; digression of air, 288 ; of anatomy, 95 
of devils and spirits, 115 



INDEX. 



rtoo 



Discommodities of une([ual matches, 587 

Disgrace a cause of melancholy, 164, 224; 
qiialiiied by counsel, 382 

Dissimilar parts of the body, 97 

Distemper of particular parts, causes of melan- 
choly, and how, 228 

Discontents, cares, miseries, causes of melan- 
choly, 170; how repelled and cured by goiid 
counsel, 331, 341 

Diseases why inflicted upon us, 86; their num- 
ber, definition, division, 89; diseases of the 
head, 90; diseases of the mind, 91; more 
grievous than those of the body, 262 

Divers accidents causing melancholy, 218 

Divine sentences, 384 

Divines' miseries, 193; with the causes of their 
miseries, 194 

Dotage what, 90 

Dotage of lovers, 506 

Dowry and money main causes of love-melan- 
choly, 477 

Dreams and their kinds, 103 

Dreams troublesome, how to be amended, 326, 
414 

Drunkards' children often melancholy, 134 

Hrunkenness taxed, 143, 340 

E. 

Earth's motion examined, 298 ; compass, 

centre, 299 ; an sit aiiamaia, 297 
Eccentrics and epicycles exploded, 296 
Education a cause of melancholy, 204 
i Effects of love, 520 — 522 
Election misconceived, cause of despair, 654 — 

656 
Element of fire exploded, 296 
Emulation, hatred, faction, desire of revenge, 

causes of melancholy, 167, 168; their cure, 

375 
Envy and malice causes of melancholy, 166; 

their antidote, 375 
Epicurus vindicated, 327 
Epicurus's remedy for melancholy, 337 
Epicures, atheists, hypocrites how mad, and 

melancholy, 631 
Epithalamium, 561 
Equivocations of melancholy, 93; of jealousy, 

562 
Eunuchs why kept, and where, 577 
Evacuations, how they cause melancholy, 148 
Ylxercise if immoderate, cause of melancholy, 

151; before meals wholesome, 152; exercise 

rectified, 308; several kinds, when fit, 316; 

exercises of the mind, 318 — 323 
Exotic and strange simples censured, 395 
Extasies, 396, 397 
'Eyes main instruments of love, 457; love's 

darts, seats, orators, arrows, torches, 467 ; 

Dow they pierce, 471 



Pace's prerogative, a most attractive part, 465, 

466 
Fairies, 122 

Fasting cause of melancholy, 144; a cure of 
84 3 



love-melancholy, 52fi, 527 alused, the 
devil's instrument, 611, 612; etrecls of it, 
610 

Fear cause of melancholy, its effects, 163; fear 
of death, destinies foretold, 221 ; a sympivtB 
of luelarjcholy, 234; sign of love-melancholy 
500, 501 ; aniidote to fear, 374 

Fenny fowl, melancholy, 138 

Fiery devils, 120, 121 

Fire's rage, 87 

Fish, what melancholy, 138 

Fish good, 282 

Fishes in love, 445 

Fishing and fowling, how and when good exer- 
cise, 310 

Flaxen hair a great motive of love, 466 
, Fools often beget wise men, 135; by love be- 
come wise, 517, 518 

Force of imagination, 158 

Friends a cure of melancholy. 330 

Fruits causing melancholy, 139 ; allowed, 282 

Fumitory purgeth melancholy, 392 

G. 

Gaming a cause of melancholy, his eflfects, 181 

Gardens of simples where, to what end, 390, 391 

Gardens for pleasure. 31 1 

General toleration of religion, by whom per- 
mitted, and why, 629 

Gentry, whence it came first, 349; base with- 
out means, 348 ; vices accompanying it, 348; 
true gentry, whence, 351 ; gentry commended, 
351 

Geography commended, 319 

Geometry, arithmetic, algebra, commended, 322 

Gesture cause of love-melancholy, 472 
^Gifts and promises of great force amongst lovers, 
489 

God's just judgment cause of melancholy, 86 ; 
sole cause sometimes, 113 

Gold good against melancholy, 394; a most 
beautiful object, 431 

Good counsel a charm to melancholy, 331 ; 
good counsel for love-sick persons, 534 ; 
against melancholy itself, 333 ; for such as 
are jealous, 580 

•Great men most part dishonest, 571 

Gristle what, 96 

Guts described, 98 

H. 

Hand and paps how forcible in love-meian- 
choly, 466, 467 

Hard usage a cause of jealousy, 568 

Hatred cause of melancholy, 168 

Hawking and hunting why gi)od, 310 

Head melancholy's causes, 229; symptom*. 
247; its cure, 404 

Hearing, what, 102 

Heat immoderate, cause of melancholy, 149 

Health a treasure, 225 

Heavens penetrable, 297; infiniteiv swift, 298 

Hell where, 292 

Hellebore, white and black, purgers ot melan- 
choly, 406; black, its virtues and history, 
400 
P2 



660 



INDEX. 



Help from friends against melancholy, 331 

HoiDorrhage cause of melancholy, 147 

Hemorrhoids stop[)ed cause of melancholy, 147 

rierbs causing melancholy, 139; curing melan- 
choly, 282 

Hereditary diseases, 133 

Heretics their conditions, 623; their symptoms, 
623 

Heroical love':^ pedigree, power, extent, 443; 
definition, part affected, 448; tyranny, 448 

Hippocrates' jealousy, 569 

Honest objects of love, 434 

Hope a cure of misery, 371 ; its benefits, 640 

Hope and fear, the Devil's main engines to 
entrap the world, 607 

Hops good against mehincholy, 392, 416 

Horse-leeches how and when used in melan- 
choly, 404, 416 

Hot countries apt and prone to jealousy, 566 

How oft 'tis fit to eat in a day, 282, 283 

How to resist passions, 328 

How men fall in love, 469 

Humours, what they are, 95 

Hydrophobia described, 92 

Hypochondriacal melancholy, 112; its causes 
inward, outward, 230; symptom, 244; cure 
of it, 416 

Hypochondries misaffected, causes, 228 

Hypocrites described, 638 

I. 

Idleness a main cause of melancholy, 152; of 
love-melancholy, 456; of jealousy, 567 

Ignorance the mother of devotion, 608 

Ignorance commended, 386 

Ignorant persons still circumvented, 609 

Imagination what, 102; its force and effects, 
J 59 

Imagination of the mother affects her infant, 
135 

Immaterial melancholy, 110 

Immortality of the soul proved, 105; impugned 
by whom, 636 

Impediments of lovers, 557 

Importunity and opportunity cause of love- 
melancholy, 478 ; of jealousy, 574 

Imprisonment cause of melancholy, 210 

Impostures of devils, 607 ; of politicians, 603 ; 
of priests, 604 

Impolency a cause of jealousy, 568 

Impulsive cause of man's misery, 85 

Incubi and succubi, 446 

Inconstancy of lovers, 540 

Inconstancy a sign of melancholy, 237 

Infirmities of body and mind, what grievances 
they cause, 227 

Injuries and abuses rectified, 378. 379 

Instrumental causes of diseases, 87 

Instrumental cause of man's misery, 87 

Interpreters of dreams, 103 

Inundation's fury, 87 

Inventions resulting from love, 521 

Inward causes of melancholy, 227 

Inward senses described, 1(12 

Issues when used in melancholy, 403 



J. 

Jealous.t a symptom of melancholy, 2.37; de- 
fined, described, 563; of princes, 564; of 
brute beasts, 565 ; causes of it, 566 ; symp- 
toms of it, 575 ; prognostics, 579 ; cure of 
it, 580 
Jests how and when to be used, 209 
Jews' religious symptoms, 614, 615 
Joy in excess cause of melancholy, 186, 18'> 

K. 

Kings and princes' discontents, 174 
Kissing a main cause of love-inelancholy, 482; 
a symptom of love-melancholy, 498 

L. 

Labouh, business, cure of love-melancholy 
526 ; Lapis Arinenus, its virtues against me- 
lancholy, 400 

Lascivious meats to be avoided, 527 

Laughter, its effects, 256, 257 

Laurel a purge for melancholy, 398 

Laws against adultery, 578 

Leo Decimus the pope's scoffing triclis, 208 

Lewellyn prince of Wales, his submission, 379 

Leucuia petra the cure of love-sick persons, 646 

Liberty of princes and great men, how abused, 
574 

Libraries commended, 321 

Liver its site, 97 ; cause of melancholy distem- 
pers, if hot or cold, 229 

Loss of liberty, servitude, imprisonment, cause 
of melancholy, 210 

Losses in general how they offend, 220; cause 
of despair, 369, 641 ; how eased, 373 

Love of gaming and pleasures immoder£te, 
cause of melancholy, 181 

Love of learning, overmuch study, cause of 

melancholy, 187 
'Love's beginning, object, definition, division. 
426; love made the world, 430; love's 
power, 444; in vegetables, 445; in sensible 
creatures, 445 ; love's power in devils and 
spirits, 446; in men, 448; love a disease, 
500; a fire, 504; love's passions, 505; 
phrases of lovers, 509; their vain wishes 
and attempts, 514; lovers impudent, 515; 
courageous, 516; wise, valiant, free, 517; 
neat in apparel, 518; poets, musicians, 
dancers, 519: love's effects, 521; love lost 
revived by sight, 530; love cannot be com- 
pelled, 554 

Love and hate symptoms of religious melan- 
choly, 614 

Lycanthropia described, 91 

M. 

Madness described, 91 ; the extent of melan 
choly, 259; a symptom and effect of love- 
melancholy, 524 
Made dishes cause melancholy, 142 
Magicians how they cause melancholy, 128 
how they cure it, 271 



INDEX. 



667 



Mahometans their symptoms, 698 

Maids', nuns', and widows' melancholy, 250 

Man's excellency, misery, 85 

Man the greatest enemy to man, 88 

Many means to divert lovers, 529 ; to cure 

them, 534 
Marriage if unfortunate cause of melancholy, 
223 ; hest cure of love-melancholy, 547 ; 
marriage helps, 585; miseries, 641 ; benefits 
and commendation, 450, 561 
Mathematical studies commended, 322 
Medicines select for melancholy, 386 ; against 
wind and costiveness, 419 ; for love-melan- 
choly, 529 
Melancholy in disposition, melancholy equivo- 
cations, 93 ; definition, name, difference, 108 ; 
part and parties aflected in melancholy, it's 
afTection, 109; matter, 110; species or kinds 
of melancholy, 111 ; melancholy an heredi- 
tary disease, 133; meats causing it, 136, &c.; 
antecedent causes, 227 ; particular parts, 228 ; 
symptoms of it, 232 ; they are passionate 
above measure, 238; humorous, 238; me- 
lancholy, adust symptoms, 242; mixed symp- 
toms of melancholy with other diseases, 244 ; 
melancholy, a cause of jealousy, 567 ; of des- 
pair, 640 ; melancholy men why witty, 255 ; 
- why so apt lo laugh, weep, sweat, blush, 256; 
■ why they see visions, hear strange noises, 
257 ; why they speak untaught languages, 
prophesy, &c., 259 
Memory his seat, 103 
Menstruus concuhitus causa melanc, 135 
Men seduced by spirits in the night, 123 
Metempsychosis, 104 
Metals, minerals for melancholy, 393 
Meteors strange, how caused, 295, 296 
Metoposcopy foreshowing melancholy, 131,132 
Milk a melancholy meat, 138 
Mind how it works on the body, 155 
Minerals good against melancholy, 394 
Ministers how they cause despair, 642, 643 
Mirach, mesentery, matrix, meseraic veins, causes 

of melancholy, 228 
Mirabolanes purgers of melancholy, 399 
Mirth and mercy company excellent against me- 
lancholy, 336 ; their abuses, 340 
Miseries of man, 85 ; how they cause melan- 
choly, 171 ; common miseries, 170 ; miseries 
of both sorts, 342 ; no man free, miseries' 
eflects in us, 343 ; sent for our good, 344 ; 
miseries of students and scholars, 187 
Mitigations of melancholy, 384 
Money's prerogatives, 431 ; allurement, 477 
Moon inhabited, 299 ; moon in love, 444 
Mother how cause of melancholy, 134 
Moving faculty described, 103 
Music a present remedy for melancholy, 334 ; 
its effects, 335 ; a symptom of lovers, 519 ; 
causes of love-melancholy, 481 

N. 

• Nakedness of parts a cause of love-melan- 
choly, 472, 473 ; cure of love-melancholy, 
536 
Narrow streets where in use, 305 



Natural melancbioly signs, 242 
Natural signs of love-melancholy, 496 
Necessity to what it enforceth, 146, 216 
Neglect and contempt, 'lest cures of jealousy 

581 
Nemesis or punishment comes after, 380 
Nerves what, 96 
News most welcome, 315 
Nobility censured, 348 
Non-necessary causes of melancholy, 20 
Nuns' melancholy, 251 
Nurse, how cause of melancholy, 202 

O. 

Objects causing melancholy to be removed 
529 

Obstacles and hindrances of lovers, 548 

Occasions to be avoided in love-melancholy, 529 

Odoraments to smell to for melancholy, 412 

Ointments, for melancholy, 413 

Ointments riotously used, 475 

Old folks apt to be jealous, 568 

Old folks' incontinency taxed, 58 

Old age a cause of melancholy, 132 ; old men's 
sons often melancholy, 134 

One love drives out another, 533 

Opinions of or concerning the soul, 104 

Oppression's effects, 224 

Opportunity and importunity causes of love- 
melancholy, 478 

Organical parts, 98 

Overmuch joy, pride, praise, how causes of me- 
lancholy, 186 



Palaces, 313 * 

Paleness and leanness, symptoms of love-melan- 
choly, 496 

Papists' religious symptoms, 615, 624 

Paracelsus' defence of minerals, 394 

Parents, how they wrong their children, 554 ; 
how they cause melancholy by propagation, 
133; how by remissness and indulgence, 204, 
205 

Parsnetical discourse to such as are troubled in 
mind, 648 

Particular parts distempered, how they cause 
melancholy, 228 

Parties affected in religious melancholy, 597 

Passions and perturbations causes of melan 
choly, 157 ; how they work on the bo-Jy. 158 • 
their divisions, 161 ; how rectified and eased 
327 

Passions of lovers, 500 

Patience a cure of misery, 379 

Patient, his conditions that would be cured, 277 
patience, confidence, liberality, not to practise 
on himself, 278 ; what he must do himsell, 
328 ; reveal his grief to a friend, 330 

Pennyroyal good against melancholy, 400 

Perjury of lovers, 491 

Persuasion a means to cure love-melancholy, 
534; other melancholy, 332, 333 

Phantasy, what, 102 

Philippiis Bonus, how he used a country fel- 
low, 317 



668 



INDEX. 



Philosophers censured, 183; their errors, 183 
Philters cause of love-melancholy, 494 ; how 

they cure melancholy, 546 
Phlel)otomy cause of melancholy, 149 ; how to 
be used, when, in melancholy, 404, 415', in 
head melancholy, 407, 408 
Phlegmatic melancholy signs, 242 
Phrenzy's description, 91 
Physician's miseries, 192, 193; his qualities if 

he be good, 276 
Physic censured, 380, 388 ; commended, 389 ; 

when to be used, 389 
Physiognomical signs of melancholy, 131 
Pictures good against melancholy, 318 ; cause 

of love-melancholy, 482 
Plague's ellects, 87 
Planets inhabited, 299 
Plays more famous, 314 
Pleasant palaces and gardens, 311 
Pleasant objects of love, 432 
Pleasing tone and voice a cause of love-melan- 
choly, 481 
Poetical cures of love-melancholy, 546 
Poets why poor, 191 
Poetry a symptom of lovers, 522 
Politician's pranks, 604 
Poor men's miseries, 215; their happiness, 356, 

365 ; they are dear to God, 364 
Pope Leo Decimus, his scoffing, 208 
Pork a melancholy meat, 137 
Possession of devils, 93 

Poverty and want causes of melancholy, their 
ellects, 211 ; no such misery to be poor, 354 
Power of spirits, 125 
Predestination misconstrued, a cause of despair, 

654—656 
Preparatives and purgers for melancholy, 405 
Precedency, what stirs it causeth, 167 
Precious stones, metals, altering melancholy. 

393 
Preventions to the cure of jealousy, 585 
Pride and praise causes of melancholy, 182 
Priests, how they cause religious melancholy. 
605 ^ 

Princes' discontents, 174 
.Prodigals, their miseries, 181; bankrupts and 
spendthrifts, how punished, 181 
Profitable objects of love, 431 
Progress of love-melancholy exemplified, 484 
Prognostics or events of love-melancholy, 579 ; 
of despair, 579 ; of jealousy, 523 ; of melan- 
choly, 259 
Prospect good against melancholy, 307 
Prosperity a cause of misery, 366 
Protestations and deceitful promises of lovers 
491 

Pseudo-prophets, their pranks, 627; their symp- 
toms, 623 
Pulse, peas, beans, cause of melancholy, 140 
Pulse of melancholy men, how it is afiected, 

233 
Pulse a sign of love-melancholy, 497 
Purgers and preparatives to head melancholy. 
405 ^ 

Purging simples upward, 397 ; downward, 399 
Purging, how cause of melancholy, 149 



QuANTiTT of diet cause, 142; care of meiaiH 
choly, 282 

R. 

Rational soul, 104 

Reading Scriptures good against melancholy, 32J 

Recreations good against melancholy, 309 

Redness of the face helped, 414 

Regions of the belly, 98 

Relation or hearing a cause of lovc-melan 

choly, 457 
Religious melancholy a distinct species, 593; 

its object, 594 ; causes of it, 601 ; symptoms, 

613; prognostics, 627; cure, 629; religious 

policy, by whom, 604 
Repentance, its effects, 650 
Retention and evacuation causes of melancholy, 

146 ; rectified to the cure, 285 
Rich men's discontents and miseries, 178, 360; 

their prerogatives, 212 
Riot in apparel, excess of it, a great cause of 

love-melancholy, 475, 480 
Rivers in love, 461 
Rivals and co-rivals, 565 
Roots censured, 139 
Rose cross-men's or Rosicrucian's promises, 323 



Saints' aid rejected in melancholy, 274 

Salads censured, 139 

Sanguine melancholy signs, 242 

Scholars' miseries, 189 

Scilla or sea onion, a pwrger of melancholy, 398 

Scipio's continency, 530 

Scoffs, calumnies, bitter jests, how they causo 

melancholy, 207; their antidote, 383 
Scorzonera, good against melancholy, 392 
Scripture misconstrued, cause of religious me- 
lancholy, 654; cure of melancholy, 322 
Sea-sick, good physic for melancholy, 393 
Self-love cause of melancholy, his effects, 183 
Sensible soul and its parts, 101 
Senses, why and how deluded in melancholy, 

257 
Sentences selected out of humane authors, 384 

385 
Servitude cause of melancholy, 210; and im- 
prisonment eased, 367 
Several men's delights and recreations, 306 
Severe tutors and guardians causes of me an- 

choly, 204 
• Shame and disgrace how causes of melancholy, 

their effects, 164 
Sickness for our good, 346 
Sighs and tears symptoms of love-melancholy, 

496, 497 • 
Sight a principal cause of love-melancholy, 457, 

458 
Signs of honest love, 434 
Similar parts of the body, 96 
Simples censured proper to melancholy, .M89 , 
fit to be known, 390; purging melaLcnoly 
upward, 397; downward, purgi ig simpler 
399 



INDEX. 



669 



Singing a symptom of lovers, 519; cause of 

love-melancholy, 418 
Sin the impulsive cause of man's misery, 85 
Single life and virginity commended, 544 ; 
theii prerogatives, 545 

Slavery of lovers, 510 

Sleep and waking causes of melancholy, 156; 
by what means procured, helped, 414 

Small bodies have greatest wits, 346 

Smelling what, 102 

Smiling a ca ise of love-mnlancholy, 471 

Sodomy, 448, 449 
■ Soldiers most part lascivious, 572 

Solitariness cause of melancholy, 154; coact, 
voluntary, how good, 155; sign of melan- 
choly, 239 

Sorrow its effect, 162; a cause of melancholy, 
163; a symptom of melancholy, 236; eased 
by counsel, 370 

Soul defined, its faculties, 99 ; ex traduce as 
some hold, 104 

Spices how causes of melancholy, 140 

espirits and ilevils, their nature, 115; orders, 
118; kinds, 120; power, &c., 125 

Spleen its site, 97 ; how misafl'ected cause of 
melancholy, 228 

Sports, 314 

Spots in the sun, 301 

Spruceness a symptom of lovers, 518 

Stars, how causes or signs of melancholy, 130 ; 
of love-melancholy, 453; of jealousy, 566 

Step-mother, her mischiefs, 224 

Stews, why allowed, 586 

Stomach distempered a cause of melancholy, 
228 

Stones like birds, beasts, fishes, &c., 290 

Strange nurses, when best, 203 

Streets narrow, 305 

Study overmuch cause of melancholy, 187 ; 
why and how, 188, 255; study good against 
melancholy, 318 

Subterranean devils, 124 

Supernatural causes of melancholy, 113 

Superstitious effects, symptoms, 616; how it 
domineers, 599, 624 

Surfeiting and drunkenness taxed, 143 

Suspicion and jealousy symptoms of melan- 
. choly, 237 ; how caused, 254 

Swallows, cuckoos, &c., where are they in 
winter, 290 

Sweet tunes and singing causes of love-melan- 
choly, 481 

Sym|)toms or signs of melancholy in the body, 
232; mind, 233; from stars, members, 240; 
from education, custom, continuance of time, 
mixed with other diseases, 244; symptoms 
of head melancholy, 247; of hypochondriacal 
melancholy, 248 ; of the whole body, 250 ; 
symptoms of nuns', maids', widows' melan- 
choly, 250 ; nnmediate causes of melancholy 
symptoms, 253; symptoms of love-melan- 
choly, 496; symptoms of a lover pleased, 
502; dejected, 505; symptoms of jealousy, 
675; of religions melancholy, 613; of 
despair, 645, 646 

Sjnterrsis, 106 

Sjrsps, 397, 413 



T. 



Tale of a prebend, 377, 378 

Tarantula's stinging effects, 236 

Taste what, 102 

'I'emperament a cause of love-melan:hol ', 453 

Tempestuous air, dark and fuliginous, how 

cause of melancholy, 151 
Terrestrial devils, 122 

Terrors and affrights cause melancholy, 205 
Theologasters censured, 301 
The best cure of love-melancholy is to let ihera 

have their desire, 547 
Tobacco approved, censured, 399 
Toleration, religious, 629 
-Torments of love, 501 
'J'ransmigration of souls, 104 
Travelling commended, good against molau- 

choly, 306; for love-melancholy especiiUy 

531 
Tutors cause melancholy, 204 

U. 

"Uncharitable men described, 440 
['ndorstanding detined, divided, 106 
i;nk.rtunate marriages' effects, 174, 223, 588 
V .^k.ad friends cause melancholy, 224 
(lulawful cures of melancholy rejected, 270 
Upstarts censured, their symptoms, 350, 357 
Urine of melancholy persons, 233 
Uxurii, 568, 569 

V. 

Vainglory described a cause of melanchfjj 

182 
Valour and courage caused by love, 517 
Variation of the compass, where, 288 
Variety of meats and dishes cause melancholy, 

283 
Variety of mistresses and objects a cure of 

melancholy, 534 
Variety of weather, air, manners, countries, 

whence, &c., 293, 294 
Variety of places, change of air, good agaii.sJ 

melancholy, 306 
Vegetal soul and its faculties, 100 
Vegetal creatures in love, 444, 445 
Veins described, 97 
Venus rectified, 287 
Venery a cause of melancholy, 148 
Venison a melancholy meat, 137, 138 
Vices of women, 540 
Violent misery continues not, 342 
Violent death, event of love-melancholy, 525 

prognostic of despair, 647 ; by some defended, 

262 ; how to be censured, 265 
■^Virginity, by what signs to be known, 577 

commended, 545 
.Virtue and vice, principal habits of the will, 108 
Vitex or agnus castus good against love- 
melancholy, 527 

W. 

Wakinb cause of melancholy, 154, 163; a 

symptom, 232; cured, 325 
Walking, shooting, swimming, &c., good agaiRil 

melancholy, 307, 311, 528 



670 



INDEX. 



Want of sleep a symptom of love-melancholy, 
233, 496, 497 

Wanton carriage and gesture cause of love- 
melancholy, 470 

Water devils, 122 

Water if foul causeth melancholy, 141 

.Vaters censured, their effects, 141 

Waters, which good, 281 

^Vaters in love, 461 

Wearisomeness of life a symptom of melan- 
choly, 505 

What physic fit in love-melancholy, 526 

Who are most apt to be jealous, 567 

Whores' properties and conditions, 535 

Why good men are often rejected, 377 
'Why fools beget wise children, wise men 
fools, 135 

Widows' melancholy, 251 

Will defined, divided, its actions, why over- 
ruled, 107 

Wine causeth melancholy, 140, 182; a good 
cordial against melancholy, 410 ; forbid 
in love-melancholy, 527 

Winds in love, 461 

^''itty devices against melancholy, 334, 532 



Wit proved by love, 517 

Withstand the beginnings, a principal cure 
of love-melanclioly, 529 

Witches' power, how they cause melancholy, 
128; their transformations, 129; they can 
cure melancholy, 129, 270; not to be 
sought to for help, 272 ; nor saints, 275 

Wives censured, 560; commended, 661; 
choice of a wife, 590 

Women, how cause of melancholy, 182; their 
exercises, 324; their vanity in apparel 

" taxed, 473 ; how they cozen men, 474 ; their 
counterfeit tears, 491 ; their vices, 540 

Woodbine, amni, rue, lettuce, how good in 
love-melancholy, 527 

World taxed, 171 

Wormwood good against melancholy, 392 

Writers of the cure of melancholy, 270 
■Writers of imagination, 159 ; de consolatione, 
341; of melancholy, 108; of love-melan- 
choly, 521, 522; against despair, 648 



Young man in love with a picture, 499 
Youth a cause of love-melancholy, 454 



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